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Akiki P, Delamotte P, Montagne J. Lipid Metabolism in Relation to Carbohydrate Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39192070 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and lipids integrate into a complex metabolic network that is essential to maintain homeostasis. In insects, as in most metazoans, dietary carbohydrates are taken up as monosaccharides whose excess is toxic, even at relatively low concentrations. To cope with this toxicity, monosaccharides are stored either as glycogen or neutral lipids, the latter constituting a quasi-unlimited energy store. Breakdown of these stores in response to energy demand depends on insect species and on several physiological parameters. In this chapter, we review the multiple metabolic pathways and strategies linking carbohydrates and lipids that insects utilize to respond to nutrient availability, food scarcity or physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Akiki
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Delamotte
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacques Montagne
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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2
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Bretscher H, O’Connor MB. Glycogen homeostasis and mtDNA expression require motor neuron to muscle TGFβ/Activin Signaling in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.600699. [PMID: 39131342 PMCID: PMC11312462 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.600699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining metabolic homeostasis requires coordinated nutrient utilization between intracellular organelles and across multiple organ systems. Many organs rely heavily on mitochondria to generate (ATP) from glucose, or stored glycogen. Proteins required for ATP generation are encoded in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We show that motoneuron to muscle signaling by the TGFβ/Activin family member Actβ positively regulates glycogen levels during Drosophila development. Remarkably, we find that levels of stored glycogen are unaffected by altering cytoplasmic glucose catabolism. Instead, Actβ loss reduces levels of mtDNA and nuclearly encoded genes required for mtDNA replication, transcription and translation. Direct RNAi mediated knockdown of these same nuclearly encoded mtDNA expression factors also results in decreased glycogen stores. Lastly, we find that expressing an activated form of the type I receptor Baboon in muscle restores both glycogen and mtDNA levels in actβ mutants, thereby confirming a direct link between Actβ signaling, glycogen homeostasis and mtDNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Bretscher
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael B. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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3
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Lee GG, Peterson AJ, Kim MJ, O’Connor MB, Park JH. Multiple isoforms of the Activin-like receptor baboon differentially regulate proliferation and conversion behaviors of neuroblasts and neuroepithelial cells in the Drosophila larval brain. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305696. [PMID: 38913612 PMCID: PMC11195991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila coordinated proliferation of two neural stem cells, neuroblasts (NB) and neuroepithelial (NE) cells, is pivotal for proper larval brain growth that ultimately determines the final size and performance of an adult brain. The larval brain growth displays two phases based on behaviors of NB and NEs: the first one in early larval stages, influenced by nutritional status and the second one in the last larval stage, promoted by ecdysone signaling after critical weight checkpoint. Mutations of the baboon (babo) gene that produces three isoforms (BaboA-C), all acting as type-I receptors of Activin-type transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling, cause a small brain phenotype due to severely reduced proliferation of the neural stem cells. In this study we show that loss of babo function severely affects proliferation of NBs and NEs as well as conversion of NEs from both phases. By analyzing babo-null and newly generated isoform-specific mutants by CRISPR mutagenesis as well as isoform-specific RNAi knockdowns in a cell- and stage-specific manner, our data support differential contributions of the isoforms for these cellular events with BaboA playing the major role. Stage-specific expression of EcR-B1 in the brain is also regulated primarily by BaboA along with function of the other isoforms. Blocking EcR function in both neural stem cells results in a small brain phenotype that is more severe than baboA-knockdown alone. In summary, our study proposes that the Babo-mediated signaling promotes proper behaviors of the neural stem cells in both phases and achieves this by acting upstream of EcR-B1 expression in the second phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyunghee G. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aidan J. Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael B. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jae H. Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Singh A, Abhilasha KV, Acharya KR, Liu H, Nirala NK, Parthibane V, Kunduri G, Abimannan T, Tantalla J, Zhu LJ, Acharya JK, Acharya UR. A nutrient responsive lipase mediates gut-brain communication to regulate insulin secretion in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4410. [PMID: 38782979 PMCID: PMC11116528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells secrete insulin in response to glucose elevation to maintain glucose homeostasis. A complex network of inter-organ communication operates to modulate insulin secretion and regulate glucose levels after a meal. Lipids obtained from diet or generated intracellularly are known to amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, however, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we show that a Drosophila secretory lipase, Vaha (CG8093), is synthesized in the midgut and moves to the brain where it concentrates in the insulin-producing cells in a process requiring Lipid Transfer Particle, a lipoprotein originating in the fat body. In response to dietary fat, Vaha stimulates insulin-like peptide release (ILP), and Vaha deficiency results in reduced circulatory ILP and diabetic features including hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Our findings suggest Vaha functions as a diacylglycerol lipase physiologically, by being a molecular link between dietary fat and lipid amplified insulin secretion in a gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Kathya R Acharya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Niraj K Nirala
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Velayoudame Parthibane
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Govind Kunduri
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Thiruvaimozhi Abimannan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jacob Tantalla
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jairaj K Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Usha R Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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5
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Akiyama T, Raftery LA, Wharton KA. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling: the pathway and its regulation. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad200. [PMID: 38124338 PMCID: PMC10847725 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1960s, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the extracts of bone to have the remarkable ability to induce heterotopic bone. When the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic (dpp) was first identified to share sequence similarity with mammalian BMP2/BMP4 in the late-1980s, it became clear that secreted BMP ligands can mediate processes other than bone formation. Following this discovery, collaborative efforts between Drosophila geneticists and mammalian biochemists made use of the strengths of their respective model systems to identify BMP signaling components and delineate the pathway. The ability to conduct genetic modifier screens in Drosophila with relative ease was critical in identifying the intracellular signal transducers for BMP signaling and the related transforming growth factor-beta/activin signaling pathway. Such screens also revealed a host of genes that encode other core signaling components and regulators of the pathway. In this review, we provide a historical account of this exciting time of gene discovery and discuss how the field has advanced over the past 30 years. We have learned that while the core BMP pathway is quite simple, composed of 3 components (ligand, receptor, and signal transducer), behind the versatility of this pathway lies multiple layers of regulation that ensures precise tissue-specific signaling output. We provide a sampling of these discoveries and highlight many questions that remain to be answered to fully understand the complexity of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Biology, Rich and Robin Porter Cancer Research Center, The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Kristi A Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Bland ML. Regulating metabolism to shape immune function: Lessons from Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 138:128-141. [PMID: 35440411 PMCID: PMC10617008 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection with pathogenic microbes is a severe threat that hosts manage by activating the innate immune response. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Toll and Imd signaling pathways are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns to initiate cellular and humoral immune processes that neutralize and kill invaders. The Toll and Imd signaling pathways operate in organs such as fat body and gut that control host nutrient metabolism, and infections or genetic activation of Toll and Imd signaling also induce wide-ranging changes in host lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Metabolic regulation by immune signaling can confer resistance to or tolerance of infection, but it can also lead to pathology and susceptibility to infection. These immunometabolic phenotypes are described in this review, as are changes in endocrine signaling and gene regulation that mediate survival during infection. Future work in the field is anticipated to determine key variables such as sex, dietary nutrients, life stage, and pathogen characteristics that modify immunometabolic phenotypes and, importantly, to uncover the mechanisms used by the immune system to regulate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, United States.
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Goldsmith SL, Newfeld SJ. dSmad2 differentially regulates dILP2 and dILP5 in insulin producing and circadian pacemaker cells in unmated adult females. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280529. [PMID: 36689407 PMCID: PMC9870127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known about environmental influences on metabolism and systemic insulin levels. Less is known about how those influences are translated into molecular mechanisms regulating insulin production. To better understand the molecular mechanisms we generated marked cells homozygous for a null mutation in the Drosophila TGF-β signal transducer dSmad2 in unmated adult females. We then conducted side-by-side single cell comparisons of the pixel intensity of two Drosophila insulin-like peptides (dILP2 and dILP5) in dSmad2- mutant and wild type insulin producing cells (IPCs). The analysis revealed multiple features of dSmad2 regulation of dILPs. In addition, we discovered that dILP5 is expressed and regulated by dSmad2 in circadian pacemaker cells (CPCs). Outcomes of regulation by dSmad2 differ between dILP2 and dILP5 within IPCs and differ for dILP5 between IPCs and CPCs. Modes of dSmad2 regulation differ between dILP2 and dILP5. dSmad2 antagonism of dILP2 in IPCs is robust but dSmad2 regulation of dILP5 in IPCs and CPCs toggles between antagonism and agonism depending upon dSmad2 dosage. Companion studies of dILP2 and dILP5 in the IPCs of dCORL mutant (fussel in Flybase and SKOR in mammals) and upd2 mutant unmated adult females showed no significant difference from wild type. Taken together, the data suggest that dSmad2 regulates dILP2 and dILP5 via distinct mechanisms in IPCs (antagonist) and CPCs (agonist) and in unmated adult females that dSmad2 acts independently of dCORL and upd2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Goldsmith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Stuart J. Newfeld
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
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Lassetter AP, Corty MM, Barria R, Sheehan AE, Hill JQ, Aicher SA, Fox AN, Freeman MR. Glial TGFβ activity promotes neuron survival in peripheral nerves. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202111053. [PMID: 36399182 PMCID: PMC9679965 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining long, energetically demanding axons throughout the life of an animal is a major challenge for the nervous system. Specialized glia ensheathe axons and support their function and integrity throughout life, but glial support mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we identified a collection of secreted and transmembrane molecules required in glia for long-term axon survival in vivo. We showed that the majority of components of the TGFβ superfamily are required in glia for sensory neuron maintenance but not glial ensheathment of axons. In the absence of glial TGFβ signaling, neurons undergo age-dependent degeneration that can be rescued either by genetic blockade of Wallerian degeneration or caspase-dependent death. Blockade of glial TGFβ signaling results in increased ATP in glia that can be mimicked by enhancing glial mitochondrial biogenesis or suppressing glial monocarboxylate transporter function. We propose that glial TGFβ signaling supports axon survival and suppresses neurodegeneration through promoting glial metabolic support of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan M. Corty
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Romina Barria
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Amy E. Sheehan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jo Q. Hill
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sue A. Aicher
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - A. Nicole Fox
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Marc R. Freeman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Chen F, Zhang XQ, Wu JJ, Jin L, Li GQ. Requirement of Myoglianin for metamorphosis in the beetle Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:671-685. [PMID: 35661293 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a serious defoliating beetle attacking Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae plants in many Asian countries. In the present paper, we identified a putative myoglianin (myo) gene. Hvmyo was actively transcribed throughout development, from embryo to adult. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of Hvmyo delayed larval development by more than 2 days, reduced larval body size, inhibited the growth of antennae, wings and legs and disturbed gut purge. Knockdown of Hvmyo impaired the larval-pupal transition. All the Hvmyo RNAi larvae arrested at the larval stage or formed misshapen pupae or adults. The deformed pupae and adults were partially wrapped with exuviae, bearing separated wings. Moreover, the expression levels of five ecdysteroidogenesis genes (Hvspo, Hvphm, Hvdib, Hvsad and Hvshd), a prothocicotropic hormone (PTTH)/Torso pathway gene (Hvtorso), two 20E receptor genes (HvEcR and HvUSP), and two 20E signalling genes (HvE93 and HvFTZ-F1) were as a result of HvMyo RNAi significantly lowered. Conversely, the expression of a JH biosynthesis gene (Hvjhamt), a JH receptor gene HvMet and a JH signalling gene HvKr-h1 was greatly enhanced. Although ingestion of 20E and Hal rescued the 20E signal, it could not alleviate larval performance and defective phenotypes. Our results suggest that Myo exerts four distinctive roles in ecdysteroidogenesis, JH production, organ growth and larva-pupa-adult transformation in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jian Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Abe M, Kamiyama T, Izumi Y, Qian Q, Yoshihashi Y, Degawa Y, Watanabe K, Hattori Y, Uemura T, Niwa R. Shortened lifespan induced by a high-glucose diet is associated with intestinal immune dysfunction in Drosophila sechellia. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:jeb244423. [PMID: 36226701 PMCID: PMC9687539 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organisms can generally be divided into two nutritional groups: generalists that consume various types of food and specialists that consume specific types of food. However, it remains unclear how specialists adapt to only limited nutritional conditions in nature. In this study, we addressed this question by focusing on Drosophila fruit flies. The generalist Drosophila melanogaster can consume a wide variety of foods that contain high glucose levels. In contrast, the specialist Drosophila sechellia consumes only the Indian mulberry, known as noni (Morinda citrifolia), which contains relatively little glucose. We showed that the lifespan of D. sechellia was significantly shortened under a high-glucose diet, but this effect was not observed for D. melanogaster. In D. sechellia, a high-glucose diet induced disorganization of the gut epithelia and visceral muscles, which was associated with abnormal digestion and constipation. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that many immune-responsive genes were suppressed in the gut of D. sechellia fed a high-glucose diet compared with those fed a control diet. Consistent with this difference in the expression of immune-responsive genes, high glucose-induced phenotypes were restored by the addition of tetracycline or scopoletin, a major nutritional component of noni, each of which suppresses gut bacterial growth. We propose that, in D. sechellia, a high-glucose diet impairs gut immune function, which leads to a change in gut microbiota, disorganization of the gut epithelial structure and a shortened lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Abe
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takumi Kamiyama
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasushi Izumi
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Qingyin Qian
- PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yuma Yoshihashi
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadairakogen 1278-294, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Yousuke Degawa
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadairakogen 1278-294, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Kaori Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Otemachi 1-7-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Otemachi 1-7-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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11
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Du JL, Chen F, Wu JJ, Jin L, Li GQ. Smad on X is vital for larval-pupal transition in a herbivorous ladybird beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 139:104387. [PMID: 35367434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect development is regulated by a combination of juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Production of both JH and 20E is regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling. TGFβ can be classified into two branches, the Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways. In Drosophila melanogaster, BMP signaling is critical for JH synthesis, whereas Activin signal is required to generate the large pulse of 20E necessary for entering metamorphosis. However, to which extent the roles of these signals are conserved remains unknown. Here we studied the role of an Activin component Smad on X (Smox) in post-embryonic development in a defoliating ladybird Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of Hvsmox inhibited larval growth, and impaired larval development. All Hvmyo RNAi larvae arrested at the fourth-instar larval stage. Moreover, knockdown of Hvsmox delayed gut and Malpighian tubules remodeling. Furthermore, the expression of a JH biosynthesis gene (Hvjhamt), a JH receptor gene HvMet and a JH response gene HvKr-h1 was greatly enhanced. Conversely, the expression levels of an ecdysteroidogenesis gene (Hvspo), a 20E receptor gene (HvEcR) and six 20E response genes (HvBrC, HvE74, HvE75, HvE93, HvHR3 and HvHR4) were significantly lowered. Knockdown of HvMet partially restored the negative phenotypes in the Hvsmox RNAi beetles. Our results suggest that Smox exerts regulative roles in JH production, ecdysteroidogenesis and organ remodeling, thus contributing to modulate the larva-pupa-adult transformation in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Du
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui 233100, China; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jian-Jian Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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12
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Parra-Peralbo E, Talamillo A, Barrio R. Origin and Development of the Adipose Tissue, a Key Organ in Physiology and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:786129. [PMID: 34993199 PMCID: PMC8724577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ, well known for its function in energy storage and mobilization according to nutrient availability and body needs, in charge of keeping the energetic balance of the organism. During the last decades, adipose tissue has emerged as the largest endocrine organ in the human body, being able to secrete hormones as well as inflammatory molecules and having an important impact in multiple processes such as adipogenesis, metabolism and chronic inflammation. However, the cellular progenitors, development, homeostasis and metabolism of the different types of adipose tissue are not fully known. During the last decade, Drosophila melanogaster has demonstrated to be an excellent model to tackle some of the open questions in the field of metabolism and development of endocrine/metabolic organs. Discoveries ranged from new hormones regulating obesity to subcellular mechanisms that regulate lipogenesis and lipolysis. Here, we review the available evidences on the development, types and functions of adipose tissue in Drosophila and identify some gaps for future research. This may help to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of this fascinating key tissue, contributing to establish this organ as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Talamillo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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13
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Wat LW, Chowdhury ZS, Millington JW, Biswas P, Rideout EJ. Sex determination gene transformer regulates the male-female difference in Drosophila fat storage via the adipokinetic hormone pathway. eLife 2021; 10:e72350. [PMID: 34672260 PMCID: PMC8594944 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in whole-body fat storage exist in many species. For example, Drosophila females store more fat than males. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this sex difference in fat storage remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify a key role for sex determination gene transformer (tra) in regulating the male-female difference in fat storage. Normally, a functional Tra protein is present only in females, where it promotes female sexual development. We show that loss of Tra in females reduced whole-body fat storage, whereas gain of Tra in males augmented fat storage. Tra's role in promoting fat storage was largely due to its function in neurons, specifically the Adipokinetic hormone (Akh)-producing cells (APCs). Our analysis of Akh pathway regulation revealed a male bias in APC activity and Akh pathway function, where this sex-biased regulation influenced the sex difference in fat storage by limiting triglyceride accumulation in males. Importantly, Tra loss in females increased Akh pathway activity, and genetically manipulating the Akh pathway rescued Tra-dependent effects on fat storage. This identifies sex-specific regulation of Akh as one mechanism underlying the male-female difference in whole-body triglyceride levels, and provides important insight into the conserved mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in whole-body fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna W Wat
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Zahid S Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Jason W Millington
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Puja Biswas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Elizabeth J Rideout
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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14
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Kokki K, Lamichane N, Nieminen AI, Ruhanen H, Morikka J, Robciuc M, Rovenko BM, Havula E, Käkelä R, Hietakangas V. Metabolic gene regulation by Drosophila GATA transcription factor Grain. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009855. [PMID: 34634038 PMCID: PMC8530363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-dependent gene regulation critically contributes to homeostatic control of animal physiology in changing nutrient landscape. In Drosophila, dietary sugars activate transcription factors (TFs), such as Mondo-Mlx, Sugarbabe and Cabut, which control metabolic gene expression to mediate physiological adaptation to high sugar diet. TFs that correspondingly control sugar responsive metabolic genes under conditions of low dietary sugar remain, however, poorly understood. Here we identify a role for Drosophila GATA TF Grain in metabolic gene regulation under both low and high sugar conditions. De novo motif prediction uncovered a significant over-representation of GATA-like motifs on the promoters of sugar-activated genes in Drosophila larvae, which are regulated by Grain, the fly ortholog of GATA1/2/3 subfamily. grain expression is activated by sugar in Mondo-Mlx-dependent manner and it contributes to sugar-responsive gene expression in the fat body. On the other hand, grain displays strong constitutive expression in the anterior midgut, where it drives lipogenic gene expression also under low sugar conditions. Consistently with these differential tissue-specific roles, Grain deficient larvae display delayed development on high sugar diet, while showing deregulated central carbon and lipid metabolism primarily on low sugar diet. Collectively, our study provides evidence for the role of a metazoan GATA transcription factor in nutrient-responsive metabolic gene regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Kokki
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicole Lamichane
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni I. Nieminen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jack Morikka
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marius Robciuc
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bohdana M. Rovenko
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Essi Havula
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Jaramillo-Martinez V, Sivaprakasam S, Ganapathy V, Urbatsch IL. Drosophila INDY and Mammalian INDY: Major Differences in Transport Mechanism and Structural Features despite Mostly Similar Biological Functions. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100669. [PMID: 34677384 PMCID: PMC8537002 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INDY (I’m Not Dead Yet) is a plasma membrane transporter for citrate, first identified in Drosophila. Partial deficiency of INDY extends lifespan in this organism in a manner similar to that of caloric restriction. The mammalian counterpart (NaCT/SLC13A5) also transports citrate. In mice, it is the total, not partial, absence of the transporter that leads to a metabolic phenotype similar to that caloric restriction; however, there is evidence for subtle neurological dysfunction. Loss-of-function mutations in SLC13A5 (solute carrier gene family 13, member A5) occur in humans, causing a recessive disease, with severe clinical symptoms manifested by neonatal seizures and marked disruption in neurological development. Though both Drosophila INDY and mammalian INDY transport citrate, the translocation mechanism differs, the former being a dicarboxylate exchanger for the influx of citrate2− in exchange for other dicarboxylates, and the latter being a Na+-coupled uniporter for citrate2−. Their structures also differ as evident from only ~35% identity in amino acid sequence and from theoretically modeled 3D structures. The varied biological consequences of INDY deficiency across species, with the beneficial effects predominating in lower organisms and detrimental effects overwhelming in higher organisms, are probably reflective of species-specific differences in tissue expression and also in relative contribution of extracellular citrate to metabolic pathways in different tissues
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Jaramillo-Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Ina L. Urbatsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (S.S.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Pathak H, Varghese J. Edem1 activity in the fat body regulates insulin signalling and metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202101079. [PMID: 34140347 PMCID: PMC8321676 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, nutrient status is sensed by the fat body, a functional homolog of mammalian liver and white adipocytes. The fat body conveys nutrient information to insulin-producing cells through humoral factors which regulate Drosophila insulin-like peptide levels and insulin signalling. Insulin signalling has pleiotropic functions, which include the management of growth and metabolic pathways. Here, we report that Edem1 (endoplasmic reticulum degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein 1), an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein involved in protein quality control, acts in the fat body to regulate insulin signalling and thereby the metabolic status in Drosophila Edem1 limits the fat body-derived Drosophila tumor necrosis factor-α Eiger activity on insulin-producing cells and maintains systemic insulin signalling in fed conditions. During food deprivation, edem1 gene expression levels drop, which aids in the reduction of systemic insulin signalling crucial for survival. Overall, we demonstrate that Edem1 plays a vital role in helping the organism to endure a fluctuating nutrient environment by managing insulin signalling and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Pathak
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER TVM) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jishy Varghese
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER TVM) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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17
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Meschi E, Delanoue R. Adipokine and fat body in flies: Connecting organs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111339. [PMID: 34082046 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Under conditions of nutritional and environmental stress, organismal homeostasis is preserved through inter-communication between multiple organs. To do so, higher organisms have developed a system of interorgan communication through which one tissue can affect the metabolism, activity or fate of remote organs, tissues or cells. In this review, we discuss the latest findings emphasizing Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful model organism to study these interactions and may constitute one of the best documented examples depicting the long-distance communication between organs. In flies, the adipose tissue appears to be one of the main organizing centers for the regulation of insect development and behavior: it senses nutritional and hormonal signals and in turn, orchestrates the release of appropriate adipokines. We discuss the nature and the role of recently uncovered adipokines, their regulations by external cues, their secretory routes and their modes of action to adjust developmental growth and timing accordingly. These findings have the potential for identification of candidate factors and signaling pathways that mediate conserved interorgan crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Meschi
- Centre for Neural Circuit and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Mansfield road, OX3 1SR, Oxford, UK
| | - Renald Delanoue
- University Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
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18
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Kim SK, Tsao DD, Suh GSB, Miguel-Aliaga I. Discovering signaling mechanisms governing metabolism and metabolic diseases with Drosophila. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1279-1292. [PMID: 34139200 PMCID: PMC8612010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been rapid growth in the use of Drosophila and other invertebrate systems to dissect mechanisms governing metabolism. New assays and approaches to physiology have aligned with superlative genetic tools in fruit flies to provide a powerful platform for posing new questions, or dissecting classical problems in metabolism and disease genetics. In multiple examples, these discoveries exploit experimental advantages as-yet unavailable in mammalian systems. Here, we illustrate how fly studies have addressed long-standing questions in three broad areas-inter-organ signaling through hormonal or neural mechanisms governing metabolism, intestinal interoception and feeding, and the cellular and signaling basis of sexually dimorphic metabolism and physiology-and how these findings relate to human (patho)physiology. The imaginative application of integrative physiology and related approaches in flies to questions in metabolism is expanding, and will be an engine of discovery, revealing paradigmatic features of metabolism underlying human diseases and physiological equipoise in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Deborah D Tsao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Greg S B Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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19
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Chatterjee N, Perrimon N. What fuels the fly: Energy metabolism in Drosophila and its application to the study of obesity and diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabg4336. [PMID: 34108216 PMCID: PMC8189582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The organs and metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism, and the process of ATP production from nutrients, are comparable between humans and Drosophila melanogaster This level of conservation, together with the power of Drosophila genetics, makes the fly a very useful model system to study energy homeostasis. Here, we discuss the major organs involved in energy metabolism in Drosophila and how they metabolize different dietary nutrients to generate adenosine triphosphate. Energy metabolism in these organs is controlled by cell-intrinsic, paracrine, and endocrine signals that are similar between Drosophila and mammals. We describe how these signaling pathways are regulated by several physiological and environmental cues to accommodate tissue-, age-, and environment-specific differences in energy demand. Last, we discuss several genetic and diet-induced fly models of obesity and diabetes that can be leveraged to better understand the molecular basis of these metabolic diseases and thereby promote the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Hertenstein H, McMullen E, Weiler A, Volkenhoff A, Becker HM, Schirmeier S. Starvation-induced regulation of carbohydrate transport at the blood-brain barrier is TGF-β-signaling dependent. eLife 2021; 10:e62503. [PMID: 34032568 PMCID: PMC8149124 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During hunger or malnutrition, animals prioritize alimentation of the brain over other organs to ensure its function and, thus, their survival. This protection, also-called brain sparing, is described from Drosophila to humans. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms adapting carbohydrate transport. Here, we used Drosophila genetics to unravel the mechanisms operating at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under nutrient restriction. During starvation, expression of the carbohydrate transporter Tret1-1 is increased to provide more efficient carbohydrate uptake. Two mechanisms are responsible for this increase. Similar to the regulation of mammalian GLUT4, Rab-dependent intracellular shuttling is needed for Tret1-1 integration into the plasma membrane; even though Tret1-1 regulation is independent of insulin signaling. In addition, starvation induces transcriptional upregulation that is controlled by TGF-β signaling. Considering TGF-β-dependent regulation of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in murine chondrocytes, our study reveals an evolutionarily conserved regulatory paradigm adapting the expression of sugar transporters at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hertenstein
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ellen McMullen
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, WWU MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Astrid Weiler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Anne Volkenhoff
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Holger M Becker
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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21
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Kim MJ, O'Connor MB. Drosophila Activin signaling promotes muscle growth through InR/TORC1-dependent and -independent processes. Development 2021; 148:dev190868. [PMID: 33234715 PMCID: PMC7823159 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Myostatin/Activin branch of the TGF-β superfamily acts as a negative regulator of vertebrate skeletal muscle size, in part, through downregulation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling. Surprisingly, recent studies in Drosophila indicate that motoneuron-derived Activin signaling acts as a positive regulator of muscle size. Here we demonstrate that Drosophila Activin signaling promotes the growth of muscle cells along all three axes: width, thickness and length. Activin signaling positively regulates the insulin receptor (InR)/TORC1 pathway and the level of Myosin heavy chain (Mhc), an essential sarcomeric protein, via increased Pdk1 and Akt1 expression. Enhancing InR/TORC1 signaling in the muscle of Activin pathway mutants restores Mhc levels close to those of the wild type, but only increases muscle width. In contrast, hyperactivation of the Activin pathway in muscles increases overall larval body and muscle fiber length, even when Mhc levels are lowered by suppression of TORC1. Together, these results indicate that the Drosophila Activin pathway regulates larval muscle geometry and body size via promoting InR/TORC1-dependent Mhc production and the differential assembly of sarcomeric components into either pre-existing or new sarcomeric units depending on the balance of InR/TORC1 and Activin signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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22
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Hormonal axes in Drosophila: regulation of hormone release and multiplicity of actions. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:233-266. [PMID: 32827072 PMCID: PMC7584566 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the animal with roles as organizers that globally orchestrate metabolism, physiology and behavior. Peptide hormones can act on multiple peripheral targets and simultaneously convey basal states, such as metabolic status and sleep-awake or arousal across many central neuronal circuits. Thereby, they coordinate responses to changing internal and external environments. The activity of neurosecretory cells is controlled either by (1) cell autonomous sensors, or (2) by other neurons that relay signals from sensors in peripheral tissues and (3) by feedback from target cells. Thus, a hormonal signaling axis commonly comprises several components. In mammals and other vertebrates, several hormonal axes are known, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that regulate reproduction and metabolism, respectively. It has been proposed that the basic organization of such hormonal axes is evolutionarily old and that cellular homologs of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can be found for instance in insects. To obtain an appreciation of the similarities between insect and vertebrate neurosecretory axes, we review the organization of neurosecretory cell systems in Drosophila. Our review outlines the major peptidergic hormonal pathways known in Drosophila and presents a set of schemes of hormonal axes and orchestrating peptidergic systems. The detailed organization of the larval and adult Drosophila neurosecretory systems displays only very basic similarities to those in other arthropods and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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23
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Koyama T, Texada MJ, Halberg KA, Rewitz K. Metabolism and growth adaptation to environmental conditions in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4523-4551. [PMID: 32448994 PMCID: PMC7599194 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms adapt to changing environments by adjusting their development, metabolism, and behavior to improve their chances of survival and reproduction. To achieve such flexibility, organisms must be able to sense and respond to changes in external environmental conditions and their internal state. Metabolic adaptation in response to altered nutrient availability is key to maintaining energy homeostasis and sustaining developmental growth. Furthermore, environmental variables exert major influences on growth and final adult body size in animals. This developmental plasticity depends on adaptive responses to internal state and external cues that are essential for developmental processes. Genetic studies have shown that the fruit fly Drosophila, similarly to mammals, regulates its metabolism, growth, and behavior in response to the environment through several key hormones including insulin, peptides with glucagon-like function, and steroid hormones. Here we review emerging evidence showing that various environmental cues and internal conditions are sensed in different organs that, via inter-organ communication, relay information to neuroendocrine centers that control insulin and steroid signaling. This review focuses on endocrine regulation of development, metabolism, and behavior in Drosophila, highlighting recent advances in the role of the neuroendocrine system as a signaling hub that integrates environmental inputs and drives adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Halberg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Ghosh AC, Tattikota SG, Liu Y, Comjean A, Hu Y, Barrera V, Ho Sui SJ, Perrimon N. Drosophila PDGF/VEGF signaling from muscles to hepatocyte-like cells protects against obesity. eLife 2020; 9:56969. [PMID: 33107824 PMCID: PMC7752135 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGF/VEGF ligands regulate a plethora of biological processes in multicellular organisms via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. We investigated organ-specific metabolic roles of Drosophila PDGF/VEGF-like factors (Pvfs). We combine genetic approaches and single-nuclei sequencing to demonstrate that muscle-derived Pvf1 signals to the Drosophila hepatocyte-like cells/oenocytes to suppress lipid synthesis by activating the Pi3K/Akt1/TOR signaling cascade in the oenocytes. Functionally, this signaling axis regulates expansion of adipose tissue lipid stores in newly eclosed flies. Flies emerge after pupation with limited adipose tissue lipid stores and lipid level is progressively accumulated via lipid synthesis. We find that adult muscle-specific expression of pvf1 increases rapidly during this stage and that muscle-to-oenocyte Pvf1 signaling inhibits expansion of adipose tissue lipid stores as the process reaches completion. Our findings provide the first evidence in a metazoan of a PDGF/VEGF ligand acting as a myokine that regulates systemic lipid homeostasis by activating TOR in hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan C Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sudhir Gopal Tattikota
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yifang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Aram Comjean
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Victor Barrera
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, United States
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25
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Organisms show an incredibly diverse array of body and organ shapes that are both unique to their taxon and important for adapting to their environment. Achieving these specific shapes involves coordinating the many processes that transform single cells into complex organs, and regulating their growth so that they can function within a fully-formed body.
Main text
Conceptually, body and organ shape can be separated in two categories, although in practice these categories need not be mutually exclusive. Body shape results from the extent to which organs, or parts of organs, grow relative to each other. The patterns of relative organ size are characterized using allometry. Organ shape, on the other hand, is defined as the geometric features of an organ’s component parts excluding its size. Characterization of organ shape is frequently described by the relative position of homologous features, known as landmarks, distributed throughout the organ. These descriptions fall into the domain of geometric morphometrics.
Conclusion
In this review, we discuss the methods of characterizing body and organ shape, the developmental programs thought to underlie each, highlight when and how the mechanisms regulating body and organ shape might overlap, and provide our perspective on future avenues of research.
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Texada MJ, Koyama T, Rewitz K. Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control. Genetics 2020; 216:269-313. [PMID: 33023929 PMCID: PMC7536854 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body size is determined by the rate and duration of juvenile growth, which are influenced by the environment. In nutrient-scarce environments in which more time is needed for growth, the juvenile growth period can be extended by delaying maturation, whereas juvenile development is rapidly completed in nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires the integration of environmental cues with developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure that maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue growth has occurred to reach a proper adult size. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway is the primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids and insulin-like growth factors are the main systemic regulators of growth and maturation in animals. We discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster showing that cell-autonomous environment and growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR and other growth-regulatory pathways, that converge on insulin and steroid relay centers are responsible for adjusting systemic growth, and development, in response to external and internal conditions. In addition to this, proper organ growth is also monitored and coordinated with whole-body growth and the timing of maturation through modulation of steroid signaling. This coordination involves interorgan communication mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 in response to tissue growth status. Together, these multiple nutritional and developmental cues feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling insulin and steroid signaling, serving as checkpoints at which developmental progression toward maturation can be delayed. This review focuses on these mechanisms by which external and internal conditions can modulate developmental growth and ensure proper adult body size, and highlights the conserved architecture of this system, which has made Drosophila a prime model for understanding the coordination of growth and maturation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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27
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Lee JH, Lee KA, Lee WJ. Drosophila as a model system for deciphering the 'host physiology-nutrition-microbiome' axis. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:112-119. [PMID: 32979529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For metazoans, nutritional stressors, such as undernutrition during growth and development, results in serious outcomes, including growth impairments and organ wasting. When undernutrition is accompanied by other complications, including chronic inflammation, a more complex pathophysiology may emerge, such as environmental enteropathy. Although nutrition is one of the most important environmental factors that influences host physiology, the mechanism by which undernutrition induces host pathophysiology is not fully understood. Recently, gut microbiome was found to alleviate undernutrition-induced pathophysiology in an insect model, revealing the importance of nutrition-microbiome interactions. Here, we discussed how nutrition-microbiome interactions influence host physiology, including growth, tissue homeostasis, immunity, and behavior, by regulating the central metabolic signaling pathways with an emphasis on findings made through Drosophila, an insect model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University and National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Ah Lee
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University and National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- School of Biological Science, Seoul National University and National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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28
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Zhou X, Ding G, Li J, Xiang X, Rushworth E, Song W. Physiological and Pathological Regulation of Peripheral Metabolism by Gut-Peptide Hormones in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2020; 11:577717. [PMID: 33117196 PMCID: PMC7552570 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.577717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract in both vertebrates and invertebrates is now recognized as a major source of signals modulating, via gut-peptide hormones, the metabolic activities of peripheral organs, and carbo-lipid balance. Key advances in the understanding of metabolic functions of gut-peptide hormones and their mediated interorgan communication have been made using Drosophila as a model organism, given its powerful genetic tools and conserved metabolic regulation. Here, we summarize recent studies exploring peptide hormones that are involved in the communication between the midgut and other peripheral organs/tissues during feeding conditions. We also highlight the emerging impacts of fly gut-peptide hormones on stress sensing and carbo-lipid metabolism in various disease models, such as energy overload, pathogen infection, and tumor progression. Due to the functional similarity of intestine and its derived peptide hormones between Drosophila and mammals, it can be anticipated that findings obtained in the fly system will have important implications for the understanding of human physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangming Ding
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Elisabeth Rushworth
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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29
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Watanabe K, Kanaoka Y, Mizutani S, Uchiyama H, Yajima S, Watada M, Uemura T, Hattori Y. Interspecies Comparative Analyses Reveal Distinct Carbohydrate-Responsive Systems among Drosophila Species. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2594-2607.e7. [PMID: 31484071 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution, organisms have acquired variable feeding habits. Some species are nutritional generalists that adapt to various food resources, while others are specialists, feeding on specific resources. However, much remains to be discovered about how generalists adapt to diversified diets. We find that larvae of the generalists Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans develop on three diets with different nutrient balances, whereas specialists D. sechellia and D. elegans cannot develop on carbohydrate-rich diets. The generalist D. melanogaster downregulates the expression of diverse metabolic genes systemically by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Activin signaling, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and successfully adapts to the diets. In contrast, the specialist D. sechellia expresses those metabolic genes at higher levels and accumulates various metabolites on the carbohydrate-rich diet, culminating in reduced adaptation. Phenotypic similarities and differences strongly suggest that the robust carbohydrate-responsive regulatory systems are evolutionarily retained through genome-environment interactions in the generalists and contribute to their nutritional adaptabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasutetsu Kanaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shoko Mizutani
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironobu Uchiyama
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Alvarez-Ochoa E, Froldi F, Cheng LY. Interorgan communication in development and cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e394. [PMID: 32852143 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Studies in model organisms have demonstrated that extensive communication occurs between distant organs both during development and in diseases such as cancer. Organs communicate with each other to coordinate growth and reach the correct size, while the fate of tumor cells depend on the outcome of their interaction with the immune system and peripheral tissues. In this review, we outline recent studies in Drosophila, which have enabled an improved understanding of the complex crosstalk between organs in the context of both organismal and tumor growth. We argue that Drosophila is a powerful model organism for studying these interactions, and these studies have the potential for improving our understanding of signaling pathways and candidate factors that mediate this conserved interorgan crosstalk. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan Invertebrate Organogenesis > Flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Alvarez-Ochoa
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesca Froldi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Y Cheng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Watada M, Hayashi Y, Watanabe K, Mizutani S, Mure A, Hattori Y, Uemura T. Divergence of Drosophila species: Longevity and reproduction under different nutrient balances. Genes Cells 2020; 25:626-636. [PMID: 32594638 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
How nutrition impacts growth, reproduction and longevity is complex because relationships between these life events are difficult to disentangle. As a first step in sorting out these processes, we carried out a comparative analysis of related species of Drosophila with distinct feeding habits. In particular, we examined life spans and egg laying of two generalists and three specialists on diets with distinct protein-to-carbohydrate ratios. In contrast to the generalist D. melanogaster, adult males of two specialists, D. sechellia and D. elegans, lived longer on a protein-rich diet. These results and our previous studies collectively show that the diet to which larvae of each specialist species have adapted ensures a longer life span of adult males of that same species. We also found a species-specific sexual dimorphism of life span in the above two specialists regardless of the diets, which was in sharp contrast to D. melanogaster. In D. melanogaster, males lived longer than females, whereas females of D. sechellia and D. elegans were longer-lived than males, and those specialist females were exceedingly low in egg production, relative to the other species. We discuss our findings from perspectives of mechanisms, including a possible contribution of egg production to life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Watada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Hayashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaori Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoko Mizutani
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumi Mure
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Upadhyay A, Peterson AJ, Kim MJ, O'Connor MB. Muscle-derived Myoglianin regulates Drosophila imaginal disc growth. eLife 2020; 9:e51710. [PMID: 32633716 PMCID: PMC7371420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ growth and size are finely tuned by intrinsic and extrinsic signaling molecules. In Drosophila, the BMP family member Dpp is produced in a limited set of imaginal disc cells and functions as a classic morphogen to regulate pattern and growth by diffusing throughout imaginal discs. However, the role of TGFβ/Activin-like ligands in disc growth control remains ill-defined. Here, we demonstrate that Myoglianin (Myo), an Activin family member, and a close homolog of mammalian Myostatin (Mstn), is a muscle-derived extrinsic factor that uses canonical dSmad2-mediated signaling to regulate wing size. We propose that Myo is a myokine that helps mediate an allometric relationship between muscles and their associated appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambuj Upadhyay
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Aidan J Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
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33
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The Drosophila melanogaster Metabolic Response against Parasitic Nematode Infection Is Mediated by TGF-β Signaling. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070971. [PMID: 32610560 PMCID: PMC7409035 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, its mutualistic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster establish a unique system to study the basis of infection in relation to host metabolism. Our previous results indicate that the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway participates in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against nematode parasitism. However, our understanding of whether the presence of Photorhabdus bacteria in Heterorhabditis nematodes affects the metabolic state of D. melanogaster during infection is limited. Here, we investigated the involvement of TGF-β signaling branches, Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against axenic (lacking bacteria) or symbiotic (containing bacteria) H. bacteriophora infection. We show that BMP signaling mediates lipid metabolism against axenic or symbiotic H. bacteriophora and alters the size of fat body lipid droplets against symbiotic nematode infection. Also, following symbiotic H. bacteriophora infection, Activin signaling modulates sugar metabolism. Our results indicate that Activin and BMP signaling interact with the D. melanogaster metabolic response to H. bacteriophora infection regardless of the presence or absence of Photorhabdus. These findings provide evidence for the role of TGF-β signaling in host metabolism, which could lead to the development of novel treatments for parasitic diseases.
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34
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van Dam E, van Leeuwen LAG, Dos Santos E, James J, Best L, Lennicke C, Vincent AJ, Marinos G, Foley A, Buricova M, Mokochinski JB, Kramer HB, Lieb W, Laudes M, Franke A, Kaleta C, Cochemé HM. Sugar-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance Are Uncoupled from Shortened Survival in Drosophila. Cell Metab 2020; 31:710-725.e7. [PMID: 32197072 PMCID: PMC7156915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-sugar diets cause thirst, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation, leading to diseases including type 2 diabetes and shortened lifespan. However, the impact of obesity and water imbalance on health and survival is complex and difficult to disentangle. Here, we show that high sugar induces dehydration in adult Drosophila, and water supplementation fully rescues their lifespan. Conversely, the metabolic defects are water-independent, showing uncoupling between sugar-induced obesity and insulin resistance with reduced survival in vivo. High-sugar diets promote accumulation of uric acid, an end-product of purine catabolism, and the formation of renal stones, a process aggravated by dehydration and physiological acidification. Importantly, regulating uric acid production impacts on lifespan in a water-dependent manner. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis in a human cohort reveals that dietary sugar intake strongly predicts circulating purine levels. Our model explains the pathophysiology of high-sugar diets independently of obesity and insulin resistance and highlights purine metabolism as a pro-longevity target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van Dam
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lucie A G van Leeuwen
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eliano Dos Santos
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joel James
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lena Best
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Lennicke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alec J Vincent
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Georgios Marinos
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Foley
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcela Buricova
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joao B Mokochinski
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holger B Kramer
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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35
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Chang K, Kang P, Liu Y, Huang K, Miao T, Sagona AP, Nezis IP, Bodmer R, Ocorr K, Bai H. TGFB-INHB/activin signaling regulates age-dependent autophagy and cardiac health through inhibition of MTORC2. Autophagy 2019; 16:1807-1822. [PMID: 31884871 PMCID: PMC8386626 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1704117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related impairment of macroautophagy/autophagy and loss of cardiac tissue homeostasis contribute significantly to cardiovascular diseases later in life. MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) signaling is the most well-known regulator of autophagy, cellular homeostasis, and longevity. The MTOR signaling consists of two structurally and functionally distinct multiprotein complexes, MTORC1 and MTORC2. While MTORC1 is well characterized but the role of MTORC2 in aging and autophagy remains poorly understood. Here we identified TGFB-INHB/activin signaling as a novel upstream regulator of MTORC2 to control autophagy and cardiac health during aging. Using Drosophila heart as a model system, we show that cardiac-specific knockdown of TGFB-INHB/activin-like protein daw induces autophagy and alleviates age-related heart dysfunction, including cardiac arrhythmias and bradycardia. Interestingly, the downregulation of daw activates TORC2 signaling to regulate cardiac autophagy. Activation of TORC2 alone through overexpressing its subunit protein rictor promotes autophagic flux and preserves cardiac function with aging. In contrast, activation of TORC1 does not block autophagy induction in daw knockdown flies. Lastly, either daw knockdown or rictor overexpression in fly hearts prolongs lifespan, suggesting that manipulation of these pathways in the heart has systemic effects on longevity control. Thus, our studies discover the TGFB-INHB/activin-mediated inhibition of TORC2 as a novel mechanism for age-dependent decreases in autophagic activity and cardiac health. Abbreviations: AI: arrhythmia index; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; CQ: chloroquine; CVD: cardiovascular diseases; DI: diastolic interval; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HP: heart period; HR: heart rate; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NGS: normal goat serum; PBST: PBS with 0.1% Triton X-100; PDPK1: 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1; RICTOR: RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2; ROI: region of interest; ROUT: robust regression and outlier removal; ROS: reactive oxygen species; R-SMAD: receptor-activated SMAD; SI: systolic interval; SOHA: semi-automatic optical heartbeat analysis; TGFB: transformation growth factor beta; TSC1: TSC complex subunit 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ping Kang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kerui Huang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ting Miao
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Ioannis P Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick , Coventry, UK
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging, and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Ocorr
- Development, Aging, and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University , Ames, IA, USA
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36
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González-Gutiérrez A, Ibacache A, Esparza A, Barros LF, Sierralta J. Neuronal lactate levels depend on glia-derived lactate during high brain activity in Drosophila. Glia 2019; 68:1213-1227. [PMID: 31876077 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lactate/pyruvate transport between glial cells and neurons is thought to play an important role in how brain cells sustain the high-energy demand that neuronal activity requires. However, the in vivo mechanisms and characteristics that underlie the transport of monocarboxylates are poorly described. Here, we use Drosophila expressing genetically encoded FRET sensors to provide an ex vivo characterization of the transport of monocarboxylates in motor neurons and glial cells from the larval ventral nerve cord. We show that lactate/pyruvate transport in glial cells is coupled to protons and is more efficient than in neurons. Glial cells maintain higher levels of intracellular lactate generating a positive gradient toward neurons. Interestingly, during high neuronal activity, raised lactate in motor neurons is dependent on transfer from glial cells mediated in part by the previously described monocarboxylate transporter Chaski, providing support for in vivo glia-to-neuron lactate shuttling during neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés González-Gutiérrez
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Ibacache
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Esparza
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jimena Sierralta
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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37
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Moss-Taylor L, Upadhyay A, Pan X, Kim MJ, O'Connor MB. Body Size and Tissue-Scaling Is Regulated by Motoneuron-Derived Activinß in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2019; 213:1447-1464. [PMID: 31585954 PMCID: PMC6893369 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Correct scaling of body and organ size is crucial for proper development, and the survival of all organisms. Perturbations in circulating hormones, including insulins and steroids, are largely responsible for changing body size in response to both genetic and environmental factors. Such perturbations typically produce adults whose organs and appendages scale proportionately with final size. The identity of additional factors that might contribute to scaling of organs and appendages with body size is unknown. Here, we report that loss-of-function mutations in DrosophilaActivinβ (Actβ), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, lead to the production of small larvae/pupae and undersized rare adult escapers. Morphometric measurements of escaper adult appendage size (wings and legs), as well as heads, thoraxes, and abdomens, reveal a disproportional reduction in abdominal size compared to other tissues. Similar size measurements of selected Actβ mutant larval tissues demonstrate that somatic muscle size is disproportionately smaller when compared to the fat body, salivary glands, prothoracic glands, imaginal discs, and brain. We also show that Actβ control of body size is dependent on canonical signaling through the transcription-factor dSmad2 and that it modulates the growth rate, but not feeding behavior, during the third-instar period. Tissue- and cell-specific knockdown, and overexpression studies, reveal that motoneuron-derived Actβ is essential for regulating proper body size and tissue scaling. These studies suggest that, unlike in vertebrates, where Myostatin and certain other Activin-like factors act as systemic negative regulators of muscle mass, in Drosophila, Actβ is a positive regulator of muscle mass that is directly delivered to muscles by motoneurons. We discuss the importance of these findings in coordinating proportional scaling of insect muscle mass to appendage size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Moss-Taylor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ambuj Upadhyay
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Xueyang Pan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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38
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Troha K, Nagy P, Pivovar A, Lazzaro BP, Hartley PS, Buchon N. Nephrocytes Remove Microbiota-Derived Peptidoglycan from Systemic Circulation to Maintain Immune Homeostasis. Immunity 2019; 51:625-637.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Ahmad M, He L, Perrimon N. Regulation of insulin and adipokinetic hormone/glucagon production in flies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e360. [PMID: 31379062 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is under strict regulation of humoral factors across various taxa. In particular, insulin and glucagon, referred to in Drosophila as Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH), respectively, are key hormones that regulate metabolism in most metazoa. While much is known about the regulation of DILPs, the mechanisms regulating AKH/glucagon production is still poorly understood. In this review, we describe the various factors that regulate the production of DILPs and AKH and emphasize the need for future studies to decipher how energy homeostasis is governed in Drosophila. This article is categorized under: Invertebrate Organogenesis > Flies Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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40
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Klichko VI, Safonov VL, Safonov MY, Radyuk SN. Supplementation with hydrogen-producing composition confers beneficial effects on physiology and life span in Drosophila. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01679. [PMID: 31193183 PMCID: PMC6522691 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, molecular hydrogen (H2) has become known as a new class of antioxidants and redox-modulating interventions. Effects of H2 have been documented for many acute and chronic pathological conditions. The present study was aimed at determining the effect of hydrogen on the physiology and longevity of Drosophila. The flies were given a patented food supplement consisting of a mixture of inert salts with metallic magnesium, which reacted with acidic aqueous solutions, thereby releasing hydrogen gas. The supplementation with hydrogen-rich food prolonged the life span of the wild-type strain. To gain insights into the effect of hydrogen, we used previously generated mutant under-expressing redox-regulating enzymes, peroxiredoxins, in mitochondria. The hydrogen-releasing material lessened the severe shortening of life span of the mutant. Hydrogen also delayed the development of intestinal dysfunction caused by under-expression of peroxiredoxins in the intestinal epithelium. Hydrogen also averted a significant decrease in the mobility of mutant flies that under-expressed peroxiredoxins globally or in specific tissues. Together, the results showed that the introduction of hydrogen to aging or short-lived flies could increase their survival, delay the development of the intestinal barrier dysfunction and significantly improve physical activity.
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41
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Xu Y, Borcherding AF, Heier C, Tian G, Roeder T, Kühnlein RP. Chronic dysfunction of Stromal interaction molecule by pulsed RNAi induction in fat tissue impairs organismal energy homeostasis in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6989. [PMID: 31061470 PMCID: PMC6502815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a progressive, chronic disease, which can be caused by long-term miscommunication between organs. It remains challenging to understand how chronic dysfunction in a particular tissue remotely impairs other organs to eventually imbalance organismal energy homeostasis. Here we introduce RNAi Pulse Induction (RiPI) mediated by short hairpin RNA (shRiPI) or double-stranded RNA (dsRiPI) to generate chronic, organ-specific gene knockdown in the adult Drosophila fat tissue. We show that organ-restricted RiPI targeting Stromal interaction molecule (Stim), an essential factor of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), results in progressive fat accumulation in fly adipose tissue. Chronic SOCE-dependent adipose tissue dysfunction manifests in considerable changes of the fat cell transcriptome profile, and in resistance to the glucagon-like Adipokinetic hormone (Akh) signaling. Remotely, the adipose tissue dysfunction promotes hyperphagia likely via increased secretion of Akh from the neuroendocrine system. Collectively, our study presents a novel in vivo paradigm in the fly, which is widely applicable to model and functionally analyze inter-organ communication processes in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faβberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Am Faβberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, München, Germany.
| | - Annika F Borcherding
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faβberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Heier
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Humboldtstrasse 50/2.OG, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gu Tian
- Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Zoology, Molecular Physiology, 24098, Kiel, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Zoology, Molecular Physiology, 24098, Kiel, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | - Ronald P Kühnlein
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faβberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Humboldtstrasse 50/2.OG, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
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42
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A fat-tissue sensor couples growth to oxygen availability by remotely controlling insulin secretion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1955. [PMID: 31028268 PMCID: PMC6486587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms adapt their metabolism and growth to the availability of nutrients and oxygen, which are essential for development, yet the mechanisms by which this adaptation occurs are not fully understood. Here we describe an RNAi-based body-size screen in Drosophila to identify such mechanisms. Among the strongest hits is the fibroblast growth factor receptor homolog breathless necessary for proper development of the tracheal airway system. Breathless deficiency results in tissue hypoxia, sensed primarily in this context by the fat tissue through HIF-1a prolyl hydroxylase (Hph). The fat relays its hypoxic status through release of one or more HIF-1a-dependent humoral factors that inhibit insulin secretion from the brain, thereby restricting systemic growth. Independently of HIF-1a, Hph is also required for nutrient-dependent Target-of-rapamycin (Tor) activation. Our findings show that the fat tissue acts as the primary sensor of nutrient and oxygen levels, directing adaptation of organismal metabolism and growth to environmental conditions. The mechanisms by which organisms adapt their growth according to the availability of oxygen are incompletely understood. Here the authors identify the Drosophila fat body as a tissue regulating growth in response to oxygen sensing via a mechanism involving Hph inhibition, HIF1-a activation and insulin secretion.
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43
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Davoodi S, Galenza A, Panteluk A, Deshpande R, Ferguson M, Grewal S, Foley E. The Immune Deficiency Pathway Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis in Drosophila. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2747-2759. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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44
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Scopelliti A, Bauer C, Yu Y, Zhang T, Kruspig B, Murphy DJ, Vidal M, Maddocks ODK, Cordero JB. A Neuronal Relay Mediates a Nutrient Responsive Gut/Fat Body Axis Regulating Energy Homeostasis in Adult Drosophila. Cell Metab 2019; 29:269-284.e10. [PMID: 30344016 PMCID: PMC6370946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The control of systemic metabolic homeostasis involves complex inter-tissue programs that coordinate energy production, storage, and consumption, to maintain organismal fitness upon environmental challenges. The mechanisms driving such programs are largely unknown. Here, we show that enteroendocrine cells in the adult Drosophila intestine respond to nutrients by secreting the hormone Bursicon α, which signals via its neuronal receptor DLgr2. Bursicon α/DLgr2 regulate energy metabolism through a neuronal relay leading to the restriction of glucagon-like, adipokinetic hormone (AKH) production by the corpora cardiaca and subsequent modulation of AKH receptor signaling within the adipose tissue. Impaired Bursicon α/DLgr2 signaling leads to exacerbated glucose oxidation and depletion of energy stores with consequent reduced organismal resistance to nutrient restrictive conditions. Altogether, our work reveals an intestinal/neuronal/adipose tissue inter-organ communication network that is essential to restrict the use of energy and that may provide insights into the physiopathology of endocrine-regulated metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christin Bauer
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Yachuan Yu
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Björn Kruspig
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Marcos Vidal
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Julia B Cordero
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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45
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Storelli G, Nam HJ, Simcox J, Villanueva CJ, Thummel CS. Drosophila HNF4 Directs a Switch in Lipid Metabolism that Supports the Transition to Adulthood. Dev Cell 2018; 48:200-214.e6. [PMID: 30554999 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animals must adjust their metabolism as they progress through development in order to meet the needs of each stage in the life cycle. Here, we show that the dHNF4 nuclear receptor acts at the onset of Drosophila adulthood to direct an essential switch in lipid metabolism. Lipid stores are consumed shortly after metamorphosis but contribute little to energy metabolism. Rather, dHNF4 directs their conversion to very long chain fatty acids and hydrocarbons, which waterproof the animal to preserve fluid homeostasis. Similarly, HNF4α is required in mouse hepatocytes for the expression of fatty acid elongases that contribute to a waterproof epidermis, suggesting that this pathway is conserved through evolution. This developmental switch in Drosophila lipid metabolism promotes lifespan and desiccation resistance in adults and suppresses hallmarks of diabetes, including elevated glucose levels and intolerance to dietary sugars. These studies establish dHNF4 as a regulator of the adult metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Storelli
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA.
| | - Hyuck-Jin Nam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Claudio J Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carl S Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA.
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46
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Song W, Ghosh AC, Cheng D, Perrimon N. Endocrine Regulation of Energy Balance by Drosophila TGF-β/Activins. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800044. [PMID: 30264417 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family of secreted proteins regulates a variety of key events in normal development and physiology. In mammals, this family, represented by 33 ligands, including TGF-β, activins, nodal, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), regulate biological processes as diverse as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, homeostasis, immune response, wound repair, and endocrine functions. In Drosophila, only 7 members of this family are present, with 4 TGF-β/BMP and 3 TGF-β/activin ligands. Studies in the fly have illustrated the role of TGF-β/BMP ligands during embryogenesis and organ patterning, while the TGF-β/activin ligands have been implicated in the control of wing growth and neuronal functions. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of Drosophila TGF-β/activins in inter-organ communication via long-distance regulation, especially in systemic lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis, and discuss findings relevant to metabolic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Room 1612, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, NRB 339, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arpan C Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, NRB 339, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daojun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, NRB 339, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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47
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CORL Expression and Function in Insulin Producing Neurons Reversibly Influences Adult Longevity in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2979-2990. [PMID: 30006413 PMCID: PMC6118311 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CORL proteins (known as SKOR in mice, Fussel in humans and fussel in Flybase) are a family of CNS specific proteins related to Sno/Ski oncogenes. Their developmental and adult roles are largely unknown. A Drosophila CORL (dCORL) reporter gene is expressed in all Drosophila insulin-like peptide 2 (dILP2) neurons of the pars intercerebralis (PI) of the larval and adult brain. The transcription factor Drifter is also expressed in the PI in a subset of dCORL and dILP2 expressing neurons and in several non-dILP2 neurons. dCORL mutant virgin adult brains are missing all dILP2 neurons that do not also express Drifter. This phenotype is also seen when expressing dCORL-RNAi in neurosecretory cells of the PI. dCORL mutant virgin adults of both sexes have a significantly shorter lifespan than their parental strain. This longevity defect is completely reversed by mating (lifespan increases over 50% for males and females). Analyses of dCORL mutant mated adult brains revealed a complete rescue of dILP2 neurons without Drifter. Taken together, the data suggest that dCORL participates in a neural network connecting the insulin signaling pathway, longevity and mating. The conserved sequence and CNS specificity of all CORL proteins imply that this network may be operating in mammals.
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48
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Regulation of Carbohydrate Energy Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 207:1231-1253. [PMID: 29203701 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.199885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism is essential for cellular energy balance as well as for the biosynthesis of new cellular building blocks. As animal nutrient intake displays temporal fluctuations and each cell type within the animal possesses specific metabolic needs, elaborate regulatory systems are needed to coordinate carbohydrate metabolism in time and space. Carbohydrate metabolism is regulated locally through gene regulatory networks and signaling pathways, which receive inputs from nutrient sensors as well as other pathways, such as developmental signals. Superimposed on cell-intrinsic control, hormonal signaling mediates intertissue information to maintain organismal homeostasis. Misregulation of carbohydrate metabolism is causative for many human diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. Recent work in Drosophila melanogaster has uncovered new regulators of carbohydrate metabolism and introduced novel physiological roles for previously known pathways. Moreover, genetically tractable Drosophila models to study carbohydrate metabolism-related human diseases have provided new insight into the mechanisms of pathogenesis. Due to the high degree of conservation of relevant regulatory pathways, as well as vast possibilities for the analysis of gene-nutrient interactions and tissue-specific gene function, Drosophila is emerging as an important model system for research on carbohydrate metabolism.
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49
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Langerak S, Kim MJ, Lamberg H, Godinez M, Main M, Winslow L, O'Connor MB, Zhu CC. The Drosophila TGF-beta/Activin-like ligands Dawdle and Myoglianin appear to modulate adult lifespan through regulation of 26S proteasome function in adult muscle. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.029454. [PMID: 29615416 PMCID: PMC5936056 DOI: 10.1242/bio.029454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Activin signaling pathway employs at least three separate ligands – Activin-β (Actβ), Dawdle (Daw), and Myoglianin (Myo) – to regulate several general aspects of fruit fly larval development, including cell proliferation, neuronal remodeling, and metabolism. Here we provide experimental evidence indicating that both Daw and Myo are anti-ageing factors in adult fruit flies. Knockdown of Myo or Daw in adult fruit flies reduced mean lifespan, while overexpression of either ligand in adult muscle tissues but not in adipose tissues enhanced mean lifespan. An examination of ubiquitinated protein aggregates in adult muscles revealed a strong inverse correlation between Myo- or Daw-initiated Activin signaling and the amount of ubiquitinated protein aggregates. We show that this correlation has important functional implications by demonstrating that the lifespan extension effect caused by overexpression of wild-type Daw or Myo in adult muscle tissues can be completely abrogated by knockdown of a 26S proteasome regulatory subunit Rpn1 in adult fly muscle, and that the prolonged lifespan caused by overexpression of Daw or Myo in adult muscle could be due to enhanced protein levels of the key subunits of 26S proteasome. Overall, our data suggest that Activin signaling initiated by Myo and Daw in adult Drosophila muscles influences lifespan, in part, by modulation of protein homeostasis through either direct or indirect regulation of the 26S proteasome levels. Since Myo is closely related to the vertebrate muscle mass regulator Myostatin (GDF8) and the Myostatin paralog GDF11, our observations may offer a new experimental model for probing the roles of GDF11/8 in ageing regulation in vertebrates. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: This article has, for the first time, demonstrated that fruit fly TGF-beta, or Activin-type ligand Daw, or Myo-initiated Activin signaling in adult fruit fly muscle tissues works as an anti-ageing factor by regulating 26S proteasome activities in those tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaughna Langerak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hannah Lamberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA
| | - Michael Godinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA
| | - Mackenzie Main
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA
| | - Lindsey Winslow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Changqi C Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA
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50
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Kanai MI, Kim MJ, Akiyama T, Takemura M, Wharton K, O'Connor MB, Nakato H. Regulation of neuroblast proliferation by surface glia in the Drosophila larval brain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3730. [PMID: 29487331 PMCID: PMC5829083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of precisely regulating stem cell division, the molecular basis for this control is still elusive. Here, we show that surface glia in the developing Drosophila brain play essential roles in regulating the proliferation of neural stem cells, neuroblasts (NBs). We found that two classes of extracellular factors, Dally-like (Dlp), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and Glass bottom boat (Gbb), a BMP homologue, are required for proper NB proliferation. Interestingly, Dlp expressed in perineural glia (PG), the most outer layer of the surface glia, is responsible for NB proliferation. Consistent with this finding, functional ablation of PG using a dominant-negative form of dynamin showed that PG has an instructive role in regulating NB proliferation. Gbb acts not only as an autocrine proliferation factor in NBs but also as a paracrine survival signal in the PG. We propose that bidirectional communication between NBs and glia through TGF-β signaling influences mutual development of these two cell types. We also discuss the possibility that PG and NBs communicate via direct membrane contact or transcytotic transport of membrane components. Thus, our study shows that the surface glia acts not only as a simple structural insulator but also a dynamic regulator of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto I Kanai
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Masahiko Takemura
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kristi Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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