1
|
Thompson BA, Revilla J, Brovero S, Burgess SL. A high-dimensional platform for observing neutrophil-parasite interactions. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0047224. [PMID: 38888326 PMCID: PMC11302258 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00472-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases with infectious etiology remain a major cause of death globally, particularly in low-income countries. Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of amebiasis. Amebiasis has a wide presentation in clinical severity with many factors, including the bacterial microbiota, contributing to this variation. The innate immune response also plays a critical role in regulating the severity of E. histolytica infection, with neutrophils reported to have a protective role. Despite this, the precise mechanism of how neutrophils mediate amebic killing is poorly understood. Thus, modern platforms that allow for inquiry of granulocyte-ameba interactions will increase our understanding of this disease. Herein, we describe an assay for neutrophil killing of E. histolytica by utilizing high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry. Neutrophils were isolated from wild-type 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice and co-cultured with E. histolytica at various multiplicity of infections (MOIs). After co-culture, neutrophils and E. histolytica were stained for spectral flow cytometry. Cell populations were identified using surface markers and fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls. We have previously shown that animals colonized with a component of the human microbiota, Clostridium scindens, were protected from E. histolytica. This protection was associated with elevated neutrophil count. Here, we explored amebic killing capacity and observed that neutrophils from animals with C. scindens possessed heightened amebic killing compared with controls. Thus, this study establishes a novel platform that can provide an in-depth analysis of granulocyte-parasite interactions in various contexts, including during alteration of the intestinal microbiota.IMPORTANCEThe tools for studying host immune cell-E. histolytica interactions are limited. Factors, such as parasite heterogeneity, infectivity, and difficulties with culture systems and animal models, make interrogation of these interactions challenging. Thus, Entamoeba researchers can benefit from next-generation models that allow for the analysis of both host and parasite cells. Here, we demonstrate the use of a novel platform that allows for the determination of parasite-host cell interactions and customizable high-dimensional phenotyping of both populations. Indeed, spectral flow cytometry can approach >40 markers on a single panel and can be paired with custom-developed parasite antibodies that can be conjugated to fluorochromes via commercially available kits. This platform affords researchers the capability to test highly precise hypotheses regarding host-parasite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Julio Revilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Savannah Brovero
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stacey L. Burgess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Einhorn V, Haase H, Maares M. Interaction and competition for intestinal absorption by zinc, iron, copper, and manganese at the intestinal mucus layer. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127459. [PMID: 38640745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Trace elements such as zinc, manganese, copper, or iron are essential for a wide range of physiological functions. It is therefore crucial to ensure an adequate supply of these elements to the body. Many previous investigations have dealt with the role of transport proteins, in particular their selectivity for, and competition between, different ions. Another so far less well investigated major factor influencing the absorption of trace elements seems to be the intestinal mucus layer. This gel-like substance covers the entire gastrointestinal tract and its physiochemical properties can be mainly assigned to the glycoproteins it contains, so-called mucins. Interaction with mucins has already been demonstrated for some metals. However, knowledge about the impact on the respective bioavailability and competition between those metals is still sketchy. This review therefore aims to summarize the findings and knowledge gaps about potential effects regarding the interaction between gastrointestinal mucins and the trace elements iron, zinc, manganese, and copper. Mucins play an indispensable role in the absorption of these trace elements in the neutral to slightly alkaline environment of the intestine, by keeping them in a soluble form that can be absorbed by enterocytes. Furthermore, the studies so far indicate that the competition between these trace elements for uptake already starts at the intestinal mucus layer, yet further research is required to completely understand this interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Einhorn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany; Trace Age-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany; Trace Age-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Maares
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany; Trace Age-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Berlin, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Torres V, Contreras V, Gutiérrez B, San Francisco J, Catalán A, Vega JL, Moon KM, Foster LJ, de Almeida RF, Kalergis AM, González J. Oral infectivity through carnivorism in murine model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1297099. [PMID: 38495650 PMCID: PMC10941204 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1297099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral transmission of T. cruzi is probably the most frequent transmission mechanism in wild animals. This observation led to the hypothesis that consuming raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with T. cruzi may be responsible for transmitting the infection. Therefore, the general objective of this study was to investigate host-pathogen interactions between the parasite and gastric mucosa and the role of meat consumption from infected animals in the oral transmission of T. cruzi. Methods Cell infectivity assays were performed on AGS cells in the presence or absence of mucin, and the roles of pepsin and acidic pH were determined. Moreover, groups of five female Balb/c mice were fed with muscle tissue obtained from mice in the acute phase of infection by the clone H510 C8C3hvir of T. cruzi, and the infection of the fed mice was monitored by a parasitemia curve. Similarly, we assessed the infective capacity of T. cruzi trypomastigotes and amastigotes by infecting groups of five mice Balb/c females, which were infected orally using a nasogastric probe, and the infection was monitored by a parasitemia curve. Finally, different trypomastigote and amastigote inoculums were used to determine their infective capacities. Adhesion assays of T. cruzi proteins to AGS stomach cells were performed, and the adhered proteins were detected by western blotting using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies and by LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis. Results Trypomastigote migration in the presence of mucin was reduced by approximately 30%, whereas in the presence of mucin and pepsin at pH 3.5, only a small proportion of parasites were able to migrate (∼6%). Similarly, the ability of TCTs to infect AGS cells in the presence of mucin is reduced by approximately 20%. In all cases, 60-100% of the animals were fed meat from mice infected in the acute phase or infected with trypomastigotes or amastigotes developed high parasitemia, and 80% died around day 40 post-infection. The adhesion assay showed that cruzipain is a molecule of trypomastigotes and amastigotes that binds to AGS cells. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis, also confirmed that transialidase, cysteine proteinases, and gp63 may be involved in TCTs attachment or invasion of human stomach cells because they can potentially interact with different proteins in the human stomach mucosa. In addition, several human gastric mucins have cysteine protease cleavage sites. Discussion Then, under our experimental conditions, consuming meat from infected animals in the acute phase allows the T. cruzi infection. Similarly, trypomastigotes and amastigotes could infect mice when administered orally, whereas cysteinyl proteinases and trans-sialidase appear to be relevant molecules in this infective process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Torres
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Bessy Gutiérrez
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Juan San Francisco
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - José Luis Vega
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rafael F. de Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistêmica de Tripanossomatídeos (Labtryp), Instituto Carlos Chagas Fiocruz (ICC-Fiocruz), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge González
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lind AL, McDonald NA, Gerrick ER, Bhatt AS, Pollard KS. Hybrid assemblies of microbiome Blastocystis protists reveal evolutionary diversification reflecting host ecology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567959. [PMID: 38045412 PMCID: PMC10690189 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent microbial eukaryote in the human gut is Blastocystis , an obligate commensal protist also common in many other vertebrates. Blastocystis is descended from free-living stramenopile ancestors; how it has adapted to thrive within humans and a wide range of hosts is unclear. Here, we cultivated six Blastocystis strains spanning the diversity of the genus and generated highly contiguous, annotated genomes with long-read DNA-seq, Hi-C, and RNA-seq. Comparative genomics between these strains and two closely related stramenopiles with different lifestyles, the lizard gut symbiont Proteromonas lacertae and the free-living marine flagellate Cafeteria burkhardae , reveal the evolutionary history of the Blastocystis genus. We find substantial gene content variability between Blastocystis strains. Blastocystis isolated from an herbivorous tortoise has many plant carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, some horizontally acquired from bacteria, likely reflecting fermentation within the host gut. In contrast, human- isolated Blastocystis have gained many heat shock proteins, and we find numerous subtype- specific expansions of host-interfacing genes, including cell adhesion and cell surface glycan genes. In addition, we observe that human-isolated Blastocystis have substantial changes in gene structure, including shortened introns and intergenic regions, as well as genes lacking canonical termination codons. Finally, our data indicate that the common ancestor of Blastocystis lost nearly all ancestral genes for heterokont flagella morphology, including cilia proteins, microtubule motor proteins, and ion channel proteins. Together, these findings underscore the huge functional variability within the Blastocystis genus and provide candidate genes for the adaptations these lineages have undergone to thrive in the gut microbiomes of diverse vertebrates.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang WH, Aziz PV, Heithoff DM, Kim Y, Ko JY, Cho JW, Mahan MJ, Sperandio M, Marth JD. Innate mechanism of mucosal barrier erosion in the pathogenesis of acquired colitis. iScience 2023; 26:107883. [PMID: 37752945 PMCID: PMC10518488 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The colonic mucosal barrier protects against infection, inflammation, and tissue ulceration. Composed primarily of Mucin-2, proteolytic erosion of this barrier is an invariant feature of colitis; however, the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We have applied a recurrent food poisoning model of acquired inflammatory bowel disease using Salmonella enterica Typhimurium to investigate mucosal barrier erosion. Our findings reveal an innate Toll-like receptor 4-dependent mechanism activated by previous infection that induces Neu3 neuraminidase among colonic epithelial cells concurrent with increased Cathepsin-G protease secretion by Paneth cells. These anatomically separated host responses merge with the desialylation of nascent colonic Mucin-2 by Neu3 rendering the mucosal barrier susceptible to increased proteolytic breakdown by Cathepsin-G. Depletion of Cathepsin-G or Neu3 function using pharmacological inhibitors or genetic-null alleles protected against Mucin-2 proteolysis and barrier erosion and reduced the frequency and severity of colitis, revealing approaches to preserve and potentially restore the mucosal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Ho Yang
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Glycosylation Network Research Center and Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter V. Aziz
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Douglas M. Heithoff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Yeolhoe Kim
- Glycosylation Network Research Center and Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Ko
- Glycosylation Network Research Center and Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Glycosylation Network Research Center and Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J. Mahan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jamey D. Marth
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nagode A, Vanbeselaere J, Dutkiewicz Z, Kaltenbrunner S, Wilson IBH, Duchêne M. Molecular characterisation of Entamoeba histolytica UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, an enzyme able to provide building blocks for cyst wall formation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011574. [PMID: 37616327 PMCID: PMC10482301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human host, the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is adapted to a non-invasive lifestyle in the colon as well as to an invasive lifestyle in the mesenterial blood vessels and the liver. This means to cope with bacteria and human cells as well as various metabolic challenges. Galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) are sugars of great importance for the amoebae, they attach to the host mucus and enterocytes via their well-studied Gal/GalNAc specific lectin, they carry galactose residues in their surface glycans, and they cleave GalNAc from host mucins. The enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GalE) works as a bridge between the galactose and glucose worlds, it can help to generate glucose for glycolysis from phagocytosis products containing galactose as well as providing UDP-galactose necessary for the biosynthesis of galactose-containing surface components. E. histolytica contains a single galE gene. We recombinantly expressed the enzyme in Escherichia coli and used a spectrophotometric assay to determine its temperature and pH dependency (37°C, pH 8.5), its kinetics for UDP-glucose (Km = 31.82 μM, Vmax = 4.31 U/mg) and substrate spectrum. As observed via RP-HPLC, the enzyme acts on UDP-Glc/Gal as well as UDP-GlcNAc/GalNAc. Previously, Trypanosoma brucei GalE and the bloodstream form of the parasite were shown to be susceptible to the three compounds ebselen, a selenoorganic drug with antioxidant properties, diethylstilbestrol, a mimic of oestrogen with anti-inflammatory properties, and ethacrynic acid, a loop diuretic used to treat oedema. In this study, the three compounds had cytotoxic activity against E. histolytica, but only ebselen inhibited the recombinant GalE with an IC50 of 1.79 μM (UDP-Gal) and 1.2 μM (UDP-GalNAc), suggesting that the two other compounds are active against other targets in the parasite. The importance of the ability of GalE to interconvert UDP-GalNAc and UDP-GlcNAc may be that the trophozoites can generate precursors for their own cyst wall from the sugar subunits cleaved from host mucins. This finding advances our understanding of the biochemical interactions of E. histolytica in its colonic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nagode
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Samantha Kaltenbrunner
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Duchêne
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yanagawa Y, Singh U. Diversity and Plasticity of Virulent Characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050255. [PMID: 37235303 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of clinical syndromes of amebiasis, caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, stems from the intricate interplay between the host immune system, the virulence of the invading parasite, and the surrounding environment. Although there is still a relative paucity of information about the precise relationship between virulence factors and the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica, by accumulating data from clinical and basic research, researchers have identified essential pathogenic factors that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of amebiasis, providing important insights into disease development through animal models. Moreover, the parasite's genetic variability has been associated with differences in virulence and disease outcomes, making it important to fully understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of amebiasis. Deciphering the true mechanism of disease progression in humans caused by this parasite is made more difficult through its ability to demonstrate both genomic and pathological plasticity. The objective of this article is to underscore the heterogeneous nature of disease states and the malleable virulence characteristics in experimental models, while also identifying persistent scientific issues that need to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Yanagawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song C, Chai Z, Chen S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Intestinal mucus components and secretion mechanisms: what we do and do not know. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:681-691. [PMID: 37009791 PMCID: PMC10167328 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the colon mucus barrier, the first line of defense against microorganisms, is an important determinant of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, and disorder in extraintestinal organs. The mucus layer has attracted the attention of the scientific community in recent years, and with the discovery of new mucosal components, it has become increasingly clear that the mucosal barrier is a complex system composed of many components. Moreover, certain components are jointly involved in regulating the structure and function of the mucus barrier. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the functional components of the mucus layer is clearly warranted. In this review, we summarize the various functional components of the mucus layer identified thus far and describe their unique roles in shaping mucosal structure and function. Furthermore, we detail the mechanisms underlying mucus secretion, including baseline and stimulated secretion. In our opinion, baseline secretion can be categorized into spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation-mediated slow and continuous secretion and stimulated secretion, which is mediated by massive Ca2+ influx induced by exogenous stimuli. This review extends the current understanding of the intestinal mucus barrier, with an emphasis on host defense strategies based on fortification of the mucus layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Zhenglong Chai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China.
| | - Yuping Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Q, Xu K, Cai X, Wang C, Cao Y, Xiao J. Rosmarinic Acid Restores Colonic Mucus Secretion in Colitis Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites and the Activation of Inflammasomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4571-4585. [PMID: 36883243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a steady state of mucus barrier is an important potential target for polyphenol to exert its anticolitis activity. This study elucidates the pivotal role of polyphenol rosmaric acid (RA) in regulating the mucus barrier function and alleviating inflammation by identifying its gut microbiota-derived metabolites and evaluating its inhibitory effect on inflammasomes in colitis mice. Results demonstrated that RA treatment promoted the proliferation of goblet cells and restored the level of mucus secretion, especially Muc2. RA reshaped the microbiota of colitis mice, particularly the boost of core probiotics, such as p. Bacteroidaceae, f. Muribaculaceae, g. Muribaculaceae, g. Alistipes, and g. Clostridia_UCG-014. Nontargeted metabonomics and targeted metabonomics confirmed a significant increase in the bile acids and their metabolites (7-sulfocholic acid, stercobilin, chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate, chenodeoxycholic acid sulfate, and ursodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate), indole metabolites ((R)-2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-2-oxo-3-indoleacetic acid, frovatriptan, 3-formyl-6-hydroxyindole, and brassicanal A), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (acetic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and valeric acid) that contributed to the strengthened mucus barrier function. In addition, being absorbed mainly in the lower digestive tract, RA inhibited the overexpression of inflammasomes (especially NLRP6) that occurred in colitis mice to promote the mucus secretion of goblet cells. These data confirmed that RA, as a promising candidate to enhance gut health, restored colonic mucus secretion in colitis mice by mediating the production of gut microbiota-derived metabolites and the overexpression of inflammasomes. The presented study provides scientific evidence explaining the apparent paradox of low bioavailability and high bioactivity in polyphenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kangjie Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xu Cai
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chujing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Freire Haddad H, Roe EF, Collier JH. Expanding opportunities to engineer mucosal vaccination with biomaterials. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1625-1647. [PMID: 36723064 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines are receiving increasing interest both for protecting against infectious diseases and for inducing therapeutic immune responses to treat non-infectious diseases. However, the mucosal barriers of the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, nasal, and oral tissues each present unique challenges for constructing efficacious vaccines. Vaccination through each of these mucosae requires transport through the mucus and across specialized epithelia to reach tissue-specific immune cells and lymphoid structures, necessitating finely tuned and multifunctional strategies. Serving as inspiration for mucosal vaccine design, pathogens have evolved elaborate, diverse, and multipronged approaches to penetrate and infect mucosae. This review is focused on biomaterials-based strategies, many inspired by pathogens, for designing mucosal vaccine platforms. Passive and active technologies are discussed, along with the microbial processes that they seek to mimic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Freire Haddad
- Theodore Kennedy Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Emily F Roe
- Theodore Kennedy Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Joel H Collier
- Theodore Kennedy Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adao DEV, Rivera WL. Variations in active proteases of Blastocystis sp. obtained from water and animal isolates from the Philippines. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:627-636. [PMID: 36091281 PMCID: PMC9458825 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a commonly encountered gut protozoan with unclear pathogenicity. The presence of proteases in this organism may be related to its potential pathogenicity or other physiological differences. This study aimed to identify the various proteases that may be present in different subtypes (STs) of Blastocystis sp. using azocasein assay and gelatin zymography. In this study, cysteine, serine, aspartic protease, metalloproteases, and unknown proteases were identified in Blastocystis sp. cultures obtained from animal and water samples belonging to ST1-ST5 and ST7. Azocasein assay and gelatin zymography were conducted on different batches of protease extracts, which showed varying results. Cysteine protease was the most commonly encountered. Protease activity in general is not associated with ST or source (animal or water). However, the presence of cysteine protease alone was associated with animal samples, whereas the presence of more than two protease types was associated with water samples. Azocasein assay and gelatin zymography were conducted on different batches of protease extracts, which showed varying results. Protease activity and the types present may change over time. Blastocystis sp. shows high protease diversity, including possible novel types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davin Edric V. Adao
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Subramanian DA, Langer R, Traverso G. Mucus interaction to improve gastrointestinal retention and pharmacokinetics of orally administered nano-drug delivery systems. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:362. [PMID: 35933341 PMCID: PMC9356434 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery of therapeutics is the preferred route of administration due to ease of administration which is associated with greater patient medication adherence. One major barrier to oral delivery and intestinal absorption is rapid clearance of the drug and the drug delivery system from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To address this issue, researchers have investigated using GI mucus to help maximize the pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic; while mucus can act as a barrier to effective oral delivery, it can also be used as an anchoring mechanism to improve intestinal residence. Nano-drug delivery systems that use materials which can interact with the mucus layers in the GI tract can enable longer residence time, improving the efficacy of oral drug delivery. This review examines the properties and function of mucus in the GI tract, as well as diseases that alter mucus. Three broad classes of mucus-interacting systems are discussed: mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating, and mucolytic drug delivery systems. For each class of system, the basis for mucus interaction is presented, and examples of materials that inform the development of these systems are discussed and reviewed. Finally, a list of FDA-approved mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating, and mucolytic drug delivery systems is reviewed. In summary, this review highlights the progress made in developing mucus-interacting systems, both at a research-scale and commercial-scale level, and describes the theoretical basis for each type of system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Subramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang S, Moreau F, Chadee K. Gasdermins in Innate Host Defense Against Entamoeba histolytica and Other Protozoan Parasites. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900553. [PMID: 35795683 PMCID: PMC9251357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a group of proteins that are cleaved by inflammatory caspases to induce pore formation in the plasma membrane to cause membrane permeabilization and lytic cell death or pyroptosis. All GSDMs share a conserved structure, containing a cytotoxic N-terminal (NT) pore-forming domain and a C-terminal (CT) repressor domain. Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) in contact with macrophages, triggers outside-in signaling to activate inflammatory caspase-4/1 via the noncanonical and canonical pathway to promote cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleavage of GSDMD removes the auto-inhibition that masks the active pore-forming NT domain in the full-length protein by interactions with GSDM-CT. The cleaved NT-GSDMD monomers then oligomerize to form pores in the plasma membrane to facilitate the release of IL-1β and IL-18 with a measured amount of pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is an effective way to counteract intracellular parasites, which exploit replicative niche to avoid killing. To date, most GSDMs have been verified to perform pore-forming activity and GSDMD-induced pyroptosis is rapidly emerging as a mechanism of anti-microbial host defence. Here, we review our comprehensive and current knowledge on the expression, activation, biological functions, and regulation of GSDMD cleavage with emphases on physiological scenario and related dysfunctions of each GSDM member as executioner of cell death, cytokine secretion and inflammation against Eh and other protozoan parasitic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sheng YH, Hasnain SZ. Mucus and Mucins: The Underappreciated Host Defence System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:856962. [PMID: 35774401 PMCID: PMC9238349 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.856962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces that form the boundary between the external environment and the underlying tissue are protected by a mucus barrier. Mucin glycoproteins, both secreted and cell surface mucins, are the major components of the barrier. They can exclude pathogens and toxins while hosting the commensal bacteria. In this review, we highlight the dynamic function of the mucins and mucus during infection, how this mucosal barrier is regulated, and how pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade this defence system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hua Sheng
- Immunopathology Group, Mater Research Institute−The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Sumaira Z. Hasnain
- Immunopathology Group, Mater Research Institute−The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sumaira Z. Hasnain,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Duque-Correa MA, Goulding D, Rodgers FH, Gillis JA, Cormie C, Rawlinson KA, Bancroft AJ, Bennett HM, Lotkowska ME, Reid AJ, Speak AO, Scott P, Redshaw N, Tolley C, McCarthy C, Brandt C, Sharpe C, Ridley C, Moya JG, Carneiro CM, Starborg T, Hayes KS, Holroyd N, Sanders M, Thornton DJ, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Defining the early stages of intestinal colonisation by whipworms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1725. [PMID: 35365634 PMCID: PMC8976045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Whipworms are large metazoan parasites that inhabit multi-intracellular epithelial tunnels in the large intestine of their hosts, causing chronic disease in humans and other mammals. How first-stage larvae invade host epithelia and establish infection remains unclear. Here we investigate early infection events using both Trichuris muris infections of mice and murine caecaloids, the first in-vitro system for whipworm infection and organoid model for live helminths. We show that larvae degrade mucus layers to access epithelial cells. In early syncytial tunnels, larvae are completely intracellular, woven through multiple live dividing cells. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of infected mouse caecum, we reveal that progression of infection results in cell damage and an expansion of enterocytes expressing of Isg15, potentially instigating the host immune response to the whipworm and tissue repair. Our results unravel intestinal epithelium invasion by whipworms and reveal specific host-parasite interactions that allow the whipworm to establish its multi-intracellular niche. Whipworms are large parasites causing chronic disease in humans and other mammals. Here, the authors show how larvae create tunnels inside the gut lining and reveal the early host response to infection via Isg15 in mice and murine caecaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A Duque-Correa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Faye H Rodgers
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Mogrify Ltd, 25 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0FW, UK
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Claire Cormie
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kate A Rawlinson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Allison J Bancroft
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hayley M Bennett
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Magda E Lotkowska
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paul Scott
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nicholas Redshaw
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Charlotte Tolley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine McCarthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine Sharpe
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,InstilBio, UMIC Bio-Incubator, Manchester, M13 9XX, UK
| | - Caroline Ridley
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Prime Global Medical Communications, Knutsford, WA16 8GP, UK
| | - Judit Gali Moya
- Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Claudia M Carneiro
- Immunopathology Laboratory, NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitario Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Tobias Starborg
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Kelly S Hayes
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J Thornton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The IL-33-ILC2 pathway protects from amebic colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:165-175. [PMID: 34400793 PMCID: PMC8732277 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes intestinal colitis, diarrhea, and in some cases, liver abscess. Through transcriptomics analysis, we observed that E. histolytica infection was associated with increased expression of IL-33 mRNA in both the human and murine colon. IL-33, the IL-1 family cytokine, is released after cell injury to alert the immune system of tissue damage. Treatment with recombinant IL-33 protected mice from amebic infection and intestinal tissue damage; moreover, blocking IL-33 signaling made mice more susceptible to amebiasis. IL-33 limited the recruitment of inflammatory immune cells and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the cecum. Type 2 immune responses were upregulated by IL-33 treatment during amebic infection. Interestingly, administration of IL-33 protected RAG2-/- mice but not RAG2-/-γc-/- mice, demonstrating that IL-33-mediated protection required the presence of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). IL-33 induced recruitment of ILC2 but not ILC1 and ILC3 in RAG2-/- mice. At baseline and after amebic infection, there was a significantly higher IL13+ILC2s in C57BL/J mice, which are naturally resistant to amebiasis, than CBA/J mice. Adoptive transfer of ILC2s to RAG2-/-γc-/- mice restored IL-33-mediated protection. These data reveal that the IL-33-ILC2 pathway is an important host defense mechanism against amebic colitis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mucins Dynamics in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413642. [PMID: 34948435 PMCID: PMC8707880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining intestinal health requires clear segregation between epithelial cells and luminal microbes. The intestinal mucus layer, produced by goblet cells (GCs), is a key element in maintaining the functional protection of the epithelium. The importance of the gut mucus barrier is highlighted in mice lacking Muc2, the major form of secreted mucins. These mice show closer bacterial residence to epithelial cells, develop spontaneous colitis and became moribund when infected with the attaching and effacing pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. Furthermore, numerous observations have associated GCs and mucus layer dysfunction to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the physiology of GCs and the mucus layer remain obscured. In this review, we consider novel findings describing divergent functionality and expression profiles of GCs subtypes within intestinal crypts. We also discuss internal (host) and external (diets and bacteria) factors that modulate different aspects of the mucus layer as well as the contribution of an altered mucus barrier to the onset of IBD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li W, Lückstädt W, Wöhner B, Bub S, Schulz A, Socher E, Arnold P. Structural and functional properties of meprin β metalloproteinase with regard to cell signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119136. [PMID: 34626678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase meprin β plays an important role during collagen I deposition in the skin, mucus detachment in the small intestine and also regulates the abundance of different cell surface proteins such as the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), the cluster of differentiation 99 (CD99), the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the cluster of differentiation 109 (CD109). With that, regulatory mechanisms that control meprin β activity and regulate its release from the cell surface to enable access to distant substrates are increasingly important. Here, we will summarize factors that alternate meprin β activity and thereby regulate its proteolytic activity on the cell surface or in the supernatant. We will also discuss cleavage of the IL-6R and TREM2 on the cell surface and compare it to CD109. CD109, as a substrate of meprin β, is cleaved within the protein core, thereby releasing defined fragments from the cell surface. At last, we will also summarize the role of proteases in general and meprin β in particular in substrate release on extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Li
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lückstädt
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Birte Wöhner
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bub
- Department of Molecular-Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonia Schulz
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Kiel, Germany
| | - Eileen Socher
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mucolytic bacteria: prevalence in various pathological diseases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:176. [PMID: 34519941 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
All mucins are highly glycosylated and a key constituent of the mucus layer that is vigilant against pathogens in many organ systems of animals and humans. The viscous layer is organized in bilayers, i.e., an outer layer that is loosely arranged, variable in thickness, home to the commensal microbiota that grows in the complex environment, and an innermost layer that is stratified, non-aspirated, firmly adherent to the epithelial cells and devoid of any microorganisms. The O-glycosylation moiety represents the site of adhesion for pathogens and due to the increase of motility, mucolytic activity, and upregulation of virulence factors, some microorganisms can circumvent the component of the mucus layer and cause disruption in organ homeostasis. A dysbiotic microbiome, defective mucus barrier, and altered immune response often result in various diseases. In this review, paramount emphasis is given to the role played by the bacterial species directly or indirectly involved in mucin degradation, alteration in mucus secretion or its composition or mucin gene expression, which instigates many diseases in the digestive, respiratory, and other organ systems. A systematic view can help better understand the etiology of some complex disorders such as cystic fibrosis, ulcerative colitis and expand our knowledge about mucin degraders to develop new therapeutic approaches to correct ill effects caused by these mucin-dwelling pathogens.
Collapse
|
20
|
Žárský V, Klimeš V, Pačes J, Vlček Č, Hradilová M, Beneš V, Nývltová E, Hrdý I, Pyrih J, Mach J, Barlow L, Stairs CW, Eme L, Hall N, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Roger A, Tachezy J. The Mastigamoeba balamuthi Genome and the Nature of the Free-Living Ancestor of Entamoeba. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2240-2259. [PMID: 33528570 PMCID: PMC8136499 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of free-living organisms to parasitic organisms is a mysterious process that occurs in all major eukaryotic lineages. Parasites display seemingly unique features associated with their pathogenicity; however, it is important to distinguish ancestral preconditions to parasitism from truly new parasite-specific functions. Here, we sequenced the genome and transcriptome of anaerobic free-living Mastigamoeba balamuthi and performed phylogenomic analysis of four related members of the Archamoebae, including Entamoeba histolytica, an important intestinal pathogen of humans. We aimed to trace gene histories throughout the adaptation of the aerobic ancestor of Archamoebae to anaerobiosis and throughout the transition from a free-living to a parasitic lifestyle. These events were associated with massive gene losses that, in parasitic lineages, resulted in a reduction in structural features, complete losses of some metabolic pathways, and a reduction in metabolic complexity. By reconstructing the features of the common ancestor of Archamoebae, we estimated preconditions for the evolution of parasitism in this lineage. The ancestor could apparently form chitinous cysts, possessed proteolytic enzyme machinery, compartmentalized the sulfate activation pathway in mitochondrion-related organelles, and possessed the components for anaerobic energy metabolism. After the split of Entamoebidae, this lineage gained genes encoding surface membrane proteins that are involved in host–parasite interactions. In contrast, gene gains identified in the M. balamuthi lineage were predominantly associated with polysaccharide catabolic processes. A phylogenetic analysis of acquired genes suggested an essential role of lateral gene transfer in parasite evolution (Entamoeba) and in adaptation to anaerobic aquatic sediments (Mastigamoeba).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Žárský
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Klimeš
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pačes
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Čestmír Vlček
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miluše Hradilová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Beneš
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Nývltová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pyrih
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mach
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lael Barlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Courtney W Stairs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura Eme
- Diversity, Ecology and Evolution of Microbes (DEEM), Unité Ecologie Systématique Evolution Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Neil Hall
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Eliáš
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, CAS, v.v.i., Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Roger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chulanetra M, Chaicumpa W. Revisiting the Mechanisms of Immune Evasion Employed by Human Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702125. [PMID: 34395313 PMCID: PMC8358743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For the establishment of a successful infection, i.e., long-term parasitism and a complete life cycle, parasites use various diverse mechanisms and factors, which they may be inherently bestowed with, or may acquire from the natural vector biting the host at the infection prelude, or may take over from the infecting host, to outmaneuver, evade, overcome, and/or suppress the host immunity, both innately and adaptively. This narrative review summarizes the up-to-date strategies exploited by a number of representative human parasites (protozoa and helminths) to counteract the target host immune defense. The revisited information should be useful for designing diagnostics and therapeutics as well as vaccines against the respective parasitic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Immune Response to the Enteric Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:244-260. [PMID: 32490746 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite responsible for amoebiasis, a disease with a high prevalence in developing countries. Establishing an amoebic infection involves interplay between pathogenic factors for invasion and tissue damage, and immune responses for protecting the host. Here, we review the pathogenicity of E. histolytica and summarize the latest knowledge on immune response and immune evasion mechanisms during amoebiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Silva Oliveira FM, Claúdia de Carvalho Fernandes A, Henrique de Cicco Sandes S, Prata LO, Junior MA, Vilela da Silva CA, Campolina-Silva GH, Lorenzo de Jesus Oliveira M, Oliveira CA, Neumann E, Nunes ÁC, Gomes MA, Caliari MV. Co-infection by Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhimurium and Entamoeba dispar pathogenic strains enhances colitis and the expression of amoebic virulence factors. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105010. [PMID: 34126224 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis is the most severe protozoan infection affecting the human intestine, and the second leading cause of death among parasitic diseases. The mechanisms of amoebic virulence factors acquisition are poorly understood, and there are few studies showing the interaction between Entamoeba dispar and bacteria. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is also a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Considering the high rates of amebiasis and salmonellosis, it is possible that these diseases may co-exist in the human intestine, leading to co-infection. Due to the scarcity of studies showing the influence of enteropathogenic bacteria on amoebic virulence, our research group proposed to evaluate the impact of S. typhimurium on E. dispar trophozoites. We assessed whether co-infection of S. typhimurium and E. dispar can change the progression of amoebic colitis, and the inflammatory response profile in the caecum mucosa, using a co-infection experimental model in rats. In vitro assays was used to investigate whether S. typhimurium induces changes in amoebic virulence phenotype. In the present work, we found that S. typhimurium co-infection exacerbates amoebic colitis and intestinal inflammation. The in vitro association of S. typhimurium and E. dispar trophozoites contributed to increase the expression of amoebic virulence factors. Also, we demonstrated, for the first time, the cysteine proteinase 5 expression in E. dispar MCR, VEJ and ADO strains, isolated in Brazil. Together, our results show that S. typhimurium and E. dispar co-infection worsens amoebic colitis, possibly by increasing the expression of amoebic virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Sávio Henrique de Cicco Sandes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Luana Oliveira Prata
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mario Abatemarco Junior
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisabeth Neumann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Álvaro Cantini Nunes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rosales C. Neutrophils vs. amoebas: Immunity against the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:1241-1252. [PMID: 34085314 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0521-849rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite with high prevalence in developing countries, and causes amoebiasis. This disease affects the intestine and the liver, and is the third leading cause of human deaths among parasite infections. E. histolytica infection of the intestine or liver is associated with a strong inflammation characterized by a large number of infiltrating neutrophils. Consequently, several reports suggest that neutrophils play a protective role in amoebiasis. However, other reports indicate that amoebas making direct contact with neutrophils provoke lysis of these leukocytes, resulting in the release of their lytic enzymes, which in turn provoke tissue damage. Therefore, the role of neutrophils in this parasitic infection remains controversial. Neutrophils migrate from the circulation to sites of infection, where they display several antimicrobial functions, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Recently, it was found that E. histolytica trophozoites are capable of inducing NET formation. Neutrophils in touch with amoebas launched NET in an explosive manner around the amoebas and completely covered them in nebulous DNA and cell aggregates where parasites got immobilized and killed. In addition, the phenotype of neutrophils can be modified by the microbiome resulting in protection against amoebas. This review describes the mechanisms of E. histolytica infection and discusses the novel view of how neutrophils are involved in innate immunity defense against amoebiasis. Also, the mechanisms on how the microbiome modulates neutrophil function are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Motta JP, Wallace JL, Buret AG, Deraison C, Vergnolle N. Gastrointestinal biofilms in health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:314-334. [PMID: 33510461 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms colonize various ecological niches in the human habitat, as they do in nature. Predominant forms of multicellular communities called biofilms colonize human tissue surfaces. The gastrointestinal tract is home to a profusion of microorganisms with intertwined, but not identical, lifestyles: as isolated planktonic cells, as biofilms and in biofilm-dispersed form. It is therefore of major importance in understanding homeostatic and altered host-microorganism interactions to consider not only the planktonic lifestyle, but also biofilms and biofilm-dispersed forms. In this Review, we discuss the natural organization of microorganisms at gastrointestinal surfaces, stratification of microbiota taxonomy, biogeographical localization and trans-kingdom interactions occurring within the biofilm habitat. We also discuss existing models used to study biofilms. We assess the contribution of the host-mucosa biofilm relationship to gut homeostasis and to diseases. In addition, we describe how host factors can shape the organization, structure and composition of mucosal biofilms, and how biofilms themselves are implicated in a variety of homeostatic and pathological processes in the gut. Future studies characterizing biofilm nature, physical properties, composition and intrinsic communication could shed new light on gut physiology and lead to potential novel therapeutic options for gastrointestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Motta
- Institute of Digestive Health Research, IRSD, INSERM U1220, Toulouse, France.
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Antibe Therapeutics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - André G Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Céline Deraison
- Institute of Digestive Health Research, IRSD, INSERM U1220, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Institute of Digestive Health Research, IRSD, INSERM U1220, Toulouse, France. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gut health: The results of microbial and mucosal immune interactions in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:282-294. [PMID: 34258416 PMCID: PMC8245825 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract. These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity, which is of great importance to the health of the host. The host immune system can regulate the distribution and composition of intestinal microorganisms and regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora by secreting a variety of immune effector factors, such as mucin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), regenerating islet-derived III (RegIII)γ, and defensin. Conversely, intestinal microorganisms can also promote the differentiation of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells through their specific components or metabolites. Studies have shown that imbalances in the intestinal flora can lead to bacterial translocation and compromised intestinal barrier function, affecting the health of the body. This review focuses on the composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity, discusses the interaction mechanism between the flora and intestinal mucosal immunity, as well as the regulation through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary nutritional composition, probiotics and prebiotics of pig intestinal microecology. Finally, this review provides insights into the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system.
Collapse
|
27
|
König C, Honecker B, Wilson IW, Weedall GD, Hall N, Roeder T, Metwally NG, Bruchhaus I. Taxon-Specific Proteins of the Pathogenic Entamoeba Species E. histolytica and E. nuttalli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:641472. [PMID: 33816346 PMCID: PMC8017271 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.641472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica can live in the human intestine for months or years without generating any symptoms in the host. For unknown reasons, amoebae can suddenly destroy the intestinal mucosa and become invasive. This can lead to amoebic colitis or extraintestinal amoebiasis whereby the amoebae spread to other organs via the blood vessels, most commonly the liver where abscesses develop. Entamoeba nuttalli is the closest genetic relative of E. histolytica and is found in wild macaques. Another close relative is E. dispar, which asyptomatically infects the human intestine. Although all three species are closely related, only E. histolytica and E. nuttalli are able to penetrate their host’s intestinal epithelium. Lineage-specific genes and gene families may hold the key to understanding differences in virulence among species. Here we discuss those genes found in E. histolytica that have relatives in only one or neither of its sister species, with particular focus on the peptidase, AIG, Ariel, and BspA families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin König
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Honecker
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ian W Wilson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoology, Department of Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shrivastav MT, Malik Z, Somlata. Revisiting Drug Development Against the Neglected Tropical Disease, Amebiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:628257. [PMID: 33718258 PMCID: PMC7943716 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.628257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is a neglected tropical disease which is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. This disease is one of the leading causes of diarrhea globally, affecting largely impoverished residents in developing countries. Amebiasis also remains one of the top causes of gastrointestinal diseases in returning international travellers. Despite having many side effects, metronidazole remains the drug of choice as an amebicidal tissue-active agent. However, emergence of metronidazole resistance in pathogens having similar anaerobic metabolism and also in laboratory strains of E. histolytica has necessitated the identification and development of new drug targets and therapeutic strategies against the parasite. Recent research in the field of amebiasis has led to a better understanding of the parasite’s metabolic and cellular pathways and hence has been useful in identifying new drug targets. On the other hand, new molecules effective against amebiasis have been mined by modifying available compounds, thereby increasing their potency and efficacy and also by repurposing existing approved drugs. This review aims at compiling and examining up to date information on promising drug targets and drug molecules for the treatment of amebiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish T Shrivastav
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Zainab Malik
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Somlata
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Flores-Sanchez F, Chavez-Dueñas L, Sanchez-Villamil J, Navarro-Garcia F. Pic Protein From Enteroaggregative E. coli Induces Different Mechanisms for Its Dual Activity as a Mucus Secretagogue and a Mucinase. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564953. [PMID: 33281812 PMCID: PMC7705071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) infection is the formation of an intestinal biofilm, which comprises a mucus layer with immersed bacteria. Pic is an autotransporter secreted by EAEC, and other E. coli pathotypes, and has been involved in two apparently contradictory phenotypes, as a mucus secretagogue and as a mucinase. Here, we investigated this Pic dual activity, mucus secretagogue capability and mucinolytic activity, in human goblet cells that secrete MUC2 and MUC5AC. Pic induced mucus hypersecretion directly in the goblet cells, without other intestinal cell types involved. At the same time, Pic exhibited strong proteolytic activity on the secreted mucins. These activities were independent since a mutation in the serine protease motif (PicS258I) abolished mucin degradation while maintaining the mucus secretagogue activity intact. Furthermore, deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced mucins were proteolytically degraded when goblet cells were co-incubated with DCA/Pic, while co-incubation with DCA/PicS258I induced a synergistic effect on mucus hypersecretion. Pic was more efficient degrading MUC5AC than MUC2, but no degradation was detected with Pic inactivated at the active site by mutation or pharmacological inhibition. Remarkably, Pic cleaved MUC2 and MUC5AC in the C-terminal domain, leaving N-terminal subproducts, impacting the feature of gel-forming mucins and allowing mucus layer penetration by EAEC. Astonishingly, Pic stimulated rapid mucin secretion in goblet-like cells by activating the intracellular calcium pathway resulting from the PLC signal transduction pathway, leading to the production of DAG and releasing IP3, a second messenger of calcium signaling. Therefore, the dual activity of Pic, as a mucus secretagogue and a mucinase, is relevant in the context of carbon source generation and mucus layer penetration, allowing EAEC to live within the layer of mucus but also access epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Flores-Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, México
| | - Lucia Chavez-Dueñas
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, México
| | - Javier Sanchez-Villamil
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, México
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, México
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Uddin MJ, Leslie JL, Petri WA. Host Protective Mechanisms to Intestinal Amebiasis. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:165-175. [PMID: 33502317 PMCID: PMC7840892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infection that manifests as colitis and, in some cases, liver abscess. A better understanding of host protective factors is key to developing an effective remedy. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of MUC2 production by goblet cells upon amebic infection, regulation of antimicrobial peptide production by Paneth cells, the interaction of commensal microbiota with immune stimulation, and host genetics in conferring protection from amebiasis. In addition to host pathways that may serve as potential therapeutic targets, significant progress has also been made with respect to development of a vaccine against amebiasis. Here, we aim to highlight the current understanding and knowledge gaps critically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Jashim Uddin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jhansi L Leslie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Differential Pathogenic Gene Expression of E. histolytica in Patients with Different Clinical Forms of Amoebiasis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101556. [PMID: 33050280 PMCID: PMC7650713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiological agent of human amoebiasis is the protozoan parasite E. histolytica; the disease is still an endemic infection in some countries and the outcome of infection in the host infection can range from asymptomatic intestinal infection to intestinal or liver invasive forms of the disease. The invasive character of this parasite is multifactorial and mainly due to the differential expression of multiple pathogenic genes. The aim of the present work was to measure the differential expression of some genes in different specimens of patients with amoebic liver abscess (ALA) and specimens of genital amoebiasis (AG) by RT-qPCR. Results show that the expression of genes is different in both types of samples. Almost all studied genes were over expressed in both sets of patients; however, superoxide dismutase (Ehsod), serine threonine isoleucine rich protein (Ehstirp), peroxiredoxin (Ehprd) and heat shock protein 70 and 90 (Ehhsp-70, EHhsp-90) were higher in AG biopsies tissue. Furthermore, cysteine proteinases 5 and 2 (Ehcp5, Ehcp2), lectin (Ehgal/galnaclectin) and calreticulin (Ehcrt) genes directly associate with pathogenic mechanisms of E. histolytica had similar over expression in both AG and ALA samples. In summary the results obtained show that trophozoites can regulate the expression of their genes depending on stimuli or environmental conditions, in order to regulate their pathogenicity and ensure their survival in the host.
Collapse
|
32
|
Grondin JA, Kwon YH, Far PM, Haq S, Khan WI. Mucins in Intestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation: Learning From Clinical and Experimental Studies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2054. [PMID: 33013869 PMCID: PMC7500085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a distinct mucus layer composed of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins plays an essential role in providing lubrication for the passage of food, participating in cell signaling pathways and protecting the host epithelium from commensal microorganisms and invading pathogens, as well as toxins and other environmental irritants. These mucins can be broadly classified into either secreted gel-forming mucins, those that provide the structural backbone for the mucus barrier, or transmembrane mucins, those that form the glycocalyx layer covering the underlying epithelial cells. Goblet cells dispersed among the intestinal epithelial cells are chiefly responsible for the synthesis and secretion of mucins within the gut and are heavily influenced by interactions with the immune system. Evidence from both clinical and animal studies have indicated that several GI conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and numerous enteric infections are accompanied by considerable changes in mucin quality and quantity. These changes include, but are not limited to, impaired goblet cell function, synthesis dysregulation, and altered post-translational modifications. The current review aims to highlight the structural and functional features as well as the production and immunological regulation of mucins and the impact these key elements have within the context of barrier function and host defense in intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yun Han Kwon
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Parsa Mehraban Far
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Begum S, Gorman H, Chadha A, Chadee K. Role of inflammasomes in innate host defense against Entamoeba histolytica. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:801-812. [PMID: 32498132 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0420-465r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal amebiasis is the disease caused by the extracellular protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) that induces a dynamic and heterogeneous interaction profile with the host immune system during disease pathogenesis. In 90% of asymptomatic infection, Eh resides with indigenous microbiota in the outer mucus layer of the colon without prompting an immune response. However, for reasons that remain unclear, in a minority of the Eh-infected individuals, this fine tolerated relationship is switched to a pathogenic phenotype and advanced to an increasingly complex host-parasite interaction. Eh disease susceptibility depends on parasite virulence factors and their interactions with indigenous bacteria, disruption of the mucus bilayers, and adherence to the epithelium provoking host immune cells to evoke a robust pro-inflammatory response mediated by inflammatory caspases and inflammasome activation. To understand Eh pathogenicity and innate host immune responses, this review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how Eh induces outside-in signaling via Mϕs to activate inflammatory caspases and inflammasome to regulate pro-inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Begum
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hayley Gorman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Attinder Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Herath M, Hosie S, Bornstein JC, Franks AE, Hill-Yardin EL. The Role of the Gastrointestinal Mucus System in Intestinal Homeostasis: Implications for Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:248. [PMID: 32547962 PMCID: PMC7270209 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus is integral to gut health and its properties may be affected in neurological disease. Mucus comprises a hydrated network of polymers including glycosylated mucin proteins. We propose that factors that influence the nervous system may also affect the volume, viscosity, porosity of mucus composition and subsequently, gastrointestinal (GI) microbial populations. The gut has its own intrinsic neuronal network, the enteric nervous system, which extends the length of the GI tract and innervates the mucosal epithelium. The ENS regulates gut function including mucus secretion and renewal. Both dysbiosis and gut dysfunction are commonly reported in several neurological disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease as well in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism. Since some microbes use mucus as a prominent energy source, changes in mucus properties could alter, and even exacerbate, dysbiosis-related gut symptoms in neurological disorders. This review summarizes existing knowledge of the structure and function of the mucus of the GI tract and highlights areas to be addressed in future research to better understand how intestinal homeostasis is impacted in neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madushani Herath
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hosie
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley E Franks
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) and dealcoholized muscadine wine alleviated symptoms of colitis and protected against dysbiosis in mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
36
|
Allain T, Buret AG. Pathogenesis and post-infectious complications in giardiasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 107:173-199. [PMID: 32122529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia is an important cause of diarrhoea, and results in post-infectious and extra-intestinal complications. This chapter presents a state-of-the art of our understanding of how this parasite may cause such abnormalities, which appear to develop at least in part in Assemblage-dependent manner. Findings from prospective longitudinal cohort studies indicate that Giardia is one of the four most prevalent enteropathogens in early life, and represents a risk factor for stunting at 2 years of age. This may occur independently of diarrheal disease, in strong support of the pathophysiological significance of the intestinal abnormalities induced by this parasite. These include epithelial malabsorption and maldigestion, increased transit, mucus depletion, and disruptions of the commensal microbiota. Giardia increases epithelial permeability and facilitates the invasion of gut bacteria. Loss of intestinal barrier function is at the core of the acute and post-infectious complications associated with this infection. Recent findings demonstrate that the majority of the pathophysiological responses triggered by this parasite can be recapitulated by the effects of its membrane-bound and secreted cysteine proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Allain
- University of Calgary, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada
| | - André G Buret
- University of Calgary, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cortés A, Mikeš L, Muñoz-Antolí C, Álvarez-Izquierdo M, Esteban JG, Horák P, Toledo R. Secreted cathepsin L-like peptidases are involved in the degradation of trapped antibodies on the surface of Echinostoma caproni. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3377-3386. [PMID: 31720841 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibody trapping is a recently described strategy for immune evasion observed in the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni, which may aid to avoiding the host humoral response, thus facilitating parasite survival in the presence of high levels of local-specific antibodies. Parasite-derived peptidases carry out the degradation of trapped antibodies, being essential for this mechanism. Herein, we show that cathepsin-like cysteine endopeptidases are active in the excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of E. caproni and play an important role in the context of antibody trapping. Cysteine endopeptidase activity was detected in the ESPs of E. caproni adults. The affinity probe DCG-04 distinguished a cysteine peptidase band in ESPs, which was specifically recognized by an anti-cathepsin L heterologous antibody. The same antibody localized this protein in the gut and syncytial tegument of adult worms. Studies with cultured parasites showed that in vivo-bound antibodies are removed from the parasite surface in the absence of peptidase inhibitors, while addition of cathepsin L inhibitor prevented their degradation. These results indicate that cathepsin L-like peptidases are involved in the degradation of surface-trapped antibodies and suggest that cysteine peptidases are not only crucial for tissue-invading trematodes, but they can be equally relevant at the parasite-host interface in gut-dwelling flukes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cortés
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antolí
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Izquierdo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pulido-Ortega J, Talamás-Rohana P, Muñoz-Ortega MH, Aldaba-Muruato LR, Martínez-Hernández SL, Campos-Esparza MDR, Cervantes-García D, Leon-Coria A, Moreau F, Chadee K, Ventura-Juárez J. Functional Characterization of an Interferon Gamma Receptor-Like Protein on Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00540-19. [PMID: 31427448 PMCID: PMC6803330 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00540-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan and the causative agent of amoebiasis. E. histolytica expresses proteins that are structurally homologous to human proteins and uses them as virulence factors. We have previously shown that E. histolytica binds exogenous interferon gamma (IFN-γ) on its surface, and in this study, we explored whether exogenous IFN-γ could modulate parasite virulence. We identified an IFN-γ receptor-like protein on the surface of E. histolytica trophozoites by using anti-IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) antibody and performing immunofluorescence, Western blot, protein sequencing, and in silico analyses. Coupling of human IFN-γ to the IFN-γ receptor-like protein on live E. histolytica trophozoites significantly upregulated the expression of E. histolytica cysteine protease A1 (EhCP-A1), EhCP-A2, EhCP-A4, EhCP-A5, amebapore A (APA), cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox-1), Gal-lectin (Hgl), and peroxiredoxin (Prx) in a time-dependent fashion. IFN-γ signaling via the IFN-γ receptor-like protein enhanced E. histolytica's erythrophagocytosis of human red blood cells, which was abrogated by the STAT1 inhibitor fludarabine. Exogenous IFN-γ enhanced chemotaxis of E. histolytica, its killing of Caco-2 colonic and Hep G2 liver cells, and amebic liver abscess formation in hamsters. These results demonstrate that E. histolytica expresses a surface IFN-γ receptor-like protein that is functional and may play a role in disease pathogenesis and/or immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Pulido-Ortega
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martín Humberto Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Liseth Rubí Aldaba-Muruato
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Sandra Luz Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | | | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- CONACYT-Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Aralia Leon-Coria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Quantitative proteomic analysis and functional characterization of Acanthamoeba castellanii exosome-like vesicles. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:467. [PMID: 31597577 PMCID: PMC6784334 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenic protozoans use extracellular vesicles (EVs) for intercellular communication and host manipulation. Acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living protozoan that may cause severe keratitis and fatal granulomatous encephalitis. Although several secreted molecules have been shown to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba, the functions and components of parasite-derived EVs are far from understood. Methods Purified EVs from A. castellanii were confirmed by electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The functional roles of parasite-derived EVs in the cytotoxicity to and immune response of host cells were examined. The protein composition in EVs from A. castellanii was identified and quantified by LC-MS/MS analysis. Results EVs from A. castellanii fused with rat glioma C6 cells. The parasite-derived EVs induced an immune response from human THP-1 cells and a cytotoxic effect in C6 cells. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified a total of 130 proteins in EVs. Among the identified proteins, hydrolases (50.2%) and oxidoreductases (31.7%) were the largest protein families in EVs. Furthermore, aminopeptidase activities were confirmed in EVs from A. castellanii. Conclusions The proteomic profiling and functional characterization of EVs from A. castellanii provide an in-depth understanding of the molecules packaged into EVs and their potential mechanisms mediating the pathogenesis of this parasite.
Collapse
|
40
|
Rangel-Castañeda IA, Carranza-Rosales P, Guzmán-Delgado NE, Hernández-Hernández JM, González-Pozos S, Pérez-Rangel A, Castillo-Romero A. Curcumin Attenuates the Pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica by Regulating the Expression of Virulence Factors in an Ex-Vivo Model Infection. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030127. [PMID: 31443160 PMCID: PMC6789811 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica is still a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries. Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of the amoebiasis, and it can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications in some people. ALA can be cured by metronidazole (MTZ); however, because it has poor activity against luminal trophozoites, 40–60% of treated patients get repeated episodes of invasive disease and require repeated treatments that can induce resistance to MTZ, this may emerge as an important public health problem. Anti-virulence strategies that impair the virulence of pathogens are one of the novel approaches to solving the problem. In this study, we found that low doses of curcumin (10 and 50 μM) attenuate the virulence of E. histolytica without affecting trophozoites growth or triggering liver injury. Curcumin (CUR) decreases the expression of genes associated with E. histolytica virulence (gal/galnac lectin, ehcp1, ehcp5, and amoebapore), and is correlated with significantly lower amoebic invasion. In addition, oxidative stress is critically involved in the etiopathology of amoebic liver abscess; our results show no changes in mRNA expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) after E. histolytica infection, with or without CUR. This study provides clear evidence that curcumin could be an anti-virulence agent against E. histolytica, and makes it an attractive potential starting point for effective treatments that reduce downstream amoebic liver abscess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzia Azucena Rangel-Castañeda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey 64720, Mexico
| | | | - José Manuel Hernández-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Sirenia González-Pozos
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica LaNSE, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Rangel
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Araceli Castillo-Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Allain T, Fekete E, Buret AG. Giardia Cysteine Proteases: The Teeth behind the Smile. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:636-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
42
|
Wilson IW, Weedall GD, Lorenzi H, Howcroft T, Hon CC, Deloger M, Guillén N, Paterson S, Clark CG, Hall N. Genetic Diversity and Gene Family Expansions in Members of the Genus Entamoeba. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:688-705. [PMID: 30668670 PMCID: PMC6414313 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is the third-most common cause of mortality worldwide from a parasitic disease. Although the primary etiological agent of amoebiasis is the obligate human parasite Entamoeba histolytica, other members of the genus Entamoeba can infect humans and may be pathogenic. Here, we present the first annotated reference genome for Entamoeba moshkovskii, a species that has been associated with human infections, and compare the genomes of E. moshkovskii, E. histolytica, the human commensal Entamoeba dispar, and the nonhuman pathogen Entamoeba invadens. Gene clustering and phylogenetic analyses show differences in expansion and contraction of families of proteins associated with host or bacterial interactions. They intimate the importance to parasitic Entamoeba species of surface-bound proteins involved in adhesion to extracellular membranes, such as the Gal/GalNAc lectin and members of the BspA and Ariel1 families. Furthermore, E. dispar is the only one of the four species to lack a functional copy of the key virulence factor cysteine protease CP-A5, whereas the gene's presence in E. moshkovskii is consistent with the species' potentially pathogenic nature. Entamoeba moshkovskii was found to be more diverse than E. histolytica across all sequence classes. The former is ∼200 times more diverse than latter, with the four E. moshkovskii strains tested having a most recent common ancestor nearly 500 times more ancient than the tested E. histolytica strains. A four-haplotype test indicates that these E. moshkovskii strains are not the same species and should be regarded as a species complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Wilson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy Howcroft
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marc Deloger
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C Graham Clark
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Basmaciyan L, Bon F, Paradis T, Lapaquette P, Dalle F. " Candida Albicans Interactions With The Host: Crossing The Intestinal Epithelial Barrier". Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1612661. [PMID: 31189436 PMCID: PMC6619947 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1612661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Formerly a commensal organism of the mucosal surfaces of most healthy individuals, Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections ranging from superficial to the more life-threatening disseminated infections, especially in the ever-growing population of vulnerable patients in the hospital setting. In these situations, the fungus takes advantage of its host following a disturbance in the host defense system and/or the mucosal microbiota. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the gastrointestinal tract is the main source of disseminated C. albicans infections. Major risk factors for disseminated candidiasis include damage to the mucosal intestinal barrier, immune dysfunction, and dysbiosis of the resident microbiota. A better understanding of C. albicans' interaction with the intestinal epithelial barrier will be useful for designing future therapies to avoid systemic candidiasis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of pathogenicity that allow the fungus to reach and translocate the gut barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Basmaciyan
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon France
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Bon
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Tracy Paradis
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Lapaquette
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon France
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Desvaux M, De Paepe K, Gresse R, Sauvaitre T, Forano E, de Wiele TV, Schüller S, Juge N, Blanquet-Diot S. Experimental models to study intestinal microbes–mucus interactions in health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:457-489. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A close symbiotic relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and its host. A critical component of gut homeostasis is the presence of a mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel at the interface between the luminal content and the host tissue that provides a habitat to the gut microbiota and protects the intestinal epithelium. The review starts by setting up the biological context underpinning the need for experimental models to study gut bacteria-mucus interactions in the digestive environment. We provide an overview of the structure and function of intestinal mucus and mucins, their interactions with intestinal bacteria (including commensal, probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms) and their role in modulating health and disease states. We then describe the characteristics and potentials of experimental models currently available to study the mechanisms underpinning the interaction of mucus with gut microbes, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. We then discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raphaële Gresse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Sauvaitre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) is a protozoan parasite of humans that colonizes the outer colonic mucus layer. Under conditions not fully understood, Eh breaches innate host defenses and invades the intestinal mucosa-causing amebic colitis and liver abscess. In asymptomatic infection, Eh interacts with and feeds on resident microbiota that forms biofilms on the outer colonic mucus layer. Despite the close association between Eh and commensal microbiota, we still lack basic knowledge on whether microbiota and/or their metabolites influence Eh virulence traits critical in disease pathogenesis. In the pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis, Eh overcomes the protective mucus layer using a combination of mucinase/glycosidase and potent mucus secretagogue activity. In this addendum, we discuss the interconnected role of a healthy mucus barrier and the role commensal microbiota play in shaping innate host defense against Eh-induced pro-inflammatory and secretory responses critical in disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aralia Leon-Coria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,CONTACT Kris Chadee Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nagaraja S, Ankri S. Target identification and intervention strategies against amebiasis. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 44:1-14. [PMID: 31112766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis, which is an endemic parasitic disease in developing countries and is the cause of approximately 70,000 deaths annually. E. histolytica trophozoites usually reside in the colon as a non-pathogenic commensal in most infected individuals (90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic). For unknown reasons, these trophozoites can become virulent and invasive, cause amebic dysentery, and migrate to the liver where they cause hepatocellular damage. Amebiasis is usually treated either by amebicides which are classified as (a) luminal and are active against the luminal forms of the parasite, (b) tissue and are effective against those parasites that have invaded tissues, and (c) mixed and are effective against the luminal forms of the parasite and those forms which invaded the host's tissues. Of the amebicides, the luminal amebicide, metronidazole (MTZ), is the most widely used drug to treat amebiasis. Although well tolerated, concerns about its adverse effects and the possible emergence of MTZ-resistant strains of E. histolytica have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies against amebiasis. These strategies include improving the potency of existing amebicides, discovering new uses for approved drugs (repurposing of existing drugs), drug rediscovery, vaccination, drug targeting of essential E. histolytica components, and the use of probiotics and bioactive natural products. This review examines each of these strategies in the light of the current knowledge on the gut microbiota of patients with amebiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Trogocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica Mediates Acquisition and Display of Human Cell Membrane Proteins and Evasion of Lysis by Human Serum. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00068-19. [PMID: 31040235 PMCID: PMC6495370 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00068-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis, a potentially fatal diarrheal disease. Abscesses in organs such as the liver can occur when amoebae are able to breach the intestinal wall and travel through the bloodstream to other areas of the body. Therefore, understanding how E. histolytica evades immune detection is of great interest. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that E. histolytica acquires and displays human cell membrane proteins by taking “bites” of human cell material in a process named trogocytosis (“trogo-” means “nibble”), and that this allows amoebae to survive in human serum. Display of acquired proteins through trogocytosis has been previously characterized only in mammalian immune cells. Our study suggests that this is a more general feature of trogocytosis not restricted to immune cells and broadens our knowledge of eukaryotic biology. These findings also reveal a novel strategy for immune evasion by a pathogen and may apply to the pathogenesis of other infections. We previously showed that Entamoeba histolytica kills human cells through a mechanism that we termed trogocytosis (“trogo-” means “nibble”), due to its resemblance to trogocytosis in other organisms. In microbial eukaryotes like E. histolytica, trogocytosis is used to kill host cells. In multicellular eukaryotes, trogocytosis is used for cell killing and cell-cell communication in a variety of contexts. Thus, nibbling is an emerging theme in cell-cell interactions both within and between species. When trogocytosis occurs between mammalian immune cells, cell membrane proteins from the nibbled cell are acquired and displayed by the recipient cell. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that through trogocytosis, amoebae acquire and display human cell membrane proteins. We demonstrate that E. histolytica acquires and displays human cell membrane proteins through trogocytosis and that this leads to protection from lysis by human serum. Protection from human serum occurs only after amoebae have undergone trogocytosis of live cells but not phagocytosis of dead cells. Likewise, mutant amoebae defective in phagocytosis, but unaltered in their capacity to perform trogocytosis, are protected from human serum. Our studies are the first to reveal that amoebae can display human cell membrane proteins and suggest that the acquisition and display of membrane proteins is a general feature of trogocytosis. These studies have major implications for interactions between E. histolytica and the immune system and also reveal a novel strategy for immune evasion by a pathogen. Since other microbial eukaryotes use trogocytosis for cell killing, our findings may apply to the pathogenesis of other infections.
Collapse
|
48
|
Dias C, Ribeiro M, Correia-Branco A, Domínguez-Perles R, Martel F, Saavedra MJ, Simões M. Virulence, attachment and invasion of Caco-2 cells by multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from wild animals. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:230-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
49
|
Quach J, Moreau F, Sandall C, Chadee K. Entamoeba histolytica-induced IL-1β secretion is dependent on caspase-4 and gasdermin D. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:323-339. [PMID: 30361535 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During invasion, Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) encounter macrophages and activate them to elicit tissue damaging pro-inflammatory responses. When Eh binds macrophages via the Gal-lectin, surface EhCP-A5 RGD sequence ligates α5β1 integrin to activate caspase-1 in a complex known as the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, we investigated Eh requirements underlying macrophage caspase-4 and -1 activation and the role caspase-4 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) play in augmenting pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Caspase-4 activation was similar to caspase-1 requiring live Eh attachment via the Gal-lectin and EhCP-A5. However, unlike caspase-1, caspase-4 activation was independent of ASC and NLRP3. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of caspase-4 and -1 and GSDMD, we determined that caspase-1 and bioactive IL-1β release was highly dependent on caspase-4 activation and cleavage of GSDMD in response to Eh. Formaldehyde cross-linking to stabilize protein-protein interactions in transfected COS-7 cells stimulated with Eh revealed that caspase-4 specifically interacted with caspase-1 in a protein complex that enhanced the cleavage of caspase-1 CARD domains to augment IL-1β release. Activated caspase-4 and -1 cleaved GSDMD liberating the N-terminal p30 pore-forming fragment that caused the secretion of IL-1β. These findings reveal a novel role for caspase-4 as a sensor molecule to amplify pro-inflammatory responses when macrophage encounters Eh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanie Quach
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina Sandall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhao Z, Qu W, Wang K, Chen S, Zhang L, Wu D, Chen Z. Bisphenol A inhibits mucin 2 secretion in intestinal goblet cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:901-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|