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Banks LB, Sklarz T, Gohil M, O'Leary C, Behrens EM, Sun H, Chen YH, Koretzky GA, Jordan MS. Akt2 deficiency impairs Th17 differentiation, augments Th2 differentiation, and alters the peripheral response to immunization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.598023. [PMID: 38915532 PMCID: PMC11195075 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.598023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Akt1 and Akt2, isoforms of the serine threonine kinase Akt, are essential for T cell development. However, their role in peripheral T cell differentiation remains undefined. Using mice with germline deletions of either Akt1 or Akt2, we found that both isoforms are important for Th17 differentiation, although Akt2 loss had a greater impact than loss of Akt1. In contrast to defective IL-17 production, Akt2 -/- T cells exhibited enhanced IL-4 production in vitro under Th2 polarizing conditions. In vivo , Akt2 -/- mice displayed significantly diminished IL-17A and GM-CSF production following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). This dampened response was associated with further alterations in Th cell differentiation including decreased IFNγ production but preserved IL-4 production, and preferential expansion of regulatory T cells compared to non-regulatory CD4 T cells. Taken together, we identify Akt2 as an important signaling molecule in regulating peripheral CD4 T cell responses.
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2
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Palma MS, Perez SR, Husain A, Bhandari D. Substrate preference of protein kinase B isoforms can vary depending on the cell line. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298322. [PMID: 38502658 PMCID: PMC10950239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many proteins in higher eukaryotes, especially those with crucial functions, have multiple isoforms with redundant roles providing protection against potential functional deficiencies in one isoform. However, these isoforms can also have some unique roles. Protein kinase B, also known as Akt, is one such protein that has three isoforms encoded on different genes. Due to high sequence similarity and the general lack of specific reagents, most studies on Akt generalize their findings and do not distinguish between the isoforms. Using an established chemical genetic strategy and a set of known Akt substrates, this work explores substrate specificity of Akt isoforms under steady state conditions in two commonly used cell lines. This strategy can be applied to study any Akt isoform-specific substrates of interest in any cell line of choice as long as the cell line can be transfected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel S. Palma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Samantha R. Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Aida Husain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Deepali Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
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3
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Liu L, Luo Z, Mai Y, Lu Y, Sun Z, Chen J, Zeng T, Chen L, Liu Z, Yang H, Xu Q, Lan L, Tang C. Dexmedetomidine relieves inflammatory pain by enhancing GABAergic synaptic activity in pyramidal neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109710. [PMID: 37683885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyramidal neuron (Pyn) hyperactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in the modulation of pain. Previous studies indicate that the activation of α2 adrenoceptors (α2-ARs) by dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a safe and effective means of alleviating multiple types of pain. Here, we showed that systemically administered DEX can ameliorate the inflammatory pain induced by hindpaw injection of formalin (FA) and further examined the molecular and synaptic mechanisms of this DEX-elicited antinociceptive effect. We found that FA caused an increase in c-Fos expression in contralateral layer 2/3 (L2/3) ACC, and that intra-ACC infusion of DEX could also relieve phase 2 inflammatory pain behavior. DEX elicited an increase in the amplitude and frequency of miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSCs) and evoked IPSC amplitude, as well as a reduction in the hyperexcitability and both paired-pulse and excitation/inhibition ratios in contralateral L2/3 ACC Pyns of FA mice. These electrophysiological effects were associated with the upregulation of GABA A receptor (GABAAR) subunits. The interaction of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) with GABAAR subunits increased in the ACC following administration of DEX. These results suggest that DEX treatment reduces hyperactivity and enhances GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission in ACC Pyns, which produces analgesic effects by increasing GABAAR levels and activating the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhihao Luo
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanying Mai
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510130, China
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Tianyu Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Lan Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China; South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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4
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Zhou W, Li W, Wang S, Salovska B, Hu Z, Tao B, Di Y, Punyamurtula U, Turk BE, Sessa WC, Liu Y. An optogenetic-phosphoproteomic study reveals dynamic Akt1 signaling profiles in endothelial cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3803. [PMID: 37365174 PMCID: PMC10293293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase AKT is a central node in cell signaling. While aberrant AKT activation underlies the development of a variety of human diseases, how different patterns of AKT-dependent phosphorylation dictate downstream signaling and phenotypic outcomes remains largely enigmatic. Herein, we perform a systems-level analysis that integrates methodological advances in optogenetics, mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics, and bioinformatics to elucidate how different intensity, duration, and pattern of Akt1 stimulation lead to distinct temporal phosphorylation profiles in vascular endothelial cells. Through the analysis of ~35,000 phosphorylation sites across multiple conditions precisely controlled by light stimulation, we identify a series of signaling circuits activated downstream of Akt1 and interrogate how Akt1 signaling integrates with growth factor signaling in endothelial cells. Furthermore, our results categorize kinase substrates that are preferably activated by oscillating, transient, and sustained Akt1 signals. We validate a list of phosphorylation sites that covaried with Akt1 phosphorylation across experimental conditions as potential Akt1 substrates. Our resulting dataset provides a rich resource for future studies on AKT signaling and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Wenxue Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Shisheng Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Proteomics-Metabolomics Analysis Platform, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Barbora Salovska
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Zhenyi Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yi Di
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Ujwal Punyamurtula
- Master of Biotechnology ScM Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - William C Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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5
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Walls KM, Hong KU, Hein DW. Heterocyclic amines reduce insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation and induce gluconeogenic gene expression in human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1613-1626. [PMID: 37005939 PMCID: PMC10192068 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are well-known for their mutagenic properties. One of the major routes of human exposure is through consumption of cooked meat, as certain cooking methods favor formation of HCAs. Recent epidemiological studies reported significant associations between dietary HCA exposure and insulin resistance and type II diabetes. However, no previous studies have examined if HCAs, independent of meat consumption, contributes to pathogenesis of insulin resistance or metabolic disease. In the present study, we have assessed the effect of three HCAs commonly found in cooked meat (2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline [MeIQ], 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline [MeIQx], and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine [PhIP]) on insulin signaling and glucose production. HepG2 or cryopreserved human hepatocytes were treated with 0-50 μM of MeIQ, MeIQx, or PhIP for 3 days. Treatment of HepG2 cells and hepatocytes with MeIQ and MeIQx resulted in a significant reduction in insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation, suggesting that HCA exposure decreases hepatic insulin signaling. HCA treatment also led to significant increases in expression of gluconeogenic genes, G6PC and PCK1, in both HepG2 and cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Additionally, the level of phosphorylated FOXO1, a transcriptional regulator of gluconeogenesis, was significantly reduced by HCA treatment in hepatocytes. Importantly, HCA treatment of human hepatocytes led to increases in extracellular glucose level in the presence of gluconeogenic substrates, suggesting that HCAs induce hepatic glucose production. The current findings suggest that HCAs induce insulin resistance and promote hepatic glucose production in human hepatocytes. This implicates that exposure to HCAs may lead to the development of type II diabetes or metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy M. Walls
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center,
University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. U.S.A
| | - Kyung U. Hong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center,
University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. U.S.A
| | - David W. Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center,
University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. U.S.A
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6
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Scalia P, Williams SJ, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y, Giordano A. Cell cycle control by the insulin-like growth factor signal: at the crossroad between cell growth and mitotic regulation. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1-37. [PMID: 36005738 PMCID: PMC9769454 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In proliferating cells and tissues a number of checkpoints (G1/S and G2/M) preceding cell division (M-phase) require the signal provided by growth factors present in serum. IGFs (I and II) have been demonstrated to constitute key intrinsic components of the peptidic active fraction of mammalian serum. In vivo genetic ablation studies have shown that the cellular signal triggered by the IGFs through their cellular receptors represents a non-replaceable requirement for cell growth and cell cycle progression. Retroactive and current evaluation of published literature sheds light on the intracellular circuitry activated by these factors providing us with a better picture of the pleiotropic mechanistic actions by which IGFs regulate both cell size and mitogenesis under developmental growth as well as in malignant proliferation. The present work aims to summarize the cumulative knowledge learned from the IGF ligands/receptors and their intracellular signaling transducers towards control of cell size and cell-cycle with particular focus to their actionable circuits in human cancer. Furthermore, we bring novel perspectives on key functional discriminants of the IGF growth-mitogenic pathway allowing re-evaluation on some of its signal components based upon established evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Scalia
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Caltanissetta, Italy,CST, Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United states,CONTACT Pierluigi Scalia ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA9102, USA
| | - Stephen J Williams
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Caltanissetta, Italy,CST, Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United states
| | - Yoko Fujita-Yamaguchi
- Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Caltanissetta, Italy,School of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Italy
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7
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Kinnunen PC, Luker GD, Luker KE, Linderman JJ. Computational modeling implicates protein scaffolding in p38 regulation of Akt. J Theor Biol 2022; 555:111294. [PMID: 36195198 PMCID: PMC10394737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells process environmental cues by activating intracellular signaling pathways with numerous interconnections and opportunities for cross-regulation. We employed a systems biology approach to investigate intersections of kinase p38, a context-dependent tumor suppressor or promoter, with Akt and ERK, two kinases known to promote cell survival, proliferation, and drug resistance in cancer. Using live, single cell microscopy, multiplexed fluorescent reporters of p38, Akt, and ERK activities, and a custom automated image-processing pipeline, we detected marked heterogeneity of signaling outputs in breast cancer cells stimulated with chemokine CXCL12 or epidermal growth factor (EGF). Basal activity of p38 correlated inversely with amplitude of Akt and ERK activation in response to either ligand. Remarkably, small molecule inhibitors of p38 immediately decreased basal activities of Akt and ERK but increased the proportion of cells with high amplitude ligand-induced activation of Akt signaling. To identify mechanisms underlying cross-talk of p38 with Akt signaling, we developed a computational model incorporating subcellular compartmentalization of signaling molecules by scaffold proteins. Dynamics of this model revealed that subcellular scaffolding of Akt accounted for observed regulation by p38. The model also predicted that differences in the amount of scaffold protein in a subcellular compartment captured the observed single cell heterogeneity in signaling. Finally, our model predicted that reduction in kinase signaling can be accomplished by both scaffolding and direct kinase inhibition. However, scaffolding inhibition can potentiate future kinase activity by redistribution of pathway components, potentially amplifying oncogenic signaling. These studies reveal how computational modeling can decipher mechanisms of cross-talk between the p38 and Akt signaling pathways and point to scaffold proteins as central regulators of signaling dynamics and amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Kinnunen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 United States
| | - Gary D Luker
- Department of Radiology and the Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 United States
| | - Kathryn E Luker
- Department of Radiology and the Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 United States
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 United States.
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8
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Yokota‐Nakagi N, Omoto S, Tazumi S, Kawakami M, Takamata A, Morimoto K. Estradiol replacement improves high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15193. [PMID: 35238495 PMCID: PMC8892597 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of 17β-estradiol (E2) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced alteration of the protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway in ovariectomized (OVX) rats is unclear. Therefore, we examined whether chronic estrogen replacement restores HFD-induced impairment in insulin sensitivity by its effects concomitant with alterations in the Akt isoform 2 (Akt2) and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation in muscles of OVX rats. Nine-week-old female Wistar rats underwent ovariectomy under anesthesia; after 4 weeks, subcutaneous implantation of either E2 or placebo (PL) pellets was performed, and HFD feeding was initiated. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed to assess insulin sensitivity. Following insulin injection into rats' portal vein, the liver and gastrocnemius muscle were dissected for insulin signaling analysis. We observed that HFD increased energy intake and body weight in the PL group; however, it was temporarily decreased in the E2 group. Adipose tissue accumulation was larger in HFD-fed rats than in normal chow diet (NCD)-fed rats in the PL group; however, this difference was not observed in the E2 group. HFD reduced insulin sensitivity in the PL group only. In vivo insulin stimulation increased Akt2 phosphorylation in the muscles of NCD-fed rats in both groups. In contrast, HFD affected insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt2 and AS160 in the muscles of rats in the PL group but not in the E2 group. Our data suggest that E2 replacement improves HFD-induced insulin resistance, and this effect is accompanied by the alterations in the Akt2 and AS160 phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated muscles of OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yokota‐Nakagi
- Department of Environmental HealthFaculty of Human Life and EnvironmentNara Women’s UniversityNaraJapan
- Department of Health and NutritionFaculty of Health ScienceKyoto Koka Women’s UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Sayo Omoto
- Department of Environmental HealthFaculty of Human Life and EnvironmentNara Women’s UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Shoko Tazumi
- Department of Environmental HealthFaculty of Human Life and EnvironmentNara Women’s UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Mizuho Kawakami
- Department of Environmental HealthFaculty of Human Life and EnvironmentNara Women’s UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Akira Takamata
- Department of Environmental HealthFaculty of Human Life and EnvironmentNara Women’s UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Keiko Morimoto
- Department of Environmental HealthFaculty of Human Life and EnvironmentNara Women’s UniversityNaraJapan
- Department of Health and NutritionFaculty of Health ScienceKyoto Koka Women’s UniversityKyotoJapan
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9
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Sharma M, Dey CS. Role of Akt isoforms in neuronal insulin signaling and resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7873-7898. [PMID: 34724097 PMCID: PMC11073101 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the role of Akt isoforms in insulin signaling and resistance in neuronal cells. By silencing Akt isoforms individually and in pairs, in Neuro-2a and HT22 cells we observed that, in insulin-sensitive condition, Akt isoforms differentially reduced activation of AS160 and glucose uptake with Akt2 playing the major role. Under insulin-resistant condition, phosphorylation of all isoforms and glucose uptake were severely affected. Over-expression of individual isoforms in insulin-sensitive and resistant cells differentially reversed AS160 phosphorylation with concomitant reversal in glucose uptake indicating a compensatory role of Akt isoforms in controlling neuronal insulin signaling. Post-insulin stimulation Akt2 translocated to the membrane the most followed by Akt3 and Akt1, decreasing glucose uptake in the similar order in insulin-sensitive cells. None of the Akt isoforms translocated in insulin-resistant cells or high-fat-diet mediated diabetic mice brain cells. Based on our data, insulin-dependent differential translocation of Akt isoforms to the plasma membrane turns out to be the key factor in determining Akt isoform specificity. Thus, isoforms play parallel with predominant role by Akt2, and compensatory yet novel role by Akt1 and Akt3 to regulate neuronal insulin signaling, glucose uptake, and insulin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Sharma
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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10
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Abstract
The Akt isoforms-AS160-GLUT4 axis is the primary axis that governs glucose homeostasis in the body. The first step on the path to insulin resistance is deregulated Akt isoforms. This could be Akt isoform expression, its phosphorylation, or improper isoform-specific redistribution to the plasma membrane in a specific tissue system. The second step is deregulated AS160 expression, its phosphorylation, improper dissociation from glucose transporter storage vesicles (GSVs), or its inability to bind to 14-3-3 proteins, thus not allowing it to execute its function. The final step is improper GLUT4 translocation and aberrant glucose uptake. These processes lead to insulin resistance in a tissue-specific way affecting the whole-body glucose homeostasis, eventually progressing to an overt diabetic phenotype. Thus, the relationship between these three key proteins and their proper regulation comes out as the defining axis of insulin signaling and -resistance. This review summarizes the role of this central axis in insulin resistance and disease in a new light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Sharma
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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11
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Rodriguez R, Lee AY, Godoy-Lugo JA, Martinez B, Ohsaki H, Nakano D, Parkes DG, Nishiyama A, Vázquez-Medina JP, Ortiz RM. Chronic AT 1 blockade improves hyperglycemia by decreasing adipocyte inflammation and decreasing hepatic PCK1 and G6PC1 expression in obese rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E714-E727. [PMID: 34658252 PMCID: PMC8782654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00584.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system decreases glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Chronic angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) blockade (ARB) increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and decreases the abundance of large adipocytes and macrophage infiltration in adipose. However, the contributions of each tissue to the improvement in hyperglycemia in response to AT1 blockade are not known. Therefore, we determined the static and dynamic responses of soleus muscle, liver, and adipose to an acute glucose challenge following the chronic blockade of AT1. We measured adipocyte morphology along with TNF-α expression, F4/80- and CD11c-positive cells in adipose and measured insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylation and AKT phosphorylation in soleus muscle, liver, and retroperitoneal fat before (T0), 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) min after an acute glucose challenge in the following groups of male rats: 1) Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO; lean control; n = 5/time point), 2) obese Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF; n = 7 or 8/time point), and 3) OLETF + ARB (ARB; 10 mg olmesartan/kg/day; n = 7 or 8/time point). AT1 blockade decreased adipocyte TNF-α expression and F4/80- and CD11c-positive cells. In retroperitoneal fat at T60, IR phosphorylation was 155% greater in ARB than in OLETF. Furthermore, in retroperitoneal fat AT1 blockade increased glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) protein expression in ARB compared with OLETF. IR phosphorylation and AKT phosphorylation were not altered in the liver of OLETF, but AT1 blockade decreased hepatic Pck1 and G6pc1 mRNA expressions. Collectively, these results suggest that chronic AT1 blockade improves obesity-associated hyperglycemia in OLETF rats by improving adipocyte function and by decreasing hepatic glucose production via gluconeogenesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system increases adipocyte inflammation contributing to the impairment in adipocyte function and increases hepatic Pck1 and G6pc1 mRNA expression in response to a glucose challenge. Ultimately, these effects may contribute to the development of glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Andrew Y Lee
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Jose A Godoy-Lugo
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Bridget Martinez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Hiroyuki Ohsaki
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University Medical School, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University Medical School, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California
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12
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Tiron CE, Patrașcanu E, Postu PA, Vacarean Trandafir IC, Tiron A, Grigoras I. Sevoflurane Modulates AKT Isoforms in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. An Experimental Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:264-275. [PMID: 34199634 PMCID: PMC8929147 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive tumor, associated with high rates of early distant recurrence and short survival times, and treatment may require surgery, and thus anesthesia. The effects of anesthetic drugs on cancer progression are under scrutiny, but published data are controversial, and the involved mechanisms unclear. Anesthetic agents have been shown to modulate several molecular cascades, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR. AKT isoforms are frequently amplified in various malignant tumors and associated with malignant cell survival, proliferation and invasion. Their activation is often observed in human cancers and is associated with decreased survival rate. Certain anesthetics are known to affect hypoxia cell signaling mechanisms by upregulating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). (2) Methods: MCF-10A and MDA-MB 231 cells were cultivated and CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability assay, 2D and 3D matrigel assay, immunofluorescence assays and gene expressions assay were performed after exposure to different sevoflurane concentrations. (3) Results: Sevoflurane exposure of TNBC cells results in morphological and behavioral changes. Sevoflurane differently influences the AKT isoforms expression in a time-dependent manner, with an important early AKT3 upregulation. The most significant effects occur at 72 h after 2 mM sevoflurane treatment and consist in increased viability, proliferation and aggressiveness and increased vimentin and HIF expression. (4) Conclusions: Sevoflurane exposure during surgery may contribute to cancer recurrence via AKT3 induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and by all three AKT isoforms enhanced cancer cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina E. Tiron
- TRANSCEND Research Center, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania; (C.E.T.); (P.A.P.); (I.C.V.T.)
| | - Emilia Patrașcanu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.P.); (I.G.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania
| | - Paula A. Postu
- TRANSCEND Research Center, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania; (C.E.T.); (P.A.P.); (I.C.V.T.)
| | - Irina C. Vacarean Trandafir
- TRANSCEND Research Center, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania; (C.E.T.); (P.A.P.); (I.C.V.T.)
| | - Adrian Tiron
- TRANSCEND Research Center, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania; (C.E.T.); (P.A.P.); (I.C.V.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioana Grigoras
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.P.); (I.G.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania
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13
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Unluhizarci K, Karaca Z, Kelestimur F. Role of insulin and insulin resistance in androgen excess disorders. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:616-629. [PMID: 33995849 PMCID: PMC8107978 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i5.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin has complex effects on cell growth, metabolism and differentiation, and these effects are mediated by a cell-surface bound receptor and eventually a cascade of intracellular signaling events. Among the several metabolic and growth-promoting effects of insulin, insulin resistance is defined as an attenuated effect of insulin on glucose metabolism, primarily the limited export of blood glucose into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. On the other hand, not all the signaling pathways and insulin-responsive tissues are equally affected, and some effects other than the metabolic actions of insulin are overexpressed. Ovaries and the adrenal glands are two examples of tissues remaining sensitive to insulin actions where insulin may contribute to increased androgen secretion. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common form of androgen excess disorder (AED), and its pathogenesis is closely associated with insulin resistance. Patients with idiopathic hirsutism also exhibit insulin resistance, albeit lower than patients with PCOS. Although it is not as evident as in PCOS, patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia may have insulin resistance, which may be further exacerbated with glucocorticoid overtreatment and obesity. Among patients with severe insulin resistance syndromes, irrespective of the type of disease, hyperinsulinemia promotes ovarian androgen synthesis independently of gonadotropins. It is highly debated in whom and how insulin resistance should be diagnosed and treated among patients with AEDs, including PCOS. It is not suitable to administer an insulin sensitizer relying on only some mathematical models used for estimating insulin resistance. Instead, the treatment decision should be based on the constellation of the signs, symptoms and presence of obesity; acanthosis nigricans; and some laboratory abnormalities such as impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursad Unluhizarci
- Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Zuleyha Karaca
- Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Kelestimur
- Department of Endocrinology, Yeditepe University Medical School, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
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14
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Degan SE, Gelman IH. Emerging Roles for AKT Isoform Preference in Cancer Progression Pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1251-1257. [PMID: 33931488 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway is one of the most mutated in human cancers, predominantly associated with the loss of the signaling antagonist, PTEN, and to lesser extents, with gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CA (encoding PI3K-p110α) and AKT1. In addition, most oncogenic driver pathways activate PI3K/AKT signaling. Nonetheless, drugs targeting PI3K or AKT have fared poorly against solid tumors in clinical trials as monotherapies, yet some have shown efficacy when combined with inhibitors of other oncogenic drivers, such as receptor tyrosine kinases or nuclear hormone receptors. There is growing evidence that AKT isoforms, AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3, have different, often distinct roles in either promoting or suppressing specific parameters of oncogenic progression, yet few if any isoform-preferred substrates have been characterized. This review will describe recent data showing that the differential activation of AKT isoforms is mediated by complex interplays between PTEN, PI3K isoforms and upstream tyrosine kinases, and that the efficacy of PI3K/AKT inhibitors will likely depend on the successful targeting of specific AKT isoforms and their preferred pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus E Degan
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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15
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Antidiabetic Flavonoids from Fruits of Morus alba Promoting Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake via Akt and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040526. [PMID: 33918969 PMCID: PMC8069446 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morus alba (Moraceae), known as white mulberry, has been used to treat fever, protect against liver damage, improve eyesight, and lower blood sugar levels in traditional oriental medicine. Few studies have been conducted on the antidiabetic compounds identified from M. alba and their underlying mechanisms of action. Consequently, in this study, the fruits of M. alba were investigated for potential antidiabetic natural products using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of M. alba fruits, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), purification led to the isolation of two main compounds: rutin and quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside (Q3G). Long-term use of available drugs for treating type 2 diabetes ((T2D) is often accompanied by undesirable side effects, which have generated increased interest in the development of more effective and safer antidiabetic agents. Examination of the isolated compounds, rutin and Q3G, for antidiabetic or anti-obesity properties or both in 3T3-L1 adipocytes demonstrated that they both improved glucose uptake via Akt-mediated insulin signaling pathway or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The compounds also showed a positive effect on lipid accumulation in adipocytes, suggesting that glucose uptake occurred through activation of the Akt and AMPK signaling pathway without inducing adipogenesis. Taken together, our findings suggest that rutin and Q3G in M. alba fruits have the potential to induce fewer side effects such as weight gain, and these active compounds could be potential therapeutic candidates for the management of T2D.
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16
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Gray CW, Coster AC. Models of Membrane-Mediated Processes: Cascades and Cycles in Insulin Action. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Descamps D, Evnouchidou I, Caillens V, Drajac C, Riffault S, van Endert P, Saveanu L. The Role of Insulin Regulated Aminopeptidase in Endocytic Trafficking and Receptor Signaling in Immune Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:583556. [PMID: 33195428 PMCID: PMC7606930 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.583556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a type II transmembrane protein with broad tissue distribution initially identified as a major component of Glut4 storage vesicles (GSV) in adipocytes. Despite its almost ubiquitous expression, IRAP had been extensively studied mainly in insulin responsive cells, such as adipocytes and muscle cells. In these cells, the enzyme displays a complex intracellular trafficking pattern regulated by insulin. Early studies using fusion proteins joining the IRAP cytosolic domain to various reporter proteins, such as GFP or the transferrin receptor (TfR), showed that the complex and regulated trafficking of the protein depends on its cytosolic domain. This domain contains several motifs involved in IRAP trafficking, as demonstrated by mutagenesis studies. Also, proteomic studies and yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that the IRAP cytosolic domain engages in multiple protein interactions with cytoskeleton components and vesicular trafficking adaptors. These findings led to the hypothesis that IRAP is not only a cargo of GSV but might be a part of the sorting machinery that controls GSV dynamics. Recent work in adipocytes, immune cells, and neurons confirmed this hypothesis and demonstrated that IRAP has a dual function. Its carboxy-terminal domain located inside endosomes is responsible for the aminopeptidase activity of the enzyme, while its amino-terminal domain located in the cytosol functions as an endosomal trafficking adaptor. In this review, we recapitulate the published protein interactions of IRAP and summarize the increasing body of evidence indicating that IRAP plays a role in intracellular trafficking of several proteins. We describe the impact of IRAP deletion or depletion on endocytic trafficking and the consequences on immune cell functions. These include the ability of dendritic cells to cross-present antigens and prime adaptive immune responses, as well as the control of innate and adaptive immune receptor signaling and modulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irini Evnouchidou
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Caillens
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jou-en-Josas, France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jou-en-Josas, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM Unité 1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Service d'immunologie biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Loredana Saveanu
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
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18
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da Silva Rosa SC, Nayak N, Caymo AM, Gordon JW. Mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance and the cross-talk with liver and adipose tissue. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14607. [PMID: 33038072 PMCID: PMC7547588 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder affecting multiple tissues and is a precursor event to type 2 diabetes (T2D). As T2D affects over 425 million people globally, there is an imperative need for research into insulin resistance to better understand the underlying mechanisms. The proposed mechanisms involved in insulin resistance include both whole body aspects, such as inflammation and metabolic inflexibility; as well as cellular phenomena, such as lipotoxicity, ER stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite numerous studies emphasizing the role of lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, an understanding of the interplay between tissues and these proposed mechanisms is still emerging. Furthermore, the tissue-specific and unique responses each of the three major insulin target tissues and how each interconnect to regulate the whole body insulin response has become a new priority in metabolic research. With an emphasis on skeletal muscle, this mini-review highlights key similarities and differences in insulin signaling and resistance between different target-tissues, and presents the latest findings related to how these tissues communicate to control whole body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C. da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Nichole Nayak
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- College of NursingUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Andrei Miguel Caymo
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Joseph W. Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- College of NursingUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
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19
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Liang Y, Alharthi AS, Elolimy AA, Bucktrout R, Lopreiato V, Martinez-Cortés I, Xu C, Fernandez C, Trevisi E, Loor JJ. Molecular networks of insulin signaling and amino acid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue are altered by body condition in periparturient Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10459-10476. [PMID: 32921465 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripartal cows mobilize not only body fat but also body protein to satisfy their energy requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of prepartum BCS on blood biomarkers related to energy and nitrogen metabolism, and mRNA and protein abundance associated with AA metabolism and insulin signaling in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in peripartal cows. Twenty-two multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively classified into a high BCS (HBCS; n = 11, BCS ≥ 3.5) or normal BCS (NBCS; n = 11, BCS ≤ 3.17) group at d 28 before expected parturition. Cows were fed the same diet as a total mixed ration before parturition and were fed the same lactation diet postpartum. Blood samples collected at -10, 7, 15, and 30 d relative to parturition were used for analyses of biomarkers associated with energy and nitrogen metabolism. Biopsies of SAT harvested at -15, 7, and 30 d relative to parturition were used for mRNA (real time-PCR) and protein abundance (Western blotting) assays. Data were subjected to ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS (v. 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), with P ≤ 0.05 being the threshold for significance. Cows in HBCS had greater overall plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations, due to marked increases at 7 and 15 d postpartum. This response was similar (BCS × Day effect) to protein abundance of phosphorylated (p) protein kinase B (p-AKT), the insulin-induced glucose transporter (SLC2A4), and the sodium-coupled neutral AA transporter (SLC38A1). Abundance of these proteins was lower at -15 d compared with NBCS cows, and either increased (SLC2A4, SLC38A1) or did not change (p-AKT) at 7 d postpartum in HBCS. Unlike protein abundance, however, overall mRNA abundances of the high-affinity cationic (SLC7A1), proton-coupled (SLC36A1), and sodium-coupled amino acid transporters (SLC38A2) were greater in HBCS than NBCS cows, due to upregulation in the postpartum phase. Those responses were similar to protein abundance of p-mTOR, which increased (BCS × Day effect) at 7 d in HBCS compared with NBCS cows. mRNA abundance of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) and arginase 1 (ARG1) also was greater overall in HBCS cows. Together, these responses suggested impaired insulin signaling, coupled with greater postpartum AA transport rate and urea cycle activity in SAT of HBCS cows. An in vitro study using adipocyte and macrophage cocultures stimulated with various concentrations of fatty acids could provide some insights into the role of immune cells in modulating adipose tissue immunometabolic status, including insulin resistance and AA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A S Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Elolimy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205; Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock 72205; Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Giza, 12611, Egypt
| | - R Bucktrout
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - V Lopreiato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - I Martinez-Cortés
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Agricultural and Animal Production Department, UAM-Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - C Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - C Fernandez
- Animal Science Department, Universitàt Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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20
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Kim Y, Kim OK. Potential Roles of Adipocyte Extracellular Vesicle-Derived miRNAs in Obesity-Mediated Insulin Resistance. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:566-574. [PMID: 32879940 PMCID: PMC8009749 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) from adipose tissue have been shown to be involved in the development of insulin resistance. Here, we summarize several mechanisms explaining the pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance and associated changes in the expression of obesity-associated extracellular miRNAs. We discuss how miRNAs, particularly miR-27a, miR-34a, miR-141-3p, miR-155, miR210, and miR-222, in extracellular vesicles secreted from the adipose tissue can affect the insulin signaling pathway in metabolic tissue. Understanding the role of these miRNAs will further support the development of therapeutics for obesity and metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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21
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Zhang L, Li X, Zhang N, Yang X, Hou T, Fu W, Yuan F, Wang L, Wen H, Tian Y, Zhang H, Lu X, Zhu WG. WDFY2 Potentiates Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity and Controls Endosomal Localization of the Insulin Receptor and IRS1/2. Diabetes 2020; 69:1887-1902. [PMID: 32641353 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Endosomes help activate the hepatic insulin-evoked Akt signaling pathway, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are unclear. Previous studies have suggested that the endosome-located protein WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing 2 (WDFY2) might be involved in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. Here, we generated Wdfy2 knockout (KO) mice and assessed the metabolic consequences. These KO mice exhibited systemic insulin resistance, with increased gluconeogenesis and suppressed glycogen accumulation in the liver. Mechanistically, we found that the insulin-stimulated activation of Akt2 and its substrates FoxO1 and GSK-3β is attenuated in the Wdfy2 KO liver and H2.35 hepatocytes, suggesting that WDFY2 acts as an important regulator of hepatic Akt2 signaling. We further found that WDFY2 interacts with the insulin receptor (INSR) via its WD1-4 domain and localizes the INSR to endosomes after insulin stimulation. This process ensures that the downstream insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS1/2) can be recruited to the endosomal INSR. IRS1/2-INSR binding promotes IRS1/2 phosphorylation and subsequent activation, initiating downstream Akt2 signaling in the liver. Interestingly, adeno-associated viral WDFY2 delivery ameliorated metabolic defects in db/db mice. These findings demonstrate that WDFY2 activates insulin-evoked Akt2 signaling by controlling endosomal localization of the INSR and IRS1/2 in hepatocytes. This pathway might constitute a new potential target for diabetes prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - He Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Uko NE, Güner OF, Matesic DF, Bowen JP. Akt Pathway Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:883-900. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200224101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease that has plagued humans from ancient times to this day. After
decades of slow research progress, promising drug development, and the identification of new targets,
the war on cancer was launched, in 1972. The P13K/Akt pathway is a growth-regulating cellular signaling
pathway, which in many human cancers is over-activated. Studies have demonstrated that a decrease
in Akt activity by Akt inhibitors is associated with a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. There have
been several promising drug candidates that have been studied, including but not limited to ipatasertib
(RG7440), 1; afuresertib (GSK2110183), 2; uprosertib (GSK2141795), 3; capivasertib (AZD5363), 4;
which reportedly bind to the ATP active site and inhibit Akt activity, thus exerting cytotoxic and antiproliferative
activities against human cancer cells. For most of the compounds discussed in this review,
data from preclinical studies in various cancers suggest a mechanistic basis involving hyperactivated
Akt signaling. Allosteric inhibitors are also known to alter the activity of kinases. Perifosine (KRX-
0401), 5, an alkylphospholipid, is known as the first allosteric Akt inhibitor to enter clinical development
and is mechanistically characterized as a PH-domain dependent inhibitor, non-competitive with
ATP. This results in a reduction in Akt enzymatic and cellular activities. Other small molecule (MK-
2206, 6, PHT-427, Akti-1/2) inhibitors with a similar mechanism of action, alter Akt activity through the
suppression of cell growth mediated by the inhibition of Akt membrane localization and subsequent activation.
The natural product solenopsin has been identified as an inhibitor of Akt. A few promising solenopsin
derivatives have emerged through pharmacophore modeling, energy-based calculations, and
property predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nne E. Uko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Osman F. Güner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, CA, United States
| | - Diane F. Matesic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - J. Phillip Bowen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
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Taliyan R, Chandran SK, Kakoty V. Therapeutic Approaches to Alzheimer's Type of Dementia: A Focus on FGF21 Mediated Neuroprotection. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2555-2568. [PMID: 31333086 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are the most devastating disorder of the nervous system. The pathological basis of neurodegeneration is linked with dysfunctional protein trafficking, mitochondrial stress, environmental factors and aging. With the identification of insulin and insulin receptors in some parts of the brain, it has become evident that certain metabolic conditions associated with insulin dysfunction like Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, obesity etc., are also known to contribute to neurodegeneration mainly Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Recently, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) superfamily, FGF21 has proved tremendous efficacy in diseases like diabetes mellitus, obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Increased levels of FGF21 have been reported to exert multiple beneficial effects in metabolic syndrome. FGF21 receptors are present in certain areas of the brain involved in learning and memory. However, despite extensive research, its function as a neuroprotectant in AD remains elusive. FGF21 is a circulating endocrine hormone which is mainly secreted by the liver primarily in fasting conditions. FGF21 exerts its effects after binding to FGFR1 and co-receptor, β-klotho (KLB). It is involved in regulating energy via glucose and lipid metabolism. It is believed that aberrant FGF21 signalling might account for various anomalies like neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic dysfunction etc. Hence, this review will majorly focus on FGF21 role as a neuroprotectant and potential metabolic regulator. Moreover, we will also review its potential as an emerging candidate for combating metabolic stress induced neurodegenerative abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarathlal K Chandran
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Violina Kakoty
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
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24
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Landa-Galvan HV, Rios-Castro E, Romero-Garcia T, Rueda A, Olivares-Reyes JA. Metabolic syndrome diminishes insulin-induced Akt activation and causes a redistribution of Akt-interacting proteins in cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228115. [PMID: 31995605 PMCID: PMC6988918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors, with insulin resistance as a critical component for its development. Insulin signaling in the heart leads to Akt (also known as PKB) activation, a serine/threonine protein kinase, which regulates cardiac glucose metabolism and growth. Cardiac metabolic inflexibility, characterized by impaired insulin-induced glucose uptake and oxidation, has been reported as an early and consistent change in the heart of different models of MetS and diabetes; however, the evaluation of Akt activation has yielded variable results. Here we report in cardiomyocytes of MetS rats, diminished insulin-induced glucose uptake and Akt activation, evaluated by its impaired mobilization towards the plasma membrane and phosphorylation, and reflected in a re-distribution of its interacting proteins, assessed by label-free mass spectrometry (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013260). We report 45 proteins with diminished abundance in Akt complex of MetS cardiomyocytes, mainly represented by energy metabolism-related proteins, and also, 31 Akt-interacting proteins with increased abundance, which were mainly related to contraction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and Akt negative regulation. These results emphasize the relevance of Akt in the regulation of energy metabolism in the heart and highlight Akt-interacting proteins that could be involved in the detrimental effects of MetS in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Rios-Castro
- Unidad de Genomica, Proteomica y Metabolomica (UGPM), LaNSE-Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Angelica Rueda
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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25
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Hinz N, Jücker M. Distinct functions of AKT isoforms in breast cancer: a comprehensive review. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:154. [PMID: 31752925 PMCID: PMC6873690 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKT, also known as protein kinase B, is a key element of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, AKT regulates the hallmarks of cancer, e.g. tumor growth, survival and invasiveness of tumor cells. After AKT was discovered in the early 1990s, further studies revealed that there are three different AKT isoforms, namely AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3. Despite their high similarity of 80%, the distinct AKT isoforms exert non-redundant, partly even opposing effects under physiological and pathological conditions. Breast cancer as the most common cancer entity in women, frequently shows alterations of the PI3K/AKT signaling. MAIN CONTENT A plethora of studies addressed the impact of AKT isoforms on tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast cancer as well as on therapy response and overall survival in patients. Therefore, this review aimed to give a comprehensive overview about the isoform-specific effects of AKT in breast cancer and to summarize known downstream and upstream mechanisms. Taking account of conflicting findings among the studies, the majority of the studies reported a tumor initiating role of AKT1, whereas AKT2 is mainly responsible for tumor progression and metastasis. In detail, AKT1 increases cell proliferation through cell cycle proteins like p21, p27 and cyclin D1 and impairs apoptosis e.g. via p53. On the downside AKT1 decreases migration of breast cancer cells, for instance by regulating TSC2, palladin and EMT-proteins. However, AKT2 promotes migration and invasion most notably through regulation of β-integrins, EMT-proteins and F-actin. Whilst AKT3 is associated with a negative ER-status, findings about the role of AKT3 in regulation of the key properties of breast cancer are sparse. Accordingly, AKT1 is mutated and AKT2 is amplified in some cases of breast cancer and AKT isoforms are associated with overall survival and therapy response in an isoform-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Although there are several discussed hypotheses how isoform specificity is achieved, the mechanisms behind the isoform-specific effects remain mostly unrevealed. As a consequence, further effort is necessary to achieve deeper insights into an isoform-specific AKT signaling in breast cancer and the mechanism behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Hinz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Takahashi Y, Matsunaga Y, Banjo M, Takahashi K, Sato Y, Seike K, Nakano S, Hatta H. Effects of Nutrient Intake Timing on Post-Exercise Glycogen Accumulation and its Related Signaling Pathways in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112555. [PMID: 31652791 PMCID: PMC6893707 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of nutrient intake timing on glycogen accumulation and its related signals in skeletal muscle after an exercise that did not induce large glycogen depletion. Male ICR mice ran on a treadmill at 25 m/min for 60 min under a fed condition. Mice were orally administered a solution containing 1.2 mg/g carbohydrate and 0.4 mg/g protein or water either immediately (early nutrient, EN) or 180 min (late nutrient, LN) after the exercise. Tissues were harvested at 30 min after the oral administration. No significant difference in blood glucose or plasma insulin concentrations was found between the EN and LN groups. The plantaris muscle glycogen concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the EN group—but not in the LN group—compared to the respective time-matched control group. Akt Ser473 phosphorylation was significantly higher in the EN group than in the time-matched control group (p < 0.01), while LN had no effect. Positive main effects of time were found for the phosphorylations in Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) Thr642 (p < 0.05), 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) Thr172 (p < 0.01), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase Ser79 (p < 0.01); however, no effect of nutrient intake was found for these. We showed that delayed nutrient intake could not increase muscle glycogen after endurance exercise which did not induce large glycogen depletion. The results also suggest that post-exercise muscle glycogen accumulation after nutrient intake might be partly influenced by Akt activation. Meanwhile, increased AS160 and AMPK activation by post-exercise fasting might not lead to glycogen accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Mai Banjo
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Sato
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Kohei Seike
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Suguru Nakano
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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Trautenberg LC, Prince E, Maas C, Beier N, Honold F, Grzybek M, Brankatschk M. Selective Phosphorylation of Akt/Protein-Kinase B Isoforms in Response to Dietary Cues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:206. [PMID: 31649929 PMCID: PMC6796796 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A calorie-rich diet is one reason for the continuous spread of metabolic syndromes in western societies. Smart food design is one powerful tool to prevent metabolic stress, and the search for suitable bioactive additives is a continuous task. The nutrient-sensing insulin pathway is an evolutionary conserved mechanism that plays an important role in metabolism, growth and development. Recently, lipid cues capable to stimulate insulin signaling were identified. However, the mechanistic base of their activity remains obscure to date. We show that specific Akt/Protein-kinase B isoforms are responsive to different calorie-rich diets, and potentiate the activity of the cellular insulin cascade. Our data add a new dimension to existing models and position Drosophila as a powerful tool to study the relation between dietary lipid cues and the insulin-induced cellular signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michal Grzybek
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Oberschleissheim, Germany
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28
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Lu P, Ding Q, Li X, Ji X, Li L, Fan Y, Xia Y, Tian D, Liu M. SWELL1 promotes cell growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:100-116. [PMID: 31597595 PMCID: PMC6838441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SWELL1 was recently demonstrated to be an indispensable part of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). VRAC is reported to participate in cell proliferation, survival, and migration. However, the correlation between SWELL1 and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poorly-understood. In this study, we tried to explore the role of SWELL1 in HCC. Methods Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure SWELL1 expression in HCC samples obtained from patients with HCC. The effects of SWELL1 on HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis were analysed by corresponding cytological experiments including Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), colony-forming, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU), cell cycle analysis, TUNEL, Annexin V and PI staining, wound healing, transwell, and so on. BALB/c nude mice were used for the in vivo assays. qRT-PCR and western blotting was performed for molecular mechanisms. Findings SWELL1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues, and related to the poor prognosis. In vitro, the over-expression of SWELL1 significantly induced cell proliferation and migration, and inhibited apoptosis, whereas suppressing SWELL1 had the opposite effects. Moreover, knockdown of SWELL1 suppressed the growth and metastasis of HCC in vivo. Further experiments revealed that SWELL1 induced cell growth by activating the cyclinD1/CDK2 pathway via the connection with PKCa at the signalling level, and regulated cell migration through the JNK pathway in HCC. Interpretation SWELL1 acts as a promoter in the growth and metastasis of HCC cells and may be a potential intervention target for HCC. Fund This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81572422, 81700515).
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuhui Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yujia Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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29
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Zhang Z, Liu H, Liu J. Akt activation: A potential strategy to ameliorate insulin resistance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 156:107092. [PMID: 29111280 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes and obesity while the mechanism remains unclear. Current therapy to treat type 2 diabetes is metformin, the 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, owing to the ability to augment peripheral glucose uptake. However, metformin also displays limitations, as AMPK activation remains intact and regular in most type 2 diabetes and metformin does not seem to facilitate peripheral insulin resistance. Evidence has shown that PI3K-Akt/PKB pathway could be induced via insulin and act as an important effector. Akt/PKB is capable of inducing a great number of downstream molecules, such as translocating glucose transporters GLUTs to the cell membrane thus increase glucose uptake. Hence, any defect in Akt/PKB pathway along with the downstream molecules could lead to insulin resistance. Inositol pyrophosphates, synthesized by inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) kinase 1 (IP6K1) and competitive with 3,4,5-bisphosphate (PIP3) to bind the PH domain of Akt/PKB, demonstrate the ability to inhibit Akt signaling. In addition, IP6K1 knockout mice present increased insulin sensitivity and obesity resistance, indicating a novel therapeutic target in confronting insulin resistance. Taken together, we conclude that Akt activation is another potential strategy to ameliorate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Zhang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huadong Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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30
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Cho Y, Lee H, Park HK, Choe EY, Wang HJ, Kim RH, Kim Y, Kang ES. Differential Diabetogenic Effect of Pitavastatin and Rosuvastatin, in vitro and in vivo. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 27:429-440. [PMID: 31527323 PMCID: PMC7242225 DOI: 10.5551/jat.50039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Most statins increase the risk of new-onset diabetes. Unlike other statins, pitavastatin is reported to exert neutral effects on serum glucose level, but the precise mechanism is unknown. Methods: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 26) were fed high-fat diet (HFD, 45% fat) with 0.01% placebo, rosuvastatin, or pitavastatin for 12 weeks. Cultured HepG2, C2C12, and 3T3-L1 cells and visceral adipocytes from HFD-fed mice were treated with vehicle or 10 µM statins for 24 h. The effects of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin on intracellular insulin signaling and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation were evaluated. Results: After 12 weeks, the fasting blood glucose level was significantly lower in pitavastatin-treated group than in rosuvastatin-treated group (115.2 ± 7.0 versus 137.4 ± 22.3 mg/dL, p = 0.024). Insulin tolerance significantly improved in pitavastatin-treated group as compared with rosuvastatin-treated group, and no significant difference was observed in glucose tolerance. Although plasma adiponectin and insulin levels were not different between the two statin treatment groups, the insulin-induced protein kinase B phosphorylation was weakly attenuated in pitavastatin-treated adipocytes than in rosuvastatin-treated adipocytes. Furthermore, minor attenuation in insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane of adipocytes was observed in pitavastatin-treated group. Conclusion: Pitavastatin showed lower diabetogenic effects than rosuvastatin in mice that may be mediated by minor attenuations in insulin signaling in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongin Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Hyangkyu Lee
- Yonsei University College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Biobehavioral Research Center
| | - Hyun Ki Park
- Yonsei University College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Biobehavioral Research Center
| | - Eun Yeong Choe
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Hye Jin Wang
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science; Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Ryeong-Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Youjin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science; Yonsei University College of Medicine
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31
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Yu Y, Xiong Y, Ladeiras D, Yang Z, Ming XF. Myosin 1b Regulates Nuclear AKT Activation by Preventing Localization of PTEN in the Nucleus. iScience 2019; 19:39-53. [PMID: 31349190 PMCID: PMC6660601 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-induced AKT activation is dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase and opposed by tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Our previous study demonstrates that myosin 1b (MYO1B) mediates arginase-II-induced activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 that is regulated by AKT. However, the role of MYO1B in AKT activation is unknown. Here we show that silencing MYO1B in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) inhibits insulin-induced nuclear but not cytoplasmic AKT activation accompanied by elevated nuclear PTEN level. Co-immunoprecipitation, co-immunostaining, and proximity ligation assay show an interaction of MYO1B and PTEN resulting in reduced nuclear PTEN. Moreover, the elevated nuclear PTEN upon silencing MYO1B promotes apoptosis of MEFs and melanoma B16F10 cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that MYO1B, by interacting with PTEN, prevents nuclear localization of PTEN contributing to nuclear AKT activation and suppression of cell apoptosis. This may present a therapeutic approach for cancer treatment such as melanoma. MYO1B, by interacting with PTEN, prevents PTEN localization in the nucleus MYO1B prevents nuclear localization of PTEN depending on its motor activity This contributes to nuclear AKT activation and suppression of cell apoptosis Targeting MYO1B may represent a therapeutic approach for cancer treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Ladeiras
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Xiu-Fen Ming
- Cardiovascular and Aging Research, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Screening of Inhibitory Effects of Polyphenols on Akt-Phosphorylation in Endothelial Cells and Determination of Structure-Activity Features. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060219. [PMID: 31195734 PMCID: PMC6627700 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols exert beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, their mechanism of action remains largely unknown. Endothelial Akt-kinase plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in T2DM and therefore the modulation of its activity is of interest. This work aimed to characterize effects of structurally different polyphenols on Akt-phosphorylation (pAkt) in endothelial cells (Ea.hy926) and to describe structure-activity features. A comprehensive screening via ELISA quantified the effects of 44 polyphenols (10 µM) on pAkt Ser473. The most pronounced inhibitors were luteolin (44 ± 18%), quercetin (36 ± 8%), urolithin A (35 ± 12%), apigenin, fisetin, and resveratrol; (p < 0.01). The results were confirmed by Western blotting and complemented with corresponding experiments in HUVEC cells. A strong positive and statistically significant correlation between the mean inhibitory effects of the tested polyphenols on both Akt-residues Ser473 and Thr308 (r = 0.9478, p = 0.0003) was determined by immunoblotting. Interestingly, the structural characteristics favoring pAkt inhibition partially differed from structural features enhancing the compounds’ antioxidant activity. The present study is the first to quantitatively compare the influence of polyphenols from nine different structural subclasses on pAkt in endothelial cells. These effects might be advantageous in certain T2DM-complications involving over-activation of the Akt-pathway. The suggested molecular mode of action of polyphenols involving Akt-inhibition contributes to understanding their effects on the cellular level.
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Lipid-dependent Akt-ivity: where, when, and how. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:897-908. [PMID: 31147387 PMCID: PMC6599160 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Akt is an essential protein kinase activated downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and frequently hyperactivated in cancer. Canonically, Akt is activated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2, which phosphorylate it on two regulatory residues in its kinase domain upon targeting of Akt to the plasma membrane by PI(3,4,5)P3. Recent evidence, however, has shown that, in addition to phosphorylation, Akt activity is allosterically coupled to the engagement of PI(3,4,5)P3 or PI(3,4)P2 in cellular membranes. Furthermore, the active membrane-bound conformation of Akt is protected from dephosphorylation, and Akt inactivation by phosphatases is rate-limited by its dissociation. Thus, Akt activity is restricted to membranes containing either PI(3,4,5)P3 or PI(3,4)P2. While PI(3,4,5)P3 has long been associated with signaling at the plasma membrane, PI(3,4)P2 is gaining increasing traction as a signaling lipid and has been implicated in controlling Akt activity throughout the endomembrane system. This has clear implications for the phosphorylation of both freely diffusible substrates and those localized to discrete subcellular compartments.
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Saito T, Nakane T, Narusawa M, Yagasaki H, Nemoto A, Naito A, Sugita K. Giant umbilical cord and hypoglycemia in an infant with Proteus syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 176:1222-1224. [PMID: 29681107 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proteus syndrome (PS) is characterized by the progressive, segmental, or patchy overgrowth of the skin, and other tissues. This is the first case report of recurrent severe insulin-independent hypoglycemia in an infant with PS. Somatic p.E17K of AKT1 mutation was confirmed. The patient also had a giant umbilical cord, which has not yet been reported in PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Saito
- Neonatology Unit, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takaya Nakane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Yagasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nemoto
- Neonatology Unit, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naito
- Neonatology Unit, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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35
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Sugiyama MG, Fairn GD, Antonescu CN. Akt-ing Up Just About Everywhere: Compartment-Specific Akt Activation and Function in Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:70. [PMID: 31131274 PMCID: PMC6509475 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt is a master regulator of many diverse cellular functions, including survival, growth, metabolism, migration, and differentiation. Receptor tyrosine kinases are critical regulators of Akt, as a result of activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling leading to Akt activation upon receptor stimulation. The signaling axis formed by receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K and Akt, as well as the vast range of downstream substrates is thus central to control of cell physiology in many different contexts and tissues. This axis must be tightly regulated, as disruption of PI3K-Akt signaling underlies the pathology of many diseases such as cancer and diabetes. This sophisticated regulation of PI3K-Akt signaling is due in part to the spatial and temporal compartmentalization of Akt activation and function, including in specific nanoscale domains of the plasma membrane as well as in specific intracellular membrane compartments. Here, we review the evidence for localized activation of PI3K-Akt signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases in various specific cellular compartments, as well as that of compartment-specific functions of Akt leading to control of several fundamental cellular processes. This spatial and temporal control of Akt activation and function occurs by a large number of parallel molecular mechanisms that are central to regulation of cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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36
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Capmany A, Gambarte Tudela J, Alonso Bivou M, Damiani MT. Akt/AS160 Signaling Pathway Inhibition Impairs Infection by Decreasing Rab14-Controlled Sphingolipids Delivery to Chlamydial Inclusions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:666. [PMID: 31001235 PMCID: PMC6456686 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular bacterium, intercepts different trafficking pathways of the host cell to acquire essential lipids for its survival and replication, particularly from the Golgi apparatus via a Rab14-mediated transport. Molecular mechanisms underlying how these bacteria manipulate intracellular transport are a matter of intense study. Here, we show that C. trachomatis utilizes Akt/AS160 signaling pathway to promote sphingolipids delivery to the chlamydial inclusion through Rab14-controlled vesicular transport. C. trachomatis provokes Akt phosphorylation along its entire developmental life cycle and recruits phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) to the inclusion membrane. As a consequence, Akt Substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), also known as TBC1D4, a GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) for Rab14, is phosphorylated and therefore inactivated. Phosphorylated AS160 (pAS160) loses its ability to promote GTP hydrolysis, favoring Rab14 binding to GTP. Akt inhibition by an allosteric isoform-specific Akt inhibitor (iAkt) prevents AS160 phosphorylation and reduces Rab14 recruitment to chlamydial inclusions. iAkt further impairs sphingolipids acquisition by C. trachomatis-inclusion and provokes lipid retention at the Golgi apparatus. Consequently, treatment with iAkt decreases chlamydial inclusion size, bacterial multiplication, and infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were found in AS160-depleted cells. By electron microscopy, we observed that iAkt generates abnormal bacterial forms as those reported after sphingolipids deprivation or Rab14 silencing. Taken together, our findings indicate that targeting the Akt/AS160/Rab14 axis could constitute a novel strategy to limit chlamydial infections, mainly for those caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahí Capmany
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Julián Gambarte Tudela
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Mariano Alonso Bivou
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María T Damiani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica e Inmunidad, Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina
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Hemming ML, Lawlor MA, Andersen JL, Hagan T, Chipashvili O, Scott TG, Raut CP, Sicinska E, Armstrong SA, Demetri GD, Bradner JE, Ganz PA, Tomlinson G, Olopade OI, Couch FJ, Wang X, Lindor NM, Pankratz VS, Radice P, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Zaffaroni D, Barile M, Viel A, Allavena A, Dall'Olio V, Peterlongo P, Szabo CI, Zikan M, Claes K, Poppe B, Foretova L, Mai PL, Greene MH, Rennert G, Lejbkowicz F, Glendon G, Ozcelik H, Andrulis IL, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Sunde L, Cruger D, Birk Jensen U, Caligo M, Friedman E, Kaufman B, Laitman Y, Milgrom R, Dubrovsky M, Cohen S, Borg A, Jernström H, Lindblom A, Rantala J, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Melin B, Nathanson K, Domchek S, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Huzarski T, Osorio A, Lasa A, Durán M, Tejada MI, Godino J, Benitez J, Hamann U, Kriege M, Hoogerbrugge N, van der Luijt RB, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P, Meijers-Heijboer EJ, Blok MJ, Aalfs CM, Hogervorst F, Rookus M, Cook M, Oliver C, Frost D, Conroy D, Evans DG, Lalloo F, Pichert G, Davidson R, Cole T, Cook J, Paterson J, Hodgson S, Morrison PJ, Porteous ME, Walker L, Kennedy MJ, Dorkins H, Peock S, Godwin AK, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, de Pauw A, Mazoyer S, Bonadona V, Lasset C, Dreyfus H, Leroux D, Hardouin A, Berthet P, Faivre L, Loustalot C, Noguchi T, Sobol H, Rouleau E, Nogues C, Frénay M, Vénat-Bouvet L, Hopper JL, Daly MB, Terry MB, John EM, Buys SS, Yassin Y, Miron A, Goldgar D, Singer CF, Dressler AC, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Pfeiler G, Hansen TVO, Jønson L, Agnarsson BA, Kirchhoff T, Offit K, Devlin V, Dutra-Clarke A, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez GC, Wakeley K, Boggess JF, Basil J, Schwartz PE, Blank SV, Toland AE, Montagna M, Casella C, Imyanitov E, Tihomirova L, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Ramus SJ, Sucheston L, Karlan BY, Gross J, Schmutzler R, Wappenschmidt B, Engel C, Meindl A, Lochmann M, Arnold N, Heidemann S, Varon-Mateeva R, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Kast K, Schönbuchner I, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Aittomäki K, Nevanlinna H, Simard J, Spurdle AB, Holland H, Chen X, Platte R, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF. Enhancer Domains in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Regulate KIT Expression and Are Targetable by BET Bromodomain Inhibition. Cancer Res 2019. [PMID: 18483246 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by activating mutations in the related receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and PDGFRA. GIST relies on expression of these unamplified receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genes through a large enhancer domain, resulting in high expression levels of the oncogene required for tumor growth. Although kinase inhibition is an effective therapy for many patients with GIST, disease progression from kinase-resistant mutations is common and no other effective classes of systemic therapy exist. In this study, we identify regulatory regions of the KIT enhancer essential for KIT gene expression and GIST cell viability. Given the dependence of GIST upon enhancer-driven expression of RTKs, we hypothesized that the enhancer domains could be therapeutically targeted by a BET bromodomain inhibitor (BBI). Treatment of GIST cells with BBIs led to cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cell death, with unique sensitivity in GIST cells arising from attenuation of the KIT enhancer domain and reduced KIT gene expression. BBI treatment in KIT-dependent GIST cells produced genome-wide changes in the H3K27ac enhancer landscape and gene expression program, which was also seen with direct KIT inhibition using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Combination treatment with BBI and TKI led to superior cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo, with BBI preventing tumor growth in TKI-resistant xenografts. Resistance to select BBI in GIST was attributable to drug efflux pumps. These results define a therapeutic vulnerability and clinical strategy for targeting oncogenic kinase dependency in GIST. SIGNIFICANCE: Expression and activity of mutant KIT is essential for driving the majority of GIST neoplasms, which can be therapeutically targeted using BET bromodomain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hemming
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Lawlor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L Andersen
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy Hagan
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Otari Chipashvili
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas G Scott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George D Demetri
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kawakami M, Yokota-Nakagi N, Uji M, Yoshida KI, Tazumi S, Takamata A, Uchida Y, Morimoto K. Estrogen replacement enhances insulin-induced AS160 activation and improves insulin sensitivity in ovariectomized rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1296-E1304. [PMID: 30179516 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00131.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Menopause predisposes women to impaired glucose metabolism, but the role of estrogen remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of chronic estrogen replacement on whole body insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats aged 9 wk were ovariectomized under anesthesia. After 4 wk, pellets containing either 17β-estradiol (E2) or placebo (Pla) were subcutaneously implanted in the rats. After 4 wk of treatment, the intra-abdominal fat accumulation was greater in the Pla group than that in the E2 group. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analysis and intravenous glucose tolerance test revealed that insulin sensitivity was significantly lower in the Pla group than in the E2 group. In addition, Western blotting showed that in vivo insulin stimulation increased protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation to a similar degree in the gastrocnemius and liver of both groups, but phosphorylated Akt2 Ser474 was enhanced in the muscle of the E2 group compared with the Pla group. Moreover, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) Thr642 was observed only in the E2 group, resulting in the difference between the two groups. Additionally, AS160 protein and mRNA levels were higher in muscle of the E2 group than the Pla group. In contrast, E2 replacement had no effect on glucose transporter 4 protein levels in muscle and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in muscle and liver. These results suggest that estrogen replacement improves insulin sensitivity by activating the Akt2/AS160 pathway in the insulin-stimulated muscle of ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Kawakami
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University , Nara , Japan
| | - Naoko Yokota-Nakagi
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University , Nara , Japan
| | - Masami Uji
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University , Nara , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shoko Tazumi
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University , Nara , Japan
| | - Akira Takamata
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University , Nara , Japan
| | - Yuki Uchida
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University , Nara , Japan
| | - Keiko Morimoto
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Department of Environmental Health, Nara Women's University , Nara , Japan
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39
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Wang H, Arias EB, Pataky MW, Goodyear LJ, Cartee GD. Postexercise improvement in glucose uptake occurs concomitant with greater γ3-AMPK activation and AS160 phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E859-E871. [PMID: 30130149 PMCID: PMC6293165 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A single exercise session can increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) by skeletal muscle, concomitant with greater Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation on Akt-phosphosites (Thr642 and Ser588) that regulate insulin-stimulated GU. Recent research using mouse skeletal muscle suggested that ex vivo 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) or electrically stimulated contractile activity-inducing increased γ3-AMPK activity and AS160 phosphorylation on a consensus AMPK-motif (Ser704) resulted in greater AS160 Thr642 phosphorylation and GU by insulin-stimulated muscle. Our primary goal was to determine whether in vivo exercise that increases insulin-stimulated GU in rat skeletal muscle would also increase γ3-AMPK activity and AS160 site-selective phosphorylation (Ser588, Thr642, and Ser704) immediately postexercise (IPEX) and/or 3 h postexercise (3hPEX). Epitrochlearis muscles isolated from sedentary and exercised (2-h swim exercise; studied IPEX and 3hPEX) rats were incubated with 2-deoxyglucose to determine GU (without insulin at IPEX; without or with insulin at 3hPEX). Muscles were also assessed for γ1-AMPK activity, γ3-AMPK activity, phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK), and phosphorylated AS160 (pAS160). IPEX versus sedentary had greater γ3-AMPK activity, pAS160 (Ser588, Thr642, Ser704), and GU with unaltered γ1-AMPK activity. 3hPEX versus sedentary had greater γ3-AMPK activity, pAS160 Ser704, and GU with or without insulin; greater pAS160 Thr642 only with insulin; and unaltered γ1-AMPK activity. These results using an in vivo exercise protocol that increased insulin-stimulated GU in rat skeletal muscle are consistent with the hypothesis that in vivo exercise-induced enhancement of γ3-AMPK activation and AS160 Ser704 IPEX and 3hPEX are important for greater pAS160 Thr642 and enhanced insulin-stimulated GU by skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark W Pataky
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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40
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Crosstalk in transition: the translocation of Akt. J Math Biol 2018; 78:919-942. [PMID: 30306249 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-018-1297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Akt/PKB is an important crosstalk node at the junction between a number of major signalling pathways in the mammalian cell. As a significant nutrient sensor, Akt plays a central role in many cellular processes, including cell growth, cell survival and glucose metabolism. The dysregulation of Akt signalling is implicated in the development of many diseases, from diabetes to cancer. The translocation of Akt from cytosol to plasma membrane is a crucial step in Akt activation. Akt is initially synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum, but translocates to the plasma membrane (PM) in response to insulin stimulation, where it may be activated. The Akt is then recycled to the cytoplasm. The activated Akt may propagate signals to downstream substrates both at the PM and in the cytosol, hence understanding the translocation dynamics is an important step in dissecting the signalling system. At the present time, however, knowledge concerning the translocation of either activated and unactivated Akt is scant. Here we present a simple, deterministic, three-compartment ordinary differential equation model of Akt translocation in vitro. This model can reproduce the salient features of Akt translocation in a manner consistent with the experimental data. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this system is equivalent to a damped harmonic oscillator, and analyse the steady state and transient behaviour of the model over the entire parameter space.
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41
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McGlory C, Nunes EA, Oikawa SY, Tsakiridis E, Phillips SM. Assessing the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 pathway in response to resistance exercise and feeding in human skeletal muscle by multiplex assay. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:945-949. [PMID: 29590537 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC-1) is a key nutrient and contraction-sensitive protein that regulates a pathway leading to skeletal muscle growth. Utilizing a multiplex assay, we aimed to examine the phosphorylation status of key mTORC-1-related signalling molecules in response to protein feeding and resistance exercise. Eight healthy men (age, 22.5 ± 3.1 years; mass, 80 ± 9 kg; 1-repetition maximum leg extension, 87 ± 5 kg) performed 4 sets of unilateral leg extensions until volitional failure. Immediately following the final set, all participants consumed a protein-enriched beverage. A single skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis before (Pre) with further bilateral biopsies at 1 h (1 h exercised legs (FEDEX) and 1 h nonexercised legs (FED)) and 3 h (3 h FEDEX and 3 h FED) after drink ingestion. Phosphorylated AktSer473 was significantly elevated from Pre at 1 h FEDEX. Phosphorylated p70S6K1Thr412 was significantly increased above Pre at 1 h FEDEX and 1 h FED and was still significantly elevated at 3 h FEDEX but not 3 h FED. Phosphorylated rpS6Ser235/236 was also significantly increased above Pre at 1 h FEDEX and 1 h FED with 1 h FEDEX greater than 1 h FED. Our data highlight the utility of a multiplex assay to assess anabolic signalling molecules in response to protein feeding and resistance exercise in humans. Importantly, these changes are comparable with those as previously reported using standard immunoblotting and protein activity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McGlory
- a Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Everson A Nunes
- b Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Sara Y Oikawa
- a Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Stuart M Phillips
- a Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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42
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Chorner PM, Moorehead RA. A-674563, a putative AKT1 inhibitor that also suppresses CDK2 activity, inhibits human NSCLC cell growth more effectively than the pan-AKT inhibitor, MK-2206. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193344. [PMID: 29470540 PMCID: PMC5823456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AKT is a serine-threonine kinase implicated in tumorigenesis as a central regulator of cellular growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism. Activated AKT is commonly overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and accordingly AKT inhibitors are under clinical investigation for NSCLC treatment. Thus far, the AKT inhibitors being evaluated broadly target all three (1–3) AKT isoforms but recent evidence suggests opposing roles in lung tumorigenesis where loss of Akt1 inhibits while the loss of Akt2 enhances lung tumor development. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that selective inhibition of AKT-1 would be a more effective therapeutic strategy than pan-AKT inhibition for NSCLC treatment. Using six NSCLC cell lines, we found that the AKT-1 inhibitor, A-674563, was significantly more effective at reducing NSCLC cell survival relative to the pan-AKT inhibitor MK-2206. Comparison of the downstream effects of the inhibitors suggests that altered cell cycle progression and off-target CDK2 inhibition are likely vital to the improved efficacy of A-674563 over MK-2206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Chorner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger A Moorehead
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Hohensee I, Chuang HN, Grottke A, Werner S, Schulte A, Horn S, Lamszus K, Bartkowiak K, Witzel I, Westphal M, Matschke J, Glatzel M, Jücker M, Pukrop T, Pantel K, Wikman H. PTEN mediates the cross talk between breast and glial cells in brain metastases leading to rapid disease progression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6155-6168. [PMID: 28008153 PMCID: PMC5351620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvement of therapeutic treatments for breast cancer, the development of brain metastases has become a major limitation to life expectancy for many patients. Brain metastases show very commonly alterations in EGFR and HER2 driven pathways, of which PTEN is an important regulator. Here, we analyzed PTEN expression in 111 tissue samples of breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM). Loss of PTEN was found in a substantial proportion of BCBM samples (48.6%) and was significantly associated with triple-negative breast cancer (67.5%, p = 0.001) and a shorter survival time after surgical resection of brain metastases (p = 0.048). Overexpression of PTEN in brain-seeking MDA-MB-231 BR cells in vitro reduced activation of the AKT pathway, notably by suppression of Akt1 kinase activity. Furthermore, the migration of MDA-MB-231 BR cells in vitro was promoted by co-culturing with both astrocytes and microglial cells. Interestingly, when PTEN was overexpressed the migration was significantly inhibited. Moreover, in an ex vivo organotypic brain slice model, PTEN overexpression reduced invasion of tumor cells. This was accompanied by reduced astrocyte activation that was mediated by autocrine and paracrine activation of GM-CSF/ CSF2RA and AKT/ PTEN pathways. In conclusion, loss of PTEN is frequently detected in triple-negative BCBM patients and associated with poor prognosis. The findings of our functional studies suggest that PTEN loss promotes a feedback loop between tumor cells and glial cells, which might contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hohensee
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Han-Ning Chuang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Grottke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Werner
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Alexander Schulte
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Horn
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Bartkowiak
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Isabell Witzel
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
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44
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Haeusler RA, McGraw TE, Accili D. Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:31-44. [PMID: 28974775 PMCID: PMC5894887 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, genetic and acquired abnormalities of insulin action underlie the far more common conditions of type 2 diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance. The latter predisposes to diseases ranging from hypertension to Alzheimer disease and cancer. Hence, understanding the biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling is arguably a priority in biomedical research. In the past decade, major progress has led to the delineation of mechanisms of glucose transport, lipid synthesis, storage and mobilization. In addition to direct effects of insulin on signalling kinases and metabolic enzymes, the discovery of mechanisms of insulin-regulated gene transcription has led to a reassessment of the general principles of insulin action. These advances will accelerate the discovery of new treatment modalities for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Haeusler
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Departments of Biochemistry and Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, Department of Medicine, New York, New York 10032, USA
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45
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Chaudhary N, Gonzalez E, Chang SH, Geng F, Rafii S, Altorki NK, McGraw TE. Adenovirus Protein E4-ORF1 Activation of PI3 Kinase Reveals Differential Regulation of Downstream Effector Pathways in Adipocytes. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3305-3318. [PMID: 28009298 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates metabolism, including the translocation of the Glut4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane and inactivation of the FoxO1 transcription factor. Adenoviral protein E4-ORF1 stimulates cellular glucose metabolism by mimicking growth-factor activation of PI3K. We have used E4-ORF1 as a tool to dissect PI3K-mediated signaling in adipocytes. E4-ORF1 activation of PI3K in adipocytes recapitulates insulin regulation of FoxO1 but not regulation of Glut4. This uncoupling of PI3K effects occurs despite E4-ORF1 activating PI3K and downstream signaling to levels achieved by insulin. Although E4-ORF1 does not fully recapitulate insulin's effects on Glut4, it enhances insulin-stimulated insertion of Glut4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane independent of Rab10, a key regulator of Glut4 trafficking. E4-ORF1 also stimulates plasma membrane translocation of ubiquitously expressed Glut1 glucose transporter, an effect that is likely essential for E4-ORF1 to promote an anabolic metabolism in a broad range of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eva Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sung-Hee Chang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fuqiang Geng
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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46
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Ding L, Zhang L, Biswas S, Schugar RC, Brown JM, Byzova T, Podrez E. Akt3 inhibits adipogenesis and protects from diet-induced obesity via WNK1/SGK1 signaling. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95687. [PMID: 29202451 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Three Akt isoforms, encoded by 3 separate genes, are expressed in mammals. While the roles of Akt1 and Akt2 in metabolism are well established, it is not yet known whether Akt3 plays a role in metabolic diseases. We now report that Akt3 protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity by suppressing an alternative pathway of adipogenesis via with no lysine protein kinase-1 (WNK1) and serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). We demonstrate that Akt3 specifically phosphorylates WNK1 at T58 and promotes its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A lack of Akt3 in adipocytes increases the WNK1 protein level, leading to activation of SGK1. SGK1, in turn, promotes adipogenesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting transcription factor FOXO1 and, subsequently, activating the transcription of PPARγ in adipocytes. Akt3-deficient mice have an increased number of adipocytes and, when fed a high-fat diet, display increased weight gain, white adipose tissue expansion, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Pharmacological blockade of SGK1 in high-fat diet-fed Akt3-deficient mice suppressed adipogenesis, prevented excessive weight gain and adiposity, and ameliorated metabolic parameters. Thus, Akt3/WNK1/SGK1 represents a potentially novel signaling pathway controlling the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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47
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Protein kinase B: emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific regulation of cellular signaling in cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:569-580. [PMID: 28379898 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is one of the multifaceted kinases in the human kinome, existing in three isoforms. PKB plays a vital role in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated oncogenesis in various malignancies and is one of the attractive targets for cancer drug discovery. Recent studies have shown that the functional significance of an individual isoform of PKB is not redundant in cancer. It has been found that PKB isoforms play distinct roles in the regulation of cellular invasion and migration during tumorigenesis. PKB activation plays a central role during epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a cellular program required for the cancer cell invasion and migration. However, the differential behavior of each PKB isoform has been shown in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recent studies have suggested that PKBα (Akt1) plays a conflicting role in tumorigenesis by acting either as a pro-oncogenic factor by suppressing the apoptotic machinery or by restricting tumor invasion. PKBβ (Akt2) promotes cell migration and invasion and similarly PKBγ (Akt3) has been reported to promote tumor migration. As PKB is known for its pro-oncogenic properties, it needs to be unraveled how three isoforms of PKB compensate during tumor progression. In this review, we attempted to sum up how different isoforms of PKB play a role in cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance.
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48
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Akgumus G, Chang F, Li MM. Overgrowth Syndromes Caused by Somatic Variants in the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:487-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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49
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Norris DM, Yang P, Krycer JR, Fazakerley DJ, James DE, Burchfield JG. An improved Akt reporter reveals intra- and inter-cellular heterogeneity and oscillations in signal transduction. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2757-2766. [PMID: 28663386 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt is a key node in a range of signal transduction cascades and play a critical role in diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Fluorescently-tagged Akt reporters have been used to discern Akt localisation, yet it has not been clear how well these tools recapitulate the behaviour of endogenous Akt proteins. Here, we observed that fusion of eGFP to Akt2 impaired both its insulin-stimulated plasma membrane recruitment and its phosphorylation. Endogenous-like responses were restored by replacing eGFP with TagRFP-T. The improved response magnitude and sensitivity afforded by TagRFP-T-Akt2 over eGFP-Akt2 enabled monitoring of signalling outcomes in single cells at physiological doses of insulin with subcellular resolution and revealed two previously unreported features of Akt biology. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, stimulation with insulin resulted in recruitment of Akt2 to the plasma membrane in a polarised fashion. Additionally, we observed oscillations in plasma membrane localised Akt2 in the presence of insulin with a consistent periodicity of 2 min. Our studies highlight the importance of fluorophore choice when generating reporter constructs and shed light on new Akt signalling responses that may encode complex signalling information.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dougall M Norris
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pengyi Yang
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James R Krycer
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James G Burchfield
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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50
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Beg M, Abdullah N, Thowfeik FS, Altorki NK, McGraw TE. Distinct Akt phosphorylation states are required for insulin regulated Glut4 and Glut1-mediated glucose uptake. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28589878 PMCID: PMC5462539 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin, downstream of Akt activation, promotes glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells to lower postprandial blood glucose, an enforced change in cellular metabolism to maintain glucose homeostasis. This effect is mediated by the Glut4 glucose transporter. Growth factors also enhance glucose uptake to fuel an anabolic metabolism required for tissue growth and repair. This activity is predominantly mediated by the Glut1. Akt is activated by phosphorylation of its kinase and hydrophobic motif (HM) domains. We show that insulin-stimulated Glut4-mediated glucose uptake requires PDPK1 phosphorylation of the kinase domain but not mTORC2 phosphorylation of the HM domain. Nonetheless, an intact HM domain is required for Glut4-mediated glucose uptake. Whereas, Glut1-mediated glucose uptake also requires mTORC2 phosphorylation of the HM domain, demonstrating both phosphorylation-dependent and independent roles of the HM domain in regulating glucose uptake. Thus, mTORC2 links Akt to the distinct physiologic programs related to Glut4 and Glut1-mediated glucose uptake. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26896.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Muheeb Beg
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Nazish Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Fathima Shazna Thowfeik
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States.,Lung Cancer Program, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
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