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Quinn O, Kumar M, Turner S. The role of lipid-modified proteins in cell wall synthesis and signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:51-66. [PMID: 37682865 PMCID: PMC10756762 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic extracellular matrix. Plant primary cell walls are the first line of defense against pathogens and regulate cell expansion. Specialized cells deposit a secondary cell wall that provides support and permits water transport. The composition and organization of the cell wall varies between cell types and species, contributing to the extensibility, stiffness, and hydrophobicity required for its proper function. Recently, many of the proteins involved in the biosynthesis, maintenance, and remodeling of the cell wall have been identified as being post-translationally modified with lipids. These modifications exhibit diverse structures and attach to proteins at different sites, which defines the specific role played by each lipid modification. The introduction of relatively hydrophobic lipid moieties promotes the interaction of proteins with membranes and can act as sorting signals, allowing targeted delivery to the plasma membrane regions and secretion into the apoplast. Disruption of lipid modification results in aberrant deposition of cell wall components and defective cell wall remodeling in response to stresses, demonstrating the essential nature of these modifications. Although much is known about which proteins bear lipid modifications, many questions remain regarding the contribution of lipid-driven membrane domain localization and lipid heterogeneity to protein function in cell wall metabolism. In this update, we highlight the contribution of lipid modifications to proteins involved in the formation and maintenance of plant cell walls, with a focus on the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, N-myristoylation, prenylation, and S-acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quinn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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2
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Hunpatin OS, Yuan G, Nong T, Shi C, Wu X, Liu H, Ning Y, Wang Q. The Roles of Calcineurin B-like Proteins in Plants under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16958. [PMID: 38069281 PMCID: PMC10707636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor, severely impacting crop productivity. Plants exposed to salt stress undergo physiological alterations that influence their growth and development. Meanwhile, plants have also evolved mechanisms to endure the detrimental effects of salinity-induced salt stress. Within plants, Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins act as vital Ca2+ sensors, binding to Ca2+ and subsequently transmitting signals to downstream response pathways. CBLs engage with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), forming complexes that regulate a multitude of plant growth and developmental processes, notably ion homeostasis in response to salinity conditions. This review introduces the repercussions of salt stress, including osmotic stress, diminished photosynthesis, and oxidative damage. It also explores how CBLs modulate the response to salt stress in plants, outlining the functions of the CBL-CIPK modules involved. Comprehending the mechanisms through which CBL proteins mediate salt tolerance can accelerate the development of cultivars resistant to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyi Setonji Hunpatin
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.S.H.); (G.Y.); (T.N.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (H.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang Yuan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.S.H.); (G.Y.); (T.N.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (H.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tongjia Nong
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.S.H.); (G.Y.); (T.N.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (H.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chuhan Shi
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.S.H.); (G.Y.); (T.N.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (H.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.S.H.); (G.Y.); (T.N.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (H.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haobao Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.S.H.); (G.Y.); (T.N.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Yang Ning
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.S.H.); (G.Y.); (T.N.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Qian Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.S.H.); (G.Y.); (T.N.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (H.L.)
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Zhang B, Feng M, Zhang J, Song Z. Involvement of CONSTANS-like Proteins in Plant Flowering and Abiotic Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16585. [PMID: 38068908 PMCID: PMC10706179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of flowering in plants is a pivotal stage in their life cycle, and the CONSTANS-like (COL) protein family, known for its photoperiod sensing ability, plays a crucial role in regulating plant flowering. Over the past two decades, homologous genes of COL have been identified in various plant species, leading to significant advancements in comprehending their involvement in the flowering pathway and response to abiotic stress. This article presents novel research progress on the structural aspects of COL proteins and their regulatory patterns within transcription complexes. Additionally, we reviewed recent information about their participation in flowering and abiotic stress response, aiming to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the functions of COL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (B.Z.); (M.F.); (J.Z.)
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Minghui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (B.Z.); (M.F.); (J.Z.)
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (B.Z.); (M.F.); (J.Z.)
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Zhangqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (B.Z.); (M.F.); (J.Z.)
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4
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Chen C, Ma Y, Zuo L, Xiao Y, Jiang Y, Gao J. The CALCINEURIN B-LIKE 4/CBL-INTERACTING PROTEIN 3 module degrades repressor JAZ5 during rose petal senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1605-1620. [PMID: 37403193 PMCID: PMC10517193 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Flower senescence is genetically regulated and developmentally controlled. The phytohormone ethylene induces flower senescence in rose (Rosa hybrida), but the underlying signaling network is not well understood. Given that calcium regulates senescence in animals and plants, we explored the role of calcium in petal senescence. Here, we report that the expression of calcineurin B-like protein 4 (RhCBL4), which encodes a calcium receptor, is induced by senescence and ethylene signaling in rose petals. RhCBL4 interacts with CBL-interacting protein kinase 3 (RhCIPK3), and both positively regulate petal senescence. Furthermore, we determined that RhCIPK3 interacts with the jasmonic acid response repressor jasmonate ZIM-domain 5 (RhJAZ5). RhCIPK3 phosphorylates RhJAZ5 and promotes its degradation in the presence of ethylene. Our results reveal that the RhCBL4-RhCIPK3-RhJAZ5 module mediates ethylene-regulated petal senescence. These findings provide insights into flower senescence, which may facilitate innovations in postharvest technology for extending rose flower longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lanxin Zuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhe Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Liu X, Yu X, Shi Y, Ma L, Fu Y, Guo Y. Phosphorylation of RhoGDI1, a Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, regulates root hair development in Arabidopsis under salt stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217957120. [PMID: 37590409 PMCID: PMC10450838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217957120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure optimal growth, plants actively regulate their growth and development based on environmental changes. Among these, salt stress significantly influences growth and yield. In this study, we demonstrate that the growth of root hairs of salt-stressed Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings is regulated by the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2 (SOS2)-GUANOSINE NUCLEOTIDE DIPHOSPHATE DISSOCIATION INHIBITOR 1 (RhoGDI1)-Rho GTPASE OF PLANTS 2 (ROP2) module. We show here that the kinase SOS2 is activated by salt stress and subsequently phosphorylates RhoGDI1, a root hair regulator, thereby decreasing its stability. This change in RhoGDI1 abundance resulted in a fine-tuning of polar localization of ROP2 and root hair initiation followed by polar growth, demonstrating how SOS2-regulated root hair development is critical for plant growth under salt stress. Our results reveal how a tissue-specific response to salt stress balances the relationship of salt resistance and basic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
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Fu H, Yu X, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chen S, Chen Q, Guo Y. SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1 is inhibited by clade D Protein phosphatase 2C D6 and D7 in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:279-297. [PMID: 36149299 PMCID: PMC9806586 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway is essential for maintaining sodium ion homeostasis in plants. This conserved pathway is activated by a calcium signaling-dependent phosphorylation cascade. However, the identity of the phosphatases and their regulatory mechanisms that would deactivate the SOS pathway remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7, which belong to clade D of the protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) subfamily in Arabidopsis thaliana, directly interact with SOS1 and inhibit its Na+/H+ antiporter activity under non-salt-stress conditions. Upon salt stress, SOS3-LIKE CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN8 (SCaBP8), a member of the SOS pathway, interacts with the PP2Cs and suppresses their phosphatase activity; simultaneously, SCaBP8 regulates the subcellular localization of PP2C.D6 by releasing it from the plasma membrane. Thus, we identified two negative regulators of the SOS pathway that repress SOS1 activity under nonstress conditions. These processes set the stage for the activation of SOS1 by the kinase SOS2 to achieve plant salt tolerance. Our results suggest that reversible phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is crucial for the regulation of the SOS pathway, and that calcium sensors play dual roles in activating/deactivating SOS2 and PP2C phosphatases under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Perveen N, Dinesh MR, Sankaran M, Ravishankar KV, Krishnajee HG, Hanur VS, Alamri S, Kesawat MS, Irfan M. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides novel insights into molecular response of salt-tolerant and sensitive polyembryonic mango genotypes to salinity stress at seedling stage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1152485. [PMID: 37123820 PMCID: PMC10141464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1152485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Increased soil salinity in the recent years has adversely affected the productivity of mango globally. Extending the cultivation of mango in salt affected regions warrants the use of salinity tolerant/resistant rootstocks. However, the lack of sufficient genomic and transcriptomic information impedes comprehensive research at the molecular level. Method We employed RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis to gain insight into molecular response to salt stress by using two polyembryonic mango genotypes with contrasting response to salt stress viz., salt tolerant Turpentine and salt susceptible Mylepelian. Results RNA sequencing by Novaseq6000 resulted in a total of 2795088, 17535948, 7813704 and 5544894 clean reads in Mylepelian treated (MT), Mylepelian control (MC), Turpentine treated (TT) and Turpentine control (TC) respectively. In total, 7169 unigenes annotated against all the five public databases, including NR, NT, PFAM, KOG, Swissport, KEGG and GO. Further, maximum number of differentially expressed genes were found between MT and MC (2106) followed by MT vs TT (1158) and TT and TC (587). The differentially expressed genes under different treatment levels included transcription factors (bZIP, NAC, bHLH), genes involved in Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), ABA biosynthesis, Photosynthesis etc. Expression of few of these genes was experimentally validated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and contrasting expression pattern of Auxin Response Factor 2 (ARF2), Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) and CDPK genes were observed between Turpentine and Mylepelian. Discussion The results of this study will be useful in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in mango which can serve as valuable baseline information to generate new targets in mango breeding for salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Perveen
- Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lakepost, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Nusrat Perveen, ; K. V. Ravishankar,
| | - M. R. Dinesh
- Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lakepost, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M. Sankaran
- Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lakepost, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K. V. Ravishankar
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lakepost, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Nusrat Perveen, ; K. V. Ravishankar,
| | - Hara Gopal Krishnajee
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lakepost, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vageeshbabu S. Hanur
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lakepost, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Irfan
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zhang D, Wang X, Zhang Z, Li C, Xing Y, Luo Y, Li D, Ma Z, Cai H. Symbiotic System Establishment between Piriformospora indica and Glycine max and Its Effects on the Antioxidant Activity and Ion-Transporter-Related Gene Expression in Soybean under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314961. [PMID: 36499285 PMCID: PMC9739428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of symbiosis with beneficial microorganisms has considerable potential for increasing growth and resistance under abiotic stress. The endophytic root fungus Piriformospora indica has been shown to improve plant growth under salt and drought stress in diverse plant species, while there have been few reports of the interaction of P. indica with soybean under salt stress. In this study, the symbiotic system of P. indica and soybean (Glycine max L.) was established, and the effect of P. indica on soybean growth and salt tolerance was investigated. The colonized and non-colonized soybeans were subjected to salt stress (200 mmol/L NaCl), and the impairments in chlorophyll and increasing relative conductivity that can be caused by salt stress were alleviated in the P. indica-colonized plants. The accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2−) were lower than that in non-colonized plants under salt treatment, whereas the activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased by P. indica colonization, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR). Importantly, without salt treatment, the Na+ concentration was lower, and the K+ concentration was higher in the roots compared with non-colonized plants. Differential expressions of ion transporter genes were found in soybean roots after P. indica colonization. The P. indica colonization positively regulated the transcription level of PM H+-ATPase, SOS1, and SOS2. The study shows that P. indica enhances the growth and salt tolerance of soybean, providing a strategy for the agricultural production of soybean plants in saline-alkali soils.
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9
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Yang C, Yi-feng J, Yushu W, Yansong G, Qi W, Xue Y. Diverse roles of the CIPK gene family in transcription regulation and various biotic and abiotic stresses: A literature review and bibliometric study. Front Genet 2022; 13:1041078. [PMID: 36457742 PMCID: PMC9705351 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1041078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CIPKs are a subclass of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases. CBLs are ubiquitous Ca2+ sensors that interact with CIPK with the aid of secondary Ca2+ messengers for regulation of growth and development and response to stresses faced by plants. The divergent roles of the CIPK-CBL interaction in plants include responding to environmental stresses (salt, cold, drought, pH, ABA signaling, and ion toxicity), ion homeostasis (K+, NH4 +, NO3 -, and microelement homeostasis), biotic stress, and plant development. Each member of this gene family produces distinct proteins that help plants adapt to diverse stresses or stimuli by interacting with calcium ion signals. CIPK consists of two structural domains-an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain-connected by a junction domain. The N-terminal domain, the site of phosphorylation, is also called the activation domain and kinase domain. The C-terminal, also known as the regulatory domain of CIPK, further comprises NAF/FISL and PPI. CBL comprises four EF domains and conserved PFPF motifs and is the site of binding with the NAF/FISL domain of CIPK to form a CBL-CIPK complex. In addition, we also performed a bibliometric analysis of the CIPK gene family of data extracted from the WoSCC. A total of 95 documents were retrieved, which had been published by 47 sources. The production over time was zigzagged. The top key terms were gene, CIPK, abiotic stress, and gene expression. Beijing Forestry University was the top affiliation, while The Plant Cell was the top source. The genomics and metabolomics of this gene family require more study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory Resistance Gene Engineering, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jin Yi-feng
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory Resistance Gene Engineering, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wang Yushu
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory Resistance Gene Engineering, Qiqihar, China
| | - Gao Yansong
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wang Qi
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - You Xue
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
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10
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Yu C, Ke Y, Qin J, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wei H, Liu G, Lian B, Chen Y, Zhong F, Zhang J. Genome-wide identification of calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase gene family reveals members participating in abiotic stress in the ornamental woody plant Lagerstroemia indica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942217. [PMID: 36204074 PMCID: PMC9530917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play important roles in plant responses to stress. However, their function in the ornamental woody plant Lagerstroemia indica is remains unclear. In this study, the LiCIPK gene family was analyzed at the whole genome level. A total of 37 LiCIPKs, distributed across 17 chromosomes, were identified. Conserved motif analysis indicated that all LiCIPKs possess a protein kinase motif (S_TKc) and C-terminal regulatory motif (NAF), while seven LiCIPKs lack a protein phosphatase interaction (PPI) motif. 3D structure analysis further revealed that the N-terminal and C-terminal 3D-structure of 27 members are situated near to each other, while 4 members have a looser structure, and 6 members lack intact structures. The intra- and interspecies collinearity analysis, synonymous substitution rate (K s ) peaks of duplicated LiCIPKs, revealed that ∼80% of LiCIPKs were retained by the two whole genome duplication (WGD) events that occurred approximately 56.12-61.16 million year ago (MYA) and 16.24-26.34 MYA ago. The promoter of each LiCIPK contains a number of auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, and drought, anaerobic, defense, stress, and wound responsive cis-elements. Of the 21 members that were successfully amplified by qPCR, 18 LiCIPKs exhibited different expression patterns under NaCl, mannitol, PEG8000, and ABA treatments. Given that LiCIPK30, the AtSOS2 ortholog, responded to all four types of stress it was selected for functional verification. LiCIPK30 complements the atsos2 phenotype in vivo. 35S:LiCIPK-overexpressing lines exhibit increased leaf area increment, chlorophyll a and b content, reactive oxygen species scavenging enzyme activity, and expression of ABF3 and RD22, while the degree of membrane lipid oxidation decreases under NaCl treatment compared to WT. The evolutionary history, and potential mechanism by which LiCIPK30 may regulate plant tolerance to salt stress were also discussed. In summary, we identified LiCIPK members involved in abiotic stress and found that LiCIPK30 transgenic Arabidopsis exhibits more salt and osmotic stress tolerance than WT. This research provides a theoretical foundation for further investigation into the function of LiCIPKs, and for mining gene resources to facilitate the cultivation and breeding of new L. indica varieties in coastal saline-alkali soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yongchao Ke
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jin Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanchun Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guoyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bolin Lian
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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11
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Ren W, Zhang J, He J, Fang J, Wan L. Identification, expression, and association analysis of calcineurin B-like protein–interacting protein kinase genes in peanut. Front Genet 2022; 13:939255. [PMID: 36134030 PMCID: PMC9483126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants usually respond to the external environment by initiating a series of signal transduction processes mediated by protein kinases, especially calcineurin B-like protein–interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). In this study, 54 CIPKs were identified in the peanut genome, of which 26 were from cultivated species (named AhCIPKs) and 28 from two diploid progenitors (Arachis duranensis—AdCIPKs and Arachis ipaensis—AiCIPKs). Evolution analysis revealed that the 54 CIPKs were composed of two different evolutionary branches. The CIPK members were unevenly distributed at different chromosomes. Synteny analysis strongly indicated that whole-genome duplication (allopolyploidization) contributed to the expansion of CIPK. Comparative genomics analysis showed that there was only one common collinear CIPK pairs among peanut, Arabidopsis, rice, grape, and soybean. The prediction results of cis-acting elements showed that AhCIPKs, AdCIPKs, and AiCIPKs contained different proportions of transcription factor binding motifs involved in regulating plant growth, abiotic stress, plant hormones, and light response elements. Spatial expression profiles revealed that almost all AhCIPKs had tissue-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, association analysis identified one polymorphic site in AdCIPK12 (AhCIPK11), which was significantly associated with pod length, seed length, hundred seed weight, and shoot root ratio. Our results provide valuable information of CIPKs in peanut and facilitate better understanding of their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Juncheng Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiahai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Liyun Wan,
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12
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Lu L, Wu X, Wang P, Zhu L, Liu Y, Tang Y, Hao Z, Lu Y, Zhang J, Shi J, Cheng T, Chen J. Halophyte Nitraria billardieri CIPK25 mitigates salinity-induced cell damage by alleviating H 2O 2 accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:961651. [PMID: 36003812 PMCID: PMC9393555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.961651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific module of calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play a crucial role in plant adaptation to different biotic and abiotic stresses in various plant species. Despite the importance of the CBL-CIPK module in regulating plant salt tolerance, few halophyte CIPK orthologs have been studied. We identified NbCIPK25 in the halophyte Nitraria billardieri as a salt-responsive gene that may improve salt tolerance in glycophytes. Sequence analyses indicated that NbCIPK25 is a typical CIPK family member with a conserved NAF motif, which contains the amino acids: asparagine, alanine, and phenylalanine. NbCIPK25 overexpression in salt-stressed transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings resulted in enhanced tolerance to salinity, a higher survival rate, longer newly grown roots, more root meristem cells, and less damaged root cells in comparison to wild-type (WT) plants. H2O2 accumulation and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were both deceased in NbCIPK25-transgenic plants under salt treatment. Furthermore, their proline content, an important factor for scavenging reactive oxygen species, accumulated at a significantly higher level. In concordance, the transcription of genes related to proline accumulation was positively regulated in transgenic plants under salt condition. Finally, we observed a stronger auxin response in salt-treated transgenic roots. These results provide evidence for NbCIPK25 improving salt tolerance by mediating scavenging of reactive oxygen species, thereby protecting cells from oxidation and maintaining plant development under salt stress. These findings suggest the potential application of salt-responsive NbCIPK25 for cultivating glycophytes with a higher salt tolerance through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinru Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tielong Cheng
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Madadi K, Ahmadabadi M, Pazhouhandeh M. Heterologous expression of Arabidopsis SOS3 increases salinity tolerance in Petunia. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6553-6562. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Zhang M, Cao J, Zhang T, Xu T, Yang L, Li X, Ji F, Gao Y, Ali S, Zhang Q, Zhu J, Xie L. A Putative Plasma Membrane Na +/H + Antiporter GmSOS1 Is Critical for Salt Stress Tolerance in Glycine max. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870695. [PMID: 35651772 PMCID: PMC9149370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a staple crop and a major source of vegetable protein and vegetable oil. The growth of soybean is dramatically inhibited by salt stress, especially by the excessive toxic Na+. Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) is the only extensively characterized Na+ efflux transporter in multiple plant species so far. However, the role of GmSOS1 in soybean salt stress responses remains unclear. Herein, we created three gmsos1 mutants using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in soybean. We found a significant accumulation of Na+ in the roots of the gmsos1 mutants, resulting in the imbalance of Na+ and K+, which links to impaired Na+ efflux and increased K+ efflux in the roots of the gmsos1 mutants under salt stress. Compared to the wild type, our RNA-seq analysis revealed that the roots of the gmsos1-1 showed preferential up and downregulation of ion transporters under salt stress, supporting impaired stress detection or an inability to develop a comprehensive response to salinity in the gmsos1 mutants. Our findings indicate that the plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchanger GmSOS1 plays a critical role in soybean salt tolerance by maintaining Na+ homeostasis and provides evidence for molecular breeding to improve salt tolerance in soybean and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Junfeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Xu
- The Editorial Board of Journal of Forestry Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Laboratory Department, Qitaihe Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qitaihe, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengdan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingxue Gao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shahid Ali
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Linan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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15
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Li C, Nong W, Zhao S, Lin X, Xie Y, Cheung MY, Xiao Z, Wong AYP, Chan TF, Hui JHL, Lam HM. Differential microRNA expression, microRNA arm switching, and microRNA:long noncoding RNA interaction in response to salinity stress in soybean. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:65. [PMID: 35057741 PMCID: PMC8780314 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean is a major legume crop with high nutritional and environmental values suitable for sustainable agriculture. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are important regulators of gene functions in eukaryotes. However, the interactions between these two types of ncRNAs in the context of plant physiology, especially in response to salinity stress, are poorly understood. RESULTS Here, we challenged a cultivated soybean accession (C08) and a wild one (W05) with salt treatment and obtained their small RNA transcriptomes at six time points from both root and leaf tissues. In addition to thoroughly analyzing the differentially expressed miRNAs, we also documented the first case of miRNA arm-switching (miR166m), the swapping of dominant miRNA arm expression, in soybean in different tissues. Two arms of miR166m target different genes related to salinity stress (chloroplastic beta-amylase 1 targeted by miR166m-5p and calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 targeted by miR166m-3p), suggesting arm-switching of miR166m play roles in soybean in response to salinity stress. Furthermore, two pairs of miRNA:lncRNA interacting partners (miR166i-5p and lncRNA Gmax_MSTRG.35921.1; and miR394a-3p and lncRNA Gmax_MSTRG.18616.1) were also discovered in reaction to salinity stress. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how ncRNA involves in salinity stress responses in soybean by miRNA arm switching and miRNA:lncRNA interactions. The behaviors of ncRNAs revealed in this study will shed new light on molecular regulatory mechanisms of stress responses in plants, and hence provide potential new strategies for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chade Li
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Nong
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
| | - Yichun Xie
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yan Cheung
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
| | - Zhixia Xiao
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
| | - Annette Y P Wong
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China.
| | - Jerome H L Hui
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China.
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China.
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China.
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16
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Plant Dehydrins: Expression, Regulatory Networks, and Protective Roles in Plants Challenged by Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312619. [PMID: 34884426 PMCID: PMC8657568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrins, also known as Group II late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, are classic intrinsically disordered proteins, which have high hydrophilicity. A wide range of hostile environmental conditions including low temperature, drought, and high salinity stimulate dehydrin expression. Numerous studies have furnished evidence for the protective role played by dehydrins in plants exposed to abiotic stress. Furthermore, dehydrins play important roles in seed maturation and plant stress tolerance. Hence, dehydrins might also protect plasma membranes and proteins and stabilize DNA conformations. In the present review, we discuss the regulatory networks of dehydrin gene expression including the abscisic acid (ABA), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, and Ca2+ signaling pathways. Crosstalk among these molecules and pathways may form a complex, diverse regulatory network, which may be implicated in regulating the same dehydrin.
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17
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Mishra S, Sharma P, Singh R, Tiwari R, Singh GP. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of sucrose nonfermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) genes in Triticum aestivum in response to abiotic stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22477. [PMID: 34795369 PMCID: PMC8602265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The SnRK gene family is a key regulator that plays an important role in plant stress response by phosphorylating the target protein to regulate subsequent signaling pathways. This study was aimed to perform a genome-wide analysis of the SnRK gene family in wheat and the expression profiling of SnRKs in response to abiotic stresses. An in silico analysis identified 174 SnRK genes, which were then categorized into three subgroups (SnRK1/2/3) on the basis of phylogenetic analyses and domain types. The gene intron-exon structure and protein-motif composition of SnRKs were similar within each subgroup but different amongst the groups. Gene duplication and synteny between the wheat and Arabidopsis genomes was also investigated in order to get insight into the evolutionary aspects of the TaSnRK family genes. The result of cis-acting element analysis showed that there were abundant stress- and hormone-related cis-elements in the promoter regions of 129 SnRK genes. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR data revealed that heat, salt and drought treatments enhanced TaSnRK2.11 expression, suggesting that it might be a candidate gene for abiotic stress tolerance. We also identified eight microRNAs targeting 16 TaSnRK genes which are playing important role across abiotic stresses and regulation in different pathways. These findings will aid in the functional characterization of TaSnRK genes for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Mishra
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India.
| | - Rajender Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Ratan Tiwari
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
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Singh M, Nara U, Kumar A, Choudhary A, Singh H, Thapa S. Salinity tolerance mechanisms and their breeding implications. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:173. [PMID: 34751850 PMCID: PMC8578521 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The era of first green revolution brought about by the application of chemical fertilizers surely led to the explosion of food grains, but left behind the notable problem of salinity. Continuous application of these fertilizers coupled with fertilizer-responsive crops make the country self-reliant, but continuous deposition of these led to altered the water potential and thus negatively affecting the proper plant functioning from germination to seed setting. MAIN BODY Increased concentration of anion and cations and their accumulation and distribution cause cellular toxicity and ionic imbalance. Plants respond to salinity stress by any one of two mechanisms, viz., escape or tolerate, by either limiting their entry via root system or controlling their distribution and storage. However, the understanding of tolerance mechanism at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels will provide an insight for the identification of related genes and their introgression to make the crop more resilient against salinity stress. SHORT CONCLUSION Novel emerging approaches of plant breeding and biotechnologies such as genome-wide association studies, mutational breeding, marker-assisted breeding, double haploid production, hyperspectral imaging, and CRISPR/Cas serve as engineering tools for dissecting the in-depth physiological mechanisms. These techniques have well-established implications to understand plants' adaptions to develop more tolerant varieties and lower the energy expenditure in response to stress and, constitutively fulfill the void that would have led to growth resistance and yield penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Usha Nara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Antul Kumar
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Anuj Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Hardeep Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Sittal Thapa
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
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Calcium Sensor SlCBL4 Associates with SlCIPK24 Protein Kinase and Mediates Salt Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102173. [PMID: 34685982 PMCID: PMC8541381 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that restrict the growth and development of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) worldwide. In Arabidopsis, the calcium signaling pathway mediated by calcineurin B-like protein 4 (CBL4) and CBL-interacting protein kinase 24 (CIPK24) plays a critical role in salt stress response. In this study, we identified and isolated two tomato genes similar to the Arabidopsis genes, designated as SlCBL4 and SlCIPK24, respectively. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and pull-down assays indicated that SlCBL4 can physically interact with SlCIPK24 at the plasma membrane of plant cells in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Overexpression of SlCBL4 or superactive SlCIPK24 mutant (SlCIPK24M) conferred salt tolerance to transgenic tomato (cv. Moneymaker) plants. In particular, the SlCIPK24M-overexpression lines displayed dramatically enhanced tolerance to high salinity. It is notable that the transgenic plants retained higher contents of Na+ and K+ in the roots compared to the wild-type tomato under salt stress. Taken together, our findings clearly suggest that SlCBL4 and SlCIPK24 are functional orthologs of the Arabidopsis counterpart genes, which can be used or engineered to produce salt-tolerant tomato plants.
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20
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Raina M, Kumar A, Yadav N, Kumari S, Yusuf MA, Mustafiz A, Kumar D. StCaM2, a calcium binding protein, alleviates negative effects of salinity and drought stress in tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:85-108. [PMID: 33629224 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Overexpression of StCaM2 in tobacco promotes plant growth and confers increased salinity and drought tolerance by enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency, ROS scavenging, and recovery from membrane injury. Calmodulins (CaMs) are important Ca2+ sensors that interact with effector proteins and drive a network of signal transduction pathways involved in regulating the growth and developmental pattern of plants under stress. Herein, using in silico analysis, we identified 17 CaM isoforms (StCaM) in potato. Expression profiling revealed different temporal and spatial expression patterns of these genes, which were modulated under abiotic stress. Among the identified StCaM genes, StCaM2 was found to have the largest number of abiotic stress responsive promoter elements. In addition, StCaM2 was upregulated in response to some of the selected abiotic stress in potato tissues. Overexpression of StCaM2 in transgenic tobacco plants enhanced their tolerance to salinity and drought stress. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species was remarkably decreased in transgenic lines compared to that in wild type plants. Chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis suggested better performance of photosystem II in transgenic plants under stress compared to that in wild type plants. The increase in salinity stress tolerance in StCaM2-overexpressing plants was also associated with a favorable K+/Na+ ratio. The enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses correlated with the increase in the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes in transgenic tobacco plants. Overall, our results suggest that StCaM2 can be a novel candidate for conferring salt and drought tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Raina
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), Dist- Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Nikita Yadav
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Sumita Kumari
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Yusuf
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), Dist- Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India.
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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21
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Chen Z, Zhou L, Jiang P, Lu R, Halford NG, Liu C. Genome-wide identification of sucrose nonfermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) genes in barley and RNA-seq analyses of their expression in response to abscisic acid treatment. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:300. [PMID: 33902444 PMCID: PMC8074225 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sucrose nonfermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinases (SnRKs) play important roles in regulating metabolism and stress responses in plants, providing a conduit for crosstalk between metabolic and stress signalling, in some cases involving the stress hormone, abscisic acid (ABA). The burgeoning and divergence of the plant gene family has led to the evolution of three subfamilies, SnRK1, SnRK2 and SnRK3, of which SnRK2 and SnRK3 are unique to plants. Therefore, the study of SnRKs in crops may lead to the development of strategies for breeding crop varieties that are more resilient under stress conditions. In the present study, we describe the SnRK gene family of barley (Hordeum vulgare), the widespread cultivation of which can be attributed to its good adaptation to different environments. Results The barley HvSnRK gene family was elucidated in its entirety from publicly-available genome data and found to comprise 50 genes. Phylogenetic analyses assigned six of the genes to the HvSnRK1 subfamily, 10 to HvSnRK2 and 34 to HvSnRK3. The search was validated by applying it to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) genome data, identifying 50 SnRK genes in rice (four OsSnRK1, 11 OsSnRK2 and 35 OsSnRK3) and 39 in Arabidopsis (three AtSnRK1, 10 AtSnRK2 and 26 AtSnRK3). Specific motifs were identified in the encoded barley proteins, and multiple putative regulatory elements were found in the gene promoters, with light-regulated elements (LRE), ABA response elements (ABRE) and methyl jasmonate response elements (MeJa) the most common. RNA-seq analysis showed that many of the HvSnRK genes responded to ABA, some positively, some negatively and some with complex time-dependent responses. Conclusions The barley HvSnRK gene family is large, comprising 50 members, subdivided into HvSnRK1 (6 members), HvSnRK2 (10 members) and HvSnRK3 (34 members), showing differential positive and negative responses to ABA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07601-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Longhua Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Panpan Jiang
- Shenzhen RealOm ics (Biotech) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518081, China
| | - Ruiju Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Nigel G Halford
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Chenghong Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China.
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22
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Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in Plants Grown in Salty Soil in Response to Inoculation with Halophilic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073611. [PMID: 33807153 PMCID: PMC8036567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is an increasing problem facing agriculture in many parts of the world. Climate change and irrigation practices have led to decreased yields of some farmland due to increased salt levels in the soil. Plants that have tolerance to salt are thus needed to feed the world's population. One approach addressing this problem is genetic engineering to introduce genes encoding salinity, but this approach has limitations. Another fairly new approach is the isolation and development of salt-tolerant (halophilic) plant-associated bacteria. These bacteria are used as inoculants to stimulate plant growth. Several reports are now available, demonstrating how the use of halophilic inoculants enhance plant growth in salty soil. However, the mechanisms for this growth stimulation are as yet not clear. Enhanced growth in response to bacterial inoculation is expected to be associated with changes in plant gene expression. In this review, we discuss the current literature and approaches for analyzing altered plant gene expression in response to inoculation with halophilic bacteria. Additionally, challenges and limitations to current approaches are analyzed. A further understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in enhanced plant growth when inoculated with salt-tolerant bacteria will significantly improve agriculture in areas affected by saline soils.
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23
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Zhang X, Liu P, Qing C, Yang C, Shen Y, Ma L. Comparative transcriptome analyses of maize seedling root responses to salt stress. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10765. [PMID: 33717668 PMCID: PMC7934676 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress affects crop yield by limiting growth and delaying development. In this study, we constructed 16 transcriptome libraries from maize seedling roots using two maize lines, with contrasting salt tolerance, that were exposed to salt stress for 0, 6, 18 and 36 h. In total, 6,584 differential expression genes (DEGs; 3,669 upregulated, 2,915 downregulated) were induced in the salt-sensitive line and 6,419 DEGs (3,876 upregulated, 2,543 downregulated) were induced in the salt-tolerant line. Several DEGs common to both lines were enriched in the ABA signaling pathway, which was presumed to coordinate the process of maize salt response. A total of 459 DEGs were specifically induced in the salt-tolerant line and represented candidate genes responsible for high salt-tolerance. Expression pattern analysis for these DEGs indicated that the period between 0 and 6 h was a crucial period for the rapid response of the tolerant genes under salt stress. Among these DEGs, several genes, Aux/IAA, SAUR, and CBL-interacting kinase have been reported to regulate salt tolerance. In addition, the transcription factors WRKY, bZIP and MYB acted as regulators in the salt-responsive regulatory network of maize roots. Our findings will contribute to understanding of the mechanism on salt response and provide references for functional gene revelation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Wenjiang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Wenjiang, China
| | - Chunyan Qing
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Wenjiang, China
| | - Cong Yang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yaou Shen
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Wenjiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Wenjiang, China
| | - Langlang Ma
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Wenjiang, China
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24
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Soltabayeva A, Ongaltay A, Omondi JO, Srivastava S. Morphological, Physiological and Molecular Markers for Salt-Stressed Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:243. [PMID: 33513682 PMCID: PMC7912532 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and development is adversely affected by different kind of stresses. One of the major abiotic stresses, salinity, causes complex changes in plants by influencing the interactions of genes. The modulated genetic regulation perturbs metabolic balance, which may alter plant's physiology and eventually causing yield losses. To improve agricultural output, researchers have concentrated on identification, characterization and selection of salt tolerant varieties and genotypes, although, most of these varieties are less adopted for commercial production. Nowadays, phenotyping plants through Machine learning (deep learning) approaches that analyze the images of plant leaves to predict biotic and abiotic damage on plant leaves have increased. Here, we review salinity stress related markers on molecular, physiological and morphological levels for crops such as maize, rice, ryegrass, tomato, salicornia, wheat and model plant, Arabidopsis. The combined analysis of data from stress markers on different levels together with image data are important for understanding the impact of salt stress on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Soltabayeva
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur Sultan Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan;
| | - Assel Ongaltay
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur Sultan Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan;
| | - John Okoth Omondi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 30258 Lilongwe 3, Malawi; or
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Beijing Advanced Innovative Center For Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China;
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25
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Zhu L, Li M, Huo J, Lian Z, Liu Y, Lu L, Lu Y, Hao Z, Shi J, Cheng T, Chen J. Overexpression of NtSOS2 From Halophyte Plant N. tangutorum Enhances Tolerance to Salt Stress in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:716855. [PMID: 34552607 PMCID: PMC8450600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.716855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway is key in responding to salt stress in plants. SOS2, a central factor in this pathway, has been studied in non-halophytes such as Arabidopsis and rice, but has so far not been reported in the halophyte Nitraria tangutorum. In order to better understand how Nitraria tangutorum acquires its tolerance for a high salt environment, here, the NtSOS2 was cloned from Nitraria tangutorum, phylogenetic analyses showed that NtSOS2 is homologous to the SOS2 of Arabidopsis and rice. Gene expression profile analysis showed that NtSOS2 localizes to the cytoplasm and cell membrane and it can be induced by salt stress. Transgenesis experiments showed that exogenous expression of NtSOS2 reduces leaf mortality and improves the germination rate, biomass and root growth of Arabidopsis under salt stress. Also, exogenous expression of NtSOS2 affected the expression of ion transporter-related genes and can rescue the phenotype of sos2-1 under salt stress. All these results revealed that NtSOS2 plays an important role in plant salt stress tolerance. Our findings will be of great significance to further understand the mechanism of salt tolerance and to develop and utilize molecular knowledge gained from halophytes to improve the ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junnan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziming Lian
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tielong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Tielong Cheng,
| | - Jinhui Chen
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jinhui Chen,
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26
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Abstract
Plants are an important part of nature because as photoautotrophs, they provide a nutrient source for many other living organisms. Due to their sessile nature, to overcome both biotic and abiotic stresses, plants have developed intricate mechanisms for perception of and reaction to these stresses, both on an external level (perception) and on an internal level (reaction). Specific proteins found within cells play crucial roles in stress mitigation by enhancing cellular processes that facilitate the plants survival during the unfavorable conditions. Well before plants are able to synthesize nascent proteins in response to stress, proteins which already exist in the cell can be subjected to an array of posttranslation modifications (PTMs) that permit a rapid response. These activated proteins can, in turn, aid in further stress responses. Different PTMs have different functions in growth and development of plants. Protein phosphorylation, a reversible form of modification has been well elucidated, and its role in signaling cascades is well documented. In this mini-review, we discuss the integration of protein phosphorylation with other components of abiotic stress-responsive pathways including phytohormones and ion homeostasis. Overall, this review demonstrates the high interconnectivity of the stress response system in plants and how readily plants are able to toggle between various signaling pathways in order to survive harsh conditions. Most notably, fluctuations of the cytosolic calcium levels seem to be a linking component of the various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Njeri Damaris
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
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27
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Zhao Y, Sun R, Liu H, Liu X, Xu K, Xiao K, Zhang S, Yang X, Xue C. Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Adaptation of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) to Potassium Deprivation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588994. [PMID: 33123186 PMCID: PMC7573229 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is essential for regulating plant growth and mediating abiotic stress responses. Elucidating the biological mechanism underlying plant responses to K-deficiency is crucial for breeding new cultivars with improved K uptake and K utilization efficiency. In this study, we evaluated the extent of the genetic variation among 543 wheat accessions differing in K-deficiency tolerance at the seedling and adult plant stages. Two accessions, KN9204 and BN207, were identified as extremely tolerant and sensitive to K-deficiency, respectively. The accessions were exposed to normal and K-deficient conditions, after which their roots underwent ionomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Under K-deficient conditions, KN9204 exhibited stronger root growth and maintained higher K concentrations than BN207. Moreover, 19,440 transcripts and 162 metabolites were differentially abundant in the roots of both accessions according to transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. An integrated analysis of gene expression and metabolite profiles revealed that substantially more genes, including those related to ion homeostasis, cellular reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and the glutamate metabolic pathway, were up-regulated in KN9204 than in BN207 in response to low-K stress. Accordingly, these candidate genes have unique regulatory roles affecting plant K-starvation tolerance. These findings may be useful for further clarifying the molecular changes underlying wheat root adaptations to K deprivation.
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28
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Gil-Muñoz F, Pérez-Pérez JG, Quiñones A, Naval MDM, Badenes ML. Intra and Inter-specific Variability of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms in Diospyros Genus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1132. [PMID: 32849694 PMCID: PMC7427203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Saline stress is one of most important problems that agriculture must face in the context of climate change. In the Mediterranean basin, one of the regions most affected, persimmon production can be compromised by this effect, due to the limited availability of salt tolerant rootstocks. Seedlings coming from four populations from the Diospyros genus have been exposed to salt stress in order to identify salt tolerance genotypes within these populations. Morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic approaches have revealed different mechanisms of tolerance among the population studied. An HKT1-like gene has been shown to have different root expression related to the salt tolerance phenotypes among and within populations. Additionally, we have observed differences in salt-responsive expression among PIP aquaporin genes. Genetic variability for salt tolerance can be generated in Diospyros species through crossings and used for overcome salt stress. Furthermore, differences in water use efficiency (WUE) have been obtained between and within populations. The information gathered at transcriptomic and physiological level demonstrated natural and heritable variability among Diospyros genus which is the key for salt-tolerant rootstock breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gil-Muñoz
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Gabriel Pérez-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Desarrollo de Agricultura Sostenible, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Quiñones
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - María del Mar Naval
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Luisa Badenes
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
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29
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Jia H, Liu G, Li J, Zhang J, Sun P, Zhao S, Zhou X, Lu M, Hu J. Genome resequencing reveals demographic history and genetic architecture of seed salinity tolerance in Populus euphratica. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4308-4320. [PMID: 32242238 PMCID: PMC7475257 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Populus euphratica is a dominant tree species in desert riparian forests and possesses extraordinary adaptation to salinity stress. Exploration of its genomic variation and molecular underpinning of salinity tolerance is important for elucidating population evolution and identifying stress-related genes. Here, we identify approximately 3.15 million single nucleotide polymorphisms using whole-genome resequencing. The natural populations of P. euphratica in northwest China are divided into four distinct clades that exhibit strong geographical distribution patterns. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and tectonic deformation jointly shaped the extant genetic patterns. A seed germination rate-based salinity tolerance index was used to evaluate seed salinity tolerance of P. euphratica and a genome-wide association study was implemented. A total of 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with seed salinity tolerance and were located within or near 82 genes. Expression profiles showed that most of these genes were regulated under salt stress, revealing the genetic complexity of seed salinity tolerance. Furthermore, DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 57 and one undescribed gene (CCG029559) were demonstrated to improve the seed salinity tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. These results provide new insights into the demographic history and genetic architecture of seed salinity tolerance in desert poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianbo Li
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Pei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Beijing Novogene Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
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30
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Zhu W, Wu D, Jiang L, Ye L. Genome-wide identification and characterization of SnRK family genes in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:287. [PMID: 32571241 PMCID: PMC7310057 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sucrose non-fermenting 1 related protein kinases (SnRK) play crucial roles in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses through activating protein phosphorylation pathways. However, little information of SnRK genes was available in Brassica napus, one of important oil crops. Recently, the released sequences of the reference genome of B.napus provide a good chance to perform genome-wide identification and characterization of BnSnRK gene family in the rapeseed. RESULTS Totally 114 SnRK genes distributed on 19 chromosomes were identified in the genome of B.napus and classified into three subfamilies on the basis of phylogenetic analysis and the domain types. According to gene structure and motif composition analysis, the BnSnRK sequences showed obvious divergence among three subfamilies. Gene duplication and synteny between the genomes of the rapeseed and Arabidopsis were also analyzed to provide insights into the evolutionary characteristics of BnSnRK family genes. Cis-element analysis revealed that BnSnRKs may response to diverse environmental stresses. Moreover, the expression patterns of BnSnRKs in various tissues and under diverse abiotic stresses were distinct difference. Besides, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) distribution analysis suggests the function disparity of BnSnRK family genes in different genotypes of the rapeseed. CONCLUSION We examined genomic structures, evolution features, expression patterns and SNP distribution of 114 BnSnRKs. The results provide valuable information for functional characterization of BnSnRK genes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Zhu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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31
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. The unknown soldier in citrus plants: polyamines-based defensive mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses and their relationship with other stress-associated metabolites. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1761080. [PMID: 32408848 PMCID: PMC8570725 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1761080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus plants are challenged by a broad diversity of abiotic and biotic stresses, which definitely alter their growth, development, and productivity. In order to survive the various stressful conditions, citrus plants relay on multi-layered adaptive strategies, among which is the accumulation of stress-associated metabolites that play vital and complex roles in citrus defensive responses. These metabolites included amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, phytohormones, polyamines (PAs), and other secondary metabolites. However, the contribution of PAs pathways in citrus defense responses is poorly understood. In this review article, we will discuss the recent metabolic, genetic, and molecular evidence illustrating the potential roles of PAs in citrus defensive responses against biotic and abiotic stressors. We believe that PAs-based defensive role, against biotic and abiotic stress in citrus, is involving the interaction with other stress-associated metabolites, particularly phytohormones. The knowledge gained so far about PAs-based defensive responses in citrus underpins our need for further genetic manipulation of PAs biosynthetic genes to produce transgenic citrus plants with modulated PAs content that may enhance the tolerance of citrus plants against stressful conditions. In addition, it provides valuable information for the potential use of PAs or their synthetic analogs and their emergence as a promising approach to practical applications in citriculture to enhance stress tolerance in citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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32
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Fu L, Wang P, Xiong Y. Target of Rapamycin Signaling in Plant Stress Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1613-1623. [PMID: 31949028 PMCID: PMC7140942 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is an atypical Ser/Thr protein kinase that is evolutionally conserved among yeasts, plants, and mammals. In plants, TOR signaling functions as a central hub to integrate different kinds of nutrient, energy, hormone, and environmental signals. TOR thereby orchestrates every stage of plant life, from embryogenesis, meristem activation, root, and leaf growth to flowering, senescence, and life span determination. Besides its essential role in the control of plant growth and development, recent research has also shed light on its multifaceted roles in plant environmental stress responses. Here, we review recent findings on the involvement of TOR signaling in plant adaptation to nutrient deficiency and various abiotic stresses. We also discuss the mechanisms underlying how plants cope with such unfavorable conditions via TOR-abscisic acid crosstalk and TOR-mediated autophagy, both of which play crucial roles in plant stress responses. Until now, little was known about the upstream regulators and downstream effectors of TOR in plant stress responses. We propose that the Snf1-related protein kinase-TOR axis plays a role in sensing various stress signals, and predict the key downstream effectors based on recent high-throughput proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Fu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Centre, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Province 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Shanghai Centre for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Centre, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian Province 350002, People's Republic of China
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33
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Boxall SF, Kadu N, Dever LV, Kneřová J, Waller JL, Gould PJD, Hartwell J. Kalanchoë PPC1 Is Essential for Crassulacean Acid Metabolism and the Regulation of Core Circadian Clock and Guard Cell Signaling Genes. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1136-1160. [PMID: 32051209 PMCID: PMC7145507 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Unlike C3 plants, Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants fix CO2 in the dark using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC; EC 4.1.1.31). PPC combines phosphoenolpyruvate with CO2 (as HCO3 -), forming oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is converted to malate, leading to malic acid accumulation in the vacuole, which peaks at dawn. During the light period, malate decarboxylation concentrates CO2 around Rubisco for secondary fixation. CAM mutants lacking PPC have not been described. Here, we employed RNA interference to silence the CAM isogene PPC1 in Kalanchoë laxiflora Line rPPC1-B lacked PPC1 transcripts, PPC activity, dark period CO2 fixation, and nocturnal malate accumulation. Light period stomatal closure was also perturbed, and the plants displayed reduced but detectable dark period stomatal conductance and arrhythmia of the CAM CO2 fixation circadian rhythm under constant light and temperature free-running conditions. By contrast, the rhythm of delayed fluorescence was enhanced in plants lacking PPC1 Furthermore, a subset of gene transcripts within the central circadian oscillator was upregulated and oscillated robustly in this line. The regulation of guard cell genes involved in controlling stomatal movements was also perturbed in rPPC1-B These findings provide direct evidence that the regulatory patterns of key guard cell signaling genes are linked with the characteristic inverse pattern of stomatal opening and closing during CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna F Boxall
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Nirja Kadu
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa V Dever
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Kneřová
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Jade L Waller
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J D Gould
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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Yousefirad S, Soltanloo H, Ramezanpour SS, Zaynali Nezhad K, Shariati V. The RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis reveals genes mediating salt tolerance through rapid triggering of ion transporters in a mutant barley. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229513. [PMID: 32187229 PMCID: PMC7080263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the complex nature of salinity tolerance mechanisms, the use of isogenic lines or mutants possessing the same genetic background albeit different tolerance to salinity is a suitable method for reduction of analytical complexity to study these mechanisms. In the present study, whole transcriptome analysis was evaluated using RNA-seq method between a salt-tolerant mutant line "M4-73-30" and its wild-type "Zarjou" cultivar at seedling stage after six hours of exposure to salt stress (300 mM NaCl). Transcriptome sequencing yielded 20 million reads for each genotype. A total number of 7116 transcripts with differential expression were identified, 1586 and 1479 of which were obtained with significantly increased expression in the mutant and the wild-type, respectively. In addition, the families of WRKY, ERF, AP2/EREBP, NAC, CTR/DRE, AP2/ERF, MAD, MIKC, HSF, and bZIP were identified as the important transcription factors with specific expression in the mutant genotype. The RNA-seq results were confirmed at several time points using qRT-PCR for some important salt-responsive genes. In general, the results revealed that the mutant accumulated higher levels of sodium ion in the root and decreased its transfer to the shoot. Also, the mutant increased the amount of potassium ion leading to the maintenance a high ratio [K+]/[Na+] in the shoot compared to its wild-type via fast stomata closure and consequently transpiration reduction under the salt stress. Moreover, a reduction in photosynthesis and respiration was observed in the mutant, resulting in utilization of the stored energy and the carbon for maintaining the plant tissues, which is considered as a mechanism of salt tolerance in plants. Up-regulation of catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase genes has resulted in higher accumulation of H2O2 in the wild-type compared to the mutant. Therefore, the wild-type initiated rapid ROS signals which led to less oxidative scavenging in comparison with the mutant. The mutant increased expression in the ion transporters and the channels related to the salinity to maintain the ion homeostasis. In overall, the results demonstrated that the mutant responded better to the salt stress under both osmotic and ionic stress phases and lower damage was observed in the mutant compared to its wild-type under the salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Yousefirad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnolgy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | - Hassan Soltanloo
- Department of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnolgy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sanaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnolgy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | - Khalil Zaynali Nezhad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnolgy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shariati
- Department of Genome Center, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Wani SH, Kumar V, Khare T, Guddimalli R, Parveda M, Solymosi K, Suprasanna P, Kavi Kishor PB. Engineering salinity tolerance in plants: progress and prospects. PLANTA 2020; 251:76. [PMID: 32152761 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to integrate conceptual framework based on the current understanding of salt stress responses with different approaches for manipulating and improving salt tolerance in crop plants. Soil salinity exerts significant constraints on global crop production, posing a serious challenge for plant breeders and biotechnologists. The classical transgenic approach for enhancing salinity tolerance in plants revolves by boosting endogenous defence mechanisms, often via a single-gene approach, and usually involves the enhanced synthesis of compatible osmolytes, antioxidants, polyamines, maintenance of hormone homeostasis, modification of transporters and/or regulatory proteins, including transcription factors and alternative splicing events. Occasionally, genetic manipulation of regulatory proteins or phytohormone levels confers salinity tolerance, but all these may cause undesired reduction in plant growth and/or yields. In this review, we present and evaluate novel and cutting-edge approaches for engineering salt tolerance in crop plants. First, we cover recent findings regarding the importance of regulatory proteins and transporters, and how they can be used to enhance salt tolerance in crop plants. We also evaluate the importance of halobiomes as a reservoir of genes that can be used for engineering salt tolerance in glycophytic crops. Additionally, the role of microRNAs as critical post-transcriptional regulators in plant adaptive responses to salt stress is reviewed and their use for engineering salt-tolerant crop plants is critically assessed. The potentials of alternative splicing mechanisms and targeted gene-editing technologies in understanding plant salt stress responses and developing salt-tolerant crop plants are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, 192 101, India.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, India
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, India
| | - Tushar Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, India
| | | | | | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE-Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1053, Hungary
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - P B Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522 213, India
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Rolly NK, Imran QM, Lee IJ, Yun BW. Salinity Stress-Mediated Suppression of Expression of Salt Overly Sensitive Signaling Pathway Genes Suggests Negative Regulation by AtbZIP62 Transcription Factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1726. [PMID: 32138325 PMCID: PMC7084470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the most serious threats in plants, reducing crop yield and production. The salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway in plants is a salt-responsive pathway that acts as a janitor of the cell to sweep out Na+ ions. Transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators of expression and/or repression of genes. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TF is a large family of TFs regulating various cellular processes in plants. In the current study, we investigated the role of the Arabidopsis thaliana bZIP62 TF in the regulation of SOS signaling pathway by measuring the transcript accumulation of its key genes such as SOS1, 2, and 3, in both wild-type (WT) and atbzip62 knock-out (KO) mutants under salinity stress. We further observed the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in the wild-type, atbzip62, atcat2 (lacking catalase activity), and atnced3 (lacking 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase involved in the ABA pathway) KO mutants. Our findings revealed that atbzip62 plants exhibited an enhanced salt-sensitive phenotypic response similar to atnced3 and atcat2 compared to WT, 10 days after 150 mM NaCl treatment. Interestingly, the transcriptional levels of SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3 increased significantly over time in the atbzip62 upon NaCl application, while they were downregulated in the wild type. We also measured chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b, total pheophytin, and total carotenoids. We observed that the atbzip62 exhibited an increase in chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents, as well as proline contents, while it exhibited a non-significant increase in catalase activity. Our results suggest that AtbZIP62 negatively regulates the transcriptional events of SOS pathway genes, AtbZIP18 and AtbZIP69 while modulating the antioxidant response to salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkulu Kabange Rolly
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (N.K.R.); (Q.M.I.)
- National Laboratory of Seed Testing, National Seed Service, SENASEM, Ministry of Agriculture, Kinshasa 904KIN1, Congo
| | - Qari Muhammad Imran
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (N.K.R.); (Q.M.I.)
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; (N.K.R.); (Q.M.I.)
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A cross population between D. kaki and D. virginiana shows high variability for saline tolerance and improved salt stress tolerance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229023. [PMID: 32097425 PMCID: PMC7041798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) production is facing important problems related to climate change in the Mediterranean areas. One of them is soil salinization caused by the decrease and change of the rainfall distribution. In this context, there is a need to develop cultivars adapted to the increasingly challenging soil conditions. In this study, a backcross between (D. kaki x D. virginiana) x D. kaki was conducted, to unravel the mechanism involved in salinity tolerance of persimmon. The backcross involved the two species most used as rootstock for persimmon production. Both species are clearly distinct in their level of tolerance to salinity. Variables related to growth, leaf gas exchange, leaf water relations and content of nutrients were significantly affected by saline stress in the backcross population. Water flow regulation appears as a mechanism of salt tolerance in persimmon via differences in water potential and transpiration rate, which reduces ion entrance in the plant. Genetic expression of eight putative orthologous genes involved in different mechanisms leading to salt tolerance was analyzed. Differences in expression levels among populations under saline or control treatment were found. The ‘High affinity potassium transporter’ (HKT1-like) reduced its expression levels in the roots in all studied populations. Results obtained allowed selection of tolerant rootstocks genotypes and describe the hypothesis about the mechanisms involved in salt tolerance in persimmon that will be useful for breeding salinity tolerant rootstocks.
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Abstract
This article is a Commentary on https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15955; https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15713; https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15773; https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15864; https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15862; https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15852; https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Sanders
- The John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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Mwando E, Angessa TT, Han Y, Li C. Salinity tolerance in barley during germination- homologs and potential genes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:93-121. [PMID: 32115909 PMCID: PMC7076347 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salinity affects more than 6% of the world's total land area, causing massive losses in crop yield. Salinity inhibits plant growth and development through osmotic and ionic stresses; however, some plants exhibit adaptations through osmotic regulation, exclusion, and translocation of accumulated Na+ or Cl-. Currently, there are no practical, economically viable methods for managing salinity, so the best practice is to grow crops with improved tolerance. Germination is the stage in a plant's life cycle most adversely affected by salinity. Barley, the fourth most important cereal crop in the world, has outstanding salinity tolerance, relative to other cereal crops. Here, we review the genetics of salinity tolerance in barley during germination by summarizing reported quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and functional genes. The homologs of candidate genes for salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis, soybean, maize, wheat, and rice have been blasted and mapped on the barley reference genome. The genetic diversity of three reported functional gene families for salt tolerance during barley germination, namely dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) protein, somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase and aquaporin genes, is discussed. While all three gene families show great diversity in most plant species, the DREB gene family is more diverse in barley than in wheat and rice. Further to this review, a convenient method for screening for salinity tolerance at germination is needed, and the mechanisms of action of the genes involved in salt tolerance need to be identified, validated, and transferred to commercial cultivars for field production in saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Mwando
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Tefera Tolera Angessa
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Yong Han
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
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Zhang Y, Zhou X, Liu S, Yu A, Yang C, Chen X, Liu J, Wang A. Identification and Functional Analysis of Tomato CIPK Gene Family. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E110. [PMID: 31877938 PMCID: PMC6981861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase (CIPK) protein family is a critical protein family in plant signaling pathways mediated by Ca2+, playing a pivotal role in plant stress response and growth. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study of the tomato CIPK gene family in response to abiotic stress has been reported. In this study, 22 members of the tomato CIPK gene family were successfully identified by using a combination of bioinformatics techniques and molecular analyses. The expression level of each member of tomato CIPK gene family under abiotic stress (low temperature, high salt, drought treatment) was determined by qRT-PCR. Results indicated that tomato CIPK demonstrated different degrees of responding to various abiotic stresses, and changes in SlCIPK1 and SlCIPK8 expression level were relatively apparent. The results of qRT-PCR showed that expression levels of SlCIPK1 increased significantly in early stages of cold stress, and the expression level of SlCIPK8 increased significantly during the three treatments at different time points, implicating Solanum lycopersicum CIPK1(SlCIPK1) and Solanum lycopersicum CIPK8 (SlCIPK8) involvement in abiotic stress response. SlCIPK1 and SlCIPK8 were silenced using Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and physiological indexes were detected by low temperature, drought, and high salt treatment. The results showed that plants silenced by SlCIPK1 and SlCIPK8 at the later stage of cold stress were significantly less resistant to cold than wild-type plants. SlCIPK1 and SlCIPK8 silenced plants had poor drought resistance, indicating a relationship between SlCIPK1 and SlCIPK8 with response to low temperature and drought resistance. This is the first study to uncover the nucleotide sequence for tomato CIPK family members and systematically study the changes of tomato CIPK family members under abiotic stress. Here, we investigate the CIPK family's response under abiotic stress providing understanding into the signal transduction pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the function of tomato CIPK at low temperature and its molecular mechanism of regulating low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (A.Y.)
| | - Xi’nan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (A.Y.)
| | - Siyuan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100000, China;
| | - Anzhou Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (A.Y.)
| | - Chuanming Yang
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Jiayin Liu
- College of Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (A.Y.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
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Zhao J, Yu A, Du Y, Wang G, Li Y, Zhao G, Wang X, Zhang W, Cheng K, Liu X, Wang Z, Wang Y. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) CIPKs are responsive to ABA and abiotic stresses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225091. [PMID: 31714948 PMCID: PMC6850536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) have been shown to regulate a variety of environmental stress-related signalling pathways in plants. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) is known worldwide as a relatively stress-tolerant C4 crop species. Although the foxtail millet genome sequence has been released, little is known about the functions of CIPKs in foxtail millet. Therefore, a systematic genome-wide analysis of CIPK genes in foxtail millet was performed. In total, 35 CIPK members were identified in foxtail millet and divided into four subgroups (I to IV) on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic and gene structure analyses clearly divided all SiCIPKs into intron-poor and intron-rich clades. Cis-element analysis subsequently indicated that these SiCIPKs may be involved in responses to abiotic stimuli, hormones, and light signalling during plant growth and development, and stress-induced expression profile analysis revealed that all the SiCIPKs are involved in various stress signalling pathways. These results suggest that the CIPK genes in foxtail millet exhibit the basic characteristics of CIPK family members and play important roles in response to abiotic stresses. The results of this study will contribute to future functional characterization of abiotic stress responses mediated by CIPKs in foxtail millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhao
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AY); (JZ)
| | - Aili Yu
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AY); (JZ)
| | - Yanwei Du
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohong Wang
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Genyou Zhao
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Tangshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tangshan, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Millet Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Breeding in Minor Crops, Changzhi, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Cheng C, Zhong Y, Wang Q, Cai Z, Wang D, Li C. Genome-wide identification and gene expression analysis of SOS family genes in tuber mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224672. [PMID: 31710609 PMCID: PMC6844470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana plays important roles in maintaining appropriate ion homeostasis in the cytoplasm and regulating plant tolerance to salinity. However, little is known about the details regarding SOS family genes in the tuber mustard crop (Brassica juncea var. tumida). Here, 12 BjSOS family genes were identified in the B. juncea var. tumida genome including two homologous genes of SOS1, one and three homologs of SOS2 and SOS3, two homologs of SOS4, two homologs of SOS5 and two homologs of SOS6, respectively. The results of conserved motif analysis showed that these SOS homologs contained similar protein structures. By analyzing the cis-elements in the promoters of those BjSOS genes, several hormone- and stress-related cis-elements were found. The results of gene expression analysis showed that the homologous genes were induced by abiotic stress and pathogen. These findings indicate that BjSOS genes play crucial roles in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study provides valuable information for further investigations of BjSOS genes in tuber mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Cheng
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yuanmei Zhong
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoming Cai
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Diandong Wang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Changman Li
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Pi E, Xu J, Li H, Fan W, Zhu C, Zhang T, Jiang J, He L, Lu H, Wang H, Poovaiah BW, Du L. Enhanced Salt Tolerance of Rhizobia-inoculated Soybean Correlates with Decreased Phosphorylation of the Transcription Factor GmMYB183 and Altered Flavonoid Biosynthesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2225-2243. [PMID: 31467032 PMCID: PMC6823849 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is an important component of the human diet and animal feed, but soybean production is limited by abiotic stresses especially salinity. We recently found that rhizobia inoculation enhances soybean tolerance to salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms are unaddressed. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomic and metabonomic approaches to identify changes in phosphoproteins and metabolites in soybean roots treated with rhizobia inoculation and salt. Results revealed differential regulation of 800 phosphopeptides, at least 32 of these phosphoproteins or their homologous were reported be involved in flavonoid synthesis or trafficking, and 27 out of 32 are transcription factors. We surveyed the functional impacts of all these 27 transcription factors by expressing their phospho-mimetic/ablative mutants in the roots of composite soybean plants and found that phosphorylation of GmMYB183 could affect the salt tolerance of the transgenic roots. Using data mining, ChIP and EMSA, we found that GmMYB183 binds to the promoter of the soybean GmCYP81E11 gene encoding for a Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase which contributes to the accumulation of ononin, a monohydroxy B-ring flavonoid that negatively regulates soybean tolerance to salinity. Phosphorylation of GmMYB183 was inhibited by rhizobia inoculation; overexpression of GmMYB183 enhanced the expression of GmCYP81E11 and rendered salt sensitivity to the transgenic roots; plants deficient in GmMYB183 function are more tolerant to salt stress as compared with wild-type soybean plants, these results correlate with the transcriptional induction of GmCYP81E11 by GmMYB183 and the subsequent accumulation of ononin. Our findings provide molecular insights into how rhizobia enhance salt tolerance of soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erxu Pi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants.
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Huihui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Wei Fan
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Chengmin Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Tongyao Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Jiachen Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Litao He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - B W Poovaiah
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants.
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Sustr M, Soukup A, Tylova E. Potassium in Root Growth and Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E435. [PMID: 31652570 PMCID: PMC6843428 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Potassium is an essential macronutrient that has been partly overshadowed in root science by nitrogen and phosphorus. The current boom in potassium-related studies coincides with an emerging awareness of its importance in plant growth, metabolic functions, stress tolerance, and efficient agriculture. In this review, we summarized recent progress in understanding the role of K+ in root growth, development of root system architecture, cellular functions, and specific plant responses to K+ shortage. K+ transport is crucial for its physiological role. A wide range of K+ transport proteins has developed during evolution and acquired specific functions in plants. There is evidence linking K+ transport with cell expansion, membrane trafficking, auxin homeostasis, cell signaling, and phloem transport. This places K+ among important general regulatory factors of root growth. K+ is a rather mobile element in soil, so the absence of systemic and localized root growth response has been accepted. However, recent research confirms both systemic and localized growth response in Arabidopsis thaliana and highlights K+ uptake as a crucial mechanism for plant stress response. K+-related regulatory mechanisms, K+ transporters, K+ acquisition efficiency, and phenotyping for selection of K+ efficient plants/cultivars are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sustr
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Ales Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Edita Tylova
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Seifikalhor M, Aliniaeifard S, Shomali A, Azad N, Hassani B, Lastochkina O, Li T. Calcium signaling and salt tolerance are diversely entwined in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1665455. [PMID: 31564206 PMCID: PMC6804723 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1665455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants dehydration imposed by salinity can invoke physical changes at the interface of the plasma membrane and cell wall. Changes in hydrostatic pressure activate ion channels and cause depolarization of the plasma membrane due to disturbance in ion transport. During the initial phases of salinity stress, the relatively high osmotic potential of the rhizosphere enforces the plant to use a diverse spectrum of strategies to optimize water and nutrient uptake. Signals of salt stress are recognized by specific root receptors that activate an osmosensing network. Plant response to hyperosmotic tension is closely linked to the calcium (Ca2+) channels and interacting proteins such as calmodulin. A rapid rise in cytosolic Ca2+ levels occurs within seconds of exposure to salt stress. Plants employ multiple sensors and signaling components to sense and respond to salinity stress, of which most are closely related to Ca2+ sensing and signaling. Several tolerance strategies such as osmoprotectant accumulation, antioxidant boosting, polyaminses and nitric oxide (NO) machineries are also coordinated by Ca2+ signaling. Substantial research has been done to discover the salt stress pathway and tolerance mechanism in plants, resulting in new insights into the perception of salt stress and the downstream signaling that happens in response. Nevertheless, the role of multifunctional components such as Ca2+ has not been sufficiently addressed in the context of salt stress. In this review, we elaborate that the salt tolerance signaling pathway converges with Ca2+ signaling in diverse pathways. We summarize knowledge related to different dimensions of salt stress signaling pathways in the cell by emphasizing the administrative role of Ca2+ signaling on salt perception, signaling, gene expression, ion homeostasis and adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Seifikalhor
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Shomali
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Azad
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Batool Hassani
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oksana Lastochkina
- Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture, Ufa, Russia
- Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa, Russia
| | - Tao Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Pandey A, Khan MK, Hakki EE, Gezgin S, Hamurcu M. Combined Boron Toxicity and Salinity Stress-An Insight into Its Interaction in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E364. [PMID: 31547605 PMCID: PMC6843824 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The continuously changing environment has intensified the occurrence of abiotic stress conditions. Individually, boron (B) toxicity and salinity stress are well recognized as severe stress conditions for plants. However, their coexistence in arid and semi-arid agricultural regions has shown ambiguous effects on plant growth and development. Few studies have reported that combined boron toxicity and high salinity stress have more damaging effects on plant growth than individual B and salt stress, while other studies have highlighted less damaging effects of the combined stress. Hence, it is interesting to understand the positive interaction of this combined stress so that it can be effectively employed for the improvement of crops that generally show the negative effects of this combined stress. In this review, we discussed the possible processes that occur in plants in response to this combined stress condition. We highly suggest that the combined B and salinity stress condition should be considered as a novel stress condition by researchers; hence, we recommend the name "BorSal" for this combined boron toxicity and high salinity state in the soil. Membrane-bound activities, mobility of ions, water transport, pH changes, transpiration, photosynthesis, antioxidant activities, and different molecular transporters are involved in the effects of BorSal interaction in plants. The discussed mechanisms indicate that the BorSal stress state should be studied in light of the involved physiological and molecular processes that occur after B and salt interaction in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Pandey
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
| | - Mohd Kamran Khan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
| | - Erdogan Esref Hakki
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
| | - Sait Gezgin
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Hamurcu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
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Liu JG, Han X, Yang T, Cui WH, Wu AM, Fu CX, Wang BC, Liu LJ. Genome-wide transcriptional adaptation to salt stress in Populus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:367. [PMID: 31429697 PMCID: PMC6701017 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to abiotic stresses is crucial for the survival of perennial plants in a natural environment. However, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we adopted a liquid culture system to investigate plant adaptation to repeated salt stress in Populus trees. RESULTS We first evaluated phenotypic responses and found that plants exhibit better stress tolerance after pre-treatment of salt stress. Time-course RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was then performed to profile changes in gene expression over 12 h of salt treatments. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that significant transcriptional reprogramming and adaptation to repeated salt treatment occurred. Clustering analysis identified two modules of co-expressed genes that were potentially critical for repeated salt stress adaptation, and one key module for salt stress response in general. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified pathways including hormone signaling, cell wall biosynthesis and modification, negative regulation of growth, and epigenetic regulation to be highly enriched in these gene modules. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates phenotypic and transcriptional adaptation of Populus trees to salt stress, revealing novel gene modules which are potentially critical for responding and adapting to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gui Liu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Tong Yang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Wen-Hui Cui
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Chun-Xiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Bai-Chen Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018 Shandong China
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48
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Wang Y, Yan H, Qiu Z, Hu B, Zeng B, Zhong C, Fan C. Comprehensive Analysis of SnRK Gene Family and their Responses to Salt Stress in Eucalyptus grandis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2786. [PMID: 31174407 PMCID: PMC6600528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sucrose non-fermentation-related protein kinase (SnRK) is a kind of Ser/Thr protein kinase, which plays a crucial role in plant stress response by phosphorylating the target protein to regulate the interconnection of various signaling pathways. However, little is known about the SnRK family in Eucalyptus grandis. Thirty-four putative SnRK sequences were identified in E. grandis and divided into three subgroups (SnRK1, SnRK2 and SnRK3) based on phylogenetic analysis and the type of domain. Chromosome localization showed that SnRK family members are unevenly distributed in the remaining 10 chromosomes, with the notable exception of chromosome 11. Gene structure analysis reveal that 10 of the 24 SnRK3 genes contained no introns. Moreover, conserved motif analyses showed that SnRK sequences belonged to the same subgroup that contained the same motif type of motif. The Ka/Ks ratio of 17 paralogues suggested that the EgrSnRK gene family underwent a purifying selection. The upstream region of EgrSnRK genes enriched with different type and numbers of cis-elements indicated that EgrSnRK genes are likely to play a role in the response to diverse stresses. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the majority of the SnRK genes were induced by salt treatment. Genome-wide analyses and expression pattern analyses provided further understanding on the function of the SnRK family in the stress response to different environmental salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forest Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
- .Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Huifang Yan
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forest Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Zhenfei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forest Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forest Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Bingshan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forest Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Chonglu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forest Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Chunjie Fan
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forest Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
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Li Z, Li L, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Han X, Din Y, Ge X, Qin W, Wang P, Li F, Ma Z, Yang Z. GhWRKY6 Acts as a Negative Regulator in Both Transgenic Arabidopsis and Cotton During Drought and Salt Stress. Front Genet 2019; 10:392. [PMID: 31080461 PMCID: PMC6497802 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought and high salinity are key limiting factors for cotton production. Therefore, research is increasingly focused on the underlying stress response mechanisms of cotton. We first identified and cloned a novel gene encoding the 525 amino acids in cotton, namely GhWRKY6. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that GhWRKY6 was induced by NaCl, PEG 6000 and ABA. Analyses of germination rate and root length indicated that overexpression of GhWRKY6 in Arabidopsis resulted in hypersensitivity to ABA, NaCl, and PEG 6000. In contrast, the loss-of-function mutant wrky6 was insensitive and had slightly longer roots than the wild-type did under these treatment conditions. Furthermore, GhWRKY6 overexpression in Arabidopsis modulated salt- and drought-sensitive phenotypes and stomatal aperture by regulating ABA signaling pathways, and reduced plant tolerance to abiotic stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) enrichment, reduced proline content, and increased electrolytes and malondialdehyde (MDA). The expression levels of a series of ABA-, salt- and drought-related marker genes were altered in overexpression seedlings. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology revealed that down-regulation of GhWRKY6 increased salt tolerance in cotton. These results demonstrate that GhWRKY6 is a negative regulator of plant responses to abiotic stress via the ABA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Lei Li
- Anyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anyang, China
| | - Kehai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yanpeng Din
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wenqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology (Hebei Base), College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
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50
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Zhao X, Bai X, Jiang C, Li Z. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Two Contrasting Maize Inbred Lines Provides Insights into the Mechanism of Salt-Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1886. [PMID: 30995804 PMCID: PMC6515243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits maize yield and quality throughout the world. We investigated phosphoproteomics differences between a salt-tolerant inbred line (Zheng58) and a salt-sensitive inbred line (Chang7-2) in response to short-term salt stress using label-free quantitation. A total of 9448 unique phosphorylation sites from 4116 phosphoproteins in roots and shoots of Zheng58 and Chang7-2 were identified. A total of 209 and 243 differentially regulated phosphoproteins (DRPPs) in response to NaCl treatment were detected in roots and shoots, respectively. Functional analysis of these DRPPs showed that they were involved in carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, transport, and signal transduction. Among these phosphoproteins, the expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2, pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glutamate decarboxylase, glutamate synthase, l-gulonolactone oxidase-like, potassium channel AKT1, high-affinity potassium transporter, sodium/hydrogen exchanger, and calcium/proton exchanger CAX1-like protein were significantly regulated in roots, while phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, sodium/hydrogen exchanger, plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2, glutathione transferases, and abscisic acid-insensitive 5-like protein were significantly regulated in shoots. Zheng58 may activate carbon metabolism, glutathione and ascorbic acid metabolism, potassium and sodium transportation, and the accumulation of glutamate to enhance its salt tolerance. Our results help to elucidate the mechanisms of salt response in maize seedlings. They also provide a basis for further study of the mechanism underlying salt response and tolerance in maize and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Caifu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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