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Sato A, Kondo Y, Ishigami A. The evidence to date: implications of l-ascorbic acid in the pathophysiology of aging. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:29. [PMID: 38730366 PMCID: PMC11088021 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin C, has been used not only for disease prevention and in complementary and alternative medicine, but also for anti-aging purposes. However, the scientific evidence is not yet sufficient. Here, we review the physiological functions of vitamin C and its relationship with various pathological conditions, including our previous findings, and discuss the prospects of its application in healthy longevity. In summary, vitamin C levels are associated with lifespan in several animal models. Furthermore, clinical studies have shown that the blood vitamin C levels are lower in middle-aged and older adults than in younger adults. Lower blood vitamin C levels have also been observed in various pathological conditions such as chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly. These observations suggest the implications of vitamin C in age-related pathological mechanisms owing to its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Toyo University, Tokyo, 115-8650, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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Maruta T, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto K, Ishida T, Hamada A, Ishikawa T. Evolutionary insights into strategy shifts for the safe and effective accumulation of ascorbate in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2664-2681. [PMID: 38452239 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Plants accumulate high concentrations of ascorbate, commonly in their leaves, as a redox buffer. While ascorbate levels have increased during plant evolution, the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are unclear. Moreover, has the increase in ascorbate concentration been achieved without imposing any detrimental effects on the plants? In this review, we focus on potential transitions in two regulatory mechanisms related to ascorbate biosynthesis and the availability of cellular dehydroascorbate (DHA) during plant evolution. The first transition might be that the trigger for the transcriptional induction of VTC2, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in ascorbate biosynthesis, has shifted from oxidative stress (in green algae) to light/photosynthesis (in land plants), probably enabling the continuous accumulation of ascorbate under illumination. This could serve as a preventive system against the unpredictable occurrence of oxidative stress. The second transition might be that DHA-degrading enzymes, which protect cells from the highly reactive DHA in green algae and mosses, have been lost in ferns or flowering plants. Instead, flowering plants may have increased glutathione concentrations to reinforce the DHA reduction capacity, possibly allowing ascorbate accumulation and avoiding the toxicity of DHA. These potential transitions may have contributed to strategies for plants' safe and effective accumulation of ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Maruta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kojiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Akane Hamada
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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Liu P, Li Z, Zhang Q, Qiao J, Zheng C, Zheng W, Zhang H. Identification of testis development-related genes by combining Iso-Seq and RNA-Seq in Zeugodacus tau. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1356151. [PMID: 38529408 PMCID: PMC10961823 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1356151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Zeugodacus tau (Walker) is an invasive pest. An effective method to control this pest is the sterile insect technique (SIT). To better apply this technique, it is necessary to understand testis development progression. Methods: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during testis development were analyzed by PacBio Iso-Seq and RNA-seq. Results: RNA-Seq library of Z. tau testes on day 1, 6, and 11 post eclosion were constructed. We identified 755 and 865 differentially expressed genes in the comparisons of T6 (testes on day 6) vs. T1 and T11 vs. T1, respectively. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in retinol metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathways. Knockdown of retinol dehydrogenase 12-like (rdh12-like), pyridoxal kinase (pdxk) and regucalcin (rgn), the representative gene in each of the above 3 pathways, reduced the hatching rate of Z. tau offspring. In addition, we identified 107 Drosophila spermatogenesis-related orthologous genes in Z. tau, of which innexin 2 (inx2) exhibited significantly up-regulated expression throughout testis development, and the knockdown of this gene reduced offspring hatching rate. Discussion: Our data indicated that rdh12-like, pdxk, rgn, and inx2 genes were related to testis development, and they were conserved in tephritid species. These results suggested that this gene might have the same function in tephritid. The findings provide an insight into testis development and spermatogenesis in tephritid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziniu Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao Qiao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenjun Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Ishida T, Tanaka Y, Maruta T, Ishikawa T. The D-mannose/L-galactose pathway plays a predominant role in ascorbate biosynthesis in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha but is not regulated by light and oxidative stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:805-817. [PMID: 37983622 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate plays an indispensable role in plants, functioning as both an antioxidant and a cellular redox buffer. It is widely acknowledged that the ascorbate biosynthesis in the photosynthetic tissues of land plants is governed by light-mediated regulation of the D-mannose/L-galactose (D-Man/L-Gal) pathway. At the core of this light-dependent regulation lies the VTC2 gene, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme GDP-L-Gal phosphorylase. The VTC2 expression is regulated by signals via the photosynthetic electron transport system. In this study, we directed our attention to the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, representing one of the basal land plants, enabling us to conduct an in-depth analysis of its ascorbate biosynthesis. The M. polymorpha genome harbors a solitary gene for each enzyme involved in the D-Man/L-Gal pathway, including VTC2, along with three lactonase orthologs, which may be involved in the alternative ascorbate biosynthesis pathway. Through supplementation experiments with potential precursors, we observed that only L-Gal exhibited effectiveness in ascorbate biosynthesis. Furthermore, the generation of VTC2-deficient mutants through genome editing unveiled the inability of thallus regeneration in the absence of L-Gal supplementation, thereby revealing the importance of the D-Man/L-Gal pathway in ascorbate biosynthesis within M. polymorpha. Interestingly, gene expression analyses unveiled a distinct characteristic of M. polymorpha, where none of the genes associated with the D-Man/L-Gal pathway, including VTC2, showed upregulation in response to light, unlike other known land plants. This study sheds light on the exceptional nature of M. polymorpha as a land plant that has evolved distinctive mechanisms concerning ascorbate biosynthesis and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
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Yadav P, Goel M, Gupta RD. Anti-biofilm potential of human senescence marker protein 30 against Mycobacterium smegmatis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:45. [PMID: 38114754 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Human senescence marker protein 30 (huSMP30) has been characterized as a multifaceted protein consisting of various enzymatic and cellular functions. It catalyzes the interconversion of L-gulonate and L-gulono-γ-lactone in the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway. Therefore, we hypothesized that it could be a potential anti-biofilm agent against pathogenic bacteria due to its lactonase activity. In order to corroborate this, the huSMP30 was recombinantly expressed, purified, and analyzed for its ability to inhibit Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm formation, which showed a concentration-dependent inhibition as compared to the untreated control group. Further, in silico analysis was performed to redesign the huSMP30 with enhanced lactonase activity. Molecular docking analysis of the huSMP30 and lactone substrates facilitated the selection of three single amino acid substitutions (E18H, N154Q, and D204V), which were created using a PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis reaction. These mutant proteins and the wild-type huSMP30 were purified, and the effects on the enzymatic activity and biofilm formation were studied. The mutants E18H and D204V showed non-significant effects on specific lactonase activity, catalytic efficiency, and anti-biofilm property; however, the mutant N154Q showed significant improvement in the specific lactonase activity, catalytic efficiency, and inhibition in the biofilm formation. The protein stability analysis revealed that the wild-type huSMP30 and its designed mutants were stable at 37 °C for up to 4 days. In conclusion, the anti-biofilm property of the huSMP30 has been established, and an engineered version, N154Q, inhibits biofilm formation with greater efficiency. Human SMP30 is a versatile protein with multiple cellular and enzymatic functions, however, its anti-biofilm potential has not been explored. Our work presents the method to produce soluble and active huSMP30 in the E. coli expression system and establishes its role as an anti-biofilm agent against Mycobacterium smegmatis owing to its lactonase activity. Our results provide support for the future advancement of huSMP30 as a potential anti-biofilm agent targeting pathogenic Mycobacterium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamedha Yadav
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Manik Goel
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Wang S, Ge S, Chen Y, Zhou F, Wang J, Chen L, Chen Y, Yu R, Huang L. Acute and subacute hepatotoxicity of genipin in mice and its potential mechanism. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21834. [PMID: 38027867 PMCID: PMC10663932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardenia, as a medicinal and edible herb, has the pharmacological activity of protecting the liver and cholagogue, but the hepatotoxicity induced by the chemical component genipin (GP) limits its application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and subacute hepatotoxicity of genipin in normal mice and mice with α-naphthalene isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury. The results of the acute study showed that the LD50 of genipin was 510 mg/kg. Genipin exhibited hepatotoxicity in normal and jaundiced mice at doses of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg, which increased with dose. In a 28-day subacute study, the 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose groups showed some pharmacodynamic effects at 7 days but exhibited hepatotoxicity that increased with time and improved after drug withdrawal. In addition, based on proteomics, the mechanism of liver injury induced by genipin may be related to the disruption of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase system and cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. In conclusion, this study showed that genipin hepatotoxicity was time- and dose dependent, but it is worth mentioning that hepatotoxicity was reversible. It is hoped that this study will provide a scientific basis for circumventing the adverse effects of genipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaikang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Shuchao Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 30012, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 30012, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Liping Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Yinfang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Riyue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Liping Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
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Shi M, Gao M, Sun H, Yang W, Zhao H, Zhang L, Xu H. Exogenous 2-keto-L-gulonic Acid Supplementation as a Novel Approach to Enhancing L-ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2502. [PMID: 37570309 PMCID: PMC10417347 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
L-ascorbic acid (ASA) is a micronutrient that is essential for reproduction, growth, and immunity in animals. Due to the loss of enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase (GLO), most aquatic animals lack the capacity for ASA biosynthesis and therefore require supplementation with exogenous ASA. Recent studies have shown that 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KGA), a novel potential precursor of ASA, can enhance plant growth and improve stress resistance by promoting the synthesis and accumulation of ASA. Our hypothesis is that 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KGA) plays a similar role in aquatic animals. To investigate this, we conducted an in vivo trial to examine the effects of exogenous 2KGA supplementation on ASA metabolism and growth of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were categorized into groups based on their dietary intake, including a basal diet (CK group), a basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg ASA (ASA group), and 800 mg/kg 2KGA-Na (2KGA group) for a duration of three weeks. The results demonstrated a significant increase in ASA content in zebrafish treated with 2KGA (34.82% increase, p < 0.05) compared to the CK group, reaching a consistent level with the ASA group (39.61% increase, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the supplementation of 2KGA significantly improved growth parameters relevant to zebrafish (specific growth rate increased by 129.04%, p < 0.05) and enhanced feed utilization (feed intake increased by 15.65%, p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between growth parameters, feed utilization, whole-body chemical composition, and ASA content. Our findings suggest that supplementation with exogenous 2KGA can serve as a novel approach for elevating ASA synthesis in aquatic animals, and further investigation of its underlying mechanism is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingfu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center of Kuqa City, Kuqa 842000, China
| | - Hao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center of Kuqa City, Kuqa 842000, China
| | - Weichao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center of Kuqa City, Kuqa 842000, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center of Kuqa City, Kuqa 842000, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center of Kuqa City, Kuqa 842000, China
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Vitamin C transporter SVCT1 serves a physiological role as a urate importer: functional analyses and in vivo investigations. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:489-504. [PMID: 36749388 PMCID: PMC10011331 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism in humans, is crucial because of its anti-oxidant activity and a causal relationship with hyperuricemia and gout. Several physiologically important urate transporters regulate this water-soluble metabolite in the human body; however, the existence of latent transporters has been suggested in the literature. We focused on the Escherichia coli urate transporter YgfU, a nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) family member, to address this issue. Only SLC23A proteins are members of the NAT family in humans. Based on the amino acid sequence similarity to YgfU, we hypothesized that SLC23A1, also known as sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SVCT1), might be a urate transporter. First, we identified human SVCT1 and mouse Svct1 as sodium-dependent low-affinity/high-capacity urate transporters using mammalian cell-based transport assays. Next, using the CRISPR-Cas9 system followed by the crossing of mice, we generated Svct1 knockout mice lacking both urate transporter 1 and uricase. In the hyperuricemic mice model, serum urate levels were lower than controls, suggesting that Svct1 disruption could reduce serum urate. Given that Svct1 physiologically functions as a renal vitamin C re-absorber, it could also be involved in urate re-uptake from urine, though additional studies are required to obtain deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms. Our findings regarding the dual-substrate specificity of SVCT1 expand the understanding of urate handling systems and functional evolutionary changes in NAT family proteins.
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Functional pleiotropy of calcium binding protein Regucalcin in signaling and diseases. Cell Signal 2023; 102:110533. [PMID: 36442591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Regucalcin (Mr ∼ 33.38 kDa) is a calcium binding protein, discovered in rat liver. In humans, gene for regucalcin is located on chromosome-11 (p11.3-q11.2) consisting of seven exons and six introns. The protein differs from other calcium binding protein in the way that it lacks EF-hand motif of calcium binding domain. It is also called as Senescence Marker Protein-30 (SMP-30) as previously its weight assumes to be 30 kDa and expression of this protein decreases with aging in androgen independent manner. Among vertebrates, it is a highly conserved protein showing gene homology in Drosophila, Xenopus, fireflies and others too. It is primarily expressed in liver and kidney in addition to brain, lungs, and skeletal muscles. Regucalcin acts as a Ca2+ regulatory protein and controls various cellular functions in liver and other organs. It suppresses protein phosphatase, protein kinase, DNA and RNA synthesis. Published evidences suggest regucalcin to be a reliable biomarker in various disorders of liver, kidney, brain and ocular. In over expressed state, it subdues apoptosis in cloned rat hepatoma cells and also induces hyperlipidemia and osteoblastogenesis by regulating various factors. Owing to the multi-functionality of regucalcin this review is presented to elaborate its importance in order to understand its involvement in cellular signaling during various pathologies.
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Arakawa K, Inoue H, Ishigami A, Sato A, Takino Y, Tanaka M, Morimoto H, Takahashi N, Uehara M. Release of SMP30 in Extracellular Vesicles under Conditions of Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Is Involved with Acute Phase Response in ODS Rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:420-427. [PMID: 38171814 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) is a senescence marker molecule that exhibits lactonase activity in the ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis pathway, except in primate mammals, including humans. Although numerous studies have shown that hepatic AsA deficiency causes acute-phase responses, details of the relationship between SMP30 expression and acute-phase responses in AsA-deficient conditions remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of AsA deficiency on the relationship between SMP30 and acute liver injury in osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats, which have a hereditary defect in AsA biosynthesis. Male-ODS rats (4 wk old) were pair-fed an AsA-free diet with distilled or 0.1% AsA-dissolved water for 14 d. Under AsA-deficient conditions, hepatic SMP30 protein level was decreased and liver injury markers, the serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine transaminase ratio and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) concentration, were elevated. In contrast, SMP30 protein level in extracellular vesicles (EVs) was significantly increased in addition to the positive acute proteins haptoglobin and asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGPR1), hepatic-derived specific markers expression under AsA-deficient conditions. AsA deficiency also activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) which is linked to EVs release in the liver. These results suggest that the release of SMP30 in EVs by AsA deficiency is involved with acute-phase responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Arakawa
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hirofumi Inoue
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Ayami Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Yuka Takino
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Miori Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hiromu Morimoto
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Mariko Uehara
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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11
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Ren Y, Eronen V, Blomster Andberg M, Koivula A, Hakulinen N. Structure and function of aldopentose catabolism enzymes involved in oxidative non-phosphorylative pathways. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:147. [PMID: 36578086 PMCID: PMC9795676 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Platform chemicals and polymer precursors can be produced via enzymatic pathways starting from lignocellulosic waste materials. The hemicellulose fraction of lignocellulose contains aldopentose sugars, such as D-xylose and L-arabinose, which can be enzymatically converted into various biobased products by microbial non-phosphorylated oxidative pathways. The Weimberg and Dahms pathways convert pentose sugars into α-ketoglutarate, or pyruvate and glycolaldehyde, respectively, which then serve as precursors for further conversion into a wide range of industrial products. In this review, we summarize the known three-dimensional structures of the enzymes involved in oxidative non-phosphorylative pathways of pentose catabolism. Key structural features and reaction mechanisms of a diverse set of enzymes responsible for the catalytic steps in the reactions are analysed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Ren
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Veikko Eronen
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | - Anu Koivula
- grid.6324.30000 0004 0400 1852VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Nina Hakulinen
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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12
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Lee B, An HJ, Kim DH, Lee MK, Jeong HH, Chung KW, Go Y, Seo AY, Kim IY, Seong JK, Yu BP, Lee J, Im E, Lee IK, Lee MS, Yamada KI, Chung HY. SMP30-mediated synthesis of vitamin C activates the liver PPARα/FGF21 axis to regulate thermogenesis in mice. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:2036-2046. [PMID: 36434042 PMCID: PMC9723126 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin-C-synthesizing enzyme senescent marker protein 30 (SMP30) is a cold resistance gene in Drosophila, and vitamin C concentration increases in brown adipose tissue post-cold exposure. However, the roles of SMP30 in thermogenesis are unknown. Here, we tested the molecular mechanism of thermogenesis using wild-type (WT) and vitamin C-deficient SMP30-knockout (KO) mice. SMP30-KO mice gained more weight than WT mice without a change in food intake in response to short-term high-fat diet feeding. Indirect calorimetry and cold-challenge experiments indicated that energy expenditure is lower in SMP30-KO mice, which is associated with decreased thermogenesis in adipose tissues. Therefore, SMP30-KO mice do not lose weight during cold exposure, whereas WT mice lose weight markedly. Mechanistically, the levels of serum FGF21 were notably lower in SMP30-KO mice, and vitamin C supplementation in SMP30-KO mice recovered FGF21 expression and thermogenesis, with a marked reduction in body weight during cold exposure. Further experiments revealed that vitamin C activates PPARα to upregulate FGF21. Our findings demonstrate that SMP30-mediated synthesis of vitamin C activates the PPARα/FGF21 axis, contributing to the maintenance of thermogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggi Lee
- grid.412576.30000 0001 0719 8994Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin An
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea ,grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Ageing Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea
| | - Min-Kyeong Lee
- grid.412576.30000 0001 0719 8994Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Hak Jeong
- grid.412576.30000 0001 0719 8994Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513 South Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea
| | - Younghoon Go
- grid.418980.c0000 0000 8749 5149Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Arnold Y. Seo
- grid.443970.dJanelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA USA
| | - Il Yong Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Plus Program for Creative Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Plus Program for Creative Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Jaewon Lee
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea ,grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Ageing Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea ,grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Ageing Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- grid.258803.40000 0001 0661 1556Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ken-ichi Yamada
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bio-functional Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hae Young Chung
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea ,grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Ageing Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea
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Determination of tissue-specific interaction between vitamin C and vitamin E in vivo using senescence marker protein-30 knockout mice as a vitamin C synthesis deficiency model. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:993-1003. [PMID: 34725010 PMCID: PMC9381305 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol; VE) is known to be regenerated from VE radicals by vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid; VC) in vitro. However, their in vivo interaction in various tissues is still unclear. Therefore, we alternatively examined the in vivo interaction of VC and VE by measurement of their concentrations in various tissues of senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) knockout (KO) mice as a VC synthesis deficiency model. Male SMP30-KO mice were divided into four groups (VC+/VE+, VC+/VE-, VC-/VE+ and VC-/VE-), fed diets with or without 500 mg/kg VE and given water with or without 1·5 g/l VC ad libitum. Then, VC and VE concentrations in the plasma and various tissues were determined. Further, gene expression levels of transporters associated with VC and VE, such as α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) and sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCTs), were examined. These results showed that the VE levels in the VC-depleted (VC-/VE+) group were significantly lower than those in the VC+/VE+ group in the liver and heart; the VC levels in the VE-depleted (VC+/VE-) group were significantly lower than those in the VC+/VE+ group in the kidneys. The α-TTP gene expression in the liver and kidneys was decreased by VC and/or VE depletion. Moreover, SVCT1 gene expression in the liver was decreased by both VC and VE depletion. In conclusion, these results indicate that VC spares VE mainly in the liver and heart and that VE spares VC in the kidneys of SMP30-KO mice. Thus, interaction between VC and VE is likely to be tissue specific.
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Fujii J, Osaki T, Bo T. Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules 2022; 27:6187. [PMID: 36234722 PMCID: PMC9572970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Osaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tomoki Bo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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15
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Vitamin C Is Essential for the Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Functions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070955. [PMID: 36101336 PMCID: PMC9312141 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, VC) is a water-soluble antioxidant essential for collagen polymerization. Previously, we reported that long-term VC deficiency causes muscle atrophy and deterioration in physical ability using female senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30)-deficient mice with a lack of VC synthesis, which is similar to that observed in humans. To determine whether these findings also hold true for male SMP30-deficient mice, two-month-old male SMP30-deficient mice were divided into two groups: the VC-treated group (VC(+)) was administered 1.5 g/L VC, and the VC-untreated group (VC(−)) was supplied water without VC. The VC level at four weeks in the gastrocnemius muscles from the VC(+) and VC(−) groups was 205.7 ± 8.5 nmol/g tissue and 13.1 ± 0.6 nmol/g tissue, respectively. Thus, four weeks was enough to reduce the VC level in the skeletal muscle in the VC-untreated group. On the other hand, muscle weights of the gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis anterior, and extensor digitorum longus in the VC(−) group were significantly reduced by VC deficiency after twelve weeks. The physical endurance of the VC(−) group at eight weeks was markedly lower than that of the VC(+) group. The grasping strength and activity in the cage in the nocturnal phases of the VC(−) group were markedly lower at twelve and sixteen weeks than those of the VC(+) group. Interestingly, muscle atrophy and declined physical ability were completely restored with VC supplementation for twelve weeks after VC deficiency. Thus, VC is essential for maintaining skeletal muscle function in both male and female SMP30-deficient mice with a lack of VC synthesis.
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16
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Miyata H, Toyoda Y, Takada T, Hiragi T, Kubota Y, Shigesawa R, Koyama R, Ikegaya Y, Suzuki H. Identification of an exporter that regulates vitamin C supply from blood to the brain. iScience 2022; 25:103642. [PMID: 35106468 PMCID: PMC8786643 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC) distribution in our body requires VC transporters. However, mammalian VC exporters are yet to be identified. Herein, to unravel this long-standing mystery, we focused on the pathways whereby VC moves from blood to the brain, which should require a VC entrance and exit system composed of an importer and a latent exporter. Via cell-based transport analyses of VC efflux and using knockout mice generated via the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we identified GLUT12/SLC2A12 as a physiologically important VC efflux protein expressed in the choroid plexus; Glut12/Slc2a12 knockout halved the cerebral VC levels, markedly increased VC accumulation in the choroid plexus, and reduced the cerebrospinal fluid VC levels. These findings facilitate our understanding of VC regulation and the physiological impact of VC in our body. A long-standing mystery in vitamin C handling in mammalians was uncovered GLUT12 was identified as a physiologically important vitamin C efflux protein—VCEP GLUT12 is expressed in the choroid plexus and acts as a vitamin C exporter Glut12 knockout halved the cerebral vitamin C levels in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miyata
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yu Toyoda
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hiragi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Kubota
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Shigesawa
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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17
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Baek SM, Lee SW, Lee YJ, Kim HY, Seo MS, Sung SE, Lee AR, Kim TU, Choi SK, Park SJ, Kim TH, Jeong KS, Park JK. Vitamin C alleviates alcoholic liver injury by suppressing neutrophil infiltration in senescence marker protein 30-knockout mice irrespective of its antioxidant effects. Life Sci 2021; 297:120228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Zhang D, Lu P, Zhu K, Wu H, Dai Y. TFCP2 Overcomes Senescence by Cooperating With SREBP2 to Activate Cholesterol Synthesis in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:724437. [PMID: 34804919 PMCID: PMC8599447 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.724437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutation is very common in pancreatic cancer. How pancreatic cancer cells overcome oncogene-induced senescence is not fully understood. Our previous studies showed that up-regulation of TFCP2 (transcription factor CP2) in pancreatic cancer promoted the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. However, whether TFCP2 plays an important role in pancreatic cancer cell senescence is not clear. In this study, we found upregulation of TFCP2 expression in pancreatic cancer was associated with KRAS mutation. Overexpression of TFCP2 inhibited cell senescence. Knockdown of TFCP2 promoted cell senescence. Mechanistically, the interaction between TFCP2 and SREBP2 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2) synergistically activated the expression of HMGCR, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, and statins could reverse the inhibitory effect of TFCP2 on senescence. In conclusion, our study reveals a new mechanism underlying the TFCP2 regulation of pancreatic cancer cell senescence, providing a new target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Zhang
- General Surgery Department, Central Hospital of Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinxiang Lu
- General Surgery Department, Central Hospital of Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaihua Zhu
- General Surgery Department, Central Hospital of Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuedi Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Minhang Branch, Shanghai, China
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Reduced Plasma Ascorbate and Increased Proportion of Dehydroascorbic Acid Levels in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101023. [PMID: 34685394 PMCID: PMC8538838 DOI: 10.3390/life11101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate functions as an electron donor and scavenges free radicals. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), the oxidized form of ascorbate, is generated as a result of these reactions. While low plasma ascorbate levels have been reported in hemodialysis patients worldwide, no studies have measured DHA because it is not generalized. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether plasma ascorbate levels are low in dialysis patients and whether plasma ascorbate levels fluctuate before and after dialysis. Moreover, we applied our previously established method to measure the plasma ascorbate and DHA levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage G3–G5 non-hemodialysis-dependent patients, and pre- and post-dialysis plasma ascorbate and DHA levels in CKD stage G5D hemodialysis patients. The sample size was calculated using G-power software. The pre-dialysis plasma total ascorbate levels, including DHA, were significantly (56%) lower in hemodialysis patients than in non-hemodialysis-dependent CKD patients. After dialysis, there was a 40% reduction in the plasma total ascorbate levels. Hemodialysis increased the post-dialysis plasma proportions of DHA from 37% to 55%. The study results demonstrated lower plasma total ascorbate levels in hemodialysis patients compared with in non-hemodialysis-dependent CKD patients; these low levels in hemodialysis patients were further reduced by hemodialysis and increased DHA proportion.
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Sodeyama T, Nishikawa H, Harai K, Takeshima D, Sawa Y, Maruta T, Ishikawa T. The d-mannose/l-galactose pathway is the dominant ascorbate biosynthetic route in the moss Physcomitrium patens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1724-1738. [PMID: 34245628 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is an abundant and indispensable redox compound in plants. Genetic and biochemical studies have established the d-mannose/l-galactose (d-Man/l-Gal) pathway as the predominant ascorbate biosynthetic pathway in streptophytes, while the d-galacturonate (d-GalUA) pathway is found in prasinophytes and euglenoids. Based on the presence of the complete set of genes encoding enzymes involved in the d-Man/l-Gal pathway and an orthologous gene encoding aldonolactonase (ALase) - a key enzyme for the d-GalUA pathway - Physcomitrium patens may possess both pathways. Here, we have characterized the moss ALase as a functional lactonase and evaluated the ascorbate biosynthesis capability of the two pathways using knockout mutants. Physcomitrium patens expresses two ALase paralogs, namely PpALase1 and PpALase2. Kinetic analyses with recombinant enzymes indicated that PpALase1 is a functional enzyme catalyzing the conversion of l-galactonic acid to the final precursor l-galactono-1,4-lactone and that it also reacts with dehydroascorbate as a substrate. Interestingly, mutants lacking PpALase1 (Δal1) showed 1.2-fold higher total ascorbate content than the wild type, and their dehydroascorbate content was increased by 50% compared with that of the wild type. In contrast, the total ascorbate content of mutants lacking PpVTC2-1 (Δvtc2-1) or PpVTC2-2 (Δvtc2-2), which encode the rate-limiting enzyme GDP-l-Gal phosphorylase in the d-Man/l-Gal pathway, was markedly decreased to 46 and 17%, respectively, compared with that of the wild type. Taken together, the dominant ascorbate biosynthetic pathway in P. patens is the d-Man/l-Gal pathway, not the d-GalUA pathway, and PpALase1 may play a significant role in ascorbate metabolism by facilitating dehydroascorbate degradation rather than ascorbate biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Sodeyama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kenji Harai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Daiki Takeshima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
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21
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Chang CH, Lee TH. Hypothermal effects on expression of regucalcin, a calcium-binding protein, in the livers of seawater- and fresh water-acclimated milkfish, Chanos chanos. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:999-1010. [PMID: 33987810 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin (RGN) is a calcium-binding protein mainly expressed in the liver. It functions in regulating activities of several calcium-dependent enzymes related to energy metabolism, antioxidant mechanisms, and apoptotic pathways. Previous proteomics analyses revealed downregulation of regucalcin in milkfish livers when acclimated to low temperature (18 °C) from normal temperature (28 °C). This study first identified the full-length sequence of milkfish regucalcin from the livers with high similarity in the protein structure and calcium-binding function compared to the regucalcin of other animals. The mRNA and protein expression of regucalcin in the livers of fresh water (FW)- and seawater (SW)-acclimated milkfish under hypothermal acclimation were further analyzed. In FW milkfish, upregulation of regucalcin was found in mRNA and protein levels from 2 to 4 days, respectively, to 1 week after transfer to 18 °C for the two. However, in SW milkfish, upregulation of regucalcin occurred quickly and returned to the basal levels in 1 (mRNA expression) or 2 days (protein expression) up until 1 week after transfer. These results suggested potential roles of regucalcin in maintaining calcium homeostasis and its correlation to differential physiological responses in the livers of milkfish when they were acclimated to FW and SW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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22
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Shanaka KASN, Jung S, Janson ND, Jayasingha JRP, Madushani KP, Kim MJ, Lee J. Growth and Antioxidant-Related Effects of the Reestablished Ascorbic Acid Pathway in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) by Genomic Integration of L-Gulonolactone Oxidase From Cloudy Catshark ( Scyliorhinus torazame). Front Physiol 2021; 12:685595. [PMID: 34290620 PMCID: PMC8287572 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.685595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of L-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO), which catalyzes the last step of the ascorbic acid (AA) biosynthesis pathway, results in a complete lack of AA in several Osteichthyes fish species, including zebrafish. In this study, sGULO, the active GULO gene from cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame) was cloned into zebrafish using the Gateway cloning method. The resulting Tg(b-actin:sGULO:mCherry) fish were analyzed for the effects of a reestablished AA pathway. Fluorescent microscopy and PCR were used to analyze the integration of the construct into the zebrafish genome. Catalytic activity of sGULO, AA production, growth-related characteristics, and gene expression were investigated to evaluate the effects of AA production in Tg fish. The mCherry fluorescent protein indicated the proper integration and expression of the sGULO construct in zebrafish. The sGULO gene was ubiquitously expressed in all the studied tissues and the enzyme activity indicated an increased AA production in Tg fish. The growth of Tg fish was also increased, and antioxidant system analysis suggests that reactive oxygen species production was reduced in Tg fish compared with wild type. Expression of the AA transporter slc23a1 was significantly downregulated in Tg homozygous fish. These results collectively indicate the effects of reestablished AA synthesis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A S N Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - N D Janson
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - J R P Jayasingha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - K P Madushani
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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23
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Fujii J. Ascorbate is a multifunctional micronutrient whose synthesis is lacking in primates. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:1-15. [PMID: 34376908 PMCID: PMC8325764 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential micronutrient in primates, and exhibits multiple physiological functions. In addition to antioxidative action, ascorbate provides reducing power to α-ketoglutarate-dependent non-heme iron dioxygenases, such as prolyl hydroxylases. Demethylation of histones and DNA with the aid of ascorbate results in the reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. Ascorbate and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate, have attracted interest in terms of their roles in cancer therapy. The last step in the biosynthesis of ascorbate is catalyzed by l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase whose gene Gulo is commonly mutated in all animals that do not synthesize ascorbate. One common explanation for this deficiency is based on the increased availability of ascorbate from foods. In fact, pathways for ascorbate synthesis and the detoxification of xenobiotics by glucuronate conjugation share the metabolic processes up to UDP-glucuronate, which prompts another hypothesis, namely, that ascorbate-incompetent animals might have developed stronger detoxification systems in return for their lack of ability to produce ascorbate, which would allow them to cope with their situation. Here, we overview recent advances in ascorbate research and propose that an enhanced glucuronate conjugation reaction may have applied positive selection pressure on ascorbate-incompetent animals, thus allowing them to dominate the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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24
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Vitamin C Deficiency Inhibits Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression through Impaired de Novo Lipogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1550-1563. [PMID: 34126083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing clinical importance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), little is known about its underlying pathogenesis or specific treatment. The senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30), which regulates the biosynthesis of vitamin C (VC) in many mammals, except primates and humans, was recently recognized as a gluconolactonase. However, the precise relation between VC and lipid metabolism in NAFLD is not completely understood. Therefore, this study aimed to clearly reveal the role of VC in NAFLD progression. SMP30 knockout (KO) mice were used as a VC-deficient mouse model. To investigate the precise role of VC on lipid metabolism, 13- to 15-week-old SMP30 KO mice and wild-type mice fed a 60% high-fat diet were exposed to tap water or VC-containing water (1.5 g/L) ad libitum for 11 weeks. Primary mouse hepatocytes isolated from the SMP30 KO and wild-type mice were used to demonstrate the relation between VC and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Long-term VC deficiency significantly suppressed the progression of simple steatosis. The high-fat diet-fed VC-deficient SMP30 KO mice exhibited impaired sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c activation because of excessive cholesterol accumulation in hepatocytes. Long-term VC deficiency inhibits de novo lipogenesis through impaired sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c activation.
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25
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Tveden-Nyborg P. Vitamin C Deficiency in the Young Brain-Findings from Experimental Animal Models. Nutrients 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 34063417 PMCID: PMC8156420 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and long-term vitamin C deficiency can lead to fatal scurvy, which is fortunately considered rare today. However, a moderate state of vitamin C (vitC) deficiency (hypovitaminosis C)-defined as a plasma concentration below 23 μM-is estimated to affect up to 10% of the population in the Western world, albeit clinical hallmarks in addition to scurvy have not been linked to vitC deficiency. The brain maintains a high vitC content and uniquely high levels during deficiency, supporting vitC's importance in the brain. Actions include both antioxidant and co-factor functions, rendering vitamin C deficiency likely to affect several targets in the brain, and it could be particularly significant during development where a high cellular metabolism and an immature antioxidant system might increase sensitivity. However, investigations of a non-scorbutic state of vitC deficiency and effects on the developing young brain are scarce. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the complex mechanisms that regulate vitC homeostasis in vivo and in the brain in particular. Functions of vitC in the brain and the potential consequences of deficiency during brain development are highlighted, based primarily on findings from experimental animal models. Perspectives for future investigations of vitC are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Akasaka-Manya K, Manya H, Nadanaka S, Kitagawa H, Kondo Y, Ishigami A, Endo T. Decreased ADAM17 expression in the lungs of α-Klotho reduced mouse. J Biochem 2021; 167:483-493. [PMID: 31951006 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The deficiency of α-Klotho in mice causes phenotypes resembling human age-associated disorders at 3-4 weeks after birth and shows short lifespans of ∼2 months. One of the crucial symptoms is pulmonary emphysema, although α-Klotho is not expressed in the lungs. α-Klotho secreted from the kidneys is probably involved in the pathology of emphysema because kidney-specific knockout mice exhibit emphysematous structural changes. We examined whether any glycan changes in α-Klotho mouse lungs were observed, because α-Klotho is reported to have glycosidase activity. Here, we found the accumulation of heparan sulphate in the microsomal fraction of α-Klotho mouse lungs. Meanwhile, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) expression was decreased in α-Klotho mice. From these results, it is thought that the increase in heparan sulphate is due to insufficient cleavage of the core protein by ADAM17. Additionally, a reduction in α-Klotho and a decline of ADAM17 were also observed both in normal aged mice and in senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) knockout mice, a mouse model of premature ageing. Thus, the decrease in ADAM17 is caused by the reduction in α-Klotho. These may be involved in the deterioration of lung function during ageing and may be associated with the pathology of pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Akasaka-Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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27
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Ishii N, Homma T, Takeda Y, Aung NY, Yamada KI, Miyata S, Asao H, Yamakawa M, Fujii J. Developmental retardation in neonates of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A)-deficient mice is associated with low ascorbic acid and high corticosterone levels. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 91:108604. [PMID: 33549889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde reductase encoded by the Akr1a gene catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a variety of aldehyde compounds, and it plays a role in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (AsA) by converting D-glucuronate to L-gulonate. Although supplementing drinking water with AsA (1.5 mg/mL) ameliorates the fertility of Akr1a-/- (KO) female mice, litter sizes in the KO mice are typically smaller than those for Akr1a+/+ (WT) mice, and about one-third of the neonates have a reduced stature. Half of the neonates in the smallest, developmentally retarded group died before weaning, and the remaining half (less than 6 g in weight) also barely grew to adulthood. While no difference was found in the number of fetuses between the KO and WT mice at 14.5-embryonic days, the sizes of the KO fetuses had already diverged. Among the organs of these retarded KO neonates at 30 d, the spleen and thymus were characteristically small. While an examination of spleen cells showed the normal proportion of immune cells, apoptotic cell death was increased in the thymus, which would lead to thymic atrophy in the retarded KO neonates. Plasma AsA levels were lower in the small neonates despite the fact that their mothers had received sufficient AsA supplementation, and the corticosterone levels were inversely higher compared to wild-type mice. Thus, insufficient AsA contents together with a defect in corticosterone metabolism might be the cause of the retarded growth of the AKR1A-deficient mice embryos and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuji Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Naing Ye Aung
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Miyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Asao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
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28
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Homma T, Takeda Y, Nakano T, Akatsuka S, Kinoshita D, Kurahashi T, Saitoh S, Yamada KI, Miyata S, Asao H, Goto K, Watanabe T, Watanabe M, Toyokuni S, Fujii J. Defective biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in Sod1-deficient mice results in lethal damage to lung tissue. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:255-265. [PMID: 33096250 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) plays pivotal roles in antioxidation via accelerating the conversion of superoxide anion radicals into hydrogen peroxide, thus inhibiting the subsequent radical chain reactions. While Sod1 deficient cells inevitably undergo death in culture conditions, Sod1-knockout (KO) mice show relatively mild phenotypes and live approximately two years. We hypothesized that the presence of abundant levels of ascorbic acid (AsA), which is naturally produced in mice, contributes to the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Sod1-KO mice. To verify this hypothesis, we employed mice with a genetic ablation of aldehyde reductase (Akr1a), an enzyme that is involved in the biosynthesis of AsA, and established double knockout (DKO) mice that lack both Sod1 and Akr1a. Supplementation of AsA (1.5 mg/ml in drinking water) was required for the DKO mice to breed, and, upon terminating the AsA supplementation, they died within approximately two weeks regardless of age or gender. We explored the etiology of the death from pathophysiological standpoints in principal organs of the mice. Marked changes were observed in the lungs in the form of macroscopic damage after the AsA withdrawal. Histological and immunological analyses of the lungs indicated oxidative damage of tissue and activated immune responses. Thus, preferential oxidative injury that occurred in pulmonary tissues appeared to be primary cause of the death in the mice. These collective results suggest that the pivotal function of AsA in coping with ROS in vivo, is largely in pulmonary tissues that are exposed to a hyperoxygenic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinya Akatsuka
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kinoshita
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kurahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saitoh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Miyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 5-17-21 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, 553-0003, Japan
| | - Hironobu Asao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tetsu Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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29
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Ascorbic acid during the suckling period is required for proper DNA demethylation in the liver. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21228. [PMID: 33277554 PMCID: PMC7718234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) serves as a cofactor for ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes and induces DNA demethylation in vitro. However, its role in DNA demethylation in vivo remains unclear. We previously reported that DNA demethylation in the mouse liver was enhanced during the suckling period. Therefore, we hypothesized that DNA demethylation is enhanced in an AA-dependent manner during the suckling period. To examine our hypothesis, we employed wild-type (WT) mice, which synthesize AA, and senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase (SMP30/GNL) knockout (KO) mice, which cannot synthesize AA, and analyzed the DNA methylation status in the livers of offspring in both the suckling period and adulthood. SMP30/GNL KO offspring showed DNA hypermethylation in the liver possibly due to low plasma and hepatic AA levels during the suckling period despite the administration of rescue-dose AA to dams. Furthermore, DNA hypermethylation of the fibroblast growth factor 21 gene (Fgf21), a PPARα target gene, persisted into adulthood. In contrast, a high-dose AA administration to SMP30/GNL KO dams during the lactation period restored DNA demethylation in the livers of offspring. Even though a slight increase was observed in plasma AA levels with the administration of rescue-dose AA to WT dams during the gestation and lactation periods, DNA demethylation in the livers of offspring was minimally enhanced. The present results demonstrate that AA intake during the suckling period is required for proper DNA demethylation in the liver.
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30
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Smith-Cortinez N, Fagundes RR, Gomez V, Kong D, de Waart DR, Heegsma J, Sydor S, Olinga P, de Meijer VE, Taylor CT, Bank R, Paulusma CC, Faber KN. Collagen release by human hepatic stellate cells requires vitamin C and is efficiently blocked by hydroxylase inhibition. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21219. [PMID: 33236467 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001564rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, mainly composed of collagen. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) mediate liver fibrosis by secreting collagen. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a cofactor of prolyl-hydroxylases that modify newly synthesized collagen on the route for secretion. Unlike most animals, humans cannot synthesize ascorbic acid and its role in liver fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we determined the effect of ascorbic acid and prolyl-hydroxylase inhibition on collagen production and secretion by human HSCs. Primary human HSCs (p-hHSCs) and the human HSCscell line LX-2 were treated with ascorbic acid, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) and/or the pan-hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). Expression of collagen-I was analyzed by RT-qPCR (COL1A1), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Collagen secretion was determined in the medium by Western blotting for collagen-I and by HPLC for hydroxyproline concentrations. Expression of solute carrier family 23 members 1 and 2 (SLC23A1/SLC23A2), encoding sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters 1 and 2 (SVCT1/SVCT2) was quantified in healthy and cirrhotic human tissue. In the absence of ascorbic acid, collagen-I accumulated intracellularly in p-hHSCs and LX-2 cells, which was potentiated by TGFβ. Ascorbic acid co-treatment strongly promoted collagen-I excretion and enhanced extracellular hydroxyproline concentrations, without affecting collagen-I (COL1A1) mRNA levels. DMOG inhibited collagen-I release even in the presence of ascorbic acid and suppressed COL1A1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA/ACTA2) mRNA levels, also under hypoxic conditions. Hepatocytes express both ascorbic acid transporters, while p-hHSCs and LX-2 express the only SVCT2, which is selectively enhanced in cirrhotic livers. Human HSCs rely on ascorbic acid for the efficient secretion of collagen-I, which can be effectively blocked by hydroxylase antagonists, revealing new therapeutic targets to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smith-Cortinez
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raphael R Fagundes
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Gomez
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Defu Kong
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk R de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janette Heegsma
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Svenja Sydor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent E de Meijer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Medical Science and the Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ruud Bank
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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31
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Inoue H, Arakawa K, Tanaka M, Katsumata-Tsuboi R, Takahashi N, Uehara M. Upregulation and stabilization of senescence marker protein-30 by epigallocatechin gallate against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 68:51-57. [PMID: 33536712 PMCID: PMC7844653 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30), a novel ageing marker, suppresses oxidative stress in the liver. However, studies on phytochemical-mediated regulation of SMP30 expression are lacking. Here, we showed that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), a polyphenol abundant in green tea, positively regulates SMP30 expression in the rat hepatoma-derived Fao cells. EGCg maintained SMP30 expression even in the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor. Furthermore, treatment of cells with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tert-BHP), an oxidative promoter, decreased SMP30 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, while EGCg treatment inhibited these effects. Male mice (7-week-old) were divided into 4 groups—Control (saline), tert-BHP (1.5 mmol/kg tert-BHP), EGCg + tert-BHP (30 mg/kg/day of EGCg and 1.5 mmol/kg tert-BHP), and EGCg (30 mg/kg/day). After oral EGCg administration for 6 consecutive days, EGCg + tert-BHP group mice were administered tert-BHP. The tert-BHP-administered mice showed decreased SMP30 expression in the liver and increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase (hepatic injury marker enzymes) activities; however, EGCg treatment attenuated these changes. Thus, EGCg-induced SMP30 upregulation may alleviate tert-BHP-induced liver injury. The findings of this study offer new perspectives of the anti-ageing properties of EGCg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Inoue
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kohta Arakawa
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Miori Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Rie Katsumata-Tsuboi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Mariko Uehara
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Liu W, Zhao H, Su Y, Wang K, Li J, Xue S, Sun X, Qiu Z. Senescence marker protein 30 confers neuroprotection in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-injured neurons through modulation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling: Role of SMP30 in OGD/R-induced neuronal injury. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:472-482. [PMID: 32909858 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120954243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30) is a senescence marker molecule and identified as a calcium regulatory protein. Currently, SMP30 has emerged as a cytoprotective protein in a wide range of cell types. However, the role of SMP30 in regulating neuronal survival during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the biological function and regulatory mechanism of SMP30 on neuronal survival using a cellular model induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). The results showed that SMP30 expression was significantly decreased by OGD/R exposure in neurons. Functional experiments demonstrated that SMP30 overexpression significantly rescued the decreased cell viability and attenuated the apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation in OGD/R-exposed neurons. By contrast, SMP30 knockdown exhibited the opposite effect. Mechanism research revealed that SMP30 overexpression contributed to the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling associated with downregulation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap1). Keap1 overexpression or Nrf2 silencing significantly reversed SMP30-mediated neuroprotection against OGD/R-induced injury. Overall, these findings demonstrate that SMP30 overexpression protects neurons from OGD/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress by enhancing Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling via inhibition of Keap1. These data highlight the importance of the SMP30/Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling axis in regulating neuronal survival during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,* These authors contributed equally to this work and shared the first authorship
| | - Haikang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,* These authors contributed equally to this work and shared the first authorship
| | - Yuqiang Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kefeng Wang
- Clinical Training Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sha Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaopeng Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengguo Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Yabuta Y, Nagata R, Aoki Y, Kariya A, Wada K, Yanagimoto A, Hara H, Bito T, Okamoto N, Yoshida S, Ishihara A, Watanabe F. L-Ascorbate Biosynthesis Involves Carbon Skeleton Rearrangement in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080334. [PMID: 32824560 PMCID: PMC7463950 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (AsA) is required as a cofactor and is widely distributed in plants and animals. Recently, it has been suggested that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans also synthesizes AsA. However, its biosynthetic pathway is still unknown. To further understand AsA biosynthesis in C. elegans, we analyzed the incorporation of the 13C atom into AsA using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in worms fed with D-Glc (1-13C)-labeled Escherichia coli. GC-MS analysis revealed that AsA biosynthesis in C. elegans, similarly to that in mammalian systems, involves carbon skeleton rearrangement. The addition of L-gulono-1,4-lactone, an AsA precursor in the mammalian pathway, significantly increased AsA level in C. elegans, whereas the addition of L-galactono-1,4-lactone, an AsA precursor in the plant and Euglena pathway, did not affect AsA level. The suppression of E03H4.3 (an ortholog of gluconolactonase) or the deficiency of F54D5.12 (an ortholog of L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase) significantly decreased AsA level in C. elegans. Although N2- and AsA-deficient F54D5.12 knockout mutant worm (tm6671) morphologies and the ratio of collagen to non-collagen protein did not show any significant differences, the mutant worms exhibited increased malondialdehyde levels and reduced lifespan compared with the N2 worms. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the AsA biosynthetic pathway is similar in C. elegans and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Yabuta
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-857-31-5382
| | - Ryuta Nagata
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
| | - Yuka Aoki
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
| | - Ayumi Kariya
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
| | - Kousuke Wada
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
| | - Ayako Yanagimoto
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
| | - Hiroka Hara
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
| | - Tomohiro Bito
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
| | - Naho Okamoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Shinichi Yoshida
- Electronic and Organic Material Laboratory, Tottori Institute of Industrial Technology, 7-1-1 Wakabadai-minami, Tottori 689-1112, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
| | - Fumio Watanabe
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (R.N.); (Y.A.); (A.K.); (K.W.); (A.Y.); (H.H.); (T.B.); (A.I.); (F.W.)
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Ishii N, Homma T, Guo X, Yamada KI, Yamada S, Fujii J. Ascorbic acid prevents N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatic injury and hepatocarcinogenesis in Akr1a-knockout mice. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:192-201. [PMID: 32805337 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To gain insights into the benefits of ascorbic acid (AsA) in hepatoprotection, we examined the status of Akr1a-/- (KO) mice, which biosynthesize AsA at about 10% the rate as Akr1a+/+ (WT) mice, in terms of their response to an N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatic injury. The intraperitoneal injection of NDEA (35 mg/kg) started at 4 weeks of age and was performed at weekly intervals thereafter. While the fatality rate was substantial in the KO mice, AsA supplementation (1.5 mg/ml in the drinking water) greatly extended their life-spans. Only two out of 54 KO mice survived to 28 weeks, and both contained approximately an order of magnitude greater number of tumor nodules compared to WT mice or KO mice with AsA supplementation. Histological and biochemical examinations at 20 weeks indicated that AsA potently protected against the hepatotoxic action of NDEA. Interestingly, the AsA levels in the liver were higher in the AsA-supplemented KO mouse groups that had received the NDEA treatment compared to the corresponding control group. While the protein levels of Cyp2e1, an enzyme that plays a major role in the bioactivation of NDEA, had declined to a similar extent among the experimental groups, p-nitrophenol-oxidizing activity was sustained at high levels in the KO mouse livers but AsA supplementation suppressed this activity. These findings confirm that AsA is a potent micronutrient that copes with hepatic injury and cancer development caused by exposure to NDEA in the livers of Akr1a-knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
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Lian X, Huang S, Han S, Yi Q, Wang W, Sun J, Wang L, Song L. The involvement of a regucalcin in suppressing hemocyte apoptosis in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:229-238. [PMID: 32439509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin (RGN), also known as senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30), plays a vital role in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. In the present study, a regucalcin (designated as CgRGN) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The complete cDNA sequence of CgRGN was of 1059 bp, containing an open reading frame of 933 bp which encoded a protein of 310 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgRGN shared similarity with other RGNs from the genome of C. gigas as well as other species. The mRNA transcripts of CgRGN were universally detected in all tested tissues, with higher level in hepatopancreas, labial palp, and gills. The relative expression level of CgRGN in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) at 3, 12, 72, and 96 h after the stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After CgRGN expression was interfered by specific CgRGN-dsRNA, the hemocytes apoptosis rate increased dramatically at 12 h post LPS stimulation (1.56 fold, p < 0.01), compared to the control group. The caspase-3 activity in hemocytes and NO concentration in hemolymph increased significantly (p < 0.05) in dsCgRGN injection oysters. These results collectively indicated that CgRGN could suppress LPS-induced apoptosis and be involved in the immune response of oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Lian
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shu Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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Saga R, Uchida T, Takino Y, Kondo Y, Kobayashi H, Kinoshita M, Saitoh D, Ishigami A, Makishima M. Radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome is exacerbated in vitamin C-insufficient SMP30/GNL knockout mice. Nutrition 2020; 81:110931. [PMID: 32755744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accidental exposure to high-dose radiation causes life-threatening acute radiation syndrome, features that include gastrointestinal syndrome (GIS) and hematopoietic syndrome (HS). Administration of vitamin C (VC), a free radical scavenger, has been reported to increase survival of mice in GIS and HS models. The effect of nutritional VC status on radiation injury remains unknown because, unlike humans, mice can synthesize VC. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of VC insufficiency on acute radiation syndrome using senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30)/gluconolactonase knockout (SMP30-KO) mice. METHODS SMP30-KO mice, which cannot synthesize VC, were given water with or without sufficient VC supplementation, and were analyzed in GIS and HS models. RESULTS In the GIS model, in which bone marrow failure is rescued by bone marrow transplantation, VC-insufficient mice had a lower survival rate than VC-sufficient mice. The intestine of VC-insufficient GIS mice showed epithelial cell atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased crypt cell proliferation. We observed rapid VC oxidation after total body irradiation in the intestine of mice supplemented with VC-sufficient water. In the HS model, which was not combined with bone marrow transplantation, there was no difference in survival between VC-insufficient and -sufficient mice. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated that nutritionally sufficient VC exerts a radioprotective effect against radiation-induced GIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Saga
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Japan Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Takino
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- Military Medicine Research Unit, Test and Evaluation Command, Ground Self-Defense Force, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daizoh Saitoh
- Division of Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Liebling EJ, Sze RW, Behrens EM. Vitamin C deficiency mimicking inflammatory bone disease of the hand. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2020; 18:45. [PMID: 32517792 PMCID: PMC7285567 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-020-00439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe vitamin C deficiency, or scurvy, encompasses a syndrome of multisystem abnormalities due to defective collagen synthesis and antioxidative functions. Among the more common presentations is a combination of oral or subcutaneous hemorrhage with lower extremity pain, the latter often exhibiting inflammatory bone changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CASE PRESENTATION A 12-year-old male with anorexia nervosa presented with asymmetric painful swelling of multiple fingers of both hands. Imaging demonstrated soft tissue and bone marrow edema of several phalanges, without arthritis, concerning for an inflammatory process. Extensive imaging and laboratory evaluations were largely unrevealing, with the exception of a severely low vitamin C level and a moderately low vitamin D level. A diagnosis of scurvy was made and supplementation was initiated. Within 3 weeks of treatment, serum levels of both vitamins normalized and the digital abnormalities resolved on physical exam. CONCLUSIONS This represents the first description of scurvy manifesting with bone and soft tissue changes limited to the hands. There must be a high index of suspicion for scurvy in children with restricted dietary intake or malabsorption who have bone pain, irrespective of location of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Liebling
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Rheumatology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Raymond W. Sze
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Radiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Edward M. Behrens
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Rheumatology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Hossain MS, Dutta RK, Muralidhar K, Gupta RD. Decreased ascorbic acid biosynthesis in response to PMSG in the pre-pubertal female rat ovary. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:15-20. [PMID: 32278959 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is known to be an important antioxidant serving as a cofactor in collagen synthesis, and thus facilitates follicular growth in the ovary. Many studies have shown that AA is synthesized in the liver and transported to other organs including ovary, however, there is no direct evidence of ascorbic acid synthesis in the ovary. Hence, we examined the expression pattern of different proteins (SMP30/GNL and GULO) involved in the AA synthesis in pre-pubertal rat, which showed significant expression of these proteins, suggesting the synthesis of AA in the ovary. Accumulation of AA in the ovary during follicular growth has been well demonstrated. However, the effect of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) on the AA synthesis in the ovary has not been studied in detail. Hence to decipher the effect, different doses of PMSG were injected subcutaneously into the pre-pubertal female rats, and ovarian AA level was measured after 48 h. A significant increase in AA content was observed in PMSG treated animal groups. Further, to understand the mechanism underlying ovarian AA accumulation, the expression levels of SMP30/GNL and GULO genes were measured. Expression of both the genes was significantly suppressed, which suggested a lowered AA synthesis in the PMSG treated rat ovary. For further understanding, mRNA expression of AA transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2 encoded by SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 genes respectively were measured, which showed increased level of SVCT1 expression. These observations suggested that the increased AA content might not be due to increased synthesis of AA within the ovary but possibly due to increased uptake from blood during the stimulation of follicular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Summon Hossain
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Roshan Kumar Dutta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India.
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Oral ascorbic acid 2-glucoside prevents coordination disorder induced via laser-induced shock waves in rat brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230774. [PMID: 32240226 PMCID: PMC7117653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of primary blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI). We evaluated the effects of ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA2G), a well-known antioxidant, to control oxidative stress in rat brain exposed to laser-induced shock waves (LISWs). The design consisted of a controlled animal study using male 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The study was conducted at the University research laboratory. Low-impulse (54 Pa•s) LISWs were transcranially applied to rat brain. Rats were randomized to control group (anesthesia and head shaving, n = 10), LISW group (anesthesia, head shaving and LISW application, n = 10) or LISW + post AA2G group (AA2G administration after LISW application, n = 10) in the first study. In another study, rats were randomized to control group (n = 10), LISW group (n = 10) or LISW + pre and post AA2G group (AA2G administration before and after LISW application, n = 10). The measured outcomes were as follows: (i) motor function assessed by accelerating rotarod test; (ii) levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative stress marker; (iii) ascorbic acid in each group of rats. Ascorbic acid levels were significantly decreased and 8-OHdG levels were significantly increased in the cerebellum of the LISW group. Motor coordination disorder was also observed in the group. Prophylactic AA2G administration significantly increased the ascorbic acid levels, reduced oxidative stress and mitigated the motor dysfunction. In contrast, the effects of therapeutic AA2G administration alone were limited. The results suggest that the prophylactic administration of ascorbic acid can reduce shock wave-related oxidative stress and prevented motor dysfunction in rats.
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Takahashi M, Homma T, Yamada KI, Miyata S, Nakajima O, Fujii J. Genetic ablation of aldehyde reductase (Akr1a) augments exercise endurance in mice via activation of the PGC-1α-involved pathway. Life Sci 2020; 249:117501. [PMID: 32142766 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aldehyde reductase (AKR1A) is involved in the synthesis of ascorbic acid (AsA) as well as the detoxification of aldehydes. AKR1A-/- (KO) mice produce about 10% of the normal amounts of AsA compared to AKR1A+/+ (WT) mice. We investigated physiologic roles of AKR1A in running using the KO mice. MAIN METHODS The KO mice were subjected to a treadmill test under either restricted AsA production or a sufficiency by supplementation and compared the results with those of WT mice. Contents of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, AsA and free fatty acids in blood were measured. Glycogen contents were measured in the liver and skeletal muscle, and hepatic proteins were examined by immunoblot analyses. KEY FINDINGS Running performance was higher in the KO mice than the WT mice irrespective of the AsA status. After the exercise period, blood glucose levels were decreased in the WT mice but were preserved in the KO mice. Liver glycogen levels were also consistently preserved in the KO mice after exercise. Free fatty acid levels tended to be originally high in blood plasma compared to those of the WT mice and were increased to similar extent in them. A key regulator of energy metabolism, PGC-1α, and the products of downstream target genes that encode for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase, were constitutively at high levels in the KO mice. SIGNIFICANCE The genetic ablation of AKR1A activates the PGC-1α pathway and spare glucose, which would consequently confer exercise endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Miyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 5-17-21 Fukushima, Osaka, Osaka 553-0003, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakajima
- Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Wei X, Yu H, Zhao P, Xie L, Li L, Zhang J. Serum regucalcin is a useful indicator of liver injury severity in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8845. [PMID: 31576907 PMCID: PMC6774222 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin is a soluble protein that is principally expressed in hepatocytes. Studies of regucalcin have mainly been conducted in animals due to a lack of commercially available kits. We aimed to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify serum regucalcin in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related disease. High-titer monoclonal antibodies and a polyclonal antibody to regucalcin were produced, a double-antibody sandwich ELISA method was established, and serum regucalcin was determined in 47 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, 91 HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) patients, and 33 healthy controls. The ELISA demonstrated an appropriate linear range, and high levels of reproducibility, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and stability. The median serum regucalcin concentrations in HBV-ACLF and CHB patients were 5.46 and 3.76 ng/mL, respectively (P<0.01), which were much higher than in healthy controls (1.72 ng/mL, both P<0.01). For the differentiation of CHB patients and healthy controls, the area under curve (AUC) was 0.86 with a cut-off of 2.42 ng/mL, 85.7% sensitivity, and 78.8% specificity. In contrast, the AUC of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was lower (AUC=0.80, P=0.01). To differentiate ACLF from CHB, the AUC was 0.72 with a cut-off of 4.26 ng/mL, 77.0% sensitivity, and 61.2% specificity while the AUC of ALT was 0.41 (P=0.07). Thus, we have developed an ELISA that is suitable for measuring serum regucalcin and have shown that serum regucalcin increased with the severity of liver injury due to HBV-related diseases, such that it appears to be more useful than ALT as a marker of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Wei
- Department of Hepatitis C and Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Yu
- Department of Hepatitis C and Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Center of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hepatitis C and Drug-Induced Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Kurihara K, Homma T, Kobayashi S, Shichiri M, Fujiwara H, Fujii S, Yamada KI, Nakane M, Kawamae K, Fujii J. Ascorbic acid insufficiency impairs spatial memory formation in juvenile AKR1A-knockout mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 65:209-216. [PMID: 31777422 PMCID: PMC6877411 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AKR1A, an aldo-keto reductase, is involved in the synthesis of ascorbic acid as well as the reduction of a variety of aldehyde compounds. AKR1A−/− mice produce considerably less ascorbic acid (about 10%) compared to AKR1A+/+ mice and require ascorbic acid supplementation in order to breed. To elucidate the roles played by AKR1A in spatial memory, AKR1A−/− male mice were weaned at 4 weeks of age and groups that received ascorbic acid supplementation and no supplementation were subjected to a Morris water maze test. Juvenile AKR1A−/− mice that received no supplementation showed impaired spatial memory formation, even though about 70% of the ascorbic acid remained in the brains of the AKR1A−/− mice at day 7 after weaning. To the contrary, the young adult AKR1A−/− mice at 13–15 weeks of age maintained only 15% of ascorbic acid but showed no significant difference in the spatial memory compared with the AKR1A+/+ mice or ascorbic acid-supplemented AKR1A−/− mice. It is conceivable that juvenile mice require more ascorbic acid for the appropriate level of formation of spatial memory and that maturation of the neural system renders the memory forming process less sensitive to an ascorbic acid insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kurihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakane
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kaneyuki Kawamae
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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High dietary vitamin C intake reduces glucocorticoid-induced immunosuppression and measures of oxidative stress in vitamin C-deficient senescence marker protein 30 knockout mice. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:1120-1129. [PMID: 31647039 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC) is a vital micronutrient for humans and some other mammals and also has antioxidant activity. Stress-induced elevation of glucocorticoid production is well known to cause immunosuppression. The present study evaluated the effect of high VC intake on glucocorticoid-induced immune changes in mice. Senescence marker protein 30 knockout mice with genetic VC deficiency were fed a diet containing the recommended VC content (20 mg/kg per d; 0·02 %VC group) or a high VC content (200 mg/kg per d; 0·2 %VC group) for 2 months, then dexamethasone was given by intraperitoneal injection. After administration of dexamethasone, the plasma ascorbic acid concentration decreased significantly in the 0·02 %VC group and was unchanged in wild-type C57BL/6 mice on a VC-deficient diet (wild-type group), while it was significantly higher in the 0·2 %VC group compared with the other two groups. In the 0·02 %VC and wild-type groups, dexamethasone caused a significant decrease in the cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8+ T cells among splenocytes as well as a significant decrease in IL-2, IL-12p40 and interferon-γ protein production by splenocytes and a significant decrease in T-cell proliferation among splenocytes. In the 0·2 %VC group, these dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression improved when compared with the other two groups. In addition, reduction in the intracellular levels of ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and glutathione in splenocytes by dexamethasone as well as elevation in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly suppressed in the 0·2 %VC group. These findings suggest that high dietary VC intake reduces glucocorticoid-induced T-cell dysfunction by maintaining intracellular antioxidant activity.
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Dutta RK, Parween F, Hossain MS, Dhama N, Pandey P, Gupta RD. Comparative analysis of the metal-dependent structural and functional properties of mouse and human SMP30. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218629. [PMID: 31220150 PMCID: PMC6586323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence Marker Protein (SMP30) is a metalloenzyme that shows lactonase activity in the ascorbic acid (AA) biosynthesis pathway in non-primate mammals such as a mouse. However, AA biosynthesis does not occur in the primates including humans. Several studies have shown the role of SMP30 in maintaining calcium homeostasis in mammals. In addition, it is also reported to have promiscuous enzyme activity with an organophosphate (OP) substrate. Hence, this study aims to recombinantly express and purify the SMP30 proteins from both mouse and human, and to study their structural alterations and functional deviations in the presence of different divalent metals. For this, mouse SMP30 (MoSMP30) as well as human SMP30 (HuSMP30) were cloned in the bacterial expression vector. Proteins were overexpressed and purified from soluble fractions as well as from inclusion bodies as these proteins were expressed largely in insoluble fractions. The purified proteins were used to study the folding conformations in the presence of different divalent cations (Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+) with the help of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. It was observed that both MoSMP30 and HuSMP30 acquired native folding conformations. To study the metal-binding affinity, dissociation constant (Kd values) were calculated from UV-VIS titration curve, which showed the highest affinity of MoSMP30 with Zn2+. However, HuSMP30 showed the highest affinity with Ca2+, suggesting the importance of HuSMP30 in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Enzyme kinetics were performed with γ-Thiobutyrolactone and Demeton-S in the presence of different divalent cations. Interestingly, both the proteins showed lactonase activity in the presence of Ca2+. In addition, MoSMP30 and HuSMP30 also showed lactonase activity in the presence of Co2+ and Zn2+ respectively. Moreover, both the proteins showed OP hydrolase activities in the presence of Ca2+ as well as Zn2+, suggesting the metal-dependent promiscuous nature of SMP30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar Dutta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fauzia Parween
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Md. Summon Hossain
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Dhama
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Parmanand Pandey
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Tsubota M, Uebo K, Miki K, Sekiguchi F, Ishigami A, Kawabata A. Dietary ascorbic acid restriction in GNL/SMP30-knockout mice unveils the role of ascorbic acid in regulation of somatic and visceral pain sensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:705-710. [PMID: 30827506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels are expressed in the primary afferents and play a pronociceptive role. The activity of Cav3.2 is enhanced by H2S, a gasotransmitter, and suppressed by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) through metal-catalyzed oxidation of the Zn2+-binding His191 in Cav3.2. Since rodents, but not humans, are capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid, the present study examined the role of ascorbic acid in nociceptive processing, using the mice lacking GNL/SMP30, an enzyme essential for ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Intraplantar and intracolonic administration of NaHS, an H2S donor, caused somatic allodynia and referred hyperalgesia, respectively, and repeated treatment with paclitaxel produced neuropathic allodynia in wild-type mice, all of which were suppressed by ascorbic acid or T-type Ca2+ channel blockers. Dietary ascorbic acid restriction caused dramatic decreases in plasma and tissue ascorbic acid levels in GNL/SMP30-knockout, but not wild-type, mice. The ascorbic acid restriction enhanced the somatic and visceral hypersensitivity following intraplantar and intracolonic NaHS, respectively, and paclitaxel-induced neuropathy in GNL/SMP30-knockout mice, while it had no such effect in wild-type mice. Together, our data unveil the critical role of ascorbic acid in regulating somatic and visceral pain sensitivity and support accumulating clinical evidence for the usefulness of ascorbic acid in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Tsubota
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University (formerly known as Kinki University), Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kenta Uebo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University (formerly known as Kinki University), Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Koki Miki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University (formerly known as Kinki University), Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiko Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University (formerly known as Kinki University), Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Atsufumi Kawabata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University (formerly known as Kinki University), Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
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Takisawa S, Funakoshi T, Yatsu T, Nagata K, Aigaki T, Machida S, Ishigami A. Vitamin C deficiency causes muscle atrophy and a deterioration in physical performance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4702. [PMID: 30894591 PMCID: PMC6426981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a water-soluble antioxidant. We examined the effect of AsA deficiency on skeletal muscle using senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30)-knockout (KO) mice that are defective in AsA biosynthesis, which makes this mouse model similar to humans, to clarify the function of AsA in skeletal muscle. Eight-week-old female SMP30-KO mice were divided into the following two groups: an AsA-sufficient group [AsA(+)] that was administered 1.5 g/L AsA and an AsA-deficient group [AsA(-)] that was administered tap (AsA-free) water. At 4 weeks, the AsA content in the gastrocnemius muscle of AsA(-) mice was 0.7% compared to that in the gastrocnemius muscle of AsA(+) mice. Significantly lower weights of all muscles were observed in AsA(-) mice than those in AsA(+) mice at 12 and 16 weeks. The cross-sectional area of the soleus was significantly smaller in AsA(-) mice at 16 weeks than that in AsA(+) mice. The physical performance of AsA(-) mice was significantly less than that of AsA(+) mice at 12 weeks. Following AsA deficiency for 12 weeks, the expression of ubiquitin ligases, such as atrogin1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1), was upregulated. Furthermore, all detected effects of AsA deficiency on muscles of the AsA(-) group at 12 weeks were restored following AsA supplementation for 12 weeks. Thus, longer-term AsA deficiency is associated with muscle wasting, that this can be reversed by restoring AsA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Takisawa
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- Cellular Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Funakoshi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Yatsu
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagata
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiro Aigaki
- Cellular Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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Takahashi K, Yanai S, Takisawa S, Kono N, Arai H, Nishida Y, Yokota T, Endo S, Ishigami A. Vitamin C and vitamin E double-deficiency increased neuroinflammation and impaired conditioned fear memory. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:120-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bright lights down under: Metal ion complexes turning the spotlight on metabolic processes at the cellular level. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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49
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Kawashima S, Funakoshi T, Sato Y, Saito N, Ohsawa H, Kurita K, Nagata K, Yoshida M, Ishigami A. Protective effect of pre- and post-vitamin C treatments on UVB-irradiation-induced skin damage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16199. [PMID: 30385817 PMCID: PMC6212420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported the effects of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AA) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cell damage using cultured keratinocytes. However, the epidermis consists of multiple cell layers, and the effect of AA on UVB-induced damage to the human epidermis remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of AA on UVB-induced skin damage using reconstituted human epidermis. The reconstituted human epidermal surface was treated with 100 and 500 mM AA and cultured for 3 h before (pre-AA treatment) or after (post-AA treatment) 120 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation. Pre- and post-AA treatments of the epidermal surface suppressed UVB-induced cell death, apoptosis, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the inflammatory response by downregulating tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression and release. Moreover, the pre-AA treatment was more effective at preventing UVB-induced skin damage than the post-AA treatment. In summary, pre- and post-AA treatments of the epidermis prevent UVB-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Kawashima
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Funakoshi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Bioenvironmental Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, 920-1181, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kisaburo Nagata
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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50
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He Q, Chen L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Ni D, Liu J, Hu Y, Gu Y, Xie Y, Zhou Q, Li Q. Gulo regulates the proliferation, apoptosis and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation of metanephric mesenchyme cells via inhibiting Six2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:885-891. [PMID: 30219227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During kidney development, the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme (MM) cells, mainly regulated by Sine oculis-related homeobox 2 (Six2), is critical for forming mature kidney. L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (Gulo), a crucial enzyme for vitamin C synthesis, reveals a different expression at various stages during kidney development, but its function in the early renal development remains unknown. In this work, we aim to study the role of Gulo in MM cells at two differentiation stages. We found that Gulo expression in undifferentiated MM (mK3) cells was lower than in differentiated MM (mK4) cells. Over-expression of Gulo can promote mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation (MET) and apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation in mK3 cells. Knock-down of Gulo in mK4 cells made its epithelial character cells unstabilized, facilitated the proliferation and restrained the apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that Six2 was negatively regulated by Gulo, and over-expression or knock-down of Six2 was able to rescue partially the MET, proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells caused by Gulo. In conclusion, these findings reveal that Gulo promotes the MET and apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation in MM cells by down-regulating Six2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling He
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yamin Liu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yafei Wu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Dongsheng Ni
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jianing Liu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yanxia Hu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yuping Gu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yajun Xie
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Qin Zhou
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Qianyin Li
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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