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Okudaira N, Akimoto MH, Susa T, Akimoto M, Hisaki H, Iizuka M, Okinaga H, Almunia JA, Ogiso N, Okazaki T, Tamamori-Adachi M. Accumulation of senescent cells in the adrenal gland induces hypersecretion of corticosterone via IL1β secretion. Aging Cell 2024:e14206. [PMID: 38769821 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging progresses through the interaction of metabolic processes, including changes in the immune and endocrine systems. Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, play an important role in regulating metabolism and immune responses. However, the age-related changes in the secretion mechanisms of GCs remain elusive. Here, we found that corticosterone (CORT) secretion follows a circadian rhythm in young mice, whereas it oversecreted throughout the day in aged mice >18 months old, resulting in the disappearance of diurnal variation. Furthermore, senescent cells progressively accumulated in the zF of the adrenal gland as mice aged beyond 18 months. This accumulation was accompanied by an increase in the number of Ad4BP/SF1 (SF1), a key transcription factor, strongly expressing cells (SF1-high positive: HP). Removal of senescent cells with senolytics, dasatinib, and quercetin resulted in the reduction of the number of SF1-HP cells and recovery of CORT diurnal oscillation in 24-month-old mice. Similarly, administration of a neutralizing antibody against IL1β, which was found to be strongly expressed in the adrenocortical cells of the zF, resulted in a marked decrease in SF1-HP cells and restoration of the CORT circadian rhythm. Our findings suggest that the disappearance of CORT diurnal oscillation is a characteristic of aging individuals and is caused by the secretion of IL1β, one of the SASPs, from senescent cells that accumulate in the zF of the adrenal cortex. These findings provide a novel insight into aging. Age-related hypersecretory GCs could be a potential therapeutic target for aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Okudaira
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mi-Ho Akimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Susa
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Akimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harumi Hisaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Iizuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Education Centre, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Okinaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Julio A Almunia
- Department of Laboratory of Experimental Animals, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noboru Ogiso
- Department of Laboratory of Experimental Animals, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoki Okazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Guarnieri L, Bosco F, Leo A, Citraro R, Palma E, De Sarro G, Mollace V. Impact of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on cognitive function and performance in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102210. [PMID: 38296163 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major global health problem today and is the most common form of dementia. AD is characterized by the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary clusters, leading to decreased brain acetylcholine levels in the brain. Another mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD is the abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein that accumulates at the level of neurofibrillary aggregates, and the areas most affected by this pathological process are usually the cholinergic neurons in cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal areas. These effects result in decreased cognitive function, brain atrophy, and neuronal death. Malnutrition and weight loss are the most frequent manifestations of AD, and these are also associated with greater cognitive decline. Several studies have confirmed that a balanced low-calorie diet and proper nutritional intake may be considered important factors in counteracting or slowing the progression of AD, whereas a high-fat or hypercholesterolemic diet predisposes to an increased risk of developing AD. Especially, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and micronutrients supplementation exert positive effects on aging-related changes in the brain due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and radical scavenging properties. The purpose of this review is to summarize some possible nutritional factors that may contribute to the progression or prevention of AD, understand the role that nutrition plays in the formation of Aβ plaques typical of this neurodegenerative disease, to identify some potential therapeutic strategies that may involve some natural compounds, in delaying the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Guarnieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonio Leo
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Verplaetse TL, Hillmer AT, Bhatt S, Rusowicz A, Li S, Nabulsi N, Matuskey D, Huang Y, McKee SA, Cosgrove KP. Imaging a putative marker of brain cortisol regulation in alcohol use disorder. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 29:100609. [PMID: 38304303 PMCID: PMC10832501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stress is a potent activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, initiating the release of glucocorticoid hormones, such as cortisol. Alcohol consumption can lead to HPA axis dysfunction, including altered cortisol levels. Until recently, research has only been able to examine peripheral cortisol associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) in humans. We used positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging with the radiotracer [18F]AS2471907 to measure 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), a cortisol-regenerating enzyme, in people with AUD compared to healthy controls. Methods We imaged 9 individuals with moderate to severe AUD (5 men, 4 women; mean age = 38 years) and 12 healthy controls (8 men, 4 women; mean age = 29 years). Participants received 93.5 ± 15.6 MBq of the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor radiotracer [18F]AS2471907 as a bolus injection and were imaged for 150-180 min on the High-Resolution Research Tomograph. 11β-HSD1 availability was quantified by [18F]AS2471907 volume of distribution (VT; mL/cm3). A priori regions of interest included amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampus, ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) and caudate. Results Individuals with AUD consumed 52.4 drinks/week with 5.8 drinking days/week. Healthy controls consumed 2.8 drinks/week with 1.3 drinking days/week. Preliminary findings suggest that [18F]AS2471907 VT was higher in amygdala, ACC, hippocampus, vmPFC, and caudate of those with AUD compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). In AUD, vmPFC [18F]AS2471907 VT was associated with drinks per week (r = 0.81, p = 0.01) and quantity per drinking episode (r = 0.75, p = 0.02). Conclusions This is the first in vivo examination of 11β-HSD1 availability in individuals with AUD. Our data suggest higher brain availability of the cortisol-regenerating enzyme 11β-HSD1 in people with AUD (vs. controls), and that higher vmPFC 11β-HSD1 availability is related to greater alcohol consumption. Thus, in addition to the literature suggesting that people with AUD have elevated peripheral cortisol, our findings suggest there may also be heightened central HPA activity. These findings set the foundation for future hypotheses on mechanisms related to HPA axis function in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ansel T. Hillmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shivani Bhatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Songye Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sherry A. McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P. Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Villemagne VL, Doré V, Chong L, Kassiou M, Mulligan R, Feizpour A, Taylor J, Roesner M, Miller T, Rowe CC. Brain 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Occupancy by Xanamem™ Assessed by PET in Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitively Normal Individuals. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1463-1475. [PMID: 38250767 PMCID: PMC10836555 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) regulates intracellular cortisol and its inhibition by the small molecule inhibitor, Xanamem™, may provide a disease-modifying strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Animal models suggest a range of 30-60% enzyme inhibition may suffice to provide neuroprotection. OBJECTIVE To determine the regional brain occupancy of 11β-HSD1 by Xanamem™ in cognitively normal participants (CN) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/mild AD patients to investigate potential dosing ranges for future efficacy studies. METHODS Seventeen MCI/AD and 23 CN were included. Regional brain time-activity curves (TAC), standardized uptake values (SUV40-60) and volume of distribution (VT) from Logan plot with image derived input function from 11C-TARACT positron emission tomography (PET) were used to assess the degree of 11β-HSD1 occupancy by increasing doses of Xanamem™ (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg or 30 mg daily for 7 days). RESULTS All measures showed high 11β-HSD1 occupancy with Xanamem to similar degree in CN and MCI/AD. The dose-response relationship was relatively flat above 5 mg. Respective median (interquartile range [Q1-Q3]) 11β-HSD1 occupancy in the MCI/AD and CN groups after treatment with 10 mg Xanamem were 80% [79-81%] and 75% [71-76%] in the neocortex, 69% [64-70%] and 61% [52-63%] in the medial temporal lobe, 80% [79-80%] and 73% [68-73%] in the basal ganglia, and 71% [67-75%] and 66% [62-68%] in the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS TAC, SUV40-60, and VT measures indicate Xanamem achieves high target occupancy levels with near saturation at 10 mg daily. These data support exploration of doses of≤10 mg daily in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L. Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VA, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent Doré
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VA, Australia
- CSIRO e-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lee Chong
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VA, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Mulligan
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VA, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VA, Australia
| | - Azadeh Feizpour
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VA, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VA, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VA, Australia
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5
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Seckl J. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the brain: Not (yet) lost in translation. J Intern Med 2024; 295:20-37. [PMID: 37941106 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs) catalyse the conversion of active 11-hydroxy glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) and their inert 11-keto forms (cortisone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone). They were first reported in the body and brain 70 years ago, but only recently have they become of interest. 11β-HSD2 is a dehydrogenase, potently inactivating glucocorticoids. In the kidney, 11β-HSD2 generates the aldosterone-specificity of intrinsically non-selective mineralocorticoid receptors. 11β-HSD2 also protects the developing foetal brain and body from premature glucocorticoid exposure, which otherwise engenders the programming of neuropsychiatric and cardio-metabolic disease risks. In the adult CNS, 11β-HSD2 is confined to a part of the brain stem where it generates aldosterone-specific central control of salt appetite and perhaps blood pressure. 11β-HSD1 is a reductase, amplifying active glucocorticoid levels within brain cells, notably in the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, paralleling its metabolic functions in peripheral tissues. 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing rodent and, less certainly, human forebrain. Transgenic models show this rise contributes to age-related cognitive decline, at least in mice. 11β-HSD1 inhibition robustly improves memory in healthy and pathological ageing rodent models and is showing initial promising results in phase II studies of healthy elderly people. Larger trials are needed to confirm and clarify the magnitude of effect and define target populations. The next decade will be crucial in determining how this tale ends - in new treatments or disappointment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Taylor J, Jaros M, Chen C, Harrison J, Hilt D. Plasma pTau181 Predicts Clinical Progression in a Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial of the 11β-HSD1 Inhibitor Xanamem® for Mild Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:139-150. [PMID: 38848180 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Blood biomarkers are proposed as a diagnostic alternative to amyloid PET or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Relatively little is known of the natural history of patients identified by different blood biomarkers. Objective To identify patients with elevated plasma phosphorylated tau (pTau)181 from a prior Phase 2a trial, and explore the natural histories of their clinical progression, and potential efficacy of Xanamem, a selective inhibitor of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in these patients. Methods A prespecified, double-blind analysis was conducted in 72 participants with clinically diagnosed AD and available plasma samples from baseline and Week 12 of the "XanADu" Phase 2a trial of Xanamem versus placebo. The analysis prespecified plasma pTau181 > median to identify patients more likely to have AD ("H", > 6.74 pg/mL, n = 34). Cohen's d (d) of≥0.2 defined potential clinical significance. Results In the placebo group, H patients showed greater clinical progression compared to L patients (pTau181≤median) on ADCOMS (d = 0.55, p < 0.001), CDR-SB (d = 0.63, p < 0.001), MMSE (d = 0.52, p = 0.12), and ADAS-Cog14 (d = 0.53, p = 0.19). In H patients, a potentially clinically meaningful Xanamem treatment effect compared to placebo was seen in the CDR-SB (LS mean difference 0.6 units, d = 0.41, p = 0.09) and Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB; LS mean difference 1.8 units, d = 0.26, p = 0.48) but not ADCOMS or ADAS-Cog14. Conclusions This trial demonstrates that elevated plasma pTau181 identifies participants more likely to have progressive AD and is a suitable method for enrichment in AD clinical trials. Xanamem treatment showed evidence of potential clinically meaningful benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Taylor
- Actinogen Medical, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Harrison
- Scottish Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
- King's College, London, UK
- Alzheimercentrum, AUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dana Hilt
- Actinogen Medical, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Bini J. The Importance of PET Imaging to Understanding Whole-Body Cortisol Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:113-115. [PMID: 38607759 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Excess cortisol is associated with more severe cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and related dementia phenotypes. The intracellular enzyme 11β-HSD1 regenerates active cortisol from inactive cortisone. In this current issue, high regional brain occupancy of Xanamemtrademark, determined by [11C]TARACT PET imaging of 11β-HSD1, in cognitively normal individuals and mild cognitive impartment/Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is presented. In the future, comprehensive kinetic modeling using arterial sampling for occupancy studies, and whole-body PET imaging of 11β-HSD1 enzyme levels, in combination with stable isotope studies of cortisol metabolism, can provide broad insight into enzyme levels and activity in AD and other relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Khan S, Livingstone DEW, Zielinska A, Doig CL, Cobice DF, Esteves CL, Man JTY, Homer NZM, Seckl JR, MacKay CL, Webster SP, Lavery GG, Chapman KE, Walker BR, Andrew R. Contribution of local regeneration of glucocorticoids to tissue steroid pools. J Endocrinol 2023; 258:e230034. [PMID: 37343234 PMCID: PMC10448579 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) is a drug target to attenuate adverse effects of chronic glucocorticoid excess. It catalyses intracellular regeneration of active glucocorticoids in tissues including brain, liver and adipose tissue (coupled to hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, H6PDH). 11βHSD1 activity in individual tissues is thought to contribute significantly to glucocorticoid levels at those sites, but its local contribution vs glucocorticoid delivery via the circulation is unknown. Here, we hypothesised that hepatic 11βHSD1 would contribute significantly to the circulating pool. This was studied in mice with Cre-mediated disruption of Hsd11b1 in liver (Alac-Cre) vs adipose tissue (aP2-Cre) or whole-body disruption of H6pdh. Regeneration of [9,12,12-2H3]-cortisol (d3F) from [9,12,12-2H3]-cortisone (d3E), measuring 11βHSD1 reductase activity was assessed at steady state following infusion of [9,11,12,12-2H4]-cortisol (d4F) in male mice. Concentrations of steroids in plasma and amounts in liver, adipose tissue and brain were measured using mass spectrometry interfaced with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation or liquid chromatography. Amounts of d3F were higher in liver, compared with brain and adipose tissue. Rates of appearance of d3F were ~6-fold slower in H6pdh-/- mice, showing the importance for whole-body 11βHSD1 reductase activity. Disruption of liver 11βHSD1 reduced the amounts of d3F in liver (by ~36%), without changes elsewhere. In contrast disruption of 11βHSD1 in adipose tissue reduced rates of appearance of circulating d3F (by ~67%) and also reduced regenerated of d3F in liver and brain (both by ~30%). Thus, the contribution of hepatic 11βHSD1 to circulating glucocorticoid levels and amounts in other tissues is less than that of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D E W Livingstone
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Zielinska
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C L Doig
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - D F Cobice
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C L Esteves
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J T Y Man
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J R Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C L MacKay
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G G Lavery
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - K E Chapman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B R Walker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Andrew
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Naredo-Gonzalez G, Upreti R, Jansen MA, Semple S, Sutcliffe OB, Marshall I, Walker BR, Andrew R. Non-invasive in vivo assessment of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity by 19F-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16268. [PMID: 36175417 PMCID: PMC9523021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) amplifies tissue glucocorticoid levels and is a pharmaceutical target in diabetes and cognitive decline. Clinical translation of inhibitors is hampered by lack of in vivo pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Our goal was to monitor substrates and products of 11β-HSD1 non-invasively in liver via 19Fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F-MRS). Interconversion of mono/poly-fluorinated substrate/product pairs was studied in Wistar rats (male, n = 6) and healthy men (n = 3) using 7T and 3T MRI scanners, respectively. Here we show that the in vitro limit of detection, as absolute fluorine content, was 0.625 μmole in blood. Mono-fluorinated steroids, dexamethasone and 11-dehydrodexamethasone, were detected in phantoms but not in vivo in human liver following oral dosing. A non-steroidal polyfluorinated tracer, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanone and its metabolic product were detected in vivo in rat liver after oral administration of the keto-substrate, reading out reductase activity. Administration of a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor in vivo in rats altered total liver 19F-MRS signal. We conclude that there is insufficient sensitivity to measure mono-fluorinated tracers in vivo in man with current dosage regimens and clinical scanners. However, since reductase activity was observed in rats using poly-fluorinated tracers, this concept could be pursued for translation to man with further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Naredo-Gonzalez
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Rita Upreti
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Maurits A Jansen
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.,Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Scott Semple
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.,Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Oliver B Sutcliffe
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Ian Marshall
- Edinburgh Imaging, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.,Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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Kupczyk D, Bilski R, Kozakiewicz M, Studzińska R, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Kosmalski T, Pedrycz-Wieczorska A, Głowacka M. 11β-HSD as a New Target in Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168984. [PMID: 36012251 PMCID: PMC9409048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are secreted by the adrenal cortex, are important regulators in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. For the proper functioning of the body, strict control of their release is necessary, as increased GCs levels may contribute to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and other pathological conditions contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1) locally controls the availability of the active glucocorticoid, namely cortisol and corticosterone, for the glucocorticoid receptor. Therefore, the participation of 11β-HSD1 in the development of metabolic diseases makes both this enzyme and its inhibitors attractive targets in the pharmacotherapy of the above-mentioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Bilski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kosmalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Mariola Głowacka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Mazovian State University in Płock, Plac Dąbrowskiego 2, 09-402 Płock, Poland
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11
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Nishiyama M, Iwasaki Y, Nakayama S, Okazaki M, Taguchi T, Tsuda M, Makino S, Fujimoto S, Terada Y. Tissue-specific regulation of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 mRNA expressions in Cushing's syndrome mouse model. Steroids 2022; 183:109021. [PMID: 35339573 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11βHSD-1) is a predominant 11β-reductase regenerating bioactive glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) from inactive 11-keto forms (cortisone, dehydrocorticosterone), expressed mainly in the brain, liver and adipose tissue. Although the expression levels of 11β HSD-1 mRNA are known to be influenced by glucocorticoids, its tissue-specific regulation is not completely elucidated. In this study, we examined the effect of persistent glucocorticoid excess on the expression of 11β HSD-1 mRNA in the hippocampus, liver, and abdominal adipose tissue in vivo using quantitative real-time PCR. We found that, in C57BL/6J mice treated with corticosterone (CORT) pellet for 2 weeks, 11β HSD-1 mRNA decreased in the hippocampus (HIPP) and liver, whereas it increased in the abdominal fat (FAT), compared with placebo treatment [HIPP: placebo 1.00 ± 0.14, CORT 0.63 ± 0.04; liver: placebo 1.00 ± 0.08, CORT 0.73 ± 0.06; FAT: placebo 1.00 ± 0.16, CORT 2.26 ± 0.39]. Moreover, in CRH transgenic mice, an animal model of Cushing's syndrome with high plasma CORT level, 11β HSD-1 mRNA was also decreased in the hippocampus and liver, and increased in the abdominal adipose tissue compared to that in wild-type mice. These changes were reversed after adrenalectomy in CRH-Tg mice. Altogether, these results reveal the differential regulation of 11β HSD-1 mRNA by glucocorticoid among the tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Nishiyama
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; Health Care Center, Kochi University, 1-5-2, Akebono-cho, Kochi City, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakayama
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mizuho Okazaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Takafumi Taguchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shinya Makino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shimpei Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshio Terada
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, 1-185, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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12
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Bhatt S, Hillmer AT, Rusowicz A, Nabulsi N, Matuskey D, Angarita GA, Najafzadeh S, Kapinos M, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Carson RE, Huang Y, Cosgrove KP. Imaging brain cortisol regulation in PTSD with a target for 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150452. [PMID: 34651587 DOI: 10.1172/jci150452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDInvestigations of stress dysregulation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on peripheral cortisol, but none have examined cortisol in the human brain. This study used positron emission tomography (PET) to image 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), a cortisol-producing enzyme, as a putative brain cortisol marker in PTSD.METHODSSixteen individuals with PTSD and 17 healthy, trauma-exposed controls (TCs) underwent PET imaging with [18F]AS2471907, a radioligand for 11β-HSD1.RESULTSPrefrontal-limbic 11β-HSD1 availability, estimated as [18F]AS2471907 volume of distribution (VT), was significantly higher in the PTSD group compared with the TC group (β = 1.16, P = 0.0057). Lower prefrontal-limbic 11β-HSD1 availability was related to greater overall PTSD severity (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.038) in the PTSD group. 11β-HSD1 availability was not related to plasma cortisol levels (R2 = 0.026, P = 0.37). In a PTSD subset (n = 10), higher 11β-HSD1 availability was associated with higher availability of translocator protein (TSPO), a microglial marker (β = 4.40, P = 0.039).CONCLUSIONHigher brain cortisol-producing 11β-HSD1 in the PTSD group may represent a resilience-promoting neuroadaptation resulting in lower PTSD symptoms. Along with preliminary associations between 11β-HSD1 and TSPO, corroborating previous evidence of immune suppression in PTSD, these findings collectively challenge previous hypotheses of the deleterious effects of both excessive brain glucocorticoid and brain immune signaling in PTSD.FUNDINGBrain and Behavior Research Foundation Independent Investigator Grant, National Institute of Mental Health grants F30MH116607 and R01MH110674, the Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Foundation Fellowship, Clinical and Translational Science Awards grant UL1 TR000142 from the NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Bhatt
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Michael Kapinos
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven M Southwick
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging.,Department of Psychiatry, and.,Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Bini J, Bhatt S, Hillmer AT, Gallezot JD, Nabulsi N, Pracitto R, Labaree D, Kapinos M, Ropchan J, Matuskey D, Sherwin RS, Jastreboff AM, Carson RE, Cosgrove K, Huang Y. Body Mass Index and Age Effects on Brain 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1: a Positron Emission Tomography Study. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1124-1131. [PMID: 32133575 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cortisol, a glucocorticoid steroid stress hormone, is primarily responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver and promoting adipocyte differentiation and maturation. Prolonged excess cortisol leads to visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, memory dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and more severe Alzheimer's disease phenotypes. The intracellular enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol; yet the amount of 11β-HSD1 in the brain has not been quantified directly in vivo. OBJECTIVE We analyzed positron emission tomography (PET) scans with an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor radioligand in twenty-eight individuals (23 M/5F): 10 lean, 13 overweight, and 5 obese individuals. Each individual underwent PET imaging on the high-resolution research tomograph PET scanner after injection of 11C-AS2471907 (n = 17) or 18F-AS2471907 (n = 11). Injected activity and mass doses were 246 ± 130 MBq and 0.036 ± 0.039 μg, respectively, for 11C-AS2471907, and 92 ± 15 MBq and 0.001 ± 0.001 μg for 18F-AS2471907. Correlations of mean whole brain and regional distribution volume (VT) with body mass index (BMI) and age were performed with a linear regression model. RESULTS Significant correlations of whole brain mean VT with BMI and age (VT = 15.23-0.63 × BMI + 0.27 × Age, p = 0.001) were revealed. Age-adjusted mean whole brain VT values were significantly lower in obese individuals. Post hoc region specific analyses revealed significantly reduced mean VT values in the thalamus (lean vs. overweight and lean vs. obese individuals). Caudate, hypothalamus, parietal lobe, and putamen also showed lower VT value in obese vs. lean individuals. A significant age-associated increase of 2.7 mL/cm3 per decade was seen in BMI-corrected mean whole brain VT values. CONCLUSIONS In vivo PET imaging demonstrated, for the first time, correlation of higher BMI (obesity) with lower levels of the enzyme 11β-HSD1 in the brain and correlation of increased 11β-HSD1 levels in the brain with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale University PET Center, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA.
| | - Shivani Bhatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Pracitto
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Labaree
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Kapinos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert S Sherwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ania M Jastreboff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly Cosgrove
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Rensel MA, Schlinger BA. 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases regulate circulating glucocorticoids but not central gene expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113734. [PMID: 33548254 PMCID: PMC7954975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs), important mediators of physiology and behavior at rest and during stress, is multi-faceted and dynamic. The 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 11ß-HSD1 and 11ß-HSD2 catalyze the regeneration and inactivation of GCs, respectively, and provide peripheral and central control over GC actions in mammals. While these enzymes have only recently been investigated in just two songbird species, central expression patterns suggest that they may function differently in birds and mammals, and little is known about how peripheral expression regulates circulating GCs. In this study, we utilized the 11ß-HSD inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) to probe the functional effects of 11ß-HSD activity on circulating GCs and central GC-dependent gene expression in the adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Peripheral CBX injection produced a marked increase in baseline GCs 60 min after injection, suggestive of a dominant role for 11ß-HSD2 in regulating circulating GCs. In the adult zebra finch brain, where 11ß-HSD2 but not 11ß-HSD1 is expressed, co-incubation of micro-dissected brain regions with CBX and stress-level GCs had no impact on expression of several GC-dependent genes. These results suggest that peripheral 11ß-HSD2 attenuates circulating GCs, whereas central 11ß-HSD2 has little impact on gene expression. Instead, rapid 11ß-HSD2-based regulation of local GC levels might fine-tune membrane GC actions in brain. These results provide new insights into the dynamics of GC secretion and action in this important model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rensel
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Barney A Schlinger
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: A growing multi-tasking family. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111210. [PMID: 33607268 PMCID: PMC8108011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase also called the 11βHSD1-like dehydrogenase (11βHSD1L), as well as evidence for yet identified 11βHSDs. Attention is devoted to more recently described aspects of this multi-functional family. The importance of 11βHSD substrates other than glucocorticoids including bile acids, 7-keto sterols, neurosteroids, and xenobiotics is discussed, along with examples of pathology when functions of these multi-tasking enzymes are disrupted. 11βHSDs modulate the intracellular concentration of glucocorticoids, thereby regulating the activation of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, and 7β-27-hydroxycholesterol, an agonist of the retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ). Key functions of this nuclear transcription factor include regulation of immune cell differentiation, cytokine production and inflammation at the cell level. 11βHSD1 expression and/or glucocorticoid reductase activity are inappropriately increased with age and in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Potential causes for disappointing results of the clinical trials of selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 in the treatment of these disorders are discussed, as well as the potential for more targeted use of inhibitors of 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jackson, MS, USA; Medicine (Endocrinology), Jackson, MS, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center and G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center(3), Jackson, MS, USA
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16
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Thomson EM. Air Pollution, Stress, and Allostatic Load: Linking Systemic and Central Nervous System Impacts. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:597-614. [PMID: 31127781 PMCID: PMC6598002 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality. A growing literature also links exposure to diverse air pollutants (e.g., nanoparticles, particulate matter, ozone, traffic-related air pollution) with brain health, including increased incidence of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as cognitive decline, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), anxiety, depression, and suicide. A critical gap in our understanding of adverse impacts of pollutants on the central nervous system (CNS) is the early initiating events triggered by pollutant inhalation that contribute to disease progression. Recent experimental evidence has shown that particulate matter and ozone, two common pollutants with differing characteristics and reactivity, can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and release glucocorticoid stress hormones (cortisol in humans, corticosterone in rodents) as part of a neuroendocrine stress response. The brain is highly sensitive to stress: stress hormones affect cognition and mental health, and chronic stress can produce profound biochemical and structural changes in the brain. Chronic activation and/or dysfunction of the HPA axis also increases the burden on physiological stress response systems, conceptualized as allostatic load, and is a common pathway implicated in many diseases. The present paper provides an overview of how systemic stress-dependent biological responses common to particulate matter and ozone may provide insight into early CNS effects of pollutants, including links with oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic processes. Evidence of pollutant effect modification by non-chemical stressors (e.g., socioeconomic position, psychosocial, noise), age (prenatal to elderly), and sex will also be reviewed in the context of susceptibility across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Bonhomme D, Alfos S, Webster SP, Wolff M, Pallet V, Touyarot K. Vitamin A deficiency impairs contextual fear memory in rats: Abnormalities in the glucocorticoid pathway. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12802. [PMID: 31613407 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), play a key role in the maintenance of cognitive functions in the adult brain. Depletion of RA using the vitamin A deficiency (VAD) model in Wistar rats leads to spatial memory deficits in relation to elevated intrahippocampal basal corticosterone (CORT) levels and increased hippocampal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. All of these effects are normalised by vitamin A supplementation. However, it is unknown whether vitamin A status also modulates contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in a glucocorticoid-associated fear memory task dependent on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated the impact of VAD and vitamin A supplementation in adult male rats on fear memory processing, plasma CORT levels, hippocampal retinoid receptors and 11β-HSD1 expression following a novelty-induced stress. We also examined whether vitamin A supplementation or a single injection of UE2316, a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, known to modulate local glucocorticoid levels, had any beneficial effects on contextual fear memory and biochemical parameters in VAD rats. We provide evidence that VAD rats exhibit a decreased fear conditioning response during training with a poor contextual fear memory 24 hours later. These VAD-induced cognitive impairments are associated with elevated plasma CORT levels under basal conditions, as well as following a stressful event, with saturated CORT release, altered hippocampal retinoid receptors and 11β-HSD1 expression. Vitamin A supplementation normalises VAD-induced fear conditioning training deficits and all biochemical effects, although it cannot prevent fear memory deficits. Moreover, a single injection of UE2316 not only impairs contextual fear memory, but also reduces plasma CORT levels, regardless of the vitamin A status and decreases slightly hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity in VAD rats following stress. The present study highlights the importance of vitamin A status with respect to modulating fear memory conditioning in relation to plasma CORT levels and hippocampal 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bonhomme
- UMR 1286, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge Alfos
- UMR 1286, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, France
| | - Scott P Webster
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathieu Wolff
- UMR 5287, CNRS, INCIA, Bordeaux, France
- UMR 5287, INCIA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Pallet
- UMR 1286, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, France
| | - Katia Touyarot
- UMR 1286, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, France
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18
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Thomson EM, Filiatreault A, Guénette J. Stress hormones as potential mediators of air pollutant effects on the brain: Rapid induction of glucocorticoid-responsive genes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108717. [PMID: 31520820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with adverse effects on brain health including cognitive decline, dementia, anxiety, depression, and suicide. While toxicological studies have demonstrated the potential for repeated or chronic pollutant exposure to lead to disease states, characterisation of initial biological responses to exposure is needed to better understand underlying mechanisms. The brain is highly sensitive to glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol in humans, corticosterone in rodents), stress hormones that play important roles in cognition and mental health. We tested whether glucocorticoids could be implicated in central nervous system (CNS) effects of pollutant exposure by examining glucocorticoid-dependent signaling across brain regions after exposure to the common pollutant ozone. Male Fischer-344 rats were exposed for 4 h to air or 0.8 ppm ozone ± metyrapone (50 mg/kg), a drug that blocks corticosterone synthesis (n = 5/group). Key glucocorticoid-responsive genes (serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, SGK; glucocorticoid-inducible leucine zipper, GILZ), and a gene responsive to both glucocorticoids and oxidative stress (metallothionein (MT)-1), were increased by ozone in all brain regions (olfactory bulb, frontal lobe, cortex, midbrain, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem), correlating with plasma corticosterone levels. Metyrapone prevented the increase in SGK and GILZ, and reduced but did not eliminate the effect on MT-1, suggesting glucocorticoid-dependent and -independent regulation. Administering exogenous corticosterone (10 mg/kg) to air-exposed rats reproduced the ozone effects, confirming specificity. The results demonstrate that early pollutant effects include stress hormone-dependent signaling. As both ozone and particulate matter activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and elevated glucocorticoids are implicated in brain pathologies, stress hormones could contribute to CNS impacts of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Alain Filiatreault
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Josée Guénette
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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19
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Canet G, Hernandez C, Zussy C, Chevallier N, Desrumaux C, Givalois L. Is AD a Stress-Related Disorder? Focus on the HPA Axis and Its Promising Therapeutic Targets. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:269. [PMID: 31611783 PMCID: PMC6776918 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that has important health and economic impacts in the elderly. Despite a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the appearance of major pathological hallmarks (senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles), effective treatments are still lacking. Sporadic AD forms (98% of all cases) are multifactorial, and a panoply of risk factors have been identified. While the major risk factor is aging, growing evidence suggests that chronic stress or stress-related disorders increase the probability to develop AD. An early dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis or stress axis) has been observed in patients. The direct consequence of such perturbation is an oversecretion of glucocorticoids (GC) associated with an impairment of its receptors (glucocorticoid receptors, GR). These steroids hormones easily penetrate the brain and act in synergy with excitatory amino acids. An overexposure could be highly toxic in limbic structures (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) and contribute in the cognitive decline occurring in AD. GC and GR dysregulations seem to be involved in lots of functions disturbed in AD and a vicious cycle appears, where AD induces HPA axis dysregulation, which in turn potentiates the pathology. This review article presents some preclinical and clinical studies focusing on the HPA axis hormones and their receptors to fight AD. Due to its primordial role in the maintenance of homeostasis, the HPA axis appears as a key-actor in the etiology of AD and a prime target to tackle AD by offering multiple angles of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Canet
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory (MMDN), INSERM, U1198, Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz) Team, EPHE, University of Montpellier, Paris, France
| | - Célia Hernandez
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory (MMDN), INSERM, U1198, Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz) Team, EPHE, University of Montpellier, Paris, France
| | - Charleine Zussy
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory (MMDN), INSERM, U1198, Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz) Team, EPHE, University of Montpellier, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chevallier
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory (MMDN), INSERM, U1198, Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz) Team, EPHE, University of Montpellier, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Desrumaux
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory (MMDN), INSERM, U1198, Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz) Team, EPHE, University of Montpellier, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Givalois
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory (MMDN), INSERM, U1198, Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz) Team, EPHE, University of Montpellier, Paris, France
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20
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Hamden JE, Salehzadeh M, Jalabert C, O'Leary TP, Snyder JS, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Soma KK. Measurement of 11-dehydrocorticosterone in mice, rats and songbirds: Effects of age, sex and stress. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 281:173-182. [PMID: 31145891 PMCID: PMC6751571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are secreted into the blood by the adrenal glands and are also locally-produced by organs such as the lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, and spleen). Corticosterone is the primary circulating GC in many species, including mice, rats and birds. Within lymphoid organs, corticosterone can be locally produced from the inactive metabolite, 11-dehydrocorticosterone (DHC). However, very little is known about endogenous DHC levels, and no immunoassays are currently available to measure DHC. Here, we developed an easy-to-use and inexpensive immunoassay to measure DHC that is accurate, precise, sensitive, and specific. The DHC immunoassay was validated in multiple ways, including comparison with a mass spectrometry assay. After assay validations, we demonstrated the usefulness of this immunoassay by measuring DHC (and corticosterone) in mice, rats and song sparrows. Overall, corticosterone levels were higher than DHC levels across species. In Study 1, using mice, we measured steroids in whole blood and lymphoid organs at postnatal day (PND) 5, PND23, and PND90. Corticosterone and DHC showed distinct tissue-specific patterns across development. In Studies 2 and 3, we measured circulating corticosterone and DHC in adult rats and song sparrows, before and after restraint stress. In rats and song sparrows, restraint stress rapidly increased circulating levels of both steroids. This novel DHC immunoassay revealed major changes in DHC concentrations during development and in response to stress, which have important implications for understanding GC physiology, effects of stress on immune function, and regulation of local GC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Hamden
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melody Salehzadeh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Jalabert
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy P O'Leary
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason S Snyder
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine and Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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21
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Wang Y, Li H, Zhu Q, Li X, Lin Z, Ge RS. The cross talk of adrenal and Leydig cell steroids in Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105386. [PMID: 31152782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid is secreted by adrenal cortex, which binds to intracellular glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors to regulate steroidogenesis-related gene expression and testosterone production in Leydig cells. Glucocorticoid receptor activity shows inhibitory action on Leydig cell steroidogenesis, while mineralocorticoid receptor activity shows the stimulatory action. Leydig cells contain two important glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzymes, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2, regulating the intracellular levels of glucocorticoids by a pre-receptor mechanism. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is a bidirectional enzyme, and its direction is regulated by intracellular NADP+/NADPH redox potential. Leydig cells contain many steroidogenic enzymes, possibly regulating NADP+/NADPH redox potential by coupling with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Here, we review the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase regulation and possible consequences in Leydig cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenkun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Puigoriol-Illamola D, Leiva R, Vázquez-Carrera M, Vázquez S, Griñán-Ferré C, Pallàs M. 11β-HSD1 Inhibition Rescues SAMP8 Cognitive Impairment Induced by Metabolic Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:551-565. [PMID: 31399953 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ageing and obesity have been shown to increase the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides, elevated glucocorticoid (GCs) levels cause metabolic stress and have been associated with the neurodegenerative process. Direct pieces of evidence link the reduction of GCs caused by the inhibition of 11β-HSD type 1 (11β-HSD1) with cognitive improvement. In the present study, we investigated the beneficial effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (i) RL-118 after high-fat diet (HFD) treatment in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). We found an improvement in glucose intolerance induced by HFD in mice treated with RL-118, a significant reduction in 11β-HSD1 and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein levels. Furthermore, specific modifications in the FGF21 activation after treatment with 11β-HSD1i, RL-118, which induced changes in SIRT1/PGC1α/AMPKα pathway, were found. Oxidative stress (OS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as inflammatory markers and microglial activation, were significantly diminished in HFD mice treated with 11β-HSD1i. Remarkably, treatment with 11β-HSD1i altered PERK pathway in both diet groups, increasing autophagy only in HFD mice group. After RL-118 treatment, a decrease in glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3β) activation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, BACE1 protein levels and the product β-CTF were found. Increases in the non-amyloidogenic secretase ADAM10 protein levels and the product sAPPα were found in both treated mice, regardless of the diet. Consequently, beneficial effects on social behaviour and cognitive performance were found in treated mice. Thus, our results support the therapeutic strategy of selective 11β-HSD1i for the treatment of age-related cognitive decline and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Puigoriol-Illamola
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosana Leiva
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Department de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Vázquez-Carrera
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Department de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Baum E, Zhang W, Li S, Cai Z, Holden D, Huang Y. A Novel 18F-Labeled Radioligand for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1): Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation in Nonhuman Primates. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2450-2458. [PMID: 30689943 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to cortisol and controls a key pathway in the regulation of stress. Studies have implicated 11β-HSD1 in metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity, as well as stress-related disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, such as depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously developed [11C]AS2471907 as a PET radiotracer to image 11β-HSD1 in the brain of nonhuman primates and humans. However, the radiosynthesis of [11C]AS2471907 was unreliable and low-yielding. Here, we report the development of the 18F-labeled version [18F]AS2471907, including the synthesis of two iodonium ylide precursors and the optimization of 18F-radiosynthesis. Preliminary PET experiments, composed of a baseline scan of [18F]AS2471907 and a blocking scan with the reversible 11β-HSD1 inhibitor ASP3662 (0.3 mg/kg), was also conducted in a rhesus monkey to verify the pharmacokinetics of [18F]AS2471907 and its specific binding in the brain. The iodonium ylide precursors were prepared in a seven-step synthetic route with an optimized overall yield of ∼2%. [18F]AS2471907 was synthesized in good radiochemical purity, with the ortho regioisomer of iodonium ylide providing greater radiochemical yield as compared with the para regioisomer. In monkey brain, [18F]AS2471907 displayed high uptake and heterogeneous distribution, while administration of the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor ASP3662 significantly reduced radiotracer uptake, thus demonstrating the binding specificity of [18F]AS2471907. Given the longer half-life of F-18 and feasibility for central production and distribution, [18F]AS2471907 holds great promise to be a valuable PET radiotracer to image 11β-HSD1 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Baum
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8048, United States
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Songye Li
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8048, United States
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8048, United States
| | - Daniel Holden
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8048, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8048, United States
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24
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Rekka EA, Kourounakis PN, Pantelidou M. Xenobiotic Metabolising Enzymes: Impact on Pathologic Conditions, Drug Interactions and Drug Design. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:276-291. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190129122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The biotransformation of xenobiotics is a homeostatic defensive response of the
body against bioactive invaders. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, important for the metabolism,
elimination and detoxification of exogenous agents, are found in most tissues and organs and are distinguished
into phase I and phase II enzymes, as well as phase III transporters. The cytochrome P450 superfamily
of enzymes plays a major role in the biotransformation of most xenobiotics as well as in the
metabolism of important endogenous substrates such as steroids and fatty acids. The activity and the
potential toxicity of numerous drugs are strongly influenced by their biotransformation, mainly accomplished
by the cytochrome P450 enzymes, one of the most versatile enzyme systems.
Objective:
In this review, considering the importance of drug metabolising enzymes in health and disease,
some of our previous research results are presented, which, combined with newer findings, may
assist in the elucidation of xenobiotic metabolism and in the development of more efficient drugs.
Conclusion:
Study of drug metabolism is of major importance for the development of drugs and provides
insight into the control of human health. This review is an effort towards this direction and may
find useful applications in related medical interventions or help in the development of more efficient
drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A. Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki- 54124, Greece
| | - Panos N. Kourounakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki- 54124, Greece
| | - Maria Pantelidou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus
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25
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Gallezot JD, Nabulsi N, Henry S, Pracitto R, Planeta B, Ropchan J, Lin SF, Labaree D, Kapinos M, Shirali A, Lara-Jaime T, Gao H, Matuskey D, Walzer M, Marek GJ, Bellaire S, Yuan N, Carson RE, Huang Y. Imaging the Enzyme 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 with PET: Evaluation of the Novel Radiotracer 11C-AS2471907 in Human Brain. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1140-1146. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.219766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Chan TE, Grossman YS, Bloss EB, Janssen WG, Lou W, McEwen BS, Dumitriu D, Morrison JH. Cell-Type Specific Changes in Glial Morphology and Glucocorticoid Expression During Stress and Aging in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:146. [PMID: 29875653 PMCID: PMC5974224 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to stressors is known to produce large-scale remodeling of neurons within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Recent work suggests stress-related forms of structural plasticity can interact with aging to drive distinct patterns of pyramidal cell morphological changes. However, little is known about how other cellular components within PFC might be affected by these challenges. Here, we examined the effects of stress exposure and aging on medial prefrontal cortical glial subpopulations. Interestingly, we found no changes in glial morphology with stress exposure but a profound morphological change with aging. Furthermore, we found an upregulation of non-nuclear glucocorticoid receptors (GR) with aging, while nuclear levels remained largely unaffected. Both changes are selective for microglia, with no stress or aging effect found in astrocytes. Lastly, we show that the changes found within microglia inversely correlated with the density of dendritic spines on layer III pyramidal cells. These findings suggest microglia play a selective role in synaptic health within the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yael S. Grossman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erik B. Bloss
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, United States
| | - William G. Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wendy Lou
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dani Dumitriu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - John H. Morrison
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- California National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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27
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11β-HSD1 Inhibition by RL-118 Promotes Autophagy and Correlates with Reduced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, Enhancing Cognitive Performance in SAMP8 Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8904-8915. [PMID: 29611102 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Elevated glucocorticoid (GC) exposure is widely accepted as a key factor in the age-related cognitive decline in rodents and humans. 11β-HSD1 is a key enzyme in the GCs pathway, catalyzing the conversion of 11β-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone in mice, with possible implications in neurodegenerative processes and cognitive impairment. Here, we determined the effect of a new 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, RL-118, administered to 12-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice with neuropathological AD-like hallmarks and widely used as a rodent model of cognitive dysfunction. Behavioral tests (open field and object location) and neurodegeneration molecular markers were studied. After RL-118 treatment, increased locomotor activity and cognitive performance were found. Likewise, we found changes in hippocampal autophagy markers such as Beclin1, LC3B, AMPKα, and mTOR, indicating a progression in the autophagy process. In line with autophagy increase, a diminution in phosphorylated tau species (Ser 396 and Ser 404) jointly with an increase in ADAM10 and sAPPα indicated that an improvement in removing the abnormal proteins by autophagy might be implicated in the neuroprotective role of the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. In addition, gene expression of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory markers, such as Hmox1, Aldh2, Il-1β, and Ccl3, were reduced in old treated mice in comparison to that of the control group. Consistent with this, we further demonstrate a significant correlation with autophagy markers and cognitive improvement and significant inverse correlation with autophagy, OS, and neuroinflammation markers. We concluded that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by RL-118 prevented neurodegenerative processes and cognitive decline, acting on autophagy process, being an additional neuroprotective mechanism not described previously.
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28
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Wheelan N, Kenyon CJ, Harris AP, Cairns C, Al Dujaili E, Seckl JR, Yau JL. Midlife stress alters memory and mood-related behaviors in old age: Role of locally activated glucocorticoids. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:13-22. [PMID: 29306773 PMCID: PMC5890827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress during midlife associates with subsequent age-related cognitive decline and may increase the vulnerability to develop psychiatric conditions. Increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity has been implicated in pathogenesis though any causative role for glucocorticoids is unestablished. This study investigated the contribution of local glucocorticoid regeneration by the intracellular enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), in persisting midlife stress-induced behavioral effects in mice. Middle-aged (10 months old) 11β-HSD1-deficient mice and wild-type congenic controls were randomly assigned to 28 days of chronic unpredictable stress or left undisturbed (non-stressed). All mice underwent behavioral testing at the end of the stress/non-stress period and again 6-7 months later. Chronic stress impaired spatial memory in middle-aged wild-type mice. The effects, involving a wide spectrum of behavioral modalities, persisted for 6-7 months after cessation of stress into early senescence. Enduring effects after midlife stress included impaired spatial memory, enhanced contextual fear memory, impaired fear extinction, heightened anxiety, depressive-like behavior, as well as reduced hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression. In contrast, 11β-HSD1 deficient mice resisted both immediate and enduring effects of chronic stress, despite similar stress-induced increases in systemic glucocorticoid activity during midlife stress. In conclusion, chronic stress in midlife exerts persisting effects leading to cognitive and affective dysfunction in old age via mechanisms that depend, at least in part, on brain glucocorticoids generated locally by 11β-HSD1. This finding supports selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic target to ameliorate the long-term consequences of stress-related psychiatric disorders in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Kenyon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anjanette P. Harris
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Carolynn Cairns
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emad Al Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce L.W. Yau
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom,Corresponding author at: Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Verma M, Kipari TMJ, Zhang Z, Man TY, Forster T, Homer NZM, Seckl JR, Holmes MC, Chapman KE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 deficiency alters brain energy metabolism in acute systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:223-234. [PMID: 29162555 PMCID: PMC5871395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically elevated glucocorticoid levels impair cognition and are pro-inflammatory in the brain. Deficiency or inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11β-HSD1), which converts inactive into active glucocorticoids, protects against glucocorticoid-associated chronic stress- or age-related cognitive impairment. Here, we hypothesised that 11β-HSD1 deficiency attenuates the brain cytokine response to inflammation. Because inflammation is associated with altered energy metabolism, we also examined the effects of 11β-HSD1 deficiency upon hippocampal energy metabolism. Inflammation was induced in 11β-HSD1 deficient (Hsd11b1Del/Del) and C57BL/6 control mice by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS reduced circulating neutrophil and monocyte numbers and increased plasma corticosterone levels equally in C57BL/6 and Hsd11b1Del/Del mice, suggesting a similar peripheral inflammatory response. However, the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in the hippocampus was attenuated in Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Principal component analysis of mRNA expression revealed a distinct metabolic response to LPS in hippocampus of Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Expression of Pfkfb3 and Ldha, key contributors to the Warburg effect, showed greater induction in Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Consistent with increased glycolytic flux, levels of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate were reduced in hippocampus of LPS injected Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Expression of Sdha and Sdhb, encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase/complex II that determines mitochondrial reserve respiratory capacity, was induced specifically in hippocampus of LPS injected Hsd11b1Del/Del mice, together with increased levels of its product, fumarate. These data suggest 11β-HSD1 deficiency attenuates the hippocampal pro-inflammatory response to LPS, associated with increased capacity for aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial ATP generation. This may provide better metabolic support and be neuroprotective during systemic inflammation or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Verma
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tiina M J Kipari
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Zhenguang Zhang
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tak Yung Man
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Megan C Holmes
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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30
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Leiva R, McBride A, Binnie M, Webster SP, Vázquez S. Exploring N-acyl-4-azatetracyclo[5.3.2.0 2,6.0 8,10]dodec-11-enes as 11β-HSD1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030536. [PMID: 29495550 PMCID: PMC6017749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently found that a cyclohexanecarboxamide derived from 4-azatetracyclo[5.3.2.02,6.08,10]dodec-11-ene displayed low nanomolar inhibition of 11β-HSD1. In continuation of our efforts to discover potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, herein we explored several replacements for the cyclohexane ring. Some derivatives exhibited potent inhibitory activity against human 11β-HSD1, although with low selectivity over the isoenzyme 11β-HSD2, and poor microsomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Leiva
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrew McBride
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Margaret Binnie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Scott P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Quantification of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 kinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of inhibitors in brain using mass spectrometry imaging and stable-isotope tracers in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 148:88-99. [PMID: 29248595 PMCID: PMC5821700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1; EC 1.1.1.146) generates active glucocorticoid hormones. Small molecule inhibitors have been developed to target 11β-HSD1 for the treatment of dementia; these must enter brain subregions, such as the hippocampus, to be effective. We previously reported mass spectrometry imaging measurement of murine tissue steroids, and deuterated steroid tracer infusion quantification of 11β-HSD1 turnover in humans. Here, these tools are combined to assess tissue pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor that accesses the brain. [9,11,12,12-2H]4-Cortisol was infused (1.75 mg/day) by minipump for 2 days into C57Bl6 mice (male, age 12 weeks, n = 3/group) after which an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (UE2316) was administered (25 mg/kg oral gavage) and animals culled immediately or 1, 2 and 4 h post-dosing. Mice with global genetic disruption of Hsd11B1 were studied similarly. Turnover of d4-cortisol to d3-cortisone (by loss of the 11-deuterium) and regeneration of d3-cortisol (by 11β-HSD1-mediated reduction) were assessed in plasma, liver and brain using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization coupled to Fourier transform cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The tracer d4-cortisol was detected in liver and brain following a two day infusion. Turnover to d3-cortisone and on to d3-cortisol was slower in brain than liver. In contrast, d3-cortisol was not detected in mice lacking 11β-HSD1. UE2316 impaired d3-cortisol generation measured in whole body (assessed in plasma; 53.1% suppression in rate of appearance in d3-cortisol), liver and brain. Differential inhibition in brain regions was observed; active glucocorticoids were suppressed to a greater in extent hippocampus or cortex than in amygdala. These data confirm that the contribution of 11β-HSD1 to the tissue glucocorticoid pool, and the consequences of enzyme inhibition on active glucocorticoid concentrations, are substantial, including in the brain. They further demonstrate the value of mass spectrometry imaging in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.
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Leiva R, Griñan-Ferré C, Seira C, Valverde E, McBride A, Binnie M, Pérez B, Luque FJ, Pallàs M, Bidon-Chanal A, Webster SP, Vázquez S. Design, synthesis and in vivo study of novel pyrrolidine-based 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for age-related cognitive dysfunction. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:412-428. [PMID: 28818766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that treatment with 11β-HSD1 inhibitors provides a novel approach to deal with age-related cognitive dysfunctions, including Alzheimer's disease. In this work we report potent 11β-HSD1 inhibitors featuring unexplored pyrrolidine-based polycyclic substituents. A selected candidate administered to 12-month-old SAMP8 mice for four weeks prevented memory deficits and displayed a neuroprotective action. This is the first time that 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been studied in this broadly-used mouse model of accelerated senescence and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Leiva
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Christian Griñan-Ferré
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Constantí Seira
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Elena Valverde
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Andrew McBride
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Binnie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Axel Bidon-Chanal
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Scott P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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Doig CL, Fletcher RS, Morgan SA, McCabe EL, Larner DP, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM, Philp A, Lavery GG. 11β-HSD1 Modulates the Set Point of Brown Adipose Tissue Response to Glucocorticoids in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1964-1976. [PMID: 28368470 PMCID: PMC5460930 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent regulators of energy metabolism. Chronic GC exposure suppresses brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic capacity in mice, with evidence for a similar effect in humans. Intracellular GC levels are regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, which can amplify circulating GC concentrations. Therefore, 11β-HSD1 could modulate the impact of GCs on BAT function. This study investigated how 11β-HSD1 regulates the molecular architecture of BAT in the context of GC excess and aging. Circulating GC excess was induced in 11β-HSD1 knockout (KO) and wild-type mice by supplementing drinking water with 100 μg/mL corticosterone, and the effects on molecular markers of BAT function and mitochondrial activity were assessed. Brown adipocyte primary cultures were used to examine cell autonomous consequences of 11β-HSD1 deficiency. Molecular markers of BAT function were also examined in aged 11β-HSD1 KO mice to model lifetime GC exposure. BAT 11β-HSD1 expression and activity were elevated in response to GC excess and with aging. 11β-HSD1 KO BAT resisted the suppression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitochondrial respiratory chain subunit proteins normally imposed by GC excess. Furthermore, brown adipocytes from 11β-HSD1 KO mice had elevated basal mitochondrial function and were able to resist GC-mediated repression of activity. BAT from aged 11β-HSD1 KO mice showed elevated UCP1 protein and mitochondrial content, and a favorable profile of BAT function. These data reveal a novel mechanism in which increased 11β-HSD1 expression, in the context of GC excess and aging, impairs the molecular and metabolic function of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L. Doig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S. Fletcher
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A. Morgan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. McCabe
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Dean P. Larner
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy W. Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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Martins CS, Elias D, Colli LM, Couri CE, Souza MCLA, Moreira AC, Foss MC, Elias LLK, de Castro M. HPA axis dysregulation, NR3C1 polymorphisms and glucocorticoid receptor isoforms imbalance in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 27507764 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metabolic syndrome (MetS) shares several similarities with hypercortisolism. OBJECTIVES To evaluate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis sensitivity to dexamethasone (DEX), NR3C1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms and cytokines in peripheral immune cells of MetS patients and controls. DESIGN Prospective study with 40 MetS patients and 40 controls was conducted at the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital. METHODS Plasma and salivary cortisol were measured in basal conditions and after 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg of DEX given at 2300 h. In addition, p.N363S (rs6195), p.ER22/23EK (rs6189-6190), and BclI (rs41423247) SNPs were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction allelic discrimination. Exons 3 to 9 and exon/intron boundaries of NR3C1 were sequenced. GR isoforms and cytokines (IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IFNγ, TNFα) expression were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Plasma and salivary cortisol (nmol/L) after 1-mg DEX were higher in MetS patients compared with controls (PF: 70.2 ± 17.3 vs 37.9 ± 2.6, P = .02, and SF: 4.9 ± 1.7 vs 2.2 ± 0.3, P < .0001). After all DEX doses, a lower number of MetS patients suppressed plasma and salivary cortisol compared with controls. The BclI genotypic frequencies (%) differed between patients (CC:56/CG:44) and controls (CC:50/CG:32.5/GG:17.5) (P = .03). The GRβ was overexpressed (fold = 100.0; P = .002) and IL4 (fold = -265.0; P < .0001) was underexpressed in MetS. CONCLUSION MetS patients exhibited decreased HPA sensitivity to glucocorticoid feedback. Moreover, the BclI polymorphism lower frequency, GRβ overexpression, and IL4 underexpression might underlie the molecular mechanism of glucocorticoid resistance in MetS. Thus, HPA axis dysregulation might contribute to MetS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Silva Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Elias
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Machado Colli
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Couri
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Carlos L A Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayrton C Moreira
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton C Foss
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Webster SP, McBride A, Binnie M, Sooy K, Seckl JR, Andrew R, Pallin TD, Hunt HJ, Perrior TR, Ruffles VS, Ketelbey JW, Boyd A, Walker BR. Selection and early clinical evaluation of the brain-penetrant 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor UE2343 (Xanamem™). Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:396-408. [PMID: 28012176 PMCID: PMC5301048 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Reducing glucocorticoid exposure in the brain via intracellular inhibition of the cortisol‐regenerating enzyme 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD1) has emerged as a therapeutic strategy to treat cognitive impairment in early Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to discover novel, brain‐penetrant 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors as potential medicines for the treatment of AD. Experimental Approach Medicinal chemistry optimization of a series of amido‐thiophene analogues was performed to identify potent and selective 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors with optimized oral pharmacokinetics able to access the brain. Single and multiple ascending dose studies were conducted in healthy human subjects to determine the safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the candidate compound. Results UE2343 was identified as a potent, orally bioavailable, brain‐penetrant 11β‐HSD1 inhibitor and selected for clinical studies. No major safety issues occurred in human subjects. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone was elevated (a marker of systemic enzyme inhibition) at doses of 10 mg and above, but plasma cortisol levels were unchanged. Following multiple doses of UE2343, plasma levels were approximately dose proportional and the terminal t1/2 ranged from 10 to 14 h. The urinary tetrahydrocortisols/tetrahydrocortisone ratio was reduced at doses of 10 mg and above, indicating maximal 11β‐HSD1 inhibition in the liver. Concentrations of UE2343 in the CSF were 33% of free plasma levels, and the peak concentration in CSF was ninefold greater than the UE2343 IC50. Conclusions and Implications UE2343 is safe, well tolerated and reaches the brain at concentrations predicted to inhibit 11β‐HSD1. UE2343 is therefore a suitable candidate to test the hypothesis that 11β‐HSD1 inhibition in brain improves memory in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew McBride
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret Binnie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Sooy
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Hazel J Hunt
- Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alan Boyd
- Alan Boyd Consultants Ltd, Crewe, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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36
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Caughey S, Harris AP, Seckl JR, Holmes MC, Yau JLW. Forebrain-Specific Transgene Rescue of 11β-HSD1 Associates with Impaired Spatial Memory and Reduced Hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Levels in Aged 11β-HSD1 Deficient Mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 27859809 PMCID: PMC5244685 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking the intracellular glucocorticoid-regenerating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) are protected from age-related spatial memory deficits. 11β-HSD1 is expressed predominantly in the brain, liver and adipose tissue. Reduced glucocorticoid levels in the brain in the absence of 11β-HSD1 may underlie the improved memory in aged 11β-HSD1 deficient mice. However, the improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitisation and cardioprotective lipid profile associated with reduced peripheral glucocorticoid regeneration may potentially contribute to the cognitive phenotype of aged 11β-HSD1 deficient mice. In the present study, transgenic mice with forebrain-specific overexpression of 11β-HSD1 (Tg) were intercrossed with global 11β-HSD1 knockout mice (HSD1KO) to examine the influence of forebrain and peripheral 11β-HSD1 activity on spatial memory in aged mice. Transgene-mediated delivery of 11β-HSD1 to the hippocampus and cortex of aged HSD1KO mice reversed the improved spatial memory retention in the Y-maze but not spatial learning in the watermaze. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA levels in the hippocampus of aged HSD1KO mice were increased compared to aged wild-type mice. Rescue of forebrain 11β-HSD1 reduced BDNF mRNA in aged HSD1KO mice to levels comparable to aged wild-type mice. These findings indicate that 11β-HSD1 regenerated glucocorticoids in the forebrain and decreased levels of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus play a role in spatial memory deficits in aged wild-type mice, although 11β-HSD1 activity in peripheral tissues may also contribute to spatial learning impairments in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Caughey
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A P Harris
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J R Seckl
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M C Holmes
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J L W Yau
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
The innate immune response is a coordinated set of reactions involving cells of myeloid lineage and a network of signaling molecules. Such a response takes place in the CNS during trauma, stroke, spinal cord injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that macrophages/microglia are the cells that perpetuate the progressive neuronal damage. However, there is accumulating evidence that these cells and their secreted proinflammatory molecules have more beneficial effects than detrimental consequences for the neuronal elements. Indeed, a timely controlled innate immune response may limit toxicity in swiftly eliminating foreign materials and debris that are known to interfere with recovery and regeneration. Each step of the immune cascade is under the tight control of stimulatory and inhibitory signals. Glucocorticoids (GCs) act as the critical negative feedback on all myeloid cells, including those present within the brain parenchyma. Because too little is like too much, both an inappropriate feedback of GCs on microglia and high circulating GC levels in stressed individuals have been associated with deleterious consequences for the brain. In this review, the authors discuss both sides of the story with a particular emphasis on the neuro-protective role of endogenous GCs during immune challenges and the problems in determining whether GCs can be a good therapy for the treatment of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaias Glezer
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Qiu J, Dunbar DR, Noble J, Cairns C, Carter R, Kelly V, Chapman KE, Seckl JR, Yau JLW. Decreased Npas4 and Arc mRNA Levels in the Hippocampus of Aged Memory-Impaired Wild-Type But Not Memory Preserved 11β-HSD1 Deficient Mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26563879 PMCID: PMC4737280 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the glucocorticoid-regenerating enzyme 11β-HSD1 resist age-related spatial memory impairment. To investigate the mechanisms and pathways involved, we used microarrays to identify differentially expressed hippocampal genes that associate with cognitive ageing and 11β-HSD1. Aged wild-type mice were separated into memory-impaired and unimpaired relative to young controls according to their performance in the Y-maze. All individual aged 11β-HSD1-deficient mice showed intact spatial memory. The majority of differentially expressed hippocampal genes were increased with ageing (e.g. immune/inflammatory response genes) with no genotype differences. However, the neuronal-specific transcription factor, Npas4, and immediate early gene, Arc, were reduced (relative to young) in the hippocampus of memory-impaired but not unimpaired aged wild-type or aged 11β-HSD1-deficient mice. A quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation confirmed reduced Npas4 and Arc mRNA expression in memory-impaired aged wild-type mice. These findings suggest that 11β-HSD1 may contribute to the decline in Npas4 and Arc mRNA levels associated with memory impairment during ageing, and that decreased activity of synaptic plasticity pathways involving Npas4 and Arc may, in part, underlie the memory deficits seen in cognitively-impaired aged wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qiu
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D R Dunbar
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Noble
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Cairns
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Carter
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - V Kelly
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K E Chapman
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J R Seckl
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J L W Yau
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Sooy K, Noble J, McBride A, Binnie M, Yau JLW, Seckl JR, Walker BR, Webster SP. Cognitive and Disease-Modifying Effects of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibition in Male Tg2576 Mice, a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4592-603. [PMID: 26305888 PMCID: PMC4655221 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids has been linked to age-related cognitive decline and may play a role in Alzheimer's disease. In the brain, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) amplifies intracellular glucocorticoid levels. We show that short-term treatment of aged, cognitively impaired C57BL/6 mice with the potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor UE2316 improves memory, including after intracerebroventricular drug administration to the central nervous system alone. In the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, UE2316 treatment of mice aged 14 months for 4 weeks also decreased the number of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the cerebral cortex, associated with a selective increase in local insulin-degrading enzyme (involved in Aβ breakdown and known to be glucocorticoid regulated). Chronic treatment of young Tg2576 mice with UE2316 for up to 13 months prevented cognitive decline but did not prevent Aβ plaque formation. We conclude that reducing glucocorticoid regeneration in the brain improves cognition independently of reduced Aβ plaque pathology and that 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have potential as cognitive enhancers in age-associated memory impairment and Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sooy
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - June Noble
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McBride
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Binnie
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce L W Yau
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P Webster
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (K.S., J.N., A.M., M.B., J.L.W.Y., J.R.S., B.R.W., S.P.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (J.L.W.Y., J.R.S.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Wyrwoll C, Keith M, Noble J, Stevenson PL, Bombail V, Crombie S, Evans LC, Bailey MA, Wood E, Seckl JR, Holmes MC. Fetal brain 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 selectively determines programming of adult depressive-like behaviors and cognitive function, but not anxiety behaviors in male mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 59:59-70. [PMID: 26036451 PMCID: PMC4510145 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress or elevated glucocorticoids during sensitive windows of fetal development increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in adult rodents and humans, a phenomenon known as glucocorticoid programming. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which catalyses rapid inactivation of glucocorticoids in the placenta, controls access of maternal glucocorticoids to the fetal compartment, placing it in a key position to modulate glucocorticoid programming of behavior. However, the importance of the high expression of 11β-HSD2 within the midgestational fetal brain is unknown. To examine this, a brain-specific knockout of 11β-HSD2 (HSD2BKO) was generated and compared to wild-type littermates. HSD2BKO have markedly diminished fetal brain 11β-HSD2, but intact fetal body and placental 11β-HSD2 and normal fetal and placental growth. Despite normal fetal plasma corticosterone, HSD2BKO exhibit elevated fetal brain corticosterone levels at midgestation. As adults, HSD2BKO show depressive-like behavior and have cognitive impairments. However, unlike complete feto-placental deficiency, HSD2BKO show no anxiety-like behavioral deficits. The clear mechanistic separation of the programmed components of depression and cognition from anxiety implies distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis, affording potential opportunities for stratified interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Wyrwoll
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Marianne Keith
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - June Noble
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paula L. Stevenson
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Bombail
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Crombie
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C. Evans
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Bailey
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wood
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Megan C. Holmes
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Corresponding author at: Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 131 242 6737.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Pallet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée (NutriNeuro), UMR, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée (NutriNeuro), UMR, Bordeaux, France
- INP, Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée (NutriNeuro), UMR, Bordeaux, France
| | - K. Touyarot
- Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée (NutriNeuro), UMR, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée (NutriNeuro), UMR, Bordeaux, France
- INP, Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée (NutriNeuro), UMR, Bordeaux, France
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Kilgour AHM, Semple S, Marshall I, Andrews P, Andrew R, Walker BR. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the brain does not contribute to systemic interconversion of cortisol and cortisone in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:483-9. [PMID: 25393644 PMCID: PMC4318893 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) catalyses regeneration of cortisol in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, making a substantial contribution to circulating cortisol as demonstrated in humans by combining stable isotope tracer infusion with arteriovenous sampling. In the brain, 11βHSD1 is a potential therapeutic target implicated in age-associated cognitive dysfunction. We aimed to quantify brain 11βHSD1 activity, both to assess its contribution to systemic cortisol/cortisone turnover and to develop a tool for measuring 11βHSD1 in dementia and following administration of 11βHSD1 inhibitors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS With ethical approval and informed consent, 8 healthy men aged 38.1 years (sd 16.5) underwent an ECG-gated phase-contrast magnetic resonance scan to quantify internal jugular vein blood flow and were infused with 1,2 [(2)H]2-cortisone and 9,11,12,12 [(2)H]4-cortisol for 3 h before samples were obtained from the internal jugular vein and an arterialized hand vein. Steroids were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS Steady state tracer enrichments were achieved and systemic indices of cortisol/cortisone interconversion were consistent with previous studies in healthy men. However, there was no measurable release or production of cortisol, 9,12,12 [(2)H]3-cortisol or cortisone into the internal jugular vein. CONCLUSIONS Although cerebral 11βHSD1 reductase activity may be greater in cognitively impaired patients, in healthy men any contribution of 11βHSD1 in the brain to systemic cortisol/cortisone turnover is negligible. The influence of 11βHSD1 in the brain is likely confined to subregions, notably the hippocampus. Alternative approaches are required to quantify pharmacodynamics effects of 11βHSD1 inhibitors in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixe H M Kilgour
- MRC Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology (A.H.M.K.), Geriatric Medicine Unit, and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (S.S., I.M., P.A.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Imaging Centre (S.S.) and BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.S., R.A., B.R.W.), Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Critical Care (P.A.), Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian University Hospitals Division, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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43
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Yau JLW, Noble J, Kenyon CJ, Ludwig M, Seckl JR. Diurnal and stress-induced intra-hippocampal corticosterone rise attenuated in 11β-HSD1-deficient mice: a microdialysis study in young and aged mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:787-92. [PMID: 25614240 PMCID: PMC4440343 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) locally regenerates active glucocorticoids from their inert forms thereby amplifying intracellular levels within target tissues including the brain. We previously showed greater increases in intra-hippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels upon Y-maze testing in aged wild-type than in 11β-HSD1(-/-) mice coinciding with impaired and intact spatial memory, respectively. Here we examined whether ageing influences 11β-HSD1 regulation of CORT in the dorsal hippocampus under basal conditions during the diurnal cycle and following stress. Intra-hippocampal CORT levels measured by in vivo microdialysis in freely behaving wild-type mice displayed a diurnal variation with peak levels in the evening that were significantly elevated with ageing. In contrast, the diurnal rise in intra-hippocampal CORT levels was greatly diminished in 11β-HSD1(-/-) mice and there was no rise with ageing; basal intra-hippocampal CORT levels were similar to wild-type controls. Furthermore, a short (3 min) swim stress induced a longer lasting increase in intra-hippocampal CORT levels in wild-type mice than in 11β-HSD1(-/-) mice despite no genotypic differences in elevation of plasma CORT. These data indicate that 11β-HSD1 activity contributes substantially to diurnal and stress-induced increases in hippocampal CORT levels. This contribution is even greater with ageing. Thus, 11β-HSD1 inhibition may be an attractive target for treating cognitive impairments associated with stress or ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce L W Yau
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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44
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Robb GR, Boyd S, Davies CD, Dossetter AG, Goldberg FW, Kemmitt PD, Scott JS, Swales JG. Design of pyrazolo-pyrimidines as 11β-HSD1 inhibitors through optimisation of molecular electrostatic potential. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient lead optimisation through quantification of the molecular electrostatic potential using quantum mechanics.
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45
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Wheelan N, Webster SP, Kenyon CJ, Caughey S, Walker BR, Holmes MC, Seckl JR, Yau JLW. Short-term inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 reversibly improves spatial memory but persistently impairs contextual fear memory in aged mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 91:71-6. [PMID: 25497454 PMCID: PMC4389269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
High glucocorticoid levels induced by stress enhance the memory of fearful events and may contribute to the development of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. In contrast, elevated glucocorticoids associated with ageing impair spatial memory. We have previously shown that pharmacological inhibition of the intracellular glucocorticoid-amplifying enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) improves spatial memory in aged mice. However, it is not known whether inhibition of 11β-HSD1 will have any beneficial effects on contextual fear memories in aged mice. Here, we examined the effects of UE2316, a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor which accesses the brain, on both spatial and contextual fear memories in aged mice using a vehicle-controlled crossover study design. Short-term UE2316 treatment improved spatial memory in aged mice, an effect which was reversed when UE2316 was substituted with vehicle. In contrast, contextual fear memory induced by foot-shock conditioning was significantly reduced by UE2316 in a non-reversible manner. When the order of treatment was reversed following extinction of the original fear memory, and a second foot-shock conditioning was given in a novel context, UE2316 treated aged mice (previously on vehicle) now showed increased fear memory compared to vehicle-treated aged mice (previously on UE2316). Renewal of the original extinguished fear memory triggered by exposure to a new environmental context may explain these effects. Thus 11β-HSD1 inhibition reverses spatial memory impairments with ageing while reducing the strength and persistence of new contextual fear memories. Potentially this could help prevent anxiety-related disorders in vulnerable elderly individuals. Aged mice were treated with UE2316 using a vehicle-controlled crossover design. Short-term UE2316 treatment improves spatial memory in a reversible manner. Contextual fear memory retention was impaired with UE2316. Contextual fear memory effects persisted following reversal of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott P Webster
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Caughey
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Megan C Holmes
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joyce L W Yau
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Schober K, Ondruschka B, Dreßler J, Abend M. Detection of hypoxia markers in the cerebellum after a traumatic frontal cortex injury: a human postmortem gene expression analysis. Int J Legal Med 2014; 129:701-7. [PMID: 25432860 PMCID: PMC4475240 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-014-1129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complex and induces various biological pathways in all brain regions that contribute to bad outcomes. The cerebellar hypoxia after a frontal cortex injury may potentiate the pathophysiological impacts of TBI. Therefore, a gene expression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of hypoxia on TBIs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Total RNA, including microRNAs, was isolated from the cerebellum of individuals who had died from severe frontal cortex injuries or due to natural causes of death (reference group). RESULTS From a total of 19,596 genes, an average of 59.56% messenger RNAs (mRNAs) appeared expressed with 42 of them showing significant >2-fold differences of upregulated (n = 18) and downregulated (n = 24) genes. The validity of 14 candidate genes (with low p values and high fold differences or based on cited literature) was confirmed using qRT-PCR (Spearman correlation r(2) = 0.93). Only four genes appeared to be either upregulated (FOSB and IL6) or downregulated (HSD11B1 and HSPA12B). From a total of 667 microRNAs, altogether, 248 microRNAs appeared expressed with 13 of them showing significant differences in the mean gene expression. The combination of two mRNAs (HSPA12B/FOSB or IL6/HSD11B1) or two microRNAs (either miR-138/miR-744 or miR-195/miR-324-5p) completely discriminated both groups, a finding unaltered by potential confounders such as age at biosampling, survival time, and the postmortem interval. CONCLUSIONS Cerebellar hypoxia markers are important to understand the pathophysiology of TBIs and could be used for therapeutic strategies or forensic purposes, e.g., to assess the severity of a brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schober
- German Air Force Center for Aerospace Medicine, Postfach 1264/KFL, 82242, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany,
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47
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An G, Liu W, Katz DA, Marek GJ, Awni W, Dutta S. Population pharmacokinetics of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor ABT-384 in healthy volunteers following single and multiple dose regimens. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:417-29. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua An
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - David A. Katz
- Neuroscience Clinical Development; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - Gerard J. Marek
- Neuroscience Clinical Development; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - Walid Awni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - Sandeep Dutta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
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48
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Yau JLW, Wheelan N, Noble J, Walker BR, Webster SP, Kenyon CJ, Ludwig M, Seckl JR. Intrahippocampal glucocorticoids generated by 11β-HSD1 affect memory in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:334-43. [PMID: 25109766 PMCID: PMC4706164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) locally amplifies active glucocorticoids within specific tissues including in brain. In the hippocampus, 11β-HSD1 messenger RNA increases with aging. Here, we report significantly greater increases in intrahippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels in aged wild-type (WT) mice during the acquisition and retrieval trials in a Y-maze than age-matched 11β-HSD1−/− mice, corresponding to impaired and intact spatial memory, respectively. Acute stress applied to young WT mice led to increases in intrahippocampal CORT levels similar to the effects of aging and impaired retrieval of spatial memory. 11β-HSD1−/− mice resisted the stress-induced memory impairment. Pharmacologic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 abolished increases in intrahippocampal CORT levels during the Y-maze trials and prevented spatial memory impairments in aged WT mice. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that dynamic increases in hippocampal 11β-HSD1 regenerated CORT levels during learning and retrieval play a key role in age- and stress-associated impairments of spatial memory. We followed intrahippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels in mice during memory testing in a Y-maze. Aged 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1−/−) mice resists age-related spatial memory decline in the Y-maze. A lower dynamic rise in intrahippocampal CORT levels associates with better memory. Acute stress increases intrahippocampal CORT and impairs memory in young mice. 11β-HSD1 inhibition reduces intrahippocampal CORT and improves memory in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce L W Yau
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - June Noble
- Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott P Webster
- Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mike Ludwig
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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49
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Sarabdjitsingh RA, Zhou M, Yau JL, Webster SP, Walker BR, Seckl JR, Joëls M, Krugers HJ. Inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 prevents stress effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and impairs contextual fear conditioning. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Anderson A, Walker BR. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Drugs 2014; 73:1385-93. [PMID: 23990334 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Over 170 new compounds targeting 11β-HSD1 have been developed. This article reviews the current published literature on compounds that have reached phase II clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes, and summarises the preclinical evidence that such agents may be useful for associated conditions, including peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease and cognitive decline. In clinical trials, 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been well tolerated and have improved glycaemic control, lipid profile and blood pressure, and induced modest weight loss. The magnitude of the effects are small relative to other agents, so that further development of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the primary therapeutic indication of type 2 diabetes has stalled. Ongoing programmes are focused on additional benefits for cognitive function and other cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Anderson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
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