1
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Lyu C, Li Z, Xu C, Wong KKL, Luginbuhl DJ, McLaughlin CN, Xie Q, Li T, Li H, Luo L. Dimensionality reduction simplifies synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.27.609939. [PMID: 39253519 PMCID: PMC11383009 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.27.609939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The distribution of postsynaptic partners in three-dimensional (3D) space presents complex choices for a navigating axon. Here, we discovered a dimensionality reduction principle in establishing the 3D glomerular map in the fly antennal lobe. Olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons first contact partner projection neuron (PN) dendrites at the 2D spherical surface of the antennal lobe during development, regardless of whether the adult glomeruli are at the surface or interior of the antennal lobe. Along the antennal lobe surface, axons of each ORN type take a specific 1D arc-shaped trajectory that precisely intersects with their partner PN dendrites. Altering axon trajectories compromises synaptic partner matching. Thus, a 3D search problem is reduced to 1D, which simplifies synaptic partner matching and may generalize to the wiring process of more complex brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chuanyun Xu
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kenneth Kin Lam Wong
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David J Luginbuhl
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Colleen N McLaughlin
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qijing Xie
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tongchao Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Present address: Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Present address: Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Martins-Costa C, Wiegers A, Pham VA, Sidhaye J, Doleschall B, Novatchkova M, Lendl T, Piber M, Peer A, Möseneder P, Stuempflen M, Chow SYA, Seidl R, Prayer D, Höftberger R, Kasprian G, Ikeuchi Y, Corsini NS, Knoblich JA. ARID1B controls transcriptional programs of axon projection in an organoid model of the human corpus callosum. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:866-885.e14. [PMID: 38718796 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in ARID1B, a member of the mSWI/SNF complex, cause severe neurodevelopmental phenotypes with elusive mechanisms in humans. The most common structural abnormality in the brain of ARID1B patients is agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), characterized by the absence of an interhemispheric white matter tract that connects distant cortical regions. Here, we find that neurons expressing SATB2, a determinant of callosal projection neuron (CPN) identity, show impaired maturation in ARID1B+/- neural organoids. Molecularly, a reduction in chromatin accessibility of genomic regions targeted by TCF-like, NFI-like, and ARID-like transcription factors drives the differential expression of genes required for corpus callosum (CC) development. Through an in vitro model of the CC tract, we demonstrate that this transcriptional dysregulation impairs the formation of long-range axonal projections, causing structural underconnectivity. Our study uncovers new functions of the mSWI/SNF during human corticogenesis, identifying cell-autonomous axonogenesis defects in SATB2+ neurons as a cause of ACC in ARID1B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Martins-Costa
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wiegers
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent A Pham
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaydeep Sidhaye
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Balint Doleschall
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lendl
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marielle Piber
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Peer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Möseneder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Stuempflen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Siu Yu A Chow
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan; Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan; Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nina S Corsini
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Caldwell M, Mendoza JC, Jiang XYZ, Alarcon C, Ayo-Jibunoh V, Louis S, Maronna D, Darwish R, Tomaio J, Mingote S, Yetnikoff L. Reorganization of dopamine circuitry in the anterior corpus callosum between early adolescence and adulthood in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2535-2548. [PMID: 38720367 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The maturation of forebrain dopamine circuitry occurs over multiple developmental periods, extending from early postnatal life until adulthood, with the precise timing of maturation defined by the target region. We recently demonstrated in the adult mouse brain that axon terminals arising from midbrain dopamine neurons innervate the anterior corpus callosum and that oligodendrocyte lineage cells in this white matter tract express dopamine receptor transcripts. Whether corpus callosal dopamine circuitry undergoes maturational changes between early adolescence and adulthood is unknown but may be relevant to understanding the dramatic micro- and macro-anatomical changes that occur in the corpus callosum of multiple species during early adolescence, including in the degree of myelination. Using quantitative neuroanatomy, we show that dopamine innervation in the forceps minor, but not the rostral genu, of the corpus callosum, is greater during early adolescence (P21) compared to adulthood (>P90) in wild-type mice. We further demonstrate with RNAscope that, as in the adult, Drd1 and Drd2 transcripts are expressed at higher levels in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and decline as these cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes. In addition, the number of OPCs that express Drd1 transcripts during early adolescence is double the number of those expressing the transcript during early adulthood. These data further implicate dopamine in axon myelination and myelin regulation. Moreover, because developmental (activity-independent) myelination peaks during early adolescence, with experience-dependent (activity-dependent) myelination greatest during early adulthood, our data suggest that potential roles of dopamine on callosal myelination shift between early adolescence and adulthood, from a developmental role to an experience-dependent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Caldwell
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josue Criollo Mendoza
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Xin Yan Zhu Jiang
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Colin Alarcon
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Ayo-Jibunoh
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Shelby Louis
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Maronna
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Rania Darwish
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Jaquelyn Tomaio
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susana Mingote
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leora Yetnikoff
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
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4
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Deloulme JC, Leclercq M, Deschaux O, Flore G, Capellano L, Tocco C, Braz BY, Studer M, Lahrech H. Structural interhemispheric connectivity defects in mouse models of BBSOAS: Insights from high spatial resolution 3D white matter tractography. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106455. [PMID: 38408685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
White matter (WM) tract formation and axonal pathfinding are major processes in brain development allowing to establish precise connections between targeted structures. Disruptions in axon pathfinding and connectivity impairments will lead to neural circuitry abnormalities, often associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Among several neuroimaging methodologies, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that has the advantage of visualizing in 3D the WM tractography of the whole brain non-invasively. DTI is particularly valuable in unpinning structural tract connectivity defects of neural networks in NDDs. In this study, we used 3D DTI to unveil brain-specific tract defects in two mouse models lacking the Nr2f1 gene, which mutations in patients have been proven to cause an emerging NDD, called Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy (BBSOAS). We aimed to investigate the impact of the lack of cortical Nr2f1 function on WM morphometry and tract microstructure quantifications. We found in both mutant mice partial loss of fibers and severe misrouting of the two major cortical commissural tracts, the corpus callosum, and the anterior commissure, as well as the two major hippocampal efferent tracts, the post-commissural fornix, and the ventral hippocampal commissure. DTI tract malformations were supported by 2D histology, 3D fluorescent imaging, and behavioral analyses. We propose that these interhemispheric connectivity impairments are consistent in explaining some cognitive defects described in BBSOAS patients, particularly altered information processing between the two brain hemispheres. Finally, our results highlight 3DDTI as a relevant neuroimaging modality that can provide appropriate morphometric biomarkers for further diagnosis of BBSOAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Deschaux
- University Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Gemma Flore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laetitia Capellano
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chiara Tocco
- University Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Barbara Yael Braz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- University Côte d'Azur (UCA), CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Nice, France.
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5
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Poulopoulos A, Davis P, Brandenburg C, Itoh Y, Galazo MJ, Greig LC, Romanowski AJ, Budnik B, Macklis JD. Symmetry in levels of axon-axon homophilic adhesion establishes topography in the corpus callosum and development of connectivity between brain hemispheres. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.28.587108. [PMID: 38585721 PMCID: PMC10996634 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Specific and highly diverse connectivity between functionally specialized regions of the nervous system is controlled at multiple scales, from anatomically organized connectivity following macroscopic axon tracts to individual axon target-finding and synapse formation. Identifying mechanisms that enable entire subpopulations of related neurons to project their axons with regional specificity within stereotyped tracts to form appropriate long-range connectivity is key to understanding brain development, organization, and function. Here, we investigate how axons of the cerebral cortex form precise connections between the two cortical hemispheres via the corpus callosum. We identify topographic principles of the developing trans-hemispheric callosal tract that emerge through intrinsic guidance executed by growing axons in the corpus callosum within the first postnatal week in mice. Using micro-transplantation of regionally distinct neurons, subtype-specific growth cone purification, subcellular proteomics, and in utero gene manipulation, we investigate guidance mechanisms of transhemispheric axons. We find that adhesion molecule levels instruct tract topography and target field guidance. We propose a model in which transcallosal axons in the developing brain perform a "handshake" that is guided through co-fasciculation with symmetric contralateral axons, resulting in the stereotyped homotopic connectivity between the brain's hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Poulopoulos
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Davis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cheryl Brandenburg
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria J. Galazo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luciano C. Greig
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea J. Romanowski
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Xiong Y, Yang L, Wang C, Zhao C, Luo J, Wu D, Ouyang Y, de Thiebaut de Schotten M, Gong G. Cortical mapping of callosal connections in healthy young adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26629. [PMID: 38379508 PMCID: PMC10879906 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the principal white matter bundle supporting communication between the two brain hemispheres. Despite its importance, a comprehensive mapping of callosal connections is still lacking. Here, we constructed the first bidirectional population-based callosal connectional atlas between the midsagittal section of the CC and the cerebral cortex of the human brain by means of diffusion-weighted imaging tractography. The estimated connectional topographic maps within this atlas have the most fine-grained spatial resolution, demonstrate histological validity, and were reproducible in two independent samples. This new resource, a complete and comprehensive atlas, will facilitate the investigation of interhemispheric communication and come with a user-friendly companion online tool (CCmapping) for easy access and visualization of the atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDGMcGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Liyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDGMcGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changtong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDGMcGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDGMcGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Junhao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDGMcGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDGMcGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yiping Ouyang
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint CollegeChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Michel de Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour LaboratorySorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives‐UMR 5293, Centre National de la Recherche Scienti que, Commissariat à l'Energie AtomiqueUniversity of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDGMcGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and ConnectomicsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
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7
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Bartkowska K, Koguc-Sobolewska P, Djavadian R, Turlejski K. Astrocytes of the Anterior Commissure Regulate the Axon Guidance Pathways of Newly Generated Neocortical Neurons in the Opossum Monodelphis domestica. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1476. [PMID: 38338755 PMCID: PMC10855434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In marsupials, upper-layer cortical neurons derived from the progenitors of the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZ) mature morphologically and send their axons to form interhemispheric connections through the anterior commissure. In contrast, eutherians have evolved a new extra callosal pathway, the corpus callosum, that interconnects both hemispheres. In this study, we aimed to examine neurogenesis during the formation of cortical upper layers, including their morphological maturation in a marsupial species, namely the opossum (Monodelphis domestica). Furthermore, we studied how the axons of upper layers neurons pass through the anterior commissure of the opossum, which connects neocortical areas. We showed that upper-layer II/III neurons were generated within at least seven days in the opossum neocortex. Surprisingly, these neurons expressed special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2 (Satb2) and neuropilin 1 interacting protein (Nrp1), which are proteins known to be essential for the formation of the corpus callosum in eutherians. This indicates that extrinsic, but not intrinsic, cues could be key players in guiding the axons of newly generated cortical neurons in the opossum. Although oligodendrocyte precursor cells were present in the neocortex and anterior commissure, newly generated upper-layer neurons sent unmyelinated axons to the anterior commissure. We also found numerous GFAP-expressing progenitor cells in both brain structures, the neocortex and the anterior commissure. However, at P12-P17 in the opossums, a small population of astrocytes was observed only in the midline area of the anterior commissure. We postulate that in the opossum, midline astrocytes allow neocortical axons to be guided to cross the midline, as this structure resembles the glial wedge required by fibers to cross the midline area of the corpus callosum in the rodent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bartkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.K.-S.); (R.D.)
| | - Paulina Koguc-Sobolewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.K.-S.); (R.D.)
| | - Ruzanna Djavadian
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (P.K.-S.); (R.D.)
| | - Krzysztof Turlejski
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Lynton Z, Suárez R, Fenlon LR. Brain plasticity following corpus callosum agenesis or loss: a review of the Probst bundles. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1296779. [PMID: 38020213 PMCID: PMC10657877 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1296779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest axonal tract in the human brain, connecting the left and right cortical hemipheres. This structure is affected in myriad human neurodevelopmental disorders, and can be entirely absent as a result of congenital or surgical causes. The age when callosal loss occurs, for example via surgical section in cases of refractory epilepsy, correlates with resulting brain morphology and neuropsychological outcomes, whereby an earlier loss generally produces relatively improved interhemispheric connectivity compared to a loss in adulthood (known as the "Sperry's paradox"). However, the mechanisms behind these age-dependent differences remain unclear. Perhaps the best documented and most striking of the plastic changes that occur due to developmental, but not adult, callosal loss is the formation of large, bilateral, longitudinal ectopic tracts termed Probst bundles. Despite over 100 years of research into these ectopic tracts, which are the largest and best described stereotypical ectopic brain tracts in humans, much remains unclear about them. Here, we review the anatomy of the Probst bundles, along with evidence for their faciliatory or detrimental function, the required conditions for their formation, patterns of etiology, and mechanisms of development. We provide hypotheses for many of the remaining mysteries of the Probst bundles, including their possible relationship to preserved interhemispheric communication following corpus callosum absence. Future research into naturally occurring plastic tracts such as Probst bundles will help to inform the general rules governing axon plasticity and disorders of brain miswiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Lynton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Suárez
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura R. Fenlon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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9
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Altounian M, Bellon A, Mann F. Neuronal miR-17-5p contributes to interhemispheric cortical connectivity defects induced by prenatal alcohol exposure. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113020. [PMID: 37610874 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional deficits in brain connectivity are reported in patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), but whether and how prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) affects axonal development of neurons and disrupts wiring between brain regions is unknown. Here, we develop a mouse model of moderate alcohol exposure during prenatal brain wiring to study the effects of PAE on corpus callosum (CC) development. PAE induces aberrant navigation of interhemispheric CC axons that persists even after exposure ends, leading to ectopic termination in the contralateral cortex. The neuronal miR-17-5p and its target ephrin type A receptor 4 (EphA4) mediate the effect of alcohol on the contralateral targeting of CC axons. Thus, altered microRNA-mediated regulation of axonal guidance may have implications for interhemispheric cortical connectivity and associated behaviors in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaïs Bellon
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Mann
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France.
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10
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Prieur DS, Francius C, Gaspar P, Mason CA, Rebsam A. Semaphorin-6D and Plexin-A1 Act in a Non-Cell-Autonomous Manner to Position and Target Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5769-5778. [PMID: 37344233 PMCID: PMC10423046 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0072-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins and Plexins form ligand/receptor pairs that are crucial for a wide range of developmental processes from cell proliferation to axon guidance. The ability of semaphorins to act both as signaling receptors and ligands yields a multitude of responses. Here, we describe a novel role for Semaphorin-6D (Sema6D) and Plexin-A1 in the positioning and targeting of retinogeniculate axons. In Plexin-A1 or Sema6D mutant mice of either sex, the optic tract courses through, rather than along, the border of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), and some retinal axons ectopically arborize adjacent and lateral to the optic tract rather than defasciculating and entering the target region. We find that Sema6D and Plexin-A1 act together in a dose-dependent manner, as the number of the ectopic retinal projections is altered in proportion to the level of Sema6D or Plexin-A1 expression. Moreover, using retinal in utero electroporation of Sema6D or Plexin-A1 shRNA, we show that Sema6D and Plexin-A1 are both required in retinal ganglion cells for axon positioning and targeting. Strikingly, nonelectroporated retinal ganglion cell axons also mistarget in the tract region, indicating that Sema6D and Plexin-A1 can act non-cell-autonomously, potentially through axon-axon interactions. These data provide novel evidence for a dose-dependent and non-cell-autonomous role for Sema6D and Plexin-A1 in retinal axon organization in the optic tract and dLGN.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Before innervating their central brain targets, retinal ganglion cell axons fasciculate in the optic tract and then branch and arborize in their target areas. Upon deletion of the guidance molecules Plexin-A1 or Semaphorin-6D, the optic tract becomes disorganized near and extends within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. In addition, some retinal axons form ectopic aggregates within the defasciculated tract. Sema6D and Plexin-A1 act together as a receptor-ligand pair in a dose-dependent manner, and non-cell-autonomously, to produce this developmental aberration. Such a phenotype highlights an underappreciated role for axon guidance molecules in tract cohesion and appropriate defasciculation near, and arborization within, targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine S Prieur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 839, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Cédric Francius
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 839, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Patricia Gaspar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 839, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Carol A Mason
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Alexandra Rebsam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 839, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
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11
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Szczupak D, Lent R, Tovar-Moll F, Silva AC. Heterotopic connectivity of callosal dysgenesis in mice and humans. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1191859. [PMID: 37274193 PMCID: PMC10232863 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1191859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC), the largest brain commissure and the primary white matter pathway for interhemispheric cortical connectivity, was traditionally viewed as a predominantly homotopic structure, connecting mirror areas of the cortex. However, new studies verified that most callosal commissural fibers are heterotopic. Recently, we reported that ~75% of the callosal connections in the brains of mice, marmosets, and humans are heterotopic, having an essential role in determining the global properties of brain networks. In the present study, we leveraged high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and graph network modeling to investigate the relationship between heterotopic and homotopic callosal fibers in human subjects and in a spontaneous mouse model of Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis (CCD), a congenital developmental CC malformation that leads to widespread whole-brain reorganization. Our results show that the CCD brain is more heterotopic than the normotypical brain, with both mouse and human CCD subjects displaying highly variable heterotopicity maps. CCD mice have a clear heterotopicity cluster in the anterior CC, while hypoplasic humans have strongly variable patterns. Graph network-based connectivity profile showed a direct impact of heterotopic connections on CCD brains altering several network-based statistics. Our collective results show that CCD directly alters heterotopic connections and brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Szczupak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D’Or Institute Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Afonso C. Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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12
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Szczupak D, Iack PM, Rayêe D, Liu C, Lent R, Tovar-Moll F, Silva AC. The relevance of heterotopic callosal fibers to interhemispheric connectivity of the mammalian brain. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4752-4760. [PMID: 36178137 PMCID: PMC10110439 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest white matter structure and the primary pathway for interhemispheric brain communication. Investigating callosal connectivity is crucial to unraveling the brain's anatomical and functional organization in health and disease. Classical anatomical studies have characterized the bulk of callosal axonal fibers as connecting primarily homotopic cortical areas. Whenever detected, heterotopic callosal fibers were ascribed to altered sprouting and pruning mechanisms in neurodevelopmental diseases such as CC dysgenesis (CCD). We hypothesized that these heterotopic connections had been grossly underestimated due to their complex nature and methodological limitations. We used the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas and high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging to identify and quantify homotopic and heterotopic callosal connections in mice, marmosets, and humans. In all 3 species, we show that ~75% of interhemispheric callosal connections are heterotopic and comprise the central core of the CC, whereas the homotopic fibers lay along its periphery. We also demonstrate that heterotopic connections have an essential role in determining the global properties of brain networks. These findings reshape our view of the corpus callosum's role as the primary hub for interhemispheric brain communication, directly impacting multiple neuroscience fields investigating cortical connectivity, neurodevelopment, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Szczupak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Pamela Meneses Iack
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rayêe
- Institute of Ophtalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, United States
| | - Cirong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- D’Or Institute Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D’Or Institute Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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13
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Jeong S, Kang HW, Kim SH, Hong GS, Nam MH, Seong J, Yoon ES, Cho IJ, Chung S, Bang S, Kim HN, Choi N. Integration of reconfigurable microchannels into aligned three-dimensional neural networks for spatially controllable neuromodulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0925. [PMID: 36897938 PMCID: PMC10005277 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropically organized neural networks are indispensable routes for functional connectivity in the brain, which remains largely unknown. While prevailing animal models require additional preparation and stimulation-applying devices and have exhibited limited capabilities regarding localized stimulation, no in vitro platform exists that permits spatiotemporal control of chemo-stimulation in anisotropic three-dimensional (3D) neural networks. We present the integration of microchannels seamlessly into a fibril-aligned 3D scaffold by adapting a single fabrication principle. We investigated the underlying physics of elastic microchannels' ridges and interfacial sol-gel transition of collagen under compression to determine a critical window of geometry and strain. We demonstrated the spatiotemporally resolved neuromodulation in an aligned 3D neural network by local deliveries of KCl and Ca2+ signal inhibitors, such as tetrodotoxin, nifedipine, and mibefradil, and also visualized Ca2+ signal propagation with a speed of ~3.7 μm/s. We anticipate that our technology will pave the way to elucidate functional connectivity and neurological diseases associated with transsynaptic propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyeon Jeong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- MEPSGEN Co. Ltd., Seoul 05836, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - So Hyun Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- SK Biopharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Seongnam 13494, Korea
| | - Gyu-Sang Hong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea
| | - Eui-Sung Yoon
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seokyoung Bang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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14
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Spead O, Moreland T, Weaver CJ, Costa ID, Hegarty B, Kramer KL, Poulain FE. Teneurin trans-axonal signaling prunes topographically missorted axons. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112192. [PMID: 36857189 PMCID: PMC10131173 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Building precise neural circuits necessitates the elimination of axonal projections that have inaccurately formed during development. Although axonal pruning is a selective process, how it is initiated and controlled in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that trans-axonal signaling mediated by the cell surface molecules Glypican-3, Teneurin-3, and Latrophilin-3 prunes misrouted retinal axons in the visual system. Retinotopic neuron transplantations revealed that pioneer ventral axons that elongate first along the optic tract instruct the pruning of dorsal axons that missort in that region. Glypican-3 and Teneurin-3 are both selectively expressed by ventral retinal ganglion cells and cooperate for correcting missorted dorsal axons. The adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor Latrophilin-3 signals along dorsal axons to initiate the elimination of topographic sorting errors. Altogether, our findings show an essential function for Glypican-3, Teneurin-3, and Latrophilin-3 in topographic tract organization and demonstrate that axonal pruning can be initiated by signaling among axons themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Spead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Trevor Moreland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Cory J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Irene Dalla Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brianna Hegarty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Fabienne E Poulain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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15
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Shkirkova K, Lamorie-Foote K, Zhang N, Li A, Diaz A, Liu Q, Thorwald MA, Godoy-Lugo JA, Ge B, D'Agostino C, Zhang Z, Mack WJ, Sioutas C, Finch CE, Mack WJ, Zhang H. Neurotoxicity of Diesel Exhaust Particles. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1263-1278. [PMID: 36031897 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution particulate matter (PM) is strongly associated with risks of accelerated cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Ambient PM batches have variable neurotoxicity by collection site and season, which limits replicability of findings within and between research groups for analysis of mechanisms and interventions. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) offer a replicable model that we define in further detail. OBJECTIVE Define dose- and time course neurotoxic responses of mice to DEP from the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) for neurotoxic responses shared by DEP and ambient PM. METHODS For dose-response, adult C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 100μg/m3 of re-aerosolized DEP (NIST SRM 2975) for 5 h. Then, mice were exposed to 100μg/m3 DEP for 5, 100, and 200 h and assayed for amyloid-β peptides, inflammation, oxidative damage, and microglial activity and morphology. RESULTS DEP exposure at 100μg/m3 for 5 h, but not lower doses, caused oxidative damage, complement and microglia activation in cerebral cortex and corpus callosum. Longer DEP exposure for 8 weeks/200 h caused further oxidative damage, increased soluble Aβ, white matter injury, and microglial soma enlargement that differed by cortical layer. CONCLUSION Exposure to 100μg/m3 DEP NIST SRM 2975 caused robust neurotoxic responses that are shared with prior studies using DEP or ambient PM0.2. DEP provides a replicable model to study neurotoxic mechanisms of ambient PM and interventions relevant to cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Shkirkova
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Krista Lamorie-Foote
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Zhang
- Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Li
- Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arnold Diaz
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Max A Thorwald
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jose A Godoy-Lugo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Ge
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carla D'Agostino
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zijiao Zhang
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William J Mack
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongqiao Zhang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Kagan MS, Mongerson CRL, Zurakowski D, Bajic D. Impact of Infant Thoracic Non-cardiac Perioperative Critical Care on Homotopic-Like Corpus Callosum and Forebrain Sub-regional Volumes. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:788903. [PMID: 35465294 PMCID: PMC9021551 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.788903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported quantitatively smaller total corpus callosum (CC) and total forebrain size in critically ill term-born and premature patients following complex perioperative critical care for long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) that included Foker process repair. We extended our cross-sectional pilot study to determine sub-regional volumes of CC and forebrain using structural brain MRI. Our objective was to evaluate region-specific CC as an in-vivo marker for decreased myelination and/or cortical neural loss of homotopic-like sub-regions of the forebrain. Term-born (n = 13) and premature (n = 13) patients, and healthy naïve controls (n = 21) <1-year corrected age underwent non-sedated MRI using a 3T Siemens scanner, as per IRB approval at Boston Children's Hospital following completion of clinical treatment for Foker process. We used ITK-SNAP (v.3.6) to manually segment six sub-regions of CC and eight sub-regions of forebrain as per previously reported methodology. Group differences were assessed using a general linear model univariate analysis with corrected age at scan as a covariate. Our analysis implicates globally smaller CC and forebrain with sub-region II (viz. rostral body of CC known to connect to pre-motor cortex) to be least affected in comparison to other CC sub-regions in LGEA patients. Our report of smaller subgenual forebrain implicates (mal)adaptation in limbic circuits development in selected group of infant patients following LGEA repair. Future studies should include diffusion tractography studies of CC in further evaluation of what appears to represent global decrease in homotopic-like CC/forebrain size following complex perioperative critical care of infants born with LGEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Shea Kagan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chandler R. L. Mongerson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dusica Bajic
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17
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Martín-Fernández F, Bermejo-Santos A, Bragg-Gonzalo L, Briz CG, Serrano-Saiz E, Nieto M. Role of Nrp1 in controlling cortical inter-hemispheric circuits. eLife 2022; 11:69776. [PMID: 35230240 PMCID: PMC8887897 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons of the corpus callosum (CC) mediate the interhemispheric communication required for complex perception in mammals. In the somatosensory (SS) cortex, the CC exchanges inputs processed by the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) areas, which receive tactile and pain stimuli. During early postnatal life, a multistep process involving axonal navigation, growth, and refinement, leads to precise CC connectivity. This process is often affected in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and epilepsy. We herein show that in mice, expression of the axonal signaling receptor Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) in SS layer (L) 2/3 is temporary and follows patterns that determine CC connectivity. At postnatal day 4, Nrp1 expression is absent in the SS cortex while abundant in the motor area, creating a sharp border. During the following 3 weeks, Nrp1 is transiently upregulated in subpopulations of SS L2/3 neurons, earlier and more abundantly in S2 than in S1. In vivo knock-down and overexpression experiments demonstrate that transient expression of Nrp1 does not affect the initial development of callosal projections in S1 but is required for subsequent S2 innervation. Moreover, knocking-down Nrp1 reduces the number of S2L2/3 callosal neurons due to excessive postnatal refinement. Thus, an exquisite temporal and spatial regulation of Nrp1 expression determines SS interhemispheric maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martín-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bermejo-Santos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Bragg-Gonzalo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos G Briz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Serrano-Saiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Nakagawa-Tamagawa N, Kirino E, Sugao K, Nagata H, Tagawa Y. Involvement of Calcium-Dependent Pathway and β Subunit-Interaction in Neuronal Migration and Callosal Projection Deficits Caused by the Cav1.2 I1166T Mutation in Developing Mouse Neocortex. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:747951. [PMID: 34955712 PMCID: PMC8692569 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.747951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gain-of-function mutations in the L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 cause Timothy syndrome (TS), a multisystem disorder associated with neurologic symptoms, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), seizures, and intellectual disability. Cav1.2 plays key roles in neural development, and its mutation can affect brain development and connectivity through Ca2+-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Recently, a gain-of-function mutation, I1166T, in Cav1.2 was identified in patients with TS-like disorder. Its channel properties have been analyzed in vitro but in vivo effects of this mutation on brain development remain unexplored. Methods:In utero electroporation was performed on ICR mice at embryonic day 15 to express GFP, wild-type, and mutant Cav1.2 channels into cortical layer 2/3 excitatory neurons in the primary somatosensory area. The brain was fixed at postnatal days 14–16, sliced, and scanned using confocal microscopy. Neuronal migration of electroporated neurons was examined in the cortex of the electroporated hemisphere, and callosal projection was examined in the white matter and contralateral hemisphere. Results: Expression of the I1166T mutant in layer 2/3 neurons caused migration deficits in approximately 20% of electroporated neurons and almost completely diminished axonal arborization in the contralateral hemisphere. Axonal projection in the white matter was not affected. We introduced second mutations onto Cav1.2 I1166T; L745P mutation blocks Ca2+ influx through Cav1.2 channels and inhibits the Ca2+-dependent pathway, and the W440A mutation blocks the interaction of the Cav1.2 α1 subunit to the β subunit. Both second mutations recovered migration and projection. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the Cav1.2 I1166T mutation could affect two critical steps during cerebrocortical development, migration and axonal projection, in the mouse brain. This is mediated through Ca2+-dependent pathway downstream of Cav1.2 and β subunit-interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nakagawa-Tamagawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Emi Kirino
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kohtaroh Sugao
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nagata
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tagawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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19
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Creighton BA, Afriyie S, Ajit D, Casingal CR, Voos KM, Reger J, Burch AM, Dyne E, Bay J, Huang JK, Anton ES, Fu MM, Lorenzo DN. Giant ankyrin-B mediates transduction of axon guidance and collateral branch pruning factor sema 3A. eLife 2021; 10:69815. [PMID: 34812142 PMCID: PMC8610419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the high confident autism spectrum disorder (ASD) gene ANK2 target both ubiquitously expressed 220 kDa ankyrin-B and neurospecific 440 kDa ankyrin-B (AnkB440) isoforms. Previous work showed that knock-in mice expressing an ASD-linked Ank2 variant yielding a truncated AnkB440 product exhibit ectopic brain connectivity and behavioral abnormalities. Expression of this variant or loss of AnkB440 caused axonal hyperbranching in vitro, which implicated AnkB440 microtubule bundling activity in suppressing collateral branch formation. Leveraging multiple mouse models, cellular assays, and live microscopy, we show that AnkB440 also modulates axon collateral branching stochastically by reducing the number of F-actin-rich branch initiation points. Additionally, we show that AnkB440 enables growth cone (GC) collapse in response to chemorepellent factor semaphorin 3 A (Sema 3 A) by stabilizing its receptor complex L1 cell adhesion molecule/neuropilin-1. ASD-linked ANK2 variants failed to rescue Sema 3A-induced GC collapse. We propose that impaired response to repellent cues due to AnkB440 deficits leads to axonal targeting and branch pruning defects and may contribute to the pathogenicity of ANK2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Creighton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Simone Afriyie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Deepa Ajit
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cristine R Casingal
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kayleigh M Voos
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Joan Reger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States.,Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, United States
| | - April M Burch
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Eric Dyne
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States
| | - Julia Bay
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, United States
| | - E S Anton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Meng-Meng Fu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States
| | - Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Chapel Hill, United States
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20
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Interhemispheric Cortico-Cortical Pathway for Sequential Bimanual Movements in Mice. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0200-21.2021. [PMID: 34348983 PMCID: PMC8387156 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0200-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals precisely coordinate their left and right limbs for various adaptive purposes. While the left and right limbs are clearly controlled by different cortical hemispheres, the neural mechanisms that determine the action sequence between them remains elusive. Here, we have established a novel head-fixed bimanual-press (biPress) sequence task in which mice sequentially press left and right pedals with their forelimbs in a predetermined order. Using this motor task, we found that the motor cortical neurons responsible for the first press (1P) also generate independent motor signals for the second press (2P) by the opposite forelimb during the movement transitions between forelimbs. Projection-specific calcium imaging and optogenetic manipulation revealed these motor signals are transferred from one motor cortical hemisphere to the other via corticocortical projections. Together, our results suggest the motor cortices coordinate sequential bimanual movements through corticocortical pathways.
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21
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Hirata T, Tohsato Y, Itoga H, Shioi G, Kiyonari H, Oka S, Fujimori T, Onami S. NeuroGT: A brain atlas of neurogenic tagging CreER drivers for birthdate-based classification and manipulation of mouse neurons. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100012. [PMID: 35474959 PMCID: PMC9017123 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal birthdate is one of the major determinants of neuronal phenotypes. However, most birthdating methods are retrospective in nature, allowing very little experimental access to the classified neuronal subsets. Here, we introduce four neurogenic tagging mouse lines, which can assign CreER-loxP recombination to neuron subsets that share the same differentiation timing in living animals and enable various experimental manipulations of the classified subsets. We constructed a brain atlas of the neurogenic tagging mouse lines (NeuroGT), which includes holistic image data of the loxP-recombined neurons and their processes across the entire brain that were tagged on each single day during the neurodevelopmental period. This image database, which is open to the public, offers investigators the opportunity to find specific neurogenic tagging driver lines and the stages of tagging appropriate for their own research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Hirata
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Yukako Tohsato
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroya Itoga
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sanae Oka
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shuichi Onami
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Life Science Data Sharing Unit, RIKEN Information R&D and Strategy Headquarters, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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22
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Najt P, Richards HL, Fortune DG. Brain imaging in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100290. [PMID: 34230916 PMCID: PMC8249107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) not only affects the respiratory tract but also influence the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in neurological symptoms such as loss of smell and taste. Growing literature indicates largely distributed brain alterations encompassing subcortical micro- and macro-bleeds, cerebral swelling and haemorrhage in gray and white matter tissue. A systematic review was performed to synthesise the potential evidence of the brain correlates of SARS-CoV-2. Methods A literature search was conducted using electronic databases for studies reporting neuroimaging abnormalities in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Identified case series, cohort studies, and case control studies on SARS-CoV-2 effects on the brain were critically appraised for methodological quality. A narrative synthesis of the findings from the included studies is presented. Results Twenty-seven studies were included in the review, including 5 case series, 8 cohort studies and 14 case control studies. The findings revealed predominant involvement of the olfactory system with disruptions across four olfactory structures. Abnormalities also extended to the corpus callosum, cingulate cortex, and insula, jointly implicating the olfactory brain network. Conclusion Alterations in olfactory areas, along with neighbouring brain regions, including prefrontal and limbic regions were associated to contraction of SARS-CoV-2. Viral infection could either trigger systemic reactions, or use the olfactory's unique anatomical organisation as an environmental entry zone to directly impact on the CNS. A spectrum of brain changes particularly at advanced stage relates to SARS-CoV-2 Across severity phases SARS-CoV-2 affects olfactory structures Emerging abnormalities in COVID-19 is associated with the olfactory brain network
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Najt
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Helen L Richards
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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23
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Interference of commissural connections through the genu of the corpus callosum specifically impairs sensorimotor gating. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113383. [PMID: 34048871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
White matter abnormalities in schizophrenic patients are characterized as regional tract-specific. Myelin loss at the genu of the corpus callosum (GCC) is one of the most consistent findings in schizophrenic patients across the different populations. We characterized the axons that pass through the GCC by stereotactically injecting an anterograde axonal tracing viral vector into the forceps minor of the corpus callosum in one hemisphere, and identified the homotopic brain structures that have commissural connections in the two hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate area, the prelimbic area, the secondary motor area, and the dorsal part of the agranular insular area, along with commissural connections with the primary motor area, caudoputamen, and claustrum. To investigate whether dysmyelination in these commissural connections is critical for the development of schizophrenia symptoms, we generated a mouse model with focal demyelination at the GCC by stereotactically injecting demyelinating agent lysolecithin into this site, and tested these mice in a battery of behavioral tasks that are used to model the schizophrenia-like symptom domains. We found that demyelination at the GCC influenced neither the social interest or mood state, nor the locomotive activity or motor coordination. Nevertheless, it specifically reduced the prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle that is a well-known measure of sensorimotor gating. This study advances our understanding of the pathophysiological contributions of the GCC-specific white matter lesion to the related disease, and demonstrates an indispensable role of interhemispheric communication between the frontal cortices for the top-down regulation of the sensorimotor gating.
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24
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Aykan SA, Xie H, Lai JH, Zheng Y, Chung DY, Kura S, Anzabi M, Sugimoto K, McAllister LM, Yaseen MA, Boas DA, Whalen MJ, Sakadzic S, Ayata C. Focal Subcortical White Matter Lesions Disrupt Resting State Cortical Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4958-4969. [PMID: 34037216 PMCID: PMC8491690 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest white matter tract and critical for interhemispheric connectivity. Unfortunately, neurocognitive deficits after experimental white matter lesions are subtle and variable, limiting their translational utility. We examined resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) as a surrogate after a focal lesion in the lateral corpus callosum induced by stereotaxic injection of L-NIO in mice. RSFC was performed via optical intrinsic signal imaging through intact skull before and on days 1 and 14 after injection, using interhemispheric homotopic and seed-based temporal correlation maps. We measured the lesion volumes at 1 month in the same cohort. L-NIO induced focal lesions in the corpus callosum. Interhemispheric homotopic connectivity decreased by up to 50% 24 h after L-NIO, partially sparing the visual cortex. All seeds showed loss of connectivity to the contralateral hemisphere. Moreover, ipsilesional motor and visual cortices lost connectivity within the same hemisphere. Sham-operated mice did not show any lesion or connectivity changes. RSFC imaging reliably detects acute disruption of long interhemispheric and intrahemispheric connectivity after a corpus callosum lesion in mice. This noninvasive method can be a functional surrogate to complement neurocognitive testing in both therapeutic and recovery studies after white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanem A Aykan
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - James Han Lai
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.,Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maryam Anzabi
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - Kazutaka Sugimoto
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - Lauren M McAllister
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - M Abbas Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sava Sakadzic
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.,Stroke Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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25
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Zhou J, Lin Y, Huynh T, Noguchi H, Bush JO, Pleasure SJ. NMDA receptors control development of somatosensory callosal axonal projections. eLife 2021; 10:59612. [PMID: 33661095 PMCID: PMC7959694 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Callosal projections from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) are key for processing somatosensory inputs and integrating sensory-motor information. How the callosal innervation pattern in S1 is formed during early postnatal development is not clear. We found that the normal termination pattern of these callosal projections is disrupted in cortex specific NMDAR mutants. Rather than projecting selectively to the primary/secondary somatosensory cortex (S1/S2) border, axons were uniformly distributed throughout S1. In addition, the density of this projection increased over postnatal life until the mice died by P30. By combining genetic and antibody-mediated loss of function, we demonstrated that it is GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors in target S1 that mediate this guidance phenotype, thus playing a central role in interhemispheric connectivity. Furthermore, we found that this function of NMDA receptors in callosal circuit formation is independent of ion channel function and works with the EPHRIN-B/EPHB system. Thus, NMDAR in target S1 cortex regulates the formation callosal circuits perhaps by modulating EPH-dependent repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Trung Huynh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Stem Cell Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, San Francisco, United States
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26
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Borghammer P. The α-Synuclein Origin and Connectome Model (SOC Model) of Parkinson's Disease: Explaining Motor Asymmetry, Non-Motor Phenotypes, and Cognitive Decline. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:455-474. [PMID: 33682732 PMCID: PMC8150555 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new model of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is proposed, the α-Synuclein Origin site and Connectome (SOC) model, incorporating two aspects of α-synuclein pathobiology that impact the disease course for each patient: the anatomical location of the initial α-synuclein inclusion, and α-synuclein propagation dependent on the ipsilateral connections that dominate connectivity of the human brain. In some patients, initial α-synuclein pathology occurs within the CNS, leading to a brain-first subtype of PD. In others, pathology begins in the peripheral autonomic nervous system, leading to a body-first subtype. In brain-first cases, it is proposed that the first pathology appears unilaterally, often in the amygdala. If α-synuclein propagation depends on connection strength, a unilateral focus of pathology will disseminate more to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Thus, α-synuclein spreads mainly to ipsilateral structures including the substantia nigra. The asymmetric distribution of pathology leads to asymmetric dopaminergic degeneration and motor asymmetry. In body-first cases, the α-synuclein pathology ascends via the vagus to both the left and right dorsal motor nuclei of the vagus owing to the overlapping parasympathetic innervation of the gut. Consequently, the initial α-synuclein pathology inside the CNS is more symmetric, which promotes more symmetric propagation in the brainstem, leading to more symmetric dopaminergic degeneration and less motor asymmetry. At diagnosis, body-first patients already have a larger, more symmetric burden of α-synuclein pathology, which in turn promotes faster disease progression and accelerated cognitive decline. The SOC model is supported by a considerable body of existing evidence and may have improved explanatory power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Ku RY, Torii M. New Molecular Players in the Development of Callosal Projections. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010029. [PMID: 33375263 PMCID: PMC7824101 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development in humans is a long and ongoing process that continuously modifies the neural circuitry into adolescence. This is well represented by the dynamic maturation of the corpus callosum, the largest white matter tract in the brain. Callosal projection neurons whose long-range axons form the main component of the corpus callosum are evolved relatively recently with a substantial, disproportionate increase in numbers in humans. Though the anatomy of the corpus callosum and cellular processes in its development have been intensively studied by experts in a variety of fields over several decades, the whole picture of its development, in particular, the molecular controls over the development of callosal projections, still has many missing pieces. This review highlights the most recent progress on the understanding of corpus callosum formation with a special emphasis on the novel molecular players in the development of axonal projections in the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Yueh Ku
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Correspondence:
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28
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Mini-Basketball Training Program Improves Social Communication and White Matter Integrity in Children with Autism. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110803. [PMID: 33142694 PMCID: PMC7693206 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in social communication (SC) represent one of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While previous studies have demonstrated that exercise intervention improves SC in children with ASD, there is currently no neuroscientific evidence supporting its benefits. Therefore, we evaluated the outcomes of a long-term exercise intervention on SC and white matter integrity (WMI) in children with ASD, and further explored the neural mechanism of exercise intervention on SC in these children. Twenty-nine children aged 3–6 years with ASD were assigned to either exercise group (n = 15) or control group (n = 14). The exercise group received a scheduled mini-basketball training program (5 sessions per week, forty minutes per session) for 12 consecutive weeks, while the control group was instructed to maintain their daily activities. Groups were assessed before and after intervention on SC and WMI. SC scores were lower in the exercise group post-intervention. Compared with the control group, WMI of the exercise group showed higher fractional anisotropy in the body of corpus callosum, fornix, right cerebral peduncle, left posterior limb of internal capsule, right retrolenticular part of internal capsule, left anterior corona radiate and left superior fronto-occipital fasciculus; lower mean diffusivity in the left anterior corona radiate and the bilateral corticospinal tract. Furthermore, increased WMI was associated with lower scores on a measure of social cognition in the overall sample. This study is the first to provide evidence that exercise intervention improves SC and white matter integrity in children with autism.
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29
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De León Reyes NS, Bragg-Gonzalo L, Nieto M. Development and plasticity of the corpus callosum. Development 2020; 147:147/18/dev189738. [PMID: 32988974 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) connects the cerebral hemispheres and is the major mammalian commissural tract. It facilitates bilateral sensory integration and higher cognitive functions, and is often affected in neurodevelopmental diseases. Here, we review the mechanisms that contribute to the development of CC circuits in animal models and humans. These species comparisons reveal several commonalities. First, there is an early period of massive axonal projection. Second, there is a postnatal temporal window, varying between species, in which early callosal projections are selectively refined. Third, sensory-derived activity influences axonal refinement. We also discuss how defects in CC formation can lead to mild or severe CC congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia S De León Reyes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Bragg-Gonzalo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Trans-Axonal Signaling in Neural Circuit Wiring. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145170. [PMID: 32708320 PMCID: PMC7404203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of neural circuits is a complex process that relies on the proper navigation of axons through their environment to their appropriate targets. While axon–environment and axon–target interactions have long been known as essential for circuit formation, communication between axons themselves has only more recently emerged as another crucial mechanism. Trans-axonal signaling governs many axonal behaviors, including fasciculation for proper guidance to targets, defasciculation for pathfinding at important choice points, repulsion along and within tracts for pre-target sorting and target selection, repulsion at the target for precise synaptic connectivity, and potentially selective degeneration for circuit refinement. This review outlines the recent advances in identifying the molecular mechanisms of trans-axonal signaling and discusses the role of axon–axon interactions during the different steps of neural circuit formation.
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31
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Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of an exquisitely complex network of interconnected neurons supporting the higher cognitive functions of the brain. Here, we provide a fully detailed, step-by-step protocol to perform in utero cortical electroporation of plasmids, a simple surgical procedure designed to manipulate gene expression in a subset of glutamatergic pyramidal cortical neurons in vivo. This method has been used to visualize defects in neuronal migration, axon projections, terminal axon branching, or dendrite and synapse development. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Courchet et al., 2013, Mairet-Coello et al., 2013 or Shimojo et al. (2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Meyer-Dilhet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Julien Courchet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008 Lyon, France
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Mongerson CRL, Jaimes C, Zurakowski D, Jennings RW, Bajic D. Infant Corpus Callosum Size After Surgery and Critical Care for Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia: Qualitative and Quantitative MRI. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6408. [PMID: 32286423 PMCID: PMC7156662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in preterm infants report white matter abnormalities of the corpus callosum (CC) as an important predictor of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Our cross-sectional study aimed to describe qualitative and quantitative CC size in critically ill infants following surgical and critical care for long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) - in comparison to healthy infants - using MRI. Non-sedated brain MRI was acquired for full-term (n = 13) and premature (n = 13) patients following treatment for LGEA, and controls (n = 20) <1 year corrected age. A neuroradiologist performed qualitative evaluation of T1-weighted images. ITK-SNAP was used for linear, 2-D and 3-D manual CC measures and segmentations as part of CC size quantification. Qualitative MRI analysis indicated underdeveloped CC in both patient groups in comparison to controls. We show no group differences in mid-sagittal CC length. Although 2-D results were inconclusive, volumetric analysis showed smaller absolute (F(2,42) = 20.40, p < 0.001) and normalized (F(2,42) = 16.61, p < 0.001) CC volumes following complex perioperative treatment for LGEA in both full-term and premature patients, suggesting delayed or diminished CC growth in comparison to controls, with no difference between patient groups. Future research should look into etiology of described differences, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and role of the CC as an early marker of neurodevelopment in this unique infant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler R L Mongerson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Camilo Jaimes
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Russell W Jennings
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Esophageal and Airway Treatment Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Chen Y, Zheng J, Li X, Zhu L, Shao Z, Yan X, Zhu X. Wdr47 Controls Neuronal Polarization through the Camsap Family Microtubule Minus-End-Binding Proteins. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Dalal T, Gupta N, Haddad R. Bilateral and unilateral odor processing and odor perception. Commun Biol 2020; 3:150. [PMID: 32238904 PMCID: PMC7113286 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Imagine smelling a novel perfume with only one nostril and then smelling it again with the other nostril. Clearly, you can tell that it is the same perfume both times. This simple experiment demonstrates that odor information is shared across both hemispheres to enable perceptual unity. In many sensory systems, perceptual unity is believed to be mediated by inter-hemispheric connections between iso-functional cortical regions. However, in the olfactory system, the underlying neural mechanisms that enable this coordination are unclear because the two olfactory cortices are not topographically organized and do not seem to have homotypic inter-hemispheric mapping. This review presents recent advances in determining which aspects of odor information are processed unilaterally or bilaterally, and how odor information is shared across the two hemispheres. We argue that understanding the mechanisms of inter-hemispheric coordination can provide valuable insights that are hard to achieve when focusing on one hemisphere alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Dalal
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Rafi Haddad
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel.
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Ziak J, Weissova R, Jeřábková K, Janikova M, Maimon R, Petrasek T, Pukajova B, Kleisnerova M, Wang M, Brill MS, Kasparek P, Zhou X, Alvarez-Bolado G, Sedlacek R, Misgeld T, Stuchlik A, Perlson E, Balastik M. CRMP2 mediates Sema3F-dependent axon pruning and dendritic spine remodeling. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48512. [PMID: 31919978 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of axon guidance and pruning of inappropriate synapses by class 3 semaphorins are key to the development of neural circuits. Collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) has been shown to regulate axon guidance by mediating semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) signaling; however, nothing is known about its role in synapse pruning. Here, using newly generated crmp2-/- mice we demonstrate that CRMP2 has a moderate effect on Sema3A-dependent axon guidance in vivo, and its deficiency leads to a mild defect in axon guidance in peripheral nerves and the corpus callosum. Surprisingly, crmp2-/- mice display prominent defects in stereotyped axon pruning in hippocampus and visual cortex and altered dendritic spine remodeling, which is consistent with impaired Sema3F signaling and with models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We demonstrate that CRMP2 mediates Sema3F signaling in primary neurons and that crmp2-/- mice display ASD-related social behavior changes in the early postnatal period as well as in adults. Together, we demonstrate that CRMP2 mediates Sema3F-dependent synapse pruning and its dysfunction shares histological and behavioral features of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ziak
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Weissova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jeřábková
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases and Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Janikova
- Department of Neurophysiology of the Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roy Maimon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomas Petrasek
- Department of Neurophysiology of the Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pukajova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kleisnerova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika S Brill
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases and Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Xunlei Zhou
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases and Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Department of Neurophysiology of the Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin Balastik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Thomas AM, Xu J, Calabresi PA, van Zijl PCM, Bulte JWM. Monitoring diffuse injury during disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with on resonance variable delay multiple pulse (onVDMP) CEST MRI. Neuroimage 2019; 204:116245. [PMID: 31605825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that targets myelin proteins and results in extensive damage in the central nervous system in the form of focal lesions as well as diffuse molecular changes. Lesions are currently detected using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, monitoring such lesions has been shown to be a poor predictor of disease progression. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is sensitive to many of the biomolecules in the central nervous system altered in MS that cannot be detected using conventional MRI. We monitored disease progression in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS using on resonance variable delay multiple pulse (onVDMP) CEST MRI. Alterations in onVDMP signal were observed in regions responsible for hindlimb function throughout the central nervous system. Histological analysis revealed glial activation in areas highlighted in onVDMP CEST MRI. onVDMP signal changes in the 3rd ventricle preceded paralysis onset that could not be observed with conventional MRI techniques. Hence, the onVDMP CEST MRI signal has potential as a novel imaging biomarker and predictor of disease progression in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiadi Xu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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De León Reyes NS, Mederos S, Varela I, Weiss LA, Perea G, Galazo MJ, Nieto M. Transient callosal projections of L4 neurons are eliminated for the acquisition of local connectivity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4549. [PMID: 31591398 PMCID: PMC6779895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interhemispheric axons of the corpus callosum (CC) facilitate the higher order functions of the cerebral cortex. According to current views, callosal and non-callosal fates are determined early after a neuron's birth, and certain populations, such as cortical layer (L) 4 excitatory neurons of the primary somatosensory (S1) barrel, project only ipsilaterally. Using a novel axonal-retrotracing strategy and GFP-targeted visualization of Rorb+ neurons, we instead demonstrate that L4 neurons develop transient interhemispheric axons. Locally restricted L4 connectivity emerges when exuberant contralateral axons are refined in an area- and layer-specific manner during postnatal development. Surgical and genetic interventions of sensory circuits demonstrate that refinement rates depend on distinct inputs from sensory-specific thalamic nuclei. Reductions in input-dependent refinement result in mature functional interhemispheric hyperconnectivity, demonstrating the plasticity and bona fide callosal potential of L4 neurons. Thus, L4 neurons discard alternative interhemispheric circuits as instructed by thalamic input. This may ensure optimal wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S De León Reyes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Mederos
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC. Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Varela
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - L A Weiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Perea
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC. Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Galazo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, Percival Stern Hall suite 2000, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - M Nieto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Culjat M, Milošević NJ. Callosal septa express guidance cues and are paramedian guideposts for human corpus callosum development. J Anat 2019; 235:670-686. [PMID: 31070791 PMCID: PMC6704273 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The early development and growth of the corpus callosum are supported by several midline transient structures in mammals that include callosal septa (CS), which are present only in the second half of gestation in humans. Here we provide new data that support the guidance role of CS in corpus callosum development, derived from the analysis of 46 postmortem fetal brains, ranging in age from 16 to 40 post conception weeks (PCW). Using immunohistochemical methods, we show the expression pattern of guidance cues ephrinA4 and neogenin, extracellular protein fibronectin, as well as non-activated microglia in the CS. We found that the dynamic changes in expression of guidance cues, cellular and extracellular matrix constituents in the CS correlate well with the growth course of the corpus callosum at midsagittal level. The CS reach and maintain their developmental maximum between 20 and 26 PCW and can be visualized as hypointense structures in the ventral callosal portion with ex vivo (in vitro) T2-weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The maximum of septal development overlaps with an increase in the callosal midsagittal area, whereas the slow, gradual resolution of CS coincides with a plateau of midsagittal callosal growth. The recognition of CS existence in human fetal brain and the ability to visualize them by ex vivoMRI attributes a potential diagnostic value to these transient structures, as advancement in imaging technologies will likely also enable in vivoMRI visualization of the CS in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Culjat
- MedStar Georgetown University HospitalWashingtonDCUSA
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39
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Hossain MM, Tsuzuki T, Sakakibara K, Imaizumi F, Ikegaya A, Inagaki M, Takahashi I, Ito T, Takamatsu H, Kumanogoh A, Negishi T, Yukawa K. PlexinA1 is crucial for the midline crossing of callosal axons during corpus callosum development in BALB/cAJ mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221440. [PMID: 31430342 PMCID: PMC6701775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the biggest commissure that links cerebral hemispheres. Guidepost structures develop in the cortical midline during CC development and express axon guidance molecules that instruct neurons regarding the proper direction of axonal elongation toward and across the cortical midline. Neuropilin-1 (Npn1), a high affinity receptor for class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s) localized on cingulate pioneering axons, plays a crucial role in axon guidance to the midline through interactions with Sema3s. However, it remains unclear which type of Plexin is a component of Sema3 holoreceptors with Npn1 during the guidance of cingulate pioneering axons. To address the role of PlexinA1 in CC development, we examined with immunohistochemistry the localization of PlexinA1, Npn1, and Sema3s using embryonic brains from wild-type (WT) and PlexinA1-deficient (PlexinA1 knock-out (KO)) mice with a BALB/cAJ background. The immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of PlexinA1 in callosal axons derived from the cingulate and neocortex of the WT mice on embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) but not in the PlexinA1 KO mice. To examine the role of PlexinA1 in the navigation of callosal axons, the extension of callosal axons toward and across the midline was traced in brains of WT and PlexinA1 KO mice at E17.5. As a result, callosal axons in the PlexinA1 KO brains had a significantly lower incidence of midline crossing at E17.5 compared with the WT brains. To further examine the role of PlexinA1 in CC development, the CC phenotype was examined in PlexinA1 KO mice at postnatal day 0.5 (P0.5). Most of the PlexinA1 KO mice at P0.5 showed agenesis of the CC. These results indicate the crucial involvement of PlexinA1 in the midline crossing of callosal axons during CC development in BALB/cAJ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sakakibara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Imaizumi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ikegaya
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takahashi
- Radioisotope Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuji Ito
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Negishi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yukawa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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40
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Sensory cortex wiring requires preselection of short- and long-range projection neurons through an Egr-Foxg1-COUP-TFI network. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3581. [PMID: 31395862 PMCID: PMC6687716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bimodal requisite for a genetic program and external stimuli is a key feature of sensory circuit formation. However, the contribution of cell-intrinsic codes to directing sensory-specific circuits remains unknown. Here, we identify the earliest molecular program that preselects projection neuron types in the sensory neocortex. Mechanistically, Foxg1 binds to an H3K4me1-enriched enhancer site to repress COUP-TFI, where ectopic acquisition of Foxg1 in layer 4 cells transforms local projection neurons to callosal projection neurons with pyramidal morphologies. Removal of Foxg1 in long-range projection neurons, in turn, derepresses COUP-TFI and activates a layer 4 neuron-specific program. The earliest segregation of projection subtypes is achieved through repression of Foxg1 in layer 4 precursors by early growth response genes, the major targets of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway. These findings describe the earliest cortex-intrinsic program that restricts neuronal connectivity in sensory circuits, a fundamental step towards the acquisition of mammalian perceptual behavior. Layer 4 spiny stellate cells project locally while pyramidal neurons have long-range projections yet the molecular program that determines their specificity is not yet known. Here, the authors demonstrate that Egr, Foxg1 and COUP-TFI transcription factors play causal role in the specification of these cell types.
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Cioni JM, Wong HHW, Bressan D, Kodama L, Harris WA, Holt CE. Axon-Axon Interactions Regulate Topographic Optic Tract Sorting via CYFIP2-Dependent WAVE Complex Function. Neuron 2019. [PMID: 29518358 PMCID: PMC5855093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are topographically sorted before they arrive at the optic tectum. This pre-target sorting, typical of axon tracts throughout the brain, is poorly understood. Here, we show that cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting proteins (CYFIPs) fulfill non-redundant functions in RGCs, with CYFIP1 mediating axon growth and CYFIP2 specifically involved in axon sorting. We find that CYFIP2 mediates homotypic and heterotypic contact-triggered fasciculation and repulsion responses between dorsal and ventral axons. CYFIP2 associates with transporting ribonucleoprotein particles in axons and regulates translation. Axon-axon contact stimulates CYFIP2 to move into growth cones where it joins the actin nucleating WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) in the periphery and regulates actin remodeling and filopodial dynamics. CYFIP2’s function in axon sorting is mediated by its binding to the WRC but not its translational regulation. Together, these findings uncover CYFIP2 as a key regulatory link between axon-axon interactions, filopodial dynamics, and optic tract sorting. CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 serve non-redundant functions in retinal axon growth and guidance CYFIP2 regulates growth cone filopodial dynamics and axon-axon responses CYFIP2 interacts with RNPs and the WRC in distinct cellular compartments Axon sorting is mediated by CYFIP2’s interaction with the WRC
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Cioni
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Hovy Ho-Wai Wong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Dario Bressan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Lay Kodama
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - William A Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
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Bott CJ, Johnson CG, Yap CC, Dwyer ND, Litwa KA, Winckler B. Nestin in immature embryonic neurons affects axon growth cone morphology and Semaphorin3a sensitivity. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1214-1229. [PMID: 30840538 PMCID: PMC6724523 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct wiring in the neocortex requires that responses to an individual guidance cue vary among neurons in the same location, and within the same neuron over time. Nestin is an atypical intermediate filament expressed strongly in neural progenitors and is thus used widely as a progenitor marker. Here we show a subpopulation of embryonic cortical neurons that transiently express nestin in their axons. Nestin expression is thus not restricted to neural progenitors, but persists for 2-3 d at lower levels in newborn neurons. We found that nestin-expressing neurons have smaller growth cones, suggesting that nestin affects cytoskeletal dynamics. Nestin, unlike other intermediate filament subtypes, regulates cdk5 kinase by binding the cdk5 activator p35. Cdk5 activity is induced by the repulsive guidance cue Semaphorin3a (Sema3a), leading to axonal growth cone collapse in vitro. Therefore, we tested whether nestin-expressing neurons showed altered responses to Sema3a. We find that nestin-expressing newborn neurons are more sensitive to Sema3a in a roscovitine-sensitive manner, whereas nestin knockdown results in lowered sensitivity to Sema3a. We propose that nestin functions in immature neurons to modulate cdk5 downstream of the Sema3a response. Thus, the transient expression of nestin could allow temporal and/or spatial modulation of a neuron's response to Sema3a, particularly during early axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Bott
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - C. G. Johnson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - C. C. Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - N. D. Dwyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - K. A. Litwa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - B. Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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43
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Abdeladim L, Matho KS, Clavreul S, Mahou P, Sintes JM, Solinas X, Arganda-Carreras I, Turney SG, Lichtman JW, Chessel A, Bemelmans AP, Loulier K, Supatto W, Livet J, Beaurepaire E. Multicolor multiscale brain imaging with chromatic multiphoton serial microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1662. [PMID: 30971684 PMCID: PMC6458155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale microscopy approaches are transforming brain imaging, but currently lack efficient multicolor contrast modalities. We introduce chromatic multiphoton serial (ChroMS) microscopy, a method integrating one-shot multicolor multiphoton excitation through wavelength mixing and serial block-face image acquisition. This approach provides organ-scale micrometric imaging of spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins and label-free nonlinear signals with constant micrometer-scale resolution and sub-micron channel registration over the entire imaged volume. We demonstrate tridimensional (3D) multicolor imaging over several cubic millimeters as well as brain-wide serial 2D multichannel imaging. We illustrate the strengths of this method through color-based 3D analysis of astrocyte morphology and contacts in the mouse cerebral cortex, tracing of individual pyramidal neurons within densely Brainbow-labeled tissue, and multiplexed whole-brain mapping of axonal projections labeled with spectrally distinct tracers. ChroMS will be an asset for multiscale and system-level studies in neuroscience and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiae Abdeladim
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Katherine S Matho
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, 75012, France
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, 11724, NY, USA
| | - Solène Clavreul
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sintes
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Xavier Solinas
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | - Stephen G Turney
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA
| | - Anatole Chessel
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92265, France
| | - Karine Loulier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Jean Livet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, 75012, France.
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France.
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44
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Lee MA, Sitko AA, Khalid S, Mason CA. Spatiotemporal distribution of glia in and around the developing mouse optic tract. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:508-521. [PMID: 29744881 PMCID: PMC6226340 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the developing mouse optic tract, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon position is organized by topography and laterality (i.e., eye-specific or ipsi- and contralateral segregation). Our lab previously showed that ipsilaterally projecting RGCs are segregated to the lateral aspect of the developing optic tract and found that ipsilateral axons self-fasciculate to a greater extent than contralaterally projecting RGC axons in vitro. However, the full complement of axon-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors mediating eye-specific segregation in the tract remain poorly understood. Glia, which are known to express several guidance cues in the visual system and regulate the navigation of ipsilateral and contralateral RGC axons at the optic chiasm, are natural candidates for contributing to eye-specific pre-target axon organization. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal expression patterns of both putative astrocytes (Aldh1l1+ cells) and microglia (Iba1+ cells) in the embryonic and neonatal optic tract. We quantified the localization of ipsilateral RGC axons to the lateral two-thirds of the optic tract and analyzed glia position and distribution relative to eye-specific axon organization. While our results indicate that glial segregation patterns do not strictly align with eye-specific RGC axon segregation in the tract, we identify distinct spatiotemporal organization of both Aldh1l1+ cells and microglia in and around the developing optic tract. These findings inform future research into molecular mechanisms of glial involvement in RGC axon growth and organization in the developing retinogeniculate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027
| | - Austen A. Sitko
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Sania Khalid
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Carol A. Mason
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
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45
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Suárez R, Paolino A, Fenlon LR, Morcom LR, Kozulin P, Kurniawan ND, Richards LJ. A pan-mammalian map of interhemispheric brain connections predates the evolution of the corpus callosum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9622-9627. [PMID: 30181276 PMCID: PMC6156618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808262115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain of mammals differs from that of all other vertebrates, in having a six-layered neocortex that is extensively interconnected within and between hemispheres. Interhemispheric connections are conveyed through the anterior commissure in egg-laying monotremes and marsupials, whereas eutherians evolved a separate commissural tract, the corpus callosum. Although the pattern of interhemispheric connectivity via the corpus callosum is broadly shared across eutherian species, it is not known whether this pattern arose as a consequence of callosal evolution or instead corresponds to a more ancient feature of mammalian brain organization. Here we show that, despite cortical axons using an ancestral commissural route, monotremes and marsupials share features of interhemispheric connectivity with eutherians that likely predate the origin of the corpus callosum. Based on ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging and tractography, we found that connections through the anterior commissure in both fat-tailed dunnarts (Marsupialia) and duck-billed platypus (Monotremata) are spatially segregated according to cortical area topography. Moreover, cell-resolution retrograde and anterograde interhemispheric circuit mapping in dunnarts revealed several features shared with callosal circuits of eutherians. These include the layered organization of commissural neurons and terminals, a broad map of connections between similar (homotopic) regions of each hemisphere, and regions connected to different areas (heterotopic), including hyperconnected hubs along the medial and lateral borders of the cortex, such as the cingulate/motor cortex and claustrum/insula. We therefore propose that an interhemispheric connectome originated in early mammalian ancestors, predating the evolution of the corpus callosum. Because these features have been conserved throughout mammalian evolution, they likely represent key aspects of neocortical organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Suárez
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia;
| | - Annalisa Paolino
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia
| | - Laura R Fenlon
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia
| | - Laura R Morcom
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia
| | - Peter Kozulin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia
| | - Linda J Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia
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46
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Yip ZC, Heiman MG. Ordered arrangement of dendrites within a C. elegans sensory nerve bundle. eLife 2018; 7:e35825. [PMID: 30117807 PMCID: PMC6133548 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological systems are organized into well-ordered structures and can evolve new patterns when perturbed. To identify principles underlying biological order, we turned to C. elegans for its simple anatomy and powerful genetics. We developed a method to quantify the arrangement of three dendrites in the main sensory nerve bundle, and found that they exhibit a stereotyped arrangement throughout larval growth. Dendrite order does not require prominent features including sensory cilia and glial junctions. In contrast, loss of the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) CDH-4/Fat-like cadherin causes dendrites to be ordered randomly, despite remaining bundled. Loss of the CAMs PTP-3/LAR or SAX-7/L1CAM causes dendrites to adopt an altered order, which becomes increasingly random as animals grow. Misexpression of SAX-7 leads to subtle but reproducible changes in dendrite order. Our results suggest that combinations of CAMs allow dendrites to self-organize into a stereotyped arrangement and can produce altered patterns when perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Candice Yip
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsBoston Children’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Maxwell G Heiman
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsBoston Children’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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47
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Leong ATL, Dong CM, Gao PP, Chan RW, To A, Sanes DH, Wu EX. Optogenetic auditory fMRI reveals the effects of visual cortical inputs on auditory midbrain response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8736. [PMID: 29880842 PMCID: PMC5992211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortices contain extensive descending (corticofugal) pathways, yet their impact on brainstem processing - particularly across sensory systems - remains poorly understood. In the auditory system, the inferior colliculus (IC) in the midbrain receives cross-modal inputs from the visual cortex (VC). However, the influences from VC on auditory midbrain processing are unclear. To investigate whether and how visual cortical inputs affect IC auditory responses, the present study combines auditory blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) with cell-type specific optogenetic manipulation of visual cortex. The results show that predominant optogenetic excitation of the excitatory pyramidal neurons in the infragranular layers of the primary VC enhances the noise-evoked BOLD fMRI responses within the IC. This finding reveals that inputs from VC influence and facilitate basic sound processing in the auditory midbrain. Such combined optogenetic and auditory fMRI approach can shed light on the large-scale modulatory effects of corticofugal pathways and guide detailed electrophysiological studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T L Leong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Celia M Dong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick P Gao
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Russell W Chan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthea To
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dan H Sanes
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, United States
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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48
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Sitko AA, Kuwajima T, Mason C. Eye-specific segregation and differential fasciculation of developing retinal ganglion cell axons in the mouse visual pathway. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1077-1096. [PMID: 29322522 PMCID: PMC6062437 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prior to forming and refining synaptic connections, axons of projection neurons navigate long distances to their targets. While much is known about guidance cues for axon navigation through intermediate choice points, whether and how axons are organized within tracts is less clear. Here we analyze the organization of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in the developing mouse retinogeniculate pathway. RGC axons are organized by both eye-specificity and topography in the optic nerve and tract: ipsilateral RGC axons are segregated from contralateral axons and are offset laterally in the tract relative to contralateral axon topographic position. To identify potential cell-autonomous factors contributing to the segregation of ipsilateral and contralateral RGC axons in the visual pathway, we assessed their fasciculation behavior in a retinal explant assay. Ipsilateral RGC neurites self-fasciculate more than contralateral neurites in vitro and maintain this difference in the presence of extrinsic chiasm cues. To further probe the role of axon self-association in circuit formation in vivo, we examined RGC axon organization and fasciculation in an EphB1-/- mutant, in which a subset of ipsilateral RGC axons aberrantly crosses the midline but targets the ipsilateral zone in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus on the opposite side. Aberrantly crossing axons retain their association with ipsilateral axons in the contralateral tract, indicating that cohort-specific axon affinity is maintained independently of guidance signals present at the midline. Our results provide a comprehensive assessment of RGC axon organization in the retinogeniculate pathway and suggest that axon self-association contributes to pre-target axon organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen A. Sitko
- Departments of Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
- Current address, corresponding author: Austen A. Sitko, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 456 Goldenson, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115,
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Departments of Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
- Pathology and Cell Biology, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Carol Mason
- Departments of Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
- Pathology and Cell Biology, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
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49
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Kokinovic B, Medini P. Loss of GABA B -mediated interhemispheric synaptic inhibition in stroke periphery. J Physiol 2018; 596:1949-1964. [PMID: 29508394 DOI: 10.1113/jp275690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Recovery from the potentially devastating consequences of stroke depends largely upon plastic changes occurring in the lesion periphery and its inputs. In a focal model of stroke in mouse somatosensory cortex, we found that the recovery of sensory responsiveness occurs at the level of synaptic inputs, without gross changes of the intrinsic electrical excitability of neurons, and also that recovered responses had longer than normal latencies. Under normal conditions, one somatosensory cortex inhibits the responsiveness of the other located in the opposite hemisphere (interhemispheric inhibition) via activation of GABAB receptors. In stroke-recovered animals, the powerful interhemispheric inhibition normally present in controls is lost in the lesion periphery. By contrast, contralateral hemisphere activation selective contributes to the recovery of sensory responsiveness after stroke. ABSTRACT Recovery after stroke is mediated by plastic changes largely occurring in the lesion periphery. However, little is known about the microcircuit changes underlying recovery, the extent to which perilesional plasticity occurs at synaptic input vs. spike output level, and the connectivity behind such synaptic plasticity. We combined intrinsic imaging with extracellular and intracellular recordings and pharmacological inactivation in a focal stroke in mouse somatosensory cortex (S1). In vivo whole-cell recordings in hindlimb S1 (hS1) showed synaptic responses also to forelimb stimulation in controls, and such responses were abolished by stroke in the neighbouring forelimb area (fS1), suggesting that, under normal conditions, they originate via horizontal connections from the neighbouring fS1. Synaptic and spike responses to forelimb stimulation in hS1 recovered to quasi-normal levels 2 weeks after stroke, without changes in intrinsic excitability and hindlimb-evoked spike responses. Recovered synaptic responses had longer latencies, suggesting a long-range origin of the recovery, prompting us to investigate the role of callosal inputs in the recovery process. Contralesional S1 silencing unmasked significantly larger responses to both limbs in controls, a phenomenon that was not observed when GABAB receptors were antagonized in the recorded area. Conversely, such GABAB -mediated interhemispheric inhibition was not detectable after stroke: callosal input silencing failed to change hindlimb responses, whereas it robustly reduced recovered forelimb responses. Thus, recovery of subthreshold responsiveness in the stroke periphery is accompanied by a loss of interhemispheric inhibition and this is a result of pathway-specific facilitatory action on the affected sensory response from the contralateral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Kokinovic
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Physiology section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies (NBT), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Medini
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Physiology section, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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50
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Marsh APL, Edwards TJ, Galea C, Cooper HM, Engle EC, Jamuar SS, Méneret A, Moutard ML, Nava C, Rastetter A, Robinson G, Rouleau G, Roze E, Spencer-Smith M, Trouillard O, Billette de Villemeur T, Walsh CA, Yu TW, Heron D, Sherr EH, Richards LJ, Depienne C, Leventer RJ, Lockhart PJ. DCC mutation update: Congenital mirror movements, isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum, and developmental split brain syndrome. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:23-39. [PMID: 29068161 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) gene encodes the netrin-1 (NTN1) receptor DCC, a transmembrane protein required for the guidance of commissural axons. Germline DCC mutations disrupt the development of predominantly commissural tracts in the central nervous system (CNS) and cause a spectrum of neurological disorders. Monoallelic, missense, and predicted loss-of-function DCC mutations cause congenital mirror movements, isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), or both. Biallelic, predicted loss-of-function DCC mutations cause developmental split brain syndrome (DSBS). Although the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to disease remain poorly understood, they are thought to stem from reduced or perturbed NTN1 signaling. Here, we review the 26 reported DCC mutations associated with abnormal CNS development in humans, including 14 missense and 12 predicted loss-of-function mutations, and discuss their associated clinical characteristics and diagnostic features. We provide an update on the observed genotype-phenotype relationships of congenital mirror movements, isolated ACC and DSBS, and correlate this to our current understanding of the biological function of DCC in the development of the CNS. All mutations and their associated phenotypes were deposited into a locus-specific LOVD (https://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes/DCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J Edwards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Charles Galea
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics (D4), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Saumya S Jamuar
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Paediatric Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Moutard
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.,UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de référence "Neurogénétique", Paris, France
| | - Caroline Nava
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rastetter
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Gail Robinson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Megan Spencer-Smith
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Billette de Villemeur
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.,UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France.,INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy W Yu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Delphine Heron
- UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda J Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christel Depienne
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Médicine translationnelle et Neurogénétique, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Laboratoires de génétique, Institut de génétique médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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