1
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Blakely WJ, Hatterschide J, White EA. HPV18 E7 inhibits LATS1 kinase and activates YAP1 by degrading PTPN14. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583953. [PMID: 38496413 PMCID: PMC10942435 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins inactivate cellular tumor suppressors to reprogram host cell signaling pathways. HPV E7 proteins bind and degrade the tumor suppressor PTPN14, thereby promoting the nuclear localization of the YAP1 oncoprotein and inhibiting keratinocyte differentiation. YAP1 is a transcriptional coactivator that drives epithelial cell stemness and self-renewal. YAP1 activity is inhibited by the highly conserved Hippo pathway, which is frequently inactivated in human cancers. MST1/2 and LATS1/2 kinases form the core of the Hippo kinase cascade. Active LATS1 kinase is phosphorylated on threonine 1079 and inhibits YAP1 by phosphorylating it on amino acids including serine 127. Here, we tested the effect of high-risk (carcinogenic) HPV18 E7 on Hippo pathway activity. We found that either PTPN14 knockout or PTPN14 degradation by HPV18 E7 decreased phosphorylation of LATS1 T1079 and YAP1 S127 in human keratinocytes and inhibited keratinocyte differentiation. Conversely, PTPN14-dependent differentiation required LATS kinases and certain PPxY motifs in PTPN14. Neither MST1/2 kinases nor the putative PTPN14 phosphatase active site were required for PTPN14 to promote differentiation. Taken together, these data support that PTPN14 inactivation or degradation of PTPN14 by HPV18 E7 reduce LATS1 activity, promoting active YAP1 and inhibiting keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Blakely
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Hatterschide
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Current address: Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. White
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Balhara N, Yadav R, Ranga S, Ahuja P, Tanwar M. Understanding the HPV associated cancers: A comprehensive review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:743. [PMID: 38874682 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a common cause of sexually transmitted diseases, may cause warts and lead to various types of cancers, which makes it important to understand the risk factors associated with it. HPV is the leading risk factor and plays a crucial role in the progression of cervical cancer. Viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a pivotal role in this process. Beyond cervical cancer, HPV-associated cancers of the mouth and throat are also increasing. HPV can also contribute to other malignancies like penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. Emerging evidence links HPV to these cancers. Research on the oncogenic effect of HPV is still ongoing and explorations of screening techniques, vaccination, immunotherapy and targeted therapeutics are all in progress. The present review offers valuable insight into the current understanding of the role of HPV in cancer and its potential implications for treatment and prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Balhara
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
| | - Shalu Ranga
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Parul Ahuja
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Mukesh Tanwar
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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3
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Pei L, Hickman HD. T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:679. [PMID: 38793562 PMCID: PMC11126121 DOI: 10.3390/v16050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex tissue that provides a strong physical barrier against invading pathogens. Despite this, many viruses can access the skin and successfully replicate in either the epidermal keratinocytes or dermal immune cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the antiviral T cell biology responding to cutaneous viral infections and how these responses differ depending on the cellular targets of infection. Much of our mechanistic understanding of T cell surveillance of cutaneous infection has been gained from murine models of poxvirus and herpesvirus infection. However, we also discuss other viral infections, including flaviviruses and papillomaviruses, in which the cutaneous T cell response has been less extensively studied. In addition to the mechanisms of successful T cell control of cutaneous viral infection, we highlight knowledge gaps and future directions with possible impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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4
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Khalil MI, Yang C, Vu L, Chadha S, Nabors H, James CD, Morgan IM, Pyeon D. The membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase MARCHF8 stabilizes the human papillomavirus oncoprotein E7 by degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 in head and neck cancer. J Virol 2024; 98:e0172623. [PMID: 38226814 PMCID: PMC10878100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01726-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 is a relatively short-lived protein required for HPV-driven cancer development and maintenance. E7 is degraded through ubiquitination mediated by cullin 1 (CUL1) and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3). However, E7 proteins are maintained at high levels in most HPV-positive cancer cells. A previous proteomics study has shown that UBE2L3 and CUL1 protein levels are increased by the knockdown of the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 8 (MARCHF8). We have recently demonstrated that HPV16 upregulates MARCHF8 expression in HPV-positive keratinocytes and head and neck cancer (HPV+ HNC) cells. Here, we report that MARCHF8 stabilizes the HPV16 E7 protein by degrading the components of the S-phase kinase-associated protein 1-CUL1-F-box ubiquitin ligase complex in HPV+ HNC cells. We found that MARCHF8 knockdown in HPV+ HNC cells drastically decreases the HPV16 E7 protein level while increasing the CUL1 and UBE2L3 protein levels. We further revealed that the MARCHF8 protein binds to and ubiquitinates CUL1 and UBE2L3 proteins and that MARCHF8 knockdown enhances the ubiquitination of the HPV16 E7 protein. Conversely, the overexpression of CUL1 and UBE2L3 in HPV+ HNC cells decreases HPV16 E7 protein levels and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Our findings suggest that HPV-induced MARCHF8 prevents the degradation of the HPV16 E7 protein in HPV+ HNC cells by ubiquitinating and degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 proteins.IMPORTANCESince human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 is essential for virus replication; HPV has to maintain high levels of E7 expression in HPV-infected cells. However, HPV E7 can be efficiently ubiquitinated by a ubiquitin ligase and degraded by proteasomes in the host cell. Mechanistically, the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex cullin 1 (CUL1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3) components play an essential role in E7 ubiquitination and degradation. Here, we show that the membrane ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 8 (MARCHF8) induced by HPV16 E6 stabilizes the E7 protein by degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 and blocking E7 degradation through proteasomes. MARCHF8 knockout restores CUL1 and UBE2L3 expression, decreasing E7 protein levels and inhibiting the proliferation of HPV-positive cancer cells. Additionally, overexpression of CUL1 or UBE2L3 decreases E7 protein levels and suppresses in vivo tumor growth. Our results suggest that HPV16 maintains high E7 protein levels in the host cell by inducing MARCHF8, which may be critical for cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I. Khalil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Canchai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lexi Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Smriti Chadha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Harrison Nabors
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire D. James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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5
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Hao S, Meng Q, Sun H, Yang X, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Xu Z, Wang Y. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 promotes cervical cancer proliferation by upregulating transketolase enzymatic activity through the activation of protein kinase B. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:339-355. [PMID: 37988232 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Over 99% of precancerous cervical lesions are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, with HPV types 16 and 18 (especially type 16) found in over 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. E6, a critical HPV gene, triggers malignant proliferation by degrading p53; however, this mechanism alone cannot fully explain the oncogenic effects of HPV16 E6. Therefore, we aimed to investigate new targets of HPV oncogenic mechanisms. Our results revealed significant changes in nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites in HPV16-positive cells. However, the role of nonoxidative PPP in HPV-associated cell transformation and tumor development remained unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact and mechanisms of HPV16 E6 on cervical cancer proliferation using the HPV-negative cervical cancer cell line (C33A). HPV16 E6 was found to promote cervical cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, activating the nonoxidative PPP. Transketolase (TKT), a key enzyme in the nonoxidative PPP, is highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and associated with poor prognosis. HPV16 E6 promotes cervical cancer cell proliferation by upregulating TKT activity through the activation of AKT. In addition, oxythiamine (OT), a TKT inhibitor, hindered tumor growth, with enhanced effects when combined with cisplatin (DDP). In conclusion, HPV16 E6 promotes cervical cancer proliferation by upregulating TKT activity through the activation of AKT. OT demonstrates the potential to inhibit HPV16-positive cervical cancer growth, and when combined with DDP, could further enhance the tumor-suppressive effect of DDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qingfei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiangzhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanghe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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6
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Rosendo-Chalma P, Antonio-Véjar V, Ortiz Tejedor JG, Ortiz Segarra J, Vega Crespo B, Bigoni-Ordóñez GD. The Hallmarks of Cervical Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms Induced by Human Papillomavirus. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:77. [PMID: 38392296 PMCID: PMC10886769 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and, specifically, high-risk HPVs (HR-HPVs) are identified as necessary factors in the development of cancer of the lower genital tract, with CaCU standing out as the most prevalent tumor. This review summarizes ten mechanisms activated by HR-HPVs during cervical carcinogenesis, which are broadly associated with at least seven of the fourteen distinctive physiological capacities of cancer in the newly established model by Hanahan in 2022. These mechanisms involve infection by human papillomavirus, cellular tropism, genetic predisposition to uterine cervical cancer (CaCU), viral load, viral physical state, regulation of epigenetic mechanisms, loss of function of the E2 protein, deregulated expression of E6/E7 oncogenes, regulation of host cell protein function, and acquisition of the mesenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rosendo-Chalma
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIB-UNAM), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Unidad Académica de Posgrado, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Antonio-Véjar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Jonnathan Gerardo Ortiz Tejedor
- Unidad Académica de Posgrado, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
- Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Jose Ortiz Segarra
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador
| | - Bernardo Vega Crespo
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador
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7
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Ye X, Zhang P, Tao J, Wang JCK, Mafi A, Grob NM, Quartararo AJ, Baddock HT, Chan LJG, McAllister FE, Foe I, Loas A, Eaton DL, Hao Q, Nile AH, Pentelute BL. Discovery of reactive peptide inhibitors of human papillomavirus oncoprotein E6. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12484-12497. [PMID: 38020382 PMCID: PMC10646941 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02782a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections account for nearly all cervical cancer cases, which is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. High-risk variants, including HPV16, drive tumorigenesis in part by promoting the degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. This degradation is mediated by the HPV early protein 6 (E6), which recruits the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP and redirects its activity towards ubiquitinating p53. Targeting the protein interaction interface between HPV E6 and E6AP is a promising modality to mitigate HPV-mediated degradation of p53. In this study, we designed a covalent peptide inhibitor, termed reactide, that mimics the E6AP LXXLL binding motif by selectively targeting cysteine 58 in HPV16 E6 with quantitative conversion. This reactide provides a starting point in the development of covalent peptidomimetic inhibitors for intervention against HPV-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jason Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Amirhossein Mafi
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Nathalie M Grob
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Anthony J Quartararo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Hannah T Baddock
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Leanne J G Chan
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Fiona E McAllister
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Ian Foe
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Dan L Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Qi Hao
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Aaron H Nile
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 500 Main Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard 415 Main Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
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8
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Khalil MI, Yang C, Vu L, Chadha S, Nabors H, James CD, Morgan IM, Pyeon D. The membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase MARCHF8 stabilizes the human papillomavirus oncoprotein E7 by degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 in head and neck cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565564. [PMID: 37961092 PMCID: PMC10635129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 is a relatively short-lived protein required for HPV-driven cancer development and maintenance. E7 is degraded through ubiquitination mediated by cullin 1 (CUL1) and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3). However, E7 proteins are maintained at high levels in most HPV-positive cancer cells. A previous proteomics study has shown that UBE2L3 and CUL1 protein levels are increased by the knockdown of the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 8 (MARCHF8). We have recently demonstrated that HPV upregulates MARCHF8 expression in HPV-positive keratinocytes and head and neck cancer (HPV+ HNC) cells. Here, we report that MARCHF8 stabilizes the E7 protein by degrading the components of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex in HPV+ HNC cells. We found that MARCHF8 knockdown in HPV+ HNC cells drastically decreases the E7 protein level while increasing the CUL1 and UBE2L3 protein levels. We further revealed that the MARCHF8 protein binds to and ubiquitinates CUL1 and UBE2L3 proteins and that MARCHF8 knockdown enhances the ubiquitination of the E7 protein. Conversely, the overexpression of CUL1 and UBE2L3 in HPV+ HNC cells decreases E7 protein levels and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Our findings suggest that HPV-induced MARCHF8 prevents the degradation of the E7 protein in HPV+ HNC cells by ubiquitinating and degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I. Khalil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, Egypt
| | - Canchai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lexi Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Smriti Chadha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Harrison Nabors
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire D. James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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9
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Wu SC, Grace M, Munger K. The HPV8 E6 protein targets the Hippo and Wnt signaling pathways as part of its arsenal to restrain keratinocyte differentiation. mBio 2023; 14:e0155623. [PMID: 37676018 PMCID: PMC10653872 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01556-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect basal epithelial cells and cause a dramatic expansion of basal-like, proliferative cells. This reflects the ability of papillomaviruses to delay keratinocyte differentiation, thereby maintaining aspects of the basal cell identity of persistently infected cells. This may enable papillomaviruses to establish and maintain long-term infections in squamous epithelial tissues. Previous work has revealed that the ability of β-HPV8 E6 protein to inhibit Notch and transforming growth factor β signaling importantly contributes to this activity. Here, we present evidence that HPV8 E6 also subverts Hippo and Wnt signaling and that these activities also aid in restraining keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C. Wu
- Molecular Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miranda Grace
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karl Munger
- Molecular Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Gelbard MK, Munger K. Human papillomaviruses: Knowns, mysteries, and unchartered territories. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29191. [PMID: 37861365 PMCID: PMC10608791 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been an explosion in the number of papillomaviruses that have been identified and fully sequenced. Yet only a minute fraction of these has been studied in any detail. Most of our molecular research efforts have focused on the E6 and E7 proteins of "high-risk," cancer-associated human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Interactions of the high-risk HPV E6 and E7 proteins with their respective cellular targets, the p53 and the retinoblastoma tumor suppressors, have been investigated in minute detail. Some have thus questioned if research on papillomaviruses remains an exciting and worthwhile area of investigation. However, fundamentally new insights on the biological activities and cellular targets of the high-risk HPV E6 and E7 proteins have been discovered and previously unstudied HPVs have been newly associated with human diseases. HPV infections continue to be an important cause of human morbidity and mortality and since there are no antivirals to combat HPV infections, research on HPVs should remain attractive to new investigators and biomedical funding agencies, alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya K. Gelbard
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Karl Munger
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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11
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Chagas BS, Tibúrcio Júnior E, Silva RCDO, dos Santos DL, Barros Junior MR, de Lima RDCP, Invenção MDCV, Santos VEP, França Neto PL, Silva Júnior AH, Silva Neto JC, Batista MVDA, de Freitas AC. E7 Oncogene HPV58 Variants Detected in Northeast Brazil: Genetic and Functional Analysis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1915. [PMID: 37630475 PMCID: PMC10458125 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is associated with persistent infections by high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types that may have nucleotide polymorphisms and, consequently, different oncogenic potentials. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability and structural effects of the E7 oncogene of HPV58 in cervical scraping samples from Brazilian women. The study was developed with patients from hospitals in the metropolitan area of Recife, PE, Brazil. The most frequent HPV types were, in descending order of abundance, HPV16, 31, and 58. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolates were classified into sublineages A2, C1, and D2. Two positively selected mutations were found in E7: 63G and 64T. The mutations G41R, G63D, and T64A in the E7 protein reduced the stability of the protein structure. Utilizing an NF-kB reporter assay, we observed a decrease in the NK-kB pathway activity with the HPV58-E7 variant 54S compared to the WT E7. The other detected E7 HPV58 variants presented similar NF-kB pathway activity compared to the WT E7. In this study, it was possible to identify mutations that may interfere with the molecular interaction between the viral oncoproteins and host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Simas Chagas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Elias Tibúrcio Júnior
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Ruany Cristyne de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Daffany Luana dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Marconi Rego Barros Junior
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Pereira de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Vanessa Emanuelle Pereira Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Pedro Luiz França Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
| | - Antônio Humberto Silva Júnior
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Jacinto Costa Silva Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cytological Research, Department of Histology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Marcus Vinícius de Aragão Batista
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.S.C.); (E.T.J.); (R.C.d.O.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (M.R.B.J.); (R.d.C.P.d.L.); (M.d.C.V.I.); (V.E.P.S.); (P.L.F.N.)
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12
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Hatterschide J, Natale CA, Ridky TW, White EA. Monitoring cell fate in 3D organotypic human squamous epithelial cultures. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102101. [PMID: 36853703 PMCID: PMC9937944 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide a protocol to model the effects of changes to a small number of cells, such as those arising from a mutation or a virus infection, in stratified epithelia. We describe steps for diluting engineered human keratinocytes into a larger population of unmodified cells and using these cells to grow three-dimensional organotypic cultures. We detail steps to observe effects that are not apparent in homogenous organotypic epithelial cultures by visualizing the localization of modified keratinocytes in epithelial layers. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hatterschide et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hatterschide
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher A Natale
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Todd W Ridky
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A White
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Du X, Li S, Yang K, Cao Y. Downregulation of Sonic hedgehog signaling induces G2-arrest in genital warts. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13265. [PMID: 36704875 PMCID: PMC9838784 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) infected keratinocyte dysfunction results in the formation of genital warts, and the specific role of Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling in genital warts remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to identify the correlation between wart formation and SHh signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, nine male patients with genital warts were recruited, and the expression of SHh and its downstream signal molecules Patched-1 and GLI family zinc finger 1 (Ptch1 and Gli1) was detected. Moreover, G2-phase cells in the collected genital warts samples were assessed with normal foreskin samples as a comparison. HPV6/11 were detected via in situ hybridization (ISH), and SHh expression of the corresponding paraffin sections was determined via immunohistochemical staining (IHC). In addition, an in vitro down-regulated SHh model was constructed by siRNA transfection of the HaCaT cell line, and the cell cycle was detected at 36 h by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. RESULTS SHh, Ptch1, and Gli1 in warts were significantly downregulated in the condyloma acuminatum (CA) group compared to the normal foreskin group. G2-phase cells in the middle section of the spinous layer of CA wart tissues were significantly increased. Moreover, the expression of HPV-DNA was amplified and negatively correlated with SHh activity in CA wart tissues. Lastly, the downregulation of SHh-induced G2 arrest in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The downregulation of the SHh signaling promotes HPV replication and the formation of warts by inducing G2/M arrest in the keratinocytes of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxi Du
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchun Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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ZER1 Contributes to the Carcinogenic Activity of High-Risk HPV E7 Proteins. mBio 2022; 13:e0203322. [PMID: 36346242 PMCID: PMC9765665 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02033-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 proteins bind to host cell proteins to facilitate virus replication. Interactions between HPV E7 and host cell proteins can also drive cancer progression. We hypothesize that HPV E7-host protein interactions specific for high-risk E7 contribute to the carcinogenic activity of high-risk HPV. The cellular protein ZER1 interacts with the E7 protein from HPV16, the genotype most frequently associated with human cancers. The HPV16 E7-ZER1 interaction is unique among HPV E7 tested to date. Other E7 proteins, even from closely related HPV genotypes, do not bind ZER1, which is a substrate specificity factor for a CUL2-RING ubiquitin ligase. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of ZER1 to the carcinogenic activity of HPV16 E7. First, we mapped the ZER1 binding site to specific residues on the C terminus of HPV16 E7. We showed that the mutant HPV16 E7 that cannot bind ZER1 is impaired in the ability to promote the growth of primary keratinocytes. We found that ZER1 and CUL2 contribute to, but are not required for, HPV16 E7 to degrade RB1. Cancer dependency data show that ZER1 is an essential gene in most HPV-positive, but not HPV-negative, cancer cell lines. Depleting ZER1 impaired the growth of primary keratinocytes expressing HPV16 E7 or HPV18 E7 and of HPV16-and HPV18-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Taken together, our work demonstrates that ZER1 contributes to HPV-mediated carcinogenesis and is essential for the growth of HPV-positive cells. IMPORTANCE HPV16 is highly carcinogenic and is the most predominant HPV genotype associated with human cancers. The mechanisms that underlie differences between high-risk HPV genotypes are currently unknown, but many of these differences are likely attributable to the activities of the oncogenic HPV proteins, including E7. The HPV E7 oncoprotein is essential for HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. A large number of HPV E7 targets have been identified. However, it is unclear which of these many interactions contributes to the carcinogenic activity of HPV E7. Here, we characterized the interaction between HPV16 E7 and the host cell protein ZER1, testing whether this genotype-specific interaction could enable some of the carcinogenic activity of HPV16 E7. We found that ZER1 binding contributes to the growth-promoting activity of HPV16 E7 and to the growth of HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. We propose that ZER1 makes an important contribution to HPV-mediated carcinogenesis.
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15
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Piña-Sánchez P. Human Papillomavirus: Challenges and Opportunities for the Control of Cervical Cancer. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:753-769. [PMID: 36462952 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and genetically diverse entities on the planet, infect all life forms and have evolved with their hosts. To date, 263 viral species have been identified that infect humans, of which only seven are considered type I oncogenic. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main virus associated with cancer and is responsible for practically all cases of cervical carcinoma. Screening tests for early detection have been available since the 1960s. Undoubtedly, the entailment between knowledge of HPV biology and the natural history of cervical cancer has contributed to the significant advances that have been made for its prevention since the 21st century, with the development of prophylactic vaccines and improved screening strategies. Therefore, it is possible to eradicate invasive cervical cancer as a worldwide public health problem, as proposed by the WHO with the 90-70-90 initiative based on vaccination coverage, screening, and treatment, respectively. In addition, the emerging knowledge of viral biology generates opportunities that will contribute to strengthening prevention and treatment strategies in HPV-associated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Piña-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Molecular de Oncología, Unidad de Investigación Oncológica, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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16
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Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes are expressed at all stages of HPV-mediated carcinogenesis and are essential drivers of cancers caused by high-risk HPV. Some of the activities of HPV E6 and E7, such as their interactions with host cellular tumor suppressors, have been characterized extensively. There is less information about how high-risk HPV E6 and E7 alter cellular responses to cytokines that are present in HPV-infected tissues and are an important component of the tumor microenvironment. We used several models of HPV oncoprotein activity to assess how HPV16 E6 and E7 alter the cellular response to the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Models of early stage HPV infection and of established HPV-positive head and neck cancers exhibited similar dysregulation of IL-1 pathway genes and suppressed transcriptional responses to IL-1β treatment. Such overlap in cell responses supports that changes induced by HPV16 E6 and E7 early in infection could persist and contribute to a dysregulated immune environment throughout carcinogenesis. HPV16 E6 and E7 also drove the upregulation of several suppressors of IL-1 cytokine signaling, including SIGIRR, both in primary keratinocytes and in cancer cells. SIGIRR knockout was insufficient to increase IL-1β-dependent gene expression in the presence of HPV16 E6 and E7, suggesting that multiple suppressors of IL-1 signaling contribute to dampened IL-1 responses in HPV16-positive cells. IMPORTANCE Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for nearly 5% of the worldwide cancer burden. HPV-positive tumors develop over years to decades in tissues that are subject to frequent stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines. However, the effects of HPV oncoproteins on the cellular response to cytokine stimulation are not well defined. We analyzed IL-1 cytokine signaling in several models of HPV biology and disease. We found that HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins mediate a broad and potent suppression of cellular responses to IL-1β in models of both early and late stages of carcinogenesis. Our data provide a resource for future investigation of IL-1 signaling in HPV-positive cells and cancers.
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Tornesello ML, Cerasuolo A, Starita N, Tornesello AL, Bonelli P, Tuccillo FM, Buonaguro L, Isaguliants MG, Buonaguro FM. The Molecular Interplay between Human Oncoviruses and Telomerase in Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5257. [PMID: 36358677 PMCID: PMC9659228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oncoviruses are able to subvert telomerase function in cancer cells through multiple strategies. The activity of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (TERT) is universally enhanced in virus-related cancers. Viral oncoproteins, such as high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) LMP1, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8) LANA, hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBVx, hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein, interact with regulatory elements in the infected cells and contribute to the transcriptional activation of TERT gene. Specifically, viral oncoproteins have been shown to bind TERT promoter, to induce post-transcriptional alterations of TERT mRNA and to cause epigenetic modifications, which have important effects on the regulation of telomeric and extra-telomeric functions of the telomerase. Other viruses, such as herpesviruses, operate by integrating their genomes within the telomeres or by inducing alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) in non-ALT cells. In this review, we recapitulate on recent findings on virus-telomerase/telomeres interplay and the importance of TERT-related oncogenic pathways activated by cancer-causing viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerasuolo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Noemy Starita
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bonelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Franco M. Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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18
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Lou H, Boland JF, Li H, Burk R, Yeager M, Anderson SK, Wentzensen N, Schiffman M, Mirabello L, Dean M. HPV16 E7 Nucleotide Variants Found in Cancer-Free Subjects Affect E7 Protein Expression and Transformation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4895. [PMID: 36230818 PMCID: PMC9562847 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 oncogene is critical to carcinogenesis and highly conserved. Previous studies identified a preponderance of non-synonymous E7 variants amongst HPV16-positive cancer-free controls compared to those with cervical cancer. To investigate the function of E7 variants, we constructed full-length HPV16 E7 genes and tested variants at positions H9R, D21N, N29S, E33K, T56I, D62N, S63F, S63P, T64M, E80K, D81N, P92L, and P92S (found only in controls); D14E, N29H cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2), and P6L, H51N, R77S (CIN3). We determined the steady-state level of cytoplasmic and nuclear HPV16 E7 protein. All variants from controls showed a reduced level of E7 protein, with 7/13 variants having lower protein levels. In contrast, 2/3 variants from the CIN3 precancer group had near-wild type E7 levels. We assayed the activity of representative variants in stably transfected NIH3T3 cells. The H9R, E33K, P92L, and P92S variants found in control subjects had lower transforming activity than D14E and N29H variants (CIN2), and the R77S (CIN3) had activity only slightly reduced from wild-type E7. In addition, R77S and WT E7 caused increased migration of NIH3T3 cells in a wound-healing assay compared with H9R, E33K, P92L, and P92S (controls) and D14E (CIN2). These data provide evidence that the E7 variants found in HPV16-positive cancer-free women are partially defective for transformation and cell migration, further demonstrating the importance of fully active E7 in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lou
- Cancer Genetics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Joseph F. Boland
- Cancer Genetics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Hongchuan Li
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert Burk
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genetics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Stephen K. Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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19
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Repression of Memo1, a Novel Target of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7, Increases Cell Proliferation in Cervical Cancer Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0122922. [PMID: 36197110 PMCID: PMC9599245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01229-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced carcinogenesis is associated with unregulated expression of the oncoproteins E6 and E7. HPV E7 is a viral protein that lacks enzymatic activity; however, it can target several cellular proteins to induce cell transformation and promote uncontrolled proliferation. Although several E7 targets have been described, there are still gaps in the understanding of how this oncoprotein drives cells toward malignancy. Here, using a small HPV type 16 (HPV16) E7 peptide in a proteomic approach, we report Memo1 as a new E7 binding partner, interacting through the aspartic and glutamic acid residues (E80 and D81) in the C-terminal region of HPV16 E7. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HPV16 E7 targets Memo1 for proteasomal degradation through a Cullin2-dependent mechanism. In addition, we show that overexpression of Memo1 decreases cell transformation and proliferation and that reduction of Memo1 levels correlate with activation of Akt and an increase in invasion of HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Our results show a novel HPV E7 interacting partner and describe novel functions of Memo1 in the context of HPV-induced malignancy. IMPORTANCE Although numerous targets have been reported to interact with the HPV E7 oncoprotein, the mechanisms involved in HPV-induced carcinogenesis and the maintenance of cell transformation are still lacking. Here, through pulldown assays using a peptide encompassing the C-terminal region of HPV16 E7, we report Memo1 as a novel E7 interactor. High levels of Memo1 correlated with reduced cell proliferation and, concordantly, knockdown of Memo1 resulted in Akt activation in HPV-positive cell lines. These results highlight new mechanisms used by HPV oncoproteins to modulate proliferation pathways in cervical cancer cells and increase our understanding of the link between Memo1 protein and cancer.
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20
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Sannigrahi MK, Rajagopalan P, Lai L, Liu X, Sahu V, Nakagawa H, Jalaly JB, Brody RM, Morgan IM, Windle BE, Wang X, Gimotty PA, Kelly DP, White EA, Basu D. HPV E6 regulates therapy responses in oropharyngeal cancer by repressing the PGC-1α/ERRα axis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:159600. [PMID: 36134662 PMCID: PMC9675449 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy with radiation plus cisplatin kills HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) by increasing reactive oxygen species beyond cellular antioxidant capacity. To explore why these standard treatments fail for some patients, we evaluated whether the variation in HPV oncoprotein levels among HPV+ OPSCCs affects mitochondrial metabolism, a source of antioxidant capacity. In cell line and patient-derived xenograft models, levels of HPV full-length E6 (fl-E6) inversely correlated with oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant capacity, and therapy resistance, and fl-E6 was the only HPV oncoprotein to display such correlations. Ectopically expressing fl-E6 in models with low baseline levels reduced mitochondrial mass, depleted antioxidant capacity, and sensitized to therapy. In this setting, fl-E6 repressed the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α/estrogen-related receptor α (PGC-1α/ERRα) pathway for mitochondrial biogenesis by reducing p53-dependent PGC-1α transcription. Concordant observations were made in 3 clinical cohorts, where expression of mitochondrial components was higher in tumors of patients with reduced survival. These tumors contained the lowest fl-E6 levels, the highest p53 target gene expression, and an activated PGC-1α/ERRα pathway. Our findings demonstrate that E6 can potentiate treatment responses by depleting mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and provide evidence for low E6 negatively affecting patient survival. E6's interaction with the PGC-1α/ERRα axis has implications for predicting and targeting treatment resistance in OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ling Lai
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Varun Sahu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jalal B. Jalaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M. Brody
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery and
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bradford E. Windle
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Phyllis A. Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel P. Kelly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Devraj Basu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery and
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Ventura C, Luís Â, Soares CP, Venuti A, Paolini F, Pereira L, Sousa Â. The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Vaccines for the Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 3: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091560. [PMID: 36146638 PMCID: PMC9500864 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a disease that affects many women worldwide, especially in low-income countries. The human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main causative agent of this disease, with the E6 and E7 oncoproteins being responsible for the development and maintenance of transformed status. In addition, HPV is also responsible for the appearance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), a pre-neoplastic condition burdened by very high costs for its screening and therapy. So far, only prophylactic vaccines have been approved by regulatory agencies as a means of CC prevention. However, these vaccines cannot treat HPV-positive women. A search was conducted in several databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov) to systematically identify clinical trials involving therapeutic vaccines against CIN 3. Histopathological regression data, immunological parameters, safety, DNA clearance, and vaccine efficacy were considered from each selected study, and from the 102 articles found, 8 were selected based on the defined inclusion criteria. Histopathological regression from CIN 3 to CIN < 1 was 22.1% (95% CI: 0.627−0.967; p-value = 0.024), showing a vaccine efficacy of 23.6% (95% CI; 0.666−0.876; p-value < 0.001). DNA clearance was assessed, and the risk of persistent HPV DNA was 23.2% (95% CI: 0.667−0.885; p-value < 0.001). Regarding immunological parameters, immune responses by specific T-HPV cells were more likely in vaccinated women (95% CI: 1.245−9.162; p-value = 0.017). In short, these studies favored the vaccine group over the placebo group. This work indicated that therapeutic vaccines are efficient in the treatment of CIN 3, even after accounting for publication bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Ventura
- CICS-UBI–Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Luís
- CICS-UBI–Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Grupo de Revisões Sistemáticas (GRUBI), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Christiane P. Soares
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV-UNIT-UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Paolini
- HPV-UNIT-UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Luísa Pereira
- Grupo de Revisões Sistemáticas (GRUBI), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- CMA-UBI-Centro de Matemática e Aplicações, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (Â.S.); Tel.: +351-275-329-052 (L.P. & Â.S.)
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI–Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (Â.S.); Tel.: +351-275-329-052 (L.P. & Â.S.)
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Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are responsible for most human cervical cancers, and uncontrolled expression of the two key viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, stimulates the induction of carcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown that both E6 and E7 are closely associated with different components of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, including several ubiquitin ligases. Most often these are utilized to target cellular substrates for proteasome-mediated degradation, but in the case of E6, the E6AP ubiquitin ligase plays a critical role in controlling E6 stability. We now show that knockdown of E6AP in HPV-positive cervical cancer-derived cells causes a marked decrease in E7 protein levels. This is due to a decrease in the E7 half-life and occurs in a proteasome-dependent manner. In an attempt to define the underlying mechanism, we show that E7 can also associate with E6AP, albeit in a manner different from that of E6. In addition, we show that E6AP-dependent stabilization of E7 also leads to an increase in the degradation of E7's cellular target substrates. Interestingly, ectopic overexpression of E6 oncoprotein results in lower levels of E7 protein through sequestration of E6AP. We also show that increased E7 stability in the presence of E6AP increases the proliferation of the cervical cancer-derived cell lines. These results demonstrate a surprising interplay between E6 and E7, in a manner which is mediated by the E6AP ubiquitin ligase. IMPORTANCE This is the first demonstration that E6AP can directly help stabilize the HPV E7 oncoprotein, in a manner similar to that observed with HPV E6. This redefines how E6 and E7 can cooperate and potentially modulate each other's activity and further highlights the essential role played by E6AP in the viral life cycle and malignancy.
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Aarthy M, Muthuramalingam P, Ramesh M, Singh SK. Unraveling the multi-targeted curative potential of bioactive molecules against cervical cancer through integrated omics and systems pharmacology approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14245. [PMID: 35989375 PMCID: PMC9393168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular level understanding on the role of viral infections causing cervical cancer is highly essential for therapeutic development. In these instances, systems pharmacology along with multi omics approach helps in unraveling the multi-targeted mechanisms of novel biologically active compounds to combat cervical cancer. The immuno-transcriptomic dataset of healthy and infected cervical cancer patients was retrieved from the array express. Further, the phytocompounds from medicinal plants were collected from the literature. Network Analyst 3.0 has been used to identify the immune genes around 384 which are differentially expressed and responsible for cervical cancer. Among the 87 compounds reported in plants for treating cervical cancer, only 79 compounds were targeting the identified immune genes of cervical cancer. The significant genes responsible for the domination in cervical cancer are identified in this study. The virogenomic signatures observed from cervical cancer caused by E7 oncoproteins serve as the potential therapeutic targets whereas, the identified compounds can act as anti-HPV drug deliveries. In future, the exploratory rationale of the acquired results will be useful in optimizing small molecules which can be a viable drug candidate.
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24
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Moody CA. Regulation of the Innate Immune Response during the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081797. [PMID: 36016419 PMCID: PMC9412305 DOI: 10.3390/v14081797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPVs) are associated with multiple human cancers and comprise 5% of the human cancer burden. Although most infections are transient, persistent infections are a major risk factor for cancer development. The life cycle of HPV is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. HPVs establish infection at a low copy number in the proliferating basal keratinocytes of the stratified epithelium. In contrast, the productive phase of the viral life cycle is activated upon epithelial differentiation, resulting in viral genome amplification, high levels of late gene expression, and the assembly of virions that are shed from the epithelial surface. Avoiding activation of an innate immune response during the course of infection plays a key role in promoting viral persistence as well as completion of the viral life cycle in differentiating epithelial cells. This review highlights the recent advances in our understanding of how HPVs manipulate the host cell environment, often in a type-specific manner, to suppress activation of an innate immune response to establish conditions supportive of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A. Moody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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25
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Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 Oncoproteins Alter the Abundance of Proteins Associated with DNA Damage Response, Immune Signaling and Epidermal Differentiation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081764. [PMID: 36016386 PMCID: PMC9415472 DOI: 10.3390/v14081764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-risk human papillomaviruses are oncogenic viruses associated with almost all cases of cervical carcinomas, and increasing numbers of anal, and oral cancers. Two oncogenic HPV proteins, E6 and E7, are capable of immortalizing keratinocytes and are required for HPV associated cell transformation. Currently, the influence of these oncoproteins on the global regulation of the host proteome is not well defined. Liquid chromatography coupled with quantitative tandem mass spectrometry using isobaric-tagged peptides was used to investigate the effects of the HPV16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 on protein levels in human neonatal keratinocytes (HEKn). Pathway and gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed that the cells expressing the HPV oncoproteins have elevated levels of proteins related to interferon response, inflammation and DNA damage response, while the proteins related to cell organization and epithelial development are downregulated. This study identifies dysregulated pathways and potential biomarkers associated with HPV oncoproteins in primary keratinocytes which may have therapeutic implications. Most notably, DNA damage response pathways, DNA replication, and interferon signaling pathways were affected in cells transduced with HPV16 E6 and E7 lentiviruses. Moreover, proteins associated with cell organization and differentiation were significantly downregulated in keratinocytes expressing HPV16 E6 + E7. High-risk HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins are necessary for the HPV-associated transformation of keratinocytes. However their influence on the global dysregulation of keratinocyte proteome is not well documented. Here shotgun proteomics using TMT-labeling detected over 2500 significantly dysregulated proteins associated with E6 and E7 expression. Networks of proteins related to interferon response, inflammation and DNA damage repair pathways were altered.
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Suresh RR, Kulandaisamy AJ, Nesakumar N, Nagarajan S, Lee JH, Rayappan JBB. Graphene Quantum Dots – Hydrothermal Green Synthesis, Material Characterization and Prospects for Cervical Cancer Diagnosis Applications: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavv Raghavender Suresh
- Department of Bioengineering School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- Department of Bioengineering School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Saisubramanian Nagarajan
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 South Korea
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
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Restriction of viral gene expression and replication prevents immortalization of human keratinocytes by a beta-human papillomavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118930119. [PMID: 35254896 PMCID: PMC8931373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118930119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk (HR) human papillomaviruses (HPV) from the genus alpha cause anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers, whereas the contribution of HPV from the genus beta to the development of cutaneous squamous cell cancer is still under debate. HR-HPV genomes display potent immortalizing activity in human keratinocytes, the natural target cell for HPV. This paper shows that immortalization of keratinocytes by the beta-HPV49 genome requires the inactivation of the viral E8^E2 repressor protein and the presence of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins but also of the E1 and E2 replication proteins. This reveals important differences in the carcinogenic properties of HR-HPV and beta-HPV but also warrants further investigations on the distribution and mutation frequencies of beta-HPV in human cancers. Beta-human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been implicated in the development of cutaneous squamous cell cancer (cSCC) in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) patients and organ transplant recipients. In contrast to high-risk (HR) HPV, which cause anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers, immortalizing activity of complete beta-HPV genomes in normal human keratinocytes (NHK), the natural target cells for HPV, has not been reported. We now demonstrate that the beta-HPV49 wild-type genome is transcriptionally active in NHK but lacks immortalizing activity unless the E8 gene, which encodes the E8^E2 repressor, is inactivated. HPV49 E8− immortalized keratinocytes maintain high levels of viral gene expression and very high copy numbers of extrachromosomal viral genomes during long-term cultivation. Not only disruption of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes but also of the E1 or E2 replication genes renders E8− genomes incapable of immortalization. E8−/E1− and E8−/E2− genomes display greatly reduced E6 and E7 RNA levels in short-term assays. This strongly suggests that high-level expression of E6 and E7 from extrachromosomal templates is necessary for immortalization. The requirement for an inactivation of E8 while maintaining E1 and E2 expression highlights important differences in the carcinogenic properties of HR-HPV and beta-HPV. These findings strengthen the notion that beta-HPV have carcinogenic potential that warrants further investigations into the distribution of beta-HPV in human cancers.
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Hatterschide J, Castagnino P, Kim HW, Sperry SM, Montone KT, Basu D, White EA. YAP1 activation by human papillomavirus E7 promotes basal cell identity in squamous epithelia. eLife 2022; 11:75466. [PMID: 35170430 PMCID: PMC8959598 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of stratified squamous epithelial cells causes nearly 5% of cancer cases worldwide. HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers harbor few mutations in the Hippo signaling pathway compared to HPV-negative cancers at the same anatomical site, prompting the hypothesis that an HPV-encoded protein inactivates the Hippo pathway and activates the Hippo effector yes-associated protein (YAP1). The HPV E7 oncoprotein is required for HPV infection and for HPV-mediated oncogenic transformation. We investigated the effects of HPV oncoproteins on YAP1 and found that E7 activates YAP1, promoting YAP1 nuclear localization in basal epithelial cells. YAP1 activation by HPV E7 required that E7 binds and degrades the tumor suppressor protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 14 (PTPN14). E7 required YAP1 transcriptional activity to extend the lifespan of primary keratinocytes, indicating that YAP1 activation contributes to E7 carcinogenic activity. Maintaining infection in basal cells is critical for HPV persistence, and here we demonstrate that YAP1 activation causes HPV E7 expressing cells to be retained in the basal compartment of stratified epithelia. We propose that YAP1 activation resulting from PTPN14 inactivation is an essential, targetable activity of the HPV E7 oncoprotein relevant to HPV infection and carcinogenesis. The ‘epithelial’ cells that cover our bodies are in a constant state of turnover. Every few weeks, the outermost layers die and are replaced by new cells from the layers below. For scientists, this raises a difficult question. Cells infected by human papillomaviruses, often known as HPV, can become cancerous over years or even decades. How do infected cells survive while the healthy cells around them mature and get replaced? One clue could lie in PTPN14, a human protein which many papillomaviruses eliminate using their viral E7 protein; this mechanism could be essential for the virus to replicate and cause cancer. To find out the impact of losing PTPN14, Hatterschide et al. used human epithelial cells to make three-dimensional models of infected tissues. These experiments showed that, when papillomaviruses destroy PTPN14, a human protein called YAP1 turns on in the lowest, most long-lived layer of the tissue. Cells in which YAP1 is activated survive while those that carry the inactive version mature and die. This suggests that papillomaviruses turn on YAP1 to remain in tissues for long periods. Papillomaviruses cause about five percent of all human cancers. Finding ways to stop them from activating YAP1 has the potential to prevent disease. Overall, the research by Hatterschide et al. also sheds light on other epithelial cancers which are not caused by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hatterschide
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Paola Castagnino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Hee Won Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Steven M Sperry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Kathleen T Montone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Devraj Basu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Elizabeth A White
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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29
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Haręża DA, Wilczyński JR, Paradowska E. Human Papillomaviruses as Infectious Agents in Gynecological Cancers―Oncogenic Properties of Viral Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031818. [PMID: 35163748 PMCID: PMC8836588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which belong to the Papillomaviridae family, constitute a group of small nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. HPV has a small genome that only encodes a few proteins, and it is also responsible for 5% of all human cancers, including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV types may be classified as high- and low-risk genotypes (HR-HPVs and LR-HPVs, respectively) according to their oncogenic potential. HR-HPV 16 and 18 are the most common types worldwide and are the primary types that are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. The activity of the viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which interfere with critical cell cycle points such as suppressive tumor protein p53 (p53) and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), is the major contributor to HPV-induced neoplastic initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. In addition, the E5 protein might also play a significant role in tumorigenesis. The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancers is still not fully understood, which indicates a wide spectrum of potential research areas. This review focuses on HPV biology, the distribution of HPVs in gynecological cancers, the properties of viral oncoproteins, and the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A. Haręża
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek R. Wilczyński
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-3629; Fax: +48-42-272-3630
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Bracci N, de la Fuente C, Saleem S, Pinkham C, Narayanan A, García-Sastre A, Balaraman V, Richt JA, Wilson W, Kehn-Hall K. Rift Valley fever virus Gn V5-epitope tagged virus enables identification of UBR4 as a Gn interacting protein that facilitates Rift Valley fever virus production. Virology 2022; 567:65-76. [PMID: 35032865 PMCID: PMC8877469 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that was first reported in the Rift Valley of Kenya which causes significant disease in humans and livestock. RVFV is a tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus consisting of a L, M, and S segments with the M segment encoding the glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Host factors that interact with Gn are largely unknown. To this end, two viruses containing an epitope tag (V5) on the Gn protein in position 105 or 229 (V5Gn105 and V5Gn229) were generated using the RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain as a backbone. The V5-tag insertion minimally impacted Gn functionality as measured by replication kinetics, Gn localization, and antibody neutralization assays. A proteomics-based approach was used to identify novel Gn-binding host proteins, including the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, UBR4. Depletion of UBR4 resulted in a significant decrease in RVFV titers and a reduction in viral RNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Cynthia de la Fuente
- The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DEA,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Sahar Saleem
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University
| | | | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University
| | - William Wilson
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, USDA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University,Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Corresponding Author: Kylene Kehn-Hall, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Sciences Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA,
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31
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Raj S, Kesari KK, Kumar A, Rathi B, Sharma A, Gupta PK, Jha SK, Jha NK, Slama P, Roychoudhury S, Kumar D. Molecular mechanism(s) of regulation(s) of c-MET/HGF signaling in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:31. [PMID: 35081970 PMCID: PMC8790852 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHead and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer across the globe. This is generally associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption. Cancer in the pharynx majorly arises through human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, thus classifying head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) into HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCCs. Aberrant, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) signal transduction favors HNSCC progression by stimulating proliferation, motility, invasiveness, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. c-MET upregulation can be found in the majority of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. c-MET pathway acts on several downstream effectors including phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ), cellular Src kinase (c-Src), phosphotidylinsitol-3-OH kinase (PI3K), alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and wingless-related integration site (Wnt) pathways. c-MET also establishes a crosstalk pathway with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and contributes towards chemoresistance in HNSCC. In recent years, the signaling communications of c-MET/HGF in metabolic dysregulation, tumor-microenvironment and immune modulation in HNSCC have emerged. Several clinical trials have been established against c-MET/ hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling network to bring up targeted and effective therapeutic strategies against HNSCC. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism(s) and current understanding of c-MET/HGF signaling and its effect on HNSCC.
Graphical abstract
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32
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-risk HPV infections are related to several epithelial cancers. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPV infections are still responsible for about 5% of all human malignancies worldwide. While therapeutic vaccines are ongoing clinical trials, genotoxic agents and surgical interventions represent current clinical treatments, with no specific anti-HPV drugs yet available in the clinics. AREAS COVERED We offer a comprehensive report of small molecules in preclinical studies proposed as potential anticancer agents against HPV-driven tumors. Given the importance of HPV oncoproteins for cancer maintenance, particularly E6 and E7, we present a classification of both non-targeted and targeted agents, with a further subdivision of the latter into two categories according to their either direct or indirect activity against viral protein functions. EXPERT OPINION Prophylactic vaccines can prevent the insurgence of HPV-related cancers, but have no effect against pre-existing infections. Moreover, their high cost, genotype-restricted effect and the growing worldwide distrust for vaccines make the availability of a specific drug an unmet medical need. Different viral early proteins emerge as ideal candidates for drug development. We highlight the most promising strategies and address future challenges in this field to herald the prospect of a specific therapeutic regimen against HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Messa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, 35121, Italy
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, 35121, Italy.,Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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Enrico TP, Stallaert W, Wick ET, Ngoi P, Wang X, Rubin SM, Brown NG, Purvis JE, Emanuele MJ. Cyclin F drives proliferation through SCF-dependent degradation of the retinoblastoma-like tumor suppressor p130/RBL2. eLife 2021; 10:70691. [PMID: 34851822 PMCID: PMC8670743 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle gene expression programs fuel proliferation and are universally dysregulated in cancer. The retinoblastoma (RB)-family of proteins, RB1, RBL1/p107, and RBL2/p130, coordinately represses cell cycle gene expression, inhibiting proliferation, and suppressing tumorigenesis. Phosphorylation of RB-family proteins by cyclin-dependent kinases is firmly established. Like phosphorylation, ubiquitination is essential to cell cycle control, and numerous proliferative regulators, tumor suppressors, and oncoproteins are ubiquitinated. However, little is known about the role of ubiquitin signaling in controlling RB-family proteins. A systems genetics analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 screens suggested the potential regulation of the RB-network by cyclin F, a substrate recognition receptor for the SCF family of E3 ligases. We demonstrate that RBL2/p130 is a direct substrate of SCFcyclin F. We map a cyclin F regulatory site to a flexible linker in the p130 pocket domain, and show that this site mediates binding, stability, and ubiquitination. Expression of a mutant version of p130, which cannot be ubiquitinated, severely impaired proliferative capacity and cell cycle progression. Consistently, we observed reduced expression of cell cycle gene transcripts, as well a reduced abundance of cell cycle proteins, analyzed by quantitative, iterative immunofluorescent imaging. These data suggest a key role for SCFcyclin F in the CDK-RB network and raise the possibility that aberrant p130 degradation could dysregulate the cell cycle in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor P Enrico
- Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Wayne Stallaert
- Department of Genetics. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Elizaveta T Wick
- Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Peter Ngoi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Xianxi Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Seth M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Nicholas G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jeremy E Purvis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Genetics. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Department of Pharmacology. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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Kirschberg M, Syed AS, Dönmez HG, Heuser S, Wilbrand-Hennes A, Alonso A, Hufbauer M, Akgül B. Novel Insights Into Cellular Changes in HPV8-E7 Positive Keratinocytes: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:672201. [PMID: 34552568 PMCID: PMC8450583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.672201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 8 (HPV8) is associated with the development of non-melanoma skin cancer. In the past we already delved into the mechanisms involved in keratinocyte invasion, showing that the viral E7 oncoprotein is a key player that drives invasion of basal keratinocytes controlled by the extracellular protein fibronectin. To unravel further downstream effects in E7 expressing keratinocytes we now aimed at characterizing gene and protein/phosphoprotein alterations to narrow down on key cellular targets of HPV8-E7. We now show that gene expression of GADD34 and GDF15 are strongly activated in the presence of E7 in primary human keratinocytes. Further analyses of fibronectin-associated factors led to the identification of the Src kinase family members Fyn and Lyn being aberrantly activated in the presence of HPV8-E7. Phospho-proteomics further revealed that E7 not only targets cell polarity and cytoskeletal organization, but also deregulates the phosphorylation status of nuclear proteins involved in DNA damage repair and replication. Many of these differentially phosphorylated proteins turned out to be targets of Fyn and Lyn. Taken together, by using unbiased experimental approaches we have now arrived at a deeper understanding on how fibronectin may affect the signaling cascades in HPV8 positive keratinocytes, which may be key for skin tumorigenesis and that may also aid in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for betaHPV-mediated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kirschberg
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adnan Shahzad Syed
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanife Güler Dönmez
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sandra Heuser
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid Wilbrand-Hennes
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Angel Alonso
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hufbauer
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Baki Akgül
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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35
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Vats A, Trejo-Cerro O, Thomas M, Banks L. Human papillomavirus E6 and E7: What remains? Tumour Virus Res 2021; 11:200213. [PMID: 33716206 PMCID: PMC7972986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much about the very many cellular proteins and pathways that they influence in one way or another. However, much of this information is quite discrete, referring to one activity examined under one condition. It is now time to join the dots to try to understand a larger picture: how, where and when do all these interactions occur... and why? Examining these questions will also show how many of the yet obscure cellular processes work together for cellular and tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Vats
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Oscar Trejo-Cerro
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Miranda Thomas
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
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Lian X, Yang X, Yang S, Zhang Z. Current status and future perspectives of computational studies on human-virus protein-protein interactions. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6161422. [PMID: 33693490 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between human and viruses mediate viral infection and host immunity processes. Therefore, the study of human-virus PPIs can help us understand the principles of human-virus relationships and can thus guide the development of highly effective drugs to break the transmission of viral infectious diseases. Recent years have witnessed the rapid accumulation of experimentally identified human-virus PPI data, which provides an unprecedented opportunity for bioinformatics studies revolving around human-virus PPIs. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of computational studies on human-virus PPIs, especially focusing on the method development for human-virus PPI predictions. We briefly introduce the experimental detection methods and existing database resources of human-virus PPIs, and then discuss the research progress in the development of computational prediction methods. In particular, we elaborate the machine learning-based prediction methods and highlight the need to embrace state-of-the-art deep-learning algorithms and new feature engineering techniques (e.g. the protein embedding technique derived from natural language processing). To further advance the understanding in this research topic, we also outline the practical applications of the human-virus interactome in fundamental biological discovery and new antiviral therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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37
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Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. The human papillomavirus oncoproteins: a review of the host pathways targeted on the road to transformation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001540. [PMID: 33427604 PMCID: PMC8148304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the causal factor in over 99 % of cervical cancer cases, and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. The key drivers of HPV-mediated transformation are the oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7. Together, they act to prolong cell-cycle progression, delay differentiation and inhibit apoptosis in the host keratinocyte cell in order to generate an environment permissive for viral replication. The oncoproteins also have key roles in mediating evasion of the host immune response, enabling infection to persist. Moreover, prolonged infection within the cellular environment established by the HR-HPV oncoproteins can lead to the acquisition of host genetic mutations, eventually culminating in transformation to malignancy. In this review, we outline the many ways in which the HR-HPV oncoproteins manipulate the host cellular environment, focusing on how these activities can contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Present address: Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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38
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Lee HS, Kim MW, Jin KS, Shin HC, Kim WK, Lee SC, Kim SJ, Lee EW, Ku B. Molecular Analysis of the Interaction between Human PTPN21 and the Oncoprotein E7 from Human Papillomavirus Genotype 18. Mol Cells 2021; 44:26-37. [PMID: 33431714 PMCID: PMC7854179 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause cellular hyperproliferation-associated abnormalities including cervical cancer. The HPV genome encodes two major viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which recruit various host proteins by direct interaction for proteasomal degradation. Recently, we reported the structure of HPV18 E7 conserved region 3 (CR3) bound to the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain of PTPN14, a well-defined tumor suppressor, and found that this intermolecular interaction plays a key role in E7-driven transformation and tumorigenesis. In this study, we carried out a molecular analysis of the interaction between CR3 of HPV18 E7 and the PTP domain of PTPN21, a PTP protein that shares high sequence homology with PTPN14 but is putatively oncogenic rather than tumor-suppressive. Through the combined use of biochemical tools, we verified that HPV18 E7 and PTPN21 form a 2:2 complex, with a dissociation constant of 5 nM and a nearly identical binding manner with the HPV18 E7 and PTPN14 complex. Nevertheless, despite the structural similarities, the biological consequences of the E7 interaction were found to differ between the two PTP proteins. Unlike PTPN14, PTPN21 did not appear to be subjected to proteasomal degradation in HPV18-positive HeLa cervical cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of PTPN21 led to retardation of the migration/invasion of HeLa cells and HPV18 E7-expressing HaCaT keratinocytes, which reflects its protumor activity. In conclusion, the associations of the viral oncoprotein E7 with PTPN14 and PTPN21 are similar at the molecular level but play different physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min Wook Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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39
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Matarrese P, Vona R, Ascione B, Paggi MG, Mileo AM. Physical Interaction between HPV16E7 and the Actin-Binding Protein Gelsolin Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via HIPPO-YAP Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020353. [PMID: 33477952 PMCID: PMC7836002 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) exhibits a strong oncogenic potential mainly in cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. The E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins, acting via specific interactions with host cellular targets, are required for cell transformation and maintenance of the transformed phenotype as well. We previously demonstrated that HPV16E7 interacts with the actin-binding protein gelsolin, involved in cytoskeletal F-actin dynamics. Herein, we provide evidence that the E7/gelsolin interaction promotes the cytoskeleton rearrangement leading to epithelial-mesenchymal transition-linked morphological and transcriptional changes. E7-mediated cytoskeletal actin remodeling induces the HIPPO pathway by promoting the cytoplasmic retention of inactive P-YAP. These results suggest that YAP could play a role in the "de-differentiation" process underlying the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype in HPV16-transformed cells. A deeper comprehension of the multifaceted mechanisms elicited by the HPV infection is vital for providing novel strategies to block the biological and clinical features of virus-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (R.V.); (B.A.)
| | - Rosa Vona
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (R.V.); (B.A.)
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (R.V.); (B.A.)
| | - Marco G. Paggi
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.P.); (A.M.M.); Tel.: +39-0652662550 (M.G.P. & A.M.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Mileo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.P.); (A.M.M.); Tel.: +39-0652662550 (M.G.P. & A.M.M.)
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40
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Cho M, Kim H, Je M, Son HS. Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns in the Human Papillomavirus Oncogenes. Curr Bioinform 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1574893615999200614173136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Persistent high-risk genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major cause of cervical
cancer in women. The products of the viral transforming genes E6 and E7 in the high-risk HPVs are known to be similar
in their amino acid composition and structure. We performed a comparative analysis of codon usage patterns in the E6
and E7 genes of HPVs.
Methods:
The E6 and E7 gene sequences of eight HPV subtypes were analyzed to determine their nucleotide
composition, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), effective number of codons (ENC), neutrality, genetic
variability, selection pressure, and codon adaptation index (CAI). Additionally, a correspondence analysis (CoA) was
performed.
Results:
The analysis to determine the effects of differences in composition on the codon usage patterns revealed that
there may be usage bias for ‘A’ nucleotides. This was consistent with the results of the RSCU analysis, which
demonstrated that the selection of A/T-rich patterns and the preference for A/T-ended codons in HPVs are influenced by
compositional constraints. Moreover, the results reveal that selection pressure plays an important role in the CoA results
for the RSCU values, Tajima’s D tests, and neutrality tests.
Conclusion:
The results of this study are consistent with previous findings that most papillomavirus genes are under
purifying selection pressure, which limits changes to the encoded proteins. Natural selection and mutation pressures
resulting in changes in the nucleotide composition and codon usage bias in the two tumor genes of HPV act differently
during the evolution of the HPV subtype; thus, throughout the viral life cycle, HPV can constantly evolve to adapt to a
new environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongji Cho
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826,Korea
| | - Hayeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungdong University, 815 Gyeonhwon-ro, Munmak, Wonju, Gangwondo, 24695,Korea
| | - Mikyeong Je
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826,Korea
| | - Hyeon S. Son
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826,Korea
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41
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Richards AL, Eckhardt M, Krogan NJ. Mass spectrometry-based protein-protein interaction networks for the study of human diseases. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e8792. [PMID: 33434350 PMCID: PMC7803364 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20188792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease is key for expediting the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Disease mechanisms are often mediated by interactions between proteins. Insights into the physical rewiring of protein-protein interactions in response to mutations, pathological conditions, or pathogen infection can advance our understanding of disease etiology, progression, and pathogenesis and can lead to the identification of potential druggable targets. Advances in quantitative mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches have allowed unbiased mapping of these disease-mediated changes in protein-protein interactions on a global scale. Here, we review MS techniques that have been instrumental for the identification of protein-protein interactions at a system-level, and we discuss the challenges associated with these methodologies as well as novel MS advancements that aim to address these challenges. An overview of examples from diverse disease contexts illustrates the potential of MS-based protein-protein interaction mapping approaches for revealing disease mechanisms, pinpointing new therapeutic targets, and eventually moving toward personalized applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Richards
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI)University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- J. David Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI)University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- J. David Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI)University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- J. David Gladstone InstitutesSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
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42
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Structure of High-Risk Papillomavirus 31 E6 Oncogenic Protein and Characterization of E6/E6AP/p53 Complex Formation. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.00730-20. [PMID: 33115863 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00730-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of p53 is a hallmark of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the alpha genus and HPV-related carcinogenicity. The oncoprotein E6 forms a ternary complex with the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) and tumor suppressor protein p53 targeting p53 for ubiquitination. The extent of p53 degradation by different E6 proteins varies greatly, even for the closely related HPV16 and HPV31. HPV16 E6 and HPV31 E6 display high sequence identity (∼67%). We report here, for the first time, the structure of HPV31 E6 bound to the LxxLL motif of E6AP. HPV16 E6 and HPV31 E6 are structurally very similar, in agreement with the high sequence conservation. Both E6 proteins bind E6AP and degrade p53. However, the binding affinities of 31 E6 to the LxxLL motif of E6AP and p53, respectively, are reduced 2-fold and 5.4-fold compared to 16 E6. The affinity of E6-E6AP-p53 ternary complex formation parallels the efficacy of the subsequent reaction, namely, degradation of p53. Therefore, closely related E6 proteins addressing the same cellular targets may still diverge in their binding efficiencies, possibly explaining their different phenotypic or pathological impacts.IMPORTANCE Variations of carcinogenicity of human papillomaviruses are related to variations of the E6 and E7 interactome. While different HPV species and genera are known to target distinct host proteins, the fine differences between E6 and E7 of closely related HPVs, supposed to target the same cellular protein pools, remain to be addressed. We compare the oncogenic E6 proteins of the closely related high-risk HPV31 and HPV16 with regard to their structure and their efficiency of ternary complex formation with their cellular targets p53 and E6AP, which results in p53 degradation. We solved the crystal structure of 31 E6 bound to the E6AP LxxLL motif. HPV16 E6 and 31 E6 structures are highly similar, but a few sequence variations lead to different protein contacts within the ternary complex and, as quantified here, an overall lower binding affinity of 31 E6 than 16 E6. These results align with the observed lower p53 degradation potential of 31 E6.
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Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:92. [PMID: 33243986 PMCID: PMC7944998 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-00224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1595] [Impact Index Per Article: 398.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most head and neck cancers are derived from the mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx and are known collectively as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Oral cavity and larynx cancers are generally associated with tobacco consumption, alcohol abuse or both, whereas pharynx cancers are increasingly attributed to infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV-16. Thus, HNSCC can be separated into HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC. Despite evidence of histological progression from cellular atypia through various degrees of dysplasia, ultimately leading to invasive HNSCC, most patients are diagnosed with late-stage HNSCC without a clinically evident antecedent pre-malignant lesion. Traditional staging of HNSCC using the tumour-node-metastasis system has been supplemented by the 2017 AJCC/UICC staging system, which incorporates additional information relevant to HPV-positive disease. Treatment is generally multimodal, consisting of surgery followed by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for oral cavity cancers and primary CRT for pharynx and larynx cancers. The EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab is generally used in combination with radiation in HPV-negative HNSCC where comorbidities prevent the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy. The FDA approved the immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab for treatment of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC and pembrolizumab as primary treatment for unresectable disease. Elucidation of the molecular genetic landscape of HNSCC over the past decade has revealed new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Ongoing efforts aim to integrate our understanding of HNSCC biology and immunobiology to identify predictive biomarkers that will enable delivery of the most effective, least-toxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Burtness
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C. René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Julie E. Bauman
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,
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44
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Buenahora MR, Lafaurie GI, Perdomo SJ. Identification of HPV16-p16 INK4a mediated methylation in oral potentially malignant disorder. Epigenetics 2020; 16:1016-1030. [PMID: 33164635 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1834923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the possible involvement of epigenetic modulation by HPV16-p16INK4a in oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). We generated DNA-methylation profiles, according to p16INK4a expression and HPV16 genotype (positive or negative), of OPMD samples and p16INK4a-HPV16 negative samples (used as control), using reduced-representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS-Seq- Illumina) technology. Twelve samples, four for each group, as follows: 1) p16INK4a+ HPV16+; 2) p16INK4a+ HPV16-; 3) p16INK4a- HPV16-, were analysed in triplicate for DNA-methylation profiles. Fifty-four per cent of DMRs were hypermethylated and 46% were hypomethylated. An increase in methylation of loci in OPMD was independent of the presence of HPV. The hypermethylated genes in HPV+ samples were associated with signalling pathways such as NICD traffics to nucleus, signalling by NOTCH1 (p = 0.008), Interferon-gamma (p = 0.008) and Interleukin-6 signalling (p = 0.027). The hypomethylated genes in HPV infection were associated with TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway (p = 0.002), RIG-I/MDA5 mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways (p = 0.005), TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation (p = 0.009), TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signalling (p = 0.011) and MyD88-independent cascade release of apoptotic factors (p = 0.011). Protein association analysis of DMRs in OPMD revealed 19 genes involved in the cell cycle regulation, immune system, and focal adhesion. Aberrantly methylated loci in OPMD were observed in p16INK4a positive samples which suggests that a shift in global methylation status may be important for cancer progression. The results suggest that HPV infection in OPMD induces modulation of genes related to the immune system and regulation of the cellular cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Buenahora
- Unit of Oral Clinical Epidemiology, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra J Perdomo
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Group, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
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Olmedo-Nieva L, Muñoz-Bello JO, Manzo-Merino J, Lizano M. New insights in Hippo signalling alteration in human papillomavirus-related cancers. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109815. [PMID: 33148514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiologic factor for the development of different types of cancers, mainly attributed to the continuous expression of E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins, which regulate several cell signalling pathways including the Hippo pathway. It has been demonstrated that E6 proteins promote the increase of the Hippo elements YAP, TAZ and TEAD, at protein level, as well as their transcriptional targets. Also, E6 and E7 oncoproteins promote nuclear YAP localization and a decrease in YAP negative regulators such as MST1, PTPN14 or SOCS6. Interestingly, Hippo signalling components modulate HPV activity, such as TEAD1 and the transcriptional co-factor VGLL1, induce the activation of HPV early and late promoters, while hyperactivation of YAP in specific cells facilitates virus infection by increasing putative HPV receptors and by evading innate immunity. Additionally, alterations in Hippo signalling elements have been found in HPV-related cancers and particularly, the involvement of HPV oncoproteins on the regulation of some of these Hippo components has been also proposed, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The present review addresses the recent findings describing the interplay between HPV and Hippo signalling in HPV-related cancers, a fact that highlights the importance of developing more in-depth studies in this field to establish key therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Olmedo-Nieva
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Omar Muñoz-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede sur, Mexico City 14330, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Manzo-Merino
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Cátedras CONACyT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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46
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Kirschberg M, Heuser S, Marcuzzi GP, Hufbauer M, Seeger JM, Đukić A, Tomaić V, Majewski S, Wagner S, Wittekindt C, Würdemann N, Klussmann JP, Quaas A, Kashkar H, Akgül B. ATP synthase modulation leads to an increase of spare respiratory capacity in HPV associated cancers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17339. [PMID: 33060693 PMCID: PMC7567072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal and skin cancers are associated with infections by human papillomaviruses (HPV). The manner how viral oncoproteins hijack the host cell metabolism to meet their own energy demands and how this may contribute to tumorigenesis is poorly understood. We now show that the HPV oncoprotein E7 of HPV8, HPV11 and HPV16 directly interact with the beta subunit of the mitochondrial ATP-synthase (ATP5B), which may therefore represent a conserved feature across different HPV genera. By measuring both glycolytic and mitochondrial activity we observed that the association of E7 with ATP5B was accompanied by reduction of glycolytic activity. Interestingly, there was a drastic increase in spare mitochondrial respiratory capacity in HPV8-E7 and an even more profound increase in HPV16-E7 expressing cells. In addition, we could show that ATP5B levels were unchanged in betaHPV positive skin cancers. However, comparing HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) we noticed that, while ATP5B expression levels did not correlate with patient overall survival in HPV-negative OPSCC, there was a strong correlation within the HPV16-positive OPSCC patient group. These novel findings provide evidence that HPV targets the host cell energy metabolism important for viral life cycle and HPV-mediated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kirschberg
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Heuser
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gian Paolo Marcuzzi
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hufbauer
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Michael Seeger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH), CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anamaria Đukić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slawomir Majewski
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claus Wittekindt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nora Würdemann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Peter Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH), CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany.
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47
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Das D, Bristol ML, Pichierri P, Morgan IM. Using a Human Papillomavirus Model to Study DNA Replication and Repair of Wild Type and Damaged DNA Templates in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7564. [PMID: 33066318 PMCID: PMC7589113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses have 8kbp DNA episomal genomes that replicate autonomously from host DNA. During initial infection, the virus increases its copy number to 20-50 copies per cell, causing torsional stress on the replicating DNA. This activates the DNA damage response (DDR) and HPV replicates its genome, at least in part, using homologous recombination. An active DDR is on throughout the HPV life cycle. Two viral proteins are required for replication of the viral genome; E2 binds to 12bp palindromic sequences around the A/T rich origin of replication and recruits the viral helicase E1 via a protein-protein interaction. E1 forms a di-hexameric complex that replicates the viral genome in association with host factors. Transient replication assays following transfection with E1-E2 expression plasmids, along with an origin containing plasmid, allow monitoring of E1-E2 replication activity. Incorporating a bacterial lacZ gene into the origin plasmid allows for the determination of replication fidelity. Here we describe how we exploited this system to investigate replication and repair in mammalian cells, including using damaged DNA templates. We propose that this system has the potential to enhance the understanding of cellular components involved in DNA replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipon Das
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Molly L. Bristol
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Pietro Pichierri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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48
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Jang SM, Redon CE, Thakur BL, Bahta MK, Aladjem MI. Regulation of cell cycle drivers by Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1637-1651. [PMID: 33005013 PMCID: PMC8080560 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has revealed new roles for Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) in a myriad of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression. In addition to CRL1, also named SCF (SKP1-Cullin 1-F box protein), which has been known for decades as an important factor in the regulation of the cell cycle, it is now evident that all eight CRL family members are involved in the intricate cellular pathways driving cell cycle progression. In this review, we summarize the structure of CRLs and their functions in driving the cell cycle. We focus on how CRLs target key proteins for degradation or otherwise alter their functions to control the progression over the various cell cycle phases leading to cell division. We also summarize how CRLs and the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ligase complex closely cooperate to govern efficient cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Jang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA.
| | - Christophe E Redon
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA
| | - Bhushan L Thakur
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA
| | - Meriam K Bahta
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA.
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49
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Tam TSC, Cheng YH, Lok CN, Au-Yeung HY, Ni WX, Wei XL, Ng KM. Surface optimization of gold nanoparticle mass tags for the sensitive detection of protein biomarkers via immuno-capture LI-MS. Analyst 2020; 145:6237-6242. [PMID: 32839801 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HPV-induced cervical cancer is one of the most lethal cancers. Therefore, the development of a reliable and accurate method for the early diagnosis of HPV infections is highly important. Here, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were utilized as mass tags in an immuno-capture LI-MS assay for the detection of HPV marker proteins. Through the optimization of the amount of antibodies and surface charges on AuNPs, high antigen detection efficiency with minimal non-specific binding was achieved. With optimized antibody-conjugated AuNPs, low attomole amount of HPV proteins in HeLa cell lysate was quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Siu-Chung Tam
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China.
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50
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Roelofs PA, Goh CY, Chua BH, Jarvis MC, Stewart TA, McCann JL, McDougle RM, Carpenter MA, Martens JW, Span PN, Kappei D, Harris RS. Characterization of the mechanism by which the RB/E2F pathway controls expression of the cancer genomic DNA deaminase APOBEC3B. eLife 2020; 9:61287. [PMID: 32985974 PMCID: PMC7553775 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3B (A3B)-catalyzed DNA cytosine deamination contributes to the overall mutational landscape in breast cancer. Molecular mechanisms responsible for A3B upregulation in cancer are poorly understood. Here we show that a single E2F cis-element mediates repression in normal cells and that expression is activated by its mutational disruption in a reporter construct or the endogenous A3B gene. The same E2F site is required for A3B induction by polyomavirus T antigen indicating a shared molecular mechanism. Proteomic and biochemical experiments demonstrate the binding of wildtype but not mutant E2F promoters by repressive PRC1.6/E2F6 and DREAM/E2F4 complexes. Knockdown and overexpression studies confirm the involvement of these repressive complexes in regulating A3B expression. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that A3B expression is suppressed in normal cells by repressive E2F complexes and that viral or mutational disruption of this regulatory network triggers overexpression in breast cancer and provides fuel for tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A Roelofs
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chai Yeen Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Haow Chua
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew C Jarvis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Teneale A Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer L McCann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Rebecca M McDougle
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Michael A Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - John Wm Martens
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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