1
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Foyer CH, Kunert K. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle coming of age. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2682-2699. [PMID: 38243395 PMCID: PMC11066808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Concepts regarding the operation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the associated water/water cycle in the processing of metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well established in the literature. However, our knowledge of the functions of these cycles and their component enzymes continues to grow and evolve. Recent insights include participation in the intrinsic environmental and developmental signalling pathways that regulate plant growth, development, and defence. In addition to ROS processing, the enzymes of the two cycles not only support the functions of ascorbate and glutathione, they also have 'moonlighting' functions. They are subject to post-translational modifications and have an extensive interactome, particularly with other signalling proteins. In this assessment of current knowledge, we highlight the central position of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the network of cellular redox systems that underpin the energy-sensitive communication within the different cellular compartments and integrate plant signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 2001, South Africa
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2
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Degen GE, Pastorelli F, Johnson MP. Proton Gradient Regulation 5 is required to avoid photosynthetic oscillations during light transitions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:947-961. [PMID: 37891008 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The production of ATP and NADPH by the light reactions of photosynthesis and their consumption by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and other downstream metabolic reactions requires careful regulation. Environmental shifts perturb this balance, leading to photo-oxidative stress and losses in CO2 assimilation. Imbalances in the production and consumption of ATP and NADPH manifest themselves as transient instability in the chlorophyll fluorescence, P700, electrochromic shift, and CO2 uptake signals recorded on leaves. These oscillations can be induced in wild-type plants by sudden shifts in CO2 concentration or light intensity; however, mutants exhibiting increased oscillatory behaviour have yet to be reported. This has precluded an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms employed by plants to suppress oscillations. Here we show that the Arabidopsis pgr5 mutant, which is deficient in Proton Gradient Regulation 5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron transfer (CET), exhibits increased oscillatory behaviour. In contrast, mutants lacking the NADH-dehydrogenase-like-dependent CET are largely unaffected. The absence of oscillations in the hope2 mutant which, like pgr5, lacks photosynthetic control and exhibits high ATP synthase conductivity, ruled out loss of these photoprotective mechanisms as causes. Instead, we observed slower formation of the proton motive force and, by inference, ATP synthesis in pgr5 following environmental perturbation, leading to the transient reduction of the electron transfer chain and photosynthetic oscillations. PGR5-dependent CET therefore plays a major role in damping the effect of environmental perturbations on photosynthesis to avoid losses in CO2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf E Degen
- Plants, Photosynthesis & Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Federica Pastorelli
- Plants, Photosynthesis & Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Plants, Photosynthesis & Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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3
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Smith K, Strand DD, Kramer DM, Walker BJ. The role of photorespiration in preventing feedback regulation via ATP synthase in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:416-428. [PMID: 37937663 PMCID: PMC10842328 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration consumes substantial amounts of energy in the forms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reductant making the pathway an important component in leaf energetics. Because of this high reductant demand, photorespiration is proposed to act as a photoprotective electron sink. However, photorespiration consumes more ATP relative to reductant than the C3 cycle meaning increased flux disproportionally increases ATP demand relative to reductant. Here we explore how energetic consumption from photorespiration impacts the flexibility of the light reactions in nicotiana tabacum. Specifically, we demonstrate that decreased photosynthetic efficiency (ϕII ) at low photorespiratory flux was related to feedback regulation at the chloroplast ATP synthase. Additionally, decreased ϕII at high photorespiratory flux resulted in the accumulation of photoinhibition at photosystem II centers. These results are contrary to the proposed role of photorespiration as a photoprotective electron sink. Instead, our results suggest a novel role of ATP consumption from photorespiration in maintaining ATP synthase activity, with implications for maintaining energy balance and preventing photodamage that will be critical for plant engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila Smith
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Biotechnology for Health and Sustainability Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David M. Kramer
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Berkley J. Walker
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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4
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Chaturvedi AK, Dym O, Levin Y, Fluhr R. PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1A redox states alleviate photoinhibition during changes in light intensity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1059-1074. [PMID: 37787609 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved photosynthetic regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in response to light changes during diurnal transitions and those caused by passing clouds or by wind. One such adaptation directs photosynthetic electron flow to a cyclic pathway to alleviate excess energy surges. Here, we assign a function to regulatory cysteines of PGR5-like protein 1A (PGRL1A), a constituent of the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron flow (CEF) pathway. During step increases from darkness to low light intensity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the intermolecular disulfide of the PGRL1A 59-kDa complex was reduced transiently within seconds to the 28-kDa form. In contrast, step increases from darkness to high light stimulated a stable, partially reduced redox state in PGRL1A. Mutations of 2 cysteines in PGRL1A, Cys82 and Cys183, resulted in a constitutively pseudo-reduced state. The mutant displayed higher proton motive force (PMF) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) than the wild type (WT) and showed altered donor and acceptor dynamic flow around PSI. These changes were found to correspond with the redox state of PGRL1A. Continuous light regimes did not affect mutant growth compared to the WT. However, under fluctuating regimes of high light, the mutant showed better growth than the WT. In contrast, in fluctuating regimes of low light, the mutant displayed a growth penalty that can be attributed to constant stimulation of CEF under low light. Treatment with photosynthetic inhibitors indicated that PGRL1A redox state control depends on the penultimate Fd redox state. Our results showed that redox state changes in PGRL1A are crucial to optimize photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Chaturvedi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Orly Dym
- Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Robert Fluhr
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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5
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Bendou O, Bueno-Ramos N, Marcos-Barbero EL, Morcuende R, Arellano JB. Singlet Oxygen and Superoxide Anion Radical Detection by EPR Spin Trapping in Thylakoid Preparations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2798:11-26. [PMID: 38587733 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3826-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by energy transfer and electron transport in plant chloroplast thylakoids at non-toxic levels under normal growth conditions, but at threatening levels under adverse or fluctuating environmental conditions. Among chloroplast ROS, singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radical, respectively, produced by photosystem II (PSII) and PSI, are known to be the major ROS under several stress conditions. Both are very unlikely to diffuse out of chloroplasts, but they are instead capable of triggering ROS-mediated chloroplast operational retrograde signalling to activate defence gene expression in concert with hormones and other molecular compounds. Therefore, their detection, identification and localization in vivo or in biological preparations is a priority for a deeper understanding of their role in (concurrent) regulation of plant growth and defence responses. Here, we present two EPR spin traps, abbreviated as TEMPD-HCl and DEPMPO, to detect and identify ROS in complex systems, such as isolated thylakoids, together with some hints and cautions to perform reliable spin trapping experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouardia Bendou
- Departamento de Estrés Abiótico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nara Bueno-Ramos
- Departamento de Estrés Abiótico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emilio L Marcos-Barbero
- Departamento de Estrés Abiótico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Morcuende
- Departamento de Estrés Abiótico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan B Arellano
- Departamento de Estrés Abiótico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
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6
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Zhang Q, Tian S, Chen G, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Fleming AJ, Zhu XG, Wang P. Regulatory NADH dehydrogenase-like complex optimizes C 4 photosynthetic carbon flow and cellular redox in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:82-101. [PMID: 37872738 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants typically operate a CO2 concentration mechanism from mesophyll (M) cells into bundle sheath (BS) cells. NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex is enriched in the BS cells of many NADP-malic enzyme (ME) type C4 plants and is more abundant in C4 than in C3 plants, but to what extent it is involved in the CO2 concentration mechanism remains to be experimentally investigated. We created maize and rice mutants deficient in NDH function and then used a combination of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches for comparative analysis. Considerable decreases in growth, photosynthetic activities, and levels of key photosynthetic proteins were observed in maize but not rice mutants. However, transcript abundance for many cyclic electron transport (CET) and Calvin-Benson cycle components, as well as BS-specific C4 enzymes, was increased in maize mutants. Metabolite analysis of the maize ndh mutants revealed an increased NADPH : NADP ratio, as well as malate, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), and photorespiration intermediates. We suggest that by optimizing NADPH and malate levels and adjusting NADP-ME activity, NDH functions to balance metabolic and redox states in the BS cells of maize (in addition to ATP supply), coordinating photosynthetic transcript abundance and protein content, thus directly regulating the carbon flow in the two-celled C4 system of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Genyun Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiming Tang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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Zhang Y, Fan Y, Lv X, Zeng X, Zhang Q, Wang P. Deficiency in NDH-cyclic electron transport retards heat acclimation of photosynthesis in tobacco over day and night shift. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1267191. [PMID: 38023894 PMCID: PMC10644794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1267191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to cope with the impact of global warming and frequent extreme weather, thermal acclimation ability is particularly important for plant development and growth, but the mechanism behind is still not fully understood. To investigate the role of NADH dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH) mediated cyclic electron flow (CEF) contributing to heat acclimation, wild type (WT) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and its NDH-B or NDH-C, J, K subunits deficient mutants (ΔB or ΔCJK) were grown at 25/20°C before being shifted to a moderate heat stress environment (35/30°C). The photosynthetic performance of WT and ndh mutants could all eventually acclimate to the increased temperature, but the acclimation process of ndh mutants took longer. Transcriptome profiles revealed that ΔB mutant exhibited distinct photosynthetic-response patterns and stress-response genes compared to WT. Metabolite analysis suggested over-accumulated reducing power and production of more reactive oxygen species in ΔB mutant, which were likely associated with the non-parallel recovery of CO2 assimilation and light reactions shown in ΔB mutant during heat acclimation. Notably, in the warm night periods that could happen in the field, NDH pathway may link to the re-balance of excess reducing power accumulated during daytime. Thus, understanding the diurnal cycle contribution of NDH-mediated CEF for thermal acclimation is expected to facilitate efforts toward enhanced crop fitness and survival under future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Fan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Lv
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyu Zeng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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8
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Degen GE, Jackson PJ, Proctor MS, Zoulias N, Casson SA, Johnson MP. High cyclic electron transfer via the PGR5 pathway in the absence of photosynthetic control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:370-386. [PMID: 36774530 PMCID: PMC10152662 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis couple electron and proton transfers across the thylakoid membrane, generating NADPH, and proton motive force (pmf) that powers the endergonic synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase. ATP and NADPH are required for CO2 fixation into carbohydrates by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. The dominant ΔpH component of the pmf also plays a photoprotective role in regulating photosystem II light harvesting efficiency through nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and photosynthetic control via electron transfer from cytochrome b6f (cytb6f) to photosystem I. ΔpH can be adjusted by increasing the proton influx into the thylakoid lumen via upregulation of cyclic electron transfer (CET) or decreasing proton efflux via downregulation of ATP synthase conductivity (gH+). The interplay and relative contributions of these two elements of ΔpH control to photoprotection are not well understood. Here, we showed that an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ATP synthase mutant hunger for oxygen in photosynthetic transfer reaction 2 (hope2) with 40% higher proton efflux has supercharged CET. Double crosses of hope2 with the CET-deficient proton gradient regulation 5 and ndh-like photosynthetic complex I lines revealed that PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5)-dependent CET is the major pathway contributing to higher proton influx. PGR5-dependent CET allowed hope2 to maintain wild-type levels of ΔpH, CO2 fixation and NPQ, however photosynthetic control remained absent and PSI was prone to photoinhibition. Therefore, high CET in the absence of ATP synthase regulation is insufficient for PSI photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf E Degen
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Philip J Jackson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4NL, UK
| | - Matthew S Proctor
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicholas Zoulias
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart A Casson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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9
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Hendrix S, Dard A, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP. Redox-mediated responses to high temperature in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2489-2507. [PMID: 36794477 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are particularly affected by climate change and will face more frequent and extreme temperature variations in the future. Plants have developed a diverse range of mechanisms allowing them to perceive and respond to these environmental constraints, which requires sophisticated signalling mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in plants exposed to various stress conditions including high temperatures and are presumed to be involved in stress response reactions. The diversity of ROS-generating pathways and the ability of ROS to propagate from cell to cell and to diffuse through cellular compartments and even across membranes between subcellular compartments put them at the centre of signalling pathways. In addition, their capacity to modify the cellular redox status and to modulate functions of target proteins, notably through cysteine oxidation, show their involvement in major stress response transduction pathways. ROS scavenging and thiol reductase systems also participate in the transmission of oxidation-dependent stress signals. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the functions of ROS and oxidoreductase systems in integrating high temperature signals, towards the activation of stress responses and developmental acclimation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hendrix
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Avilien Dard
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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10
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Strand DD, Walker BJ. Energetic considerations for engineering novel biochemistries in photosynthetic organisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1116812. [PMID: 36814754 PMCID: PMC9939686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1116812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans have been harnessing biology to make valuable compounds for generations. From beer and biofuels to pharmaceuticals, biology provides an efficient alternative to industrial processes. With the continuing advancement of molecular tools to genetically modify organisms, biotechnology is poised to solve urgent global problems related to environment, increasing population, and public health. However, the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are constrained to produce a fixed stoichiometry of ATP and reducing equivalents that may not match the newly introduced synthetic metabolism, leading to inefficiency or damage. While photosynthetic organisms have evolved several ways to modify the ATP/NADPH output from their thylakoid electron transport chain, it is unknown if the native energy balancing mechanisms grant enough flexibility to match the demands of the synthetic metabolism. In this review we discuss the role of photosynthesis in the biotech industry, and the energetic considerations of using photosynthesis to power synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deserah D. Strand
- U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Berkley J. Walker
- U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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11
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Ren H, Huang R, Li Y, Li W, Zheng L, Lei Y, Chen K. Photosynthetic regulation in response to strontium stress in moss Racomitrium japonicum L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:20923-20933. [PMID: 36264468 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Strontium (Sr2+) pollution and its biological effects are of great concern including photosynthetic regulation, which is fundamental to environmental responses, especially for bryophytes during their terrestrial adaptation. Alternative electron flows mediated by flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) and cyclic electron flow (CEF) in photosystem I (PSI) are crucial to abiotic stresses moss responses; however, little is known about the moss photosynthesis regulation under nuclide treatment. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in PSI, photosystem II (PSII) and the P700 redox state, oxidative stress in the moss Racomitrium japonicum under low (5 mg/L), moderate (50 mg/L) and high (500 mg/L) Sr2+ stress level. Moderate and high Sr2+ stress triggered H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) generation, and catalase (CAT) activity increases, which are involved in reactive oxygen species regulation. The significant PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), Chla/chlb, Y(I)/Y(II), Y(NA), Y(ND) and ETRI-ETRII decreases at moderate and high Sr2+, and the Y(I), Y(II) decreases at high Sr2+ revealed the photo-inhibition and photo-damage in PSI and PSII by moderate and high Sr2+ stress. The nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) increased significantly at moderate and high Sr2+ stress, reflecting a heat-dissipation-related photo-protective mechanism in antenna system and reaction centers. Moreover, rapid re-oxidation of P700 indicated that FLV-dependent flows significantly regulated PSI redox state under moderate and high Sr2+ stress. and CEF upregulation was found at low Sr2+. Finally, photosynthetic acclimation to Sr2+ stress in R. japonicum was linked to FLVs and CEF adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ren
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Renhua Huang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Specialty Flowers Biological Breeding, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, 448000, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Li
- Administration Bureau of Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Jiuzhaigou, 623402, China
| | - Wanting Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Liuliu Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yanbao Lei
- China-Croatia "Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory On Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
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12
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Integrated Physiological, Transcriptomic, and Proteomic Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Role of Melatonin in Tomato Plants’ Response to Low Night Temperature. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102060. [PMID: 36290782 PMCID: PMC9598176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a direct free radical scavenger that has been demonstrated to increase plants’ resistance to a variety of stressors. Here, we sought to examine the effect of melatonin on tomato seedlings subjected to low night temperatures using an integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and proteomic approach. We found that a pretreatment with 100 μM melatonin increased photosynthetic and transpiration rates, stomatal apertures, and peroxidase activity, and reduced chloroplast damage of the tomato plant under a low night temperature. The melatonin pretreatment reduced the photoinhibition of photosystem I by regulating the balance of both donor- and acceptor-side restriction of PSI and by increasing electron transport. Furthermore, the melatonin pretreatment improved the photosynthetic performance of proton gradient regulation 5 (SlPGR5) and SlPGR5-like photosynthetic phenotype 1 (SlPGRL1)-suppressed transformants under a low night temperature stress. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses found that the melatonin pretreatment resulted in the upregulation of genes and proteins related to transcription factors, signal transduction, environmental adaptation, and chloroplast integrity maintenance in low night temperature-stressed tomato plants. Collectively, our results suggest that melatonin can effectively improve the photosynthetic efficiency of tomato plants under a low night temperature and provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of melatonin-mediated abiotic stress resistance.
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Cheng JB, Zhang SB, Wu JS, Huang W. The Dynamic Changes of Alternative Electron Flows upon Transition from Low to High Light in the Fern Cyrtomium fortune and the Gymnosperm Nageia nagi. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172768. [PMID: 36078176 PMCID: PMC9455243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms except angiosperms, an alternative electron sink that is mediated by flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) plays the major role in preventing PSI photoinhibition while cyclic electron flow (CEF) is also essential for normal growth under fluctuating light. However, the dynamic changes of FLVs and CEF has not yet been well clarified. In this study, we measured the P700 signal, chlorophyll fluorescence, and electrochromic shift spectra in the fern Cyrtomium fortune and the gymnosperm Nageia nagi. We found that both species could not build up a sufficient proton gradient (∆pH) within the first 30 s after light abruptly increased. During this period, FLVs-dependent alternative electron flow was functional to avoid PSI over-reduction. This functional time of FLVs was much longer than previously thought. By comparison, CEF was highly activated within the first 10 s after transition from low to high light, which favored energy balancing rather than the regulation of a PSI redox state. When FLVs were inactivated during steady-state photosynthesis, CEF was re-activated to favor photoprotection and to sustain photosynthesis. These results provide new insight into how FLVs and CEF interact to regulate photosynthesis in non-angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bin Cheng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jin-Song Wu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence:
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Oliveira TC, Cabral JSR, Santana LR, Tavares GG, Santos LDS, Paim TP, Müller C, Silva FG, Costa AC, Souchie EL, Mendes GC. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus improves physiological tolerance to drought stress in soybean plants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9044. [PMID: 35641544 PMCID: PMC9156723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an economically important crop, and is cultivated worldwide, although increasingly long periods of drought have reduced the productivity of this plant. Research has shown that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provides a potential alternative strategy for the mitigation of drought stress. In the present study, we measured the physiological and morphological performance of two soybean cultivars in symbiosis with Rhizophagus clarus that were subjected to drought stress (DS). The soybean cultivars Anta82 and Desafio were grown in pots inoculated with R. clarus. Drought stress was imposed at the V3 development stage and maintained for 7 days. A control group, with well-irrigated plants and no AMF, was established simultaneously in the greenhouse. The mycorrhizal colonization rate, and the physiological, morphological, and nutritional traits of the plants were recorded at days 3 and 7 after drought stress conditions were implemented. The Anta82 cultivar presented the highest percentage of AMF colonization, and N and K in the leaves, whereas the DS group of the Desafio cultivar had the highest water potential and water use efficiency, and the DS + AMF group had thermal dissipation that permitted higher values of Fv/Fm, A, and plant height. The results of the principal components analysis demonstrated that both cultivars inoculated with AMF performed similarly under DS to the well-watered plants. These findings indicate that AMF permitted the plant to reduce the impairment of growth and physiological traits caused by drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Caetano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue and Culture, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Rodrigues Cabral
- Faculty of Agronomy, Universidade de Rio Verde, Fazenda Fontes do Saber-Campus Universitário, P.O Box 104, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Leticia Rezende Santana
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue and Culture, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Germanna Gouveia Tavares
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue and Culture, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Luan Dionísio Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue and Culture, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Tiago Prado Paim
- Laboratory of Education in Agriculture Production, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Caroline Müller
- Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity Laboratory, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue and Culture, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Alan Carlos Costa
- Ecophysiology and Plant Productivity Laboratory, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Souchie
- Agricultural Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, P.O. Box 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Giselle Camargo Mendes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina-Campus Lages, Lages, SC, 88506-400, Brazil.
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15
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Saint-Sorny M, Brzezowski P, Arrivault S, Alric J, Johnson X. Interactions Between Carbon Metabolism and Photosynthetic Electron Transport in a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Without CO 2 Fixation by RuBisCO. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:876439. [PMID: 35574084 PMCID: PMC9096841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.876439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A Chlamydomonas reinhardtii RuBisCO-less mutant, ΔrbcL, was used to study carbohydrate metabolism without fixation of atmospheric carbon. The regulatory mechanism(s) that control linear electron flow, known as "photosynthetic control," are amplified in ΔrbcL at the onset of illumination. With the aim to understand the metabolites that control this regulatory response, we have correlated the kinetics of primary carbon metabolites to chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves. We identify that ΔrbcL in the absence of acetate generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via photosynthetic electron transfer reactions. Also, metabolites of the Calvin Benson Bassham (CBB) cycle are responsive to the light. Indeed, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), the last intermediate before carboxylation by Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, accumulates significantly with time, and CBB cycle intermediates for RuBP regeneration, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), pentose phosphates and ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) are rapidly accumulated in the first seconds of illumination, then consumed, showing that although the CBB is blocked, these enzymes are still transiently active. In opposition, in the presence of acetate, consumption of CBB cycle intermediates is strongly diminished, suggesting that the link between light and primary carbon metabolism is almost lost. Phosphorylated hexoses and starch accumulate significantly. We show that acetate uptake results in heterotrophic metabolism dominating phototrophic metabolism, with glyoxylate and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates being the most highly represented metabolites, specifically succinate and malate. These findings allow us to hypothesize which metabolites and metabolic pathways are relevant to the upregulation of processes like cyclic electron flow that are implicated in photosynthetic control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Saint-Sorny
- CEA, CNRS, UMR 7265, BIAM, CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Pawel Brzezowski
- CEA, CNRS, UMR 7265, BIAM, CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Jean Alric
- CEA, CNRS, UMR 7265, BIAM, CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- CEA, CNRS, UMR 7265, BIAM, CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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16
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Stahl-Rommel S, Kalra I, D'Silva S, Hahn MM, Popson D, Cvetkovska M, Morgan-Kiss RM. Cyclic electron flow (CEF) and ascorbate pathway activity provide constitutive photoprotection for the photopsychrophile, Chlamydomonas sp. UWO 241 (renamed Chlamydomonas priscuii). PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 151:235-250. [PMID: 34609708 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Under environmental stress, plants and algae employ a variety of strategies to protect the photosynthetic apparatus and maintain photostasis. To date, most studies on stress acclimation have focused on model organisms which possess limited to no tolerance to stressful extremes. We studied the ability of the Antarctic alga Chlamydomonas sp. UWO 241 (UWO 241) to acclimate to low temperature, high salinity or high light. UWO 241 maintained robust growth and photosynthetic activity at levels of temperature (2 °C) and salinity (700 mM NaCl) which were nonpermissive for a mesophilic sister species, Chlamydomonas raudensis SAG 49.72 (SAG 49.72). Acclimation in the mesophile involved classic mechanisms, including downregulation of light harvesting and shifts in excitation energy between photosystem I and II. In contrast, UWO 241 exhibited high rates of PSI-driven cyclic electron flow (CEF) and a larger capacity for nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Furthermore, UWO 241 exhibited constitutively high activity of two key ascorbate cycle enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase and maintained a large ascorbate pool. These results matched the ability of the psychrophile to maintain low ROS under short-term photoinhibition conditions. We conclude that tight control over photostasis and ROS levels are essential for photosynthetic life to flourish in a native habitat of permanent photooxidative stress. We propose to rename this organism Chlamydomonas priscuii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stahl-Rommel
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45045, USA
- JES Tech, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Isha Kalra
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45045, USA
| | - Susanna D'Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45045, USA
| | - Mark M Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45045, USA
| | - Devon Popson
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45045, USA
| | - Marina Cvetkovska
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rachael M Morgan-Kiss
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45045, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, 700 E High St., 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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17
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Silva FB, Costa AC, Müller C, Almeida GM, Nascimento KJT, Batista PF, Vital RG, Silva DG, Megguer CA, Jakelaitis A, Domingos M. Searching for biomarkers of early detection of 2,4-D effects in a native tree species from the Brazilian Cerrado biome. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:71-80. [PMID: 35114885 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2028528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity in the Brazilian Cerrado biome has been declining sharply with the continued expansion of agriculture and the excessive use of herbicides. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical responses in Dipteryx alata plants to various doses of the herbicide 2,4-D. Specific biomarkers that characterize the phytoindicator potential of this species were determined. Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and cellulase were performed after 24, 96 and/or 396 hours after 2,4-D application (HAA). The herbicide caused higher antioxidant enzymatic activity 24 HAA and damage to the photosynthetic machinery after 96 HAA. Reduction in gas exchange, chlorophyll content, and photochemical traits were observed. Increased respiratory rates, non-photochemical quenching, and carotenoid concentrations in 2,4-D-treated plants were important mechanisms in the defense against the excess energy absorbed. Furthermore, the absence of leaf symptoms suggested tolerance of D. alata to 2,4-D. Nevertheless, changes in the photosynthetic and biochemical metabolism of D. alata are useful as early indicators of herbicide contamination, especially in the absence of visual symptoms. These results are important for early monitoring of plants in conserved areas and for preventing damage to sensitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábia Barbosa Silva
- Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio Verde, Instituto Federal Goiano de Educação, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
- Laboratório de Estudo de Plantas sob Estresse, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Carlos Costa
- Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio Verde, Instituto Federal Goiano de Educação, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Caroline Müller
- Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio Verde, Instituto Federal Goiano de Educação, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Martins Almeida
- Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio Verde, Instituto Federal Goiano de Educação, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Ferreira Batista
- Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio Verde, Instituto Federal Goiano de Educação, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gomes Vital
- Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio Verde, Instituto Federal Goiano de Educação, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Danilo Guimarães Silva
- Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio Verde, Instituto Federal Goiano de Educação, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Clarice Aparecida Megguer
- Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano - Campus Morrinhos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Morrinhos, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Adriano Jakelaitis
- Ciência e Tecnologia - Campus Rio Verde, Instituto Federal Goiano de Educação, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Yuan Y, Song T, Yu J, Zhang W, Hou X, Kong Ling Z, Cui G. Genome-Wide Investigation of the Cysteine Synthase Gene Family Shows That Overexpression of CSase Confers Alkali Tolerance to Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:792862. [PMID: 35058952 PMCID: PMC8765340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.792862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa is widely grown worldwide as a perennial high-quality legume forage and as a good ecological landcover. The cysteine synthase (CSase) gene family is actively involved in plant growth and development and abiotic stress resistance but has not been systematically investigated in alfalfa. We identified 39 MsCSase genes on 4 chromosomes of the alfalfa genome. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these genes were clustered into six subfamilies, and members of the same subfamily had similar physicochemical properties and sequence structures. Overexpression of the CSase gene in alfalfa increased alkali tolerance. Compared with control plants, the overexpression lines presented higher proline, soluble sugars, and cysteine and reduced glutathione contents and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities as well as lower hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion contents after alkali stress. The relative expression of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase gene (a downstream gene of CSase) in the overexpression lines was much higher than that in the control line. The CSase gene enhanced alkalinity tolerance by regulating osmoregulatory substances and improving antioxidant capacity. These results provide a reference for studying the CSase gene family in alfalfa and expanding the alkali tolerance gene resources of forage plants.
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19
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Neofotis P, Temple J, Tessmer OL, Bibik J, Norris N, Pollner E, Lucker B, Weraduwage SM, Withrow A, Sears B, Mogos G, Frame M, Hall D, Weissman J, Kramer DM. The induction of pyrenoid synthesis by hyperoxia and its implications for the natural diversity of photosynthetic responses in Chlamydomonas. eLife 2021; 10:67565. [PMID: 34936552 PMCID: PMC8694700 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In algae, it is well established that the pyrenoid, a component of the carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM), is essential for efficient photosynthesis at low CO2. However, the signal that triggers the formation of the pyrenoid has remained elusive. Here, we show that, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the pyrenoid is strongly induced by hyperoxia, even at high CO2 or bicarbonate levels. These results suggest that the pyrenoid can be induced by a common product of photosynthesis specific to low CO2 or hyperoxia. Consistent with this view, the photorespiratory by-product, H2O2, induced the pyrenoid, suggesting that it acts as a signal. Finally, we show evidence for linkages between genetic variations in hyperoxia tolerance, H2O2 signaling, and pyrenoid morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Neofotis
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Joshua Temple
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Oliver L Tessmer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Jacob Bibik
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Nicole Norris
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Eric Pollner
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Ben Lucker
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Alecia Withrow
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Barbara Sears
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Greg Mogos
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Melinda Frame
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - David Hall
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Joseph Weissman
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil, Annandale, United States
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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20
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Jiang Y, Feng X, Wang H, Chen Y, Sun Y. Heat-induced down-regulation of photosystem II protects photosystem I in honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1311-1321. [PMID: 34351552 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is a traditional medicinal plant in China which is often threatened by high temperature at midday during summer. Heat-induced effects on the photosynthetic apparatus in honeysuckle are associated with a depression of the photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency. However, very limited information is available on regulation of photosynthetic electron flow in PSI photoprotection in heat-stressed honeysuckle. Simultaneous analyses of chlorophyll fluorescence and the change in absorbance of P700 showed that energy transformation and electron transfer activity in PSII decreased under heat stress, but the fraction of photo-oxidizable PSI (Pm) remained stable. With treatments at 38 and 42 °C, the photochemical electron transport in PSII was suppressed, whereas the cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI was induced. In addition, the levels of high energy state quenching (qE) and P700 oxidation increased significantly with increasing temperature. However, a decline of qE in antimycin A (AA)- or 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU)-treated leaves after heat treatment was observed, while P700 oxidation decreased only in the presence of AA. The results indicate that heat-induced inhibition of PSII and induction of CEF cooperatively protect PSI from ROS damages through moderate down-regulation of photosynthetic electron flow from PSII to PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongjiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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21
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Shi Q, Zhang SB, Wang JH, Huang W. Pre-illumination at high light significantly alleviates the over-reduction of photosystem I under fluctuating light. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111053. [PMID: 34620448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is the primary target of photoinhibition under fluctuating light (FL). In angiosperms, cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI is thought to be the main player protecting PSI under FL. The activation of CEF is linked to the thylakoid stacking, which is in turn affected by light intensity. However, it is unknown how pre-illumination affects the CEF activation and PSI redox state under FL. To address this question, we conducted a spectroscopic analysis under FL in Bletilla striata and Morus alba after pre-illumination at moderate light (ML, 611 μmol photons m-2 s-1) or high light (HL, 1455 μmol photons m-2 s-1). Our results indicated that both species displayed a transient over-reduction of PSI after a transition from low to high light, but the extent of PSI over-reduction under FL was largely alleviated by pre-illumination at HL when compared with pre-illumination under ML. Furthermore, pre-illumination at HL accelerated the activation rate of CEF but did not affect the activation of non-photochemical quenching and linear electron flow from photosystem II under FL. Therefore, such increased CEF activity by pre-illumination under HL alleviated PSI over-reduction under FL by facilitating the electron sink downstream of PSI. Taking together, pre-illumination at HL protects PSI under FL through acceptor-side regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi- Shi
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ji-Hua Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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22
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Chadee A, Alber NA, Dahal K, Vanlerberghe GC. The Complementary Roles of Chloroplast Cyclic Electron Transport and Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase to Ensure Photosynthetic Performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748204. [PMID: 34650584 PMCID: PMC8505746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts use light energy and a linear electron transport (LET) pathway for the coupled generation of NADPH and ATP. It is widely accepted that the production ratio of ATP to NADPH is usually less than required to fulfill the energetic needs of the chloroplast. Left uncorrected, this would quickly result in an over-reduction of the stromal pyridine nucleotide pool (i.e., high NADPH/NADP+ ratio) and under-energization of the stromal adenine nucleotide pool (i.e., low ATP/ADP ratio). These imbalances could cause metabolic bottlenecks, as well as increased generation of damaging reactive oxygen species. Chloroplast cyclic electron transport (CET) and the chloroplast malate valve could each act to prevent stromal over-reduction, albeit in distinct ways. CET avoids the NADPH production associated with LET, while the malate valve consumes the NADPH associated with LET. CET could operate by one of two different pathways, depending upon the chloroplast ATP demand. The NADH dehydrogenase-like pathway yields a higher ATP return per electron flux than the pathway involving PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) and PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1 (PGRL1). Similarly, the malate valve could couple with one of two different mitochondrial electron transport pathways, depending upon the cytosolic ATP demand. The cytochrome pathway yields a higher ATP return per electron flux than the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway. In both Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, PGR5/PGRL1 pathway mutants have increased amounts of AOX, suggesting complementary roles for these two lesser-ATP yielding mechanisms of preventing stromal over-reduction. These two pathways may become most relevant under environmental stress conditions that lower the ATP demands for carbon fixation and carbohydrate export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole A. Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keshav Dahal
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Richardson KH, Wright JJ, Šimėnas M, Thiemann J, Esteves AM, McGuire G, Myers WK, Morton JJL, Hippler M, Nowaczyk MM, Hanke GT, Roessler MM. Functional basis of electron transport within photosynthetic complex I. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5387. [PMID: 34508071 PMCID: PMC8433477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis and respiration rely upon a proton gradient to produce ATP. In photosynthesis, the Respiratory Complex I homologue, Photosynthetic Complex I (PS-CI) is proposed to couple ferredoxin oxidation and plastoquinone reduction to proton pumping across thylakoid membranes. However, little is known about the PS-CI molecular mechanism and attempts to understand its function have previously been frustrated by its large size and high lability. Here, we overcome these challenges by pushing the limits in sample size and spectroscopic sensitivity, to determine arguably the most important property of any electron transport enzyme - the reduction potentials of its cofactors, in this case the iron-sulphur clusters of PS-CI (N0, N1 and N2), and unambiguously assign them to the structure using double electron-electron resonance. We have thus determined the bioenergetics of the electron transfer relay and provide insight into the mechanism of PS-CI, laying the foundations for understanding of how this important bioenergetic complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H. Richardson
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - John J. Wright
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,grid.14105.310000000122478951Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mantas Šimėnas
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Thiemann
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XPlant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ana M. Esteves
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gemma McGuire
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - William K. Myers
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John J. L. Morton
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Michael Hippler
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany ,grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Marc M. Nowaczyk
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XPlant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Maxie M. Roessler
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
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24
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Rai GK, Bhat BA, Mushtaq M, Tariq L, Rai PK, Basu U, Dar AA, Islam ST, Dar TUH, Bhat JA. Insights into decontamination of soils by phytoremediation: A detailed account on heavy metal toxicity and mitigation strategies. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:287-304. [PMID: 33864701 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the current era of rapid industrialization, the foremost challenge is the management of industrial wastes. Activities such as mining and industrialization spill over a large quantity of toxic waste that pollutes soil, water, and air. This poses a major environmental and health challenge. The toxic heavy metals present in the soil and water are entering the food chain, which in turn causes severe health hazards. Environmental clean-up and reclamation of heavy metal contaminated soil and water are very important, and it necessitates efforts of environmentalists, industrialists, scientists, and policymakers. Phytoremediation is a plant-based approach to remediate heavy metal/organic pollutant contaminated soil and water in an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and permanent way. This review covers the effect of heavy metal toxicity on plant growth and physiological process, the concept of heavy metal accumulation, detoxification, and the mechanisms of tolerance in plants. Based on plants' ability to uptake heavy metals and metabolize them within tissues, phytoremediation techniques have been classified into six types: phytoextraction, phytoimmobilization, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, and rhizodegradation. The development of research in this area led to the identification of metal hyper-accumulators, which could be utilized for reclamation of contaminated soil through phytomining. Concurrently, breeding and biotechnological approaches can enhance the remediation efficiency. Phytoremediation technology, combined with other reclamation technologies/practices, can provide clean soil and water to the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra K Rai
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Basharat A Bhat
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muntazir Mushtaq
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Lubna Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, BGSB University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Pradeep K Rai
- Advance Center for Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Umer Basu
- Division of Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Aejaz A Dar
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Sheikh T Islam
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tanvir U H Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, BGSB University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Javaid A Bhat
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Kameoka T, Okayasu T, Kikuraku K, Ogawa T, Sawa Y, Yamamoto H, Ishikawa T, Maruta T. Cooperation of chloroplast ascorbate peroxidases and proton gradient regulation 5 is critical for protecting Arabidopsis plants from photo-oxidative stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:876-892. [PMID: 34028907 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-light (HL) stress enhances the production of H2 O2 from the photosynthetic electron transport chain in chloroplasts, potentially causing photo-oxidative damage. Although stromal and thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidases (sAPX and tAPX, respectively) are major H2 O2 -scavenging enzymes in chloroplasts, their knockout mutants do not exhibit a visible phenotype under HL stress. Trans-thylakoid proton gradient (∆pH)-dependent mechanisms exist for controlling H2 O2 production from photosynthesis, such as thermal dissipation of light energy and downregulation of electron transfer between photosystems II and I, and these may compensate for the lack of APXs. To test this hypothesis, we focused on a proton gradient regulation 5 (pgr5) mutant, wherein both ∆pH-dependent mechanisms are impaired, and an Arabidopsis sapx tapx double mutant was crossed with the pgr5 single mutant. The sapx tapx pgr5 triple mutant exhibited extreme sensitivity to HL compared with its parental lines. This phenotype was consistent with cellular redox perturbations and enhanced expression of many oxidative stress-responsive genes. These findings demonstrate that the PGR5-dependent mechanisms compensate for chloroplast APXs, and vice versa. An intriguing finding was that the failure of induction of non-photochemical quenching in pgr5 (because of the limitation in ∆pH formation) was partially recovered in sapx tapx pgr5. Further genetic studies suggested that this recovery was dependent on the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex-dependent pathway for cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. Together with data from the sapx tapx npq4 mutant, we discuss the interrelationship between APXs and ∆pH-dependent mechanisms under HL stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kameoka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takaya Okayasu
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kana Kikuraku
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ogawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
- Bioresource and Life Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
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26
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Osei-Bonsu I, McClain AM, Walker BJ, Sharkey TD, Kramer DM. The roles of photorespiration and alternative electron acceptors in the responses of photosynthesis to elevated temperatures in cowpea. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2290-2307. [PMID: 33555066 PMCID: PMC11176259 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We explored the effects, on photosynthesis in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seedlings, of high temperature and light-environmental stresses that often co-occur under field conditions and can have greater impact on photosynthesis than either by itself. We observed contrasting responses in the light and carbon assimilatory reactions, whereby in high temperature, the light reactions were stimulated while CO2 assimilation was substantially reduced. There were two striking observations. Firstly, the primary quinone acceptor (QA ), a measure of the regulatory balance of the light reactions, became more oxidized with increasing temperature, suggesting increased electron sink capacity, despite the reduced CO2 fixation. Secondly, a strong, O2 -dependent inactivation of assimilation capacity, consistent with down-regulation of rubisco under these conditions. The dependence of these effects on CO2 , O2 and light led us to conclude that both photorespiration and an alternative electron acceptor supported increased electron flow, and thus provided photoprotection under these conditions. Further experiments showed that the increased electron flow was maintained by rapid rates of PSII repair, particularly at combined high light and temperature. Overall, the results suggest that photodamage to the light reactions can be avoided under high light and temperatures by increasing electron sink strength, even when assimilation is strongly suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Osei-Bonsu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Horticulture Division, CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alan M McClain
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Berkley J Walker
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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27
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Cruz JA, Avenson TJ. Photosynthesis: a multiscopic view. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:665-682. [PMID: 34170422 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A recurring analogy for photosynthesis research is the fable of the blind men and the elephant. Photosynthesis has many complex working parts, which has driven the need to study each of them individually, with an inherent understanding that a more complete picture will require systematic integration of these views. However, unlike the blind men, who are limited to using their hands, researchers have developed over the past decades a repertoire of methods for studying these components, many of which capitalize on unique features intrinsic to each. More recent concerns about food security and clean, renewable energy have increased support for applied photosynthesis research, with the idea of either improving photosynthetic performance as a desired trait in select species or using photosynthetic measurements as a phenotyping tool in breeding efforts or for high precision crop management. In this review, we spotlight the migration of approaches for studying photosynthesis from the laboratory into field environments, highlight some recent advances and speculate on areas where further development would be fruitful, with an eye towards how applied photosynthesis research can have impacts at local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Cruz
- Plant Research Laboratories, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, MI, S-206, Lansing, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Thomas J Avenson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 9EW, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Sharkey TD. Pentose Phosphate Pathway Reactions in Photosynthesizing Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061547. [PMID: 34207480 PMCID: PMC8234502 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is divided into an oxidative branch that makes pentose phosphates and a non-oxidative branch that consumes pentose phosphates, though the non-oxidative branch is considered reversible. A modified version of the non-oxidative branch is a critical component of the Calvin–Benson cycle that converts CO2 into sugar. The reaction sequence in the Calvin–Benson cycle is from triose phosphates to pentose phosphates, the opposite of the typical direction of the non-oxidative PPP. The photosynthetic direction is favored by replacing the transaldolase step of the normal non-oxidative PPP with a second aldolase reaction plus sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase. This can be considered an anabolic version of the non-oxidative PPP and is found in a few situations other than photosynthesis. In addition to the strong association of the non-oxidative PPP with photosynthesis metabolism, there is recent evidence that the oxidative PPP reactions are also important in photosynthesizing cells. These reactions can form a shunt around the non-oxidative PPP section of the Calvin–Benson cycle, consuming three ATP per glucose 6-phosphate consumed. A constitutive operation of this shunt occurs in the cytosol and gives rise to an unusual labeling pattern of photosynthetic metabolites while an inducible shunt in the stroma may occur in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Resilience Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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29
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Ma M, Liu Y, Bai C, Yong JWH. The Significance of Chloroplast NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Complex and Its Dependent Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661863. [PMID: 33968117 PMCID: PMC8102782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, a multiple-subunit complex in the thylakoid membranes mediating cyclic electron transport, is one of the most important alternative electron transport pathways. It was identified to be essential for plant growth and development during stress periods in recent years. The NDH-mediated cyclic electron transport can restore the over-reduction in stroma, maintaining the balance of the redox system in the electron transfer chain and providing the extra ATP needed for the other biochemical reactions. In this review, we discuss the research history and the subunit composition of NDH. Specifically, the formation and significance of NDH-mediated cyclic electron transport are discussed from the perspective of plant evolution and physiological functionality of NDH facilitating plants' adaptation to environmental stress. A better understanding of the NDH-mediated cyclic electron transport during photosynthesis may offer new approaches to improving crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Ma
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chunming Bai
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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30
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Kramer M, Rodriguez-Heredia M, Saccon F, Mosebach L, Twachtmann M, Krieger-Liszkay A, Duffy C, Knell RJ, Finazzi G, Hanke GT. Regulation of photosynthetic electron flow on dark to light transition by ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase interactions. eLife 2021; 10:56088. [PMID: 33685582 PMCID: PMC7984839 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During photosynthesis, electron transport is necessary for carbon assimilation and must be regulated to minimize free radical damage. There is a longstanding controversy over the role of a critical enzyme in this process (ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase, or FNR), and in particular its location within chloroplasts. Here we use immunogold labelling to prove that FNR previously assigned as soluble is in fact membrane associated. We combined this technique with a genetic approach in the model plant Arabidopsis to show that the distribution of this enzyme between different membrane regions depends on its interaction with specific tether proteins. We further demonstrate a correlation between the interaction of FNR with different proteins and the activity of alternative photosynthetic electron transport pathways. This supports a role for FNR location in regulating photosynthetic electron flow during the transition from dark to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Kramer
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Saccon
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Mosebach
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Twachtmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Chris Duffy
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Knell
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a` l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant (iRTSV), CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Thomas Hanke
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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31
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Source of 12C in Calvin-Benson cycle intermediates and isoprene emitted from plant leaves fed with 13CO2. Biochem J 2021; 477:3237-3252. [PMID: 32815532 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Feeding 14CO2 was crucial to uncovering the path of carbon in photosynthesis. Feeding 13CO2 to photosynthesizing leaves emitting isoprene has been used to develop hypotheses about the sources of carbon for the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway, which makes the precursors for terpene synthesis in chloroplasts and bacteria. Both photosynthesis and isoprene studies found that products label very quickly (<10 min) up to 80-90% but the last 10-20% of labeling requires hours indicating a source of 12C during photosynthesis and isoprene emission. Furthermore, studies with isoprene showed that the proportion of slow label could vary significantly. This was interpreted as a variable contribution of carbon from sources other than the Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) feeding the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway. Here, we measured the degree of label in isoprene and photosynthetic metabolites 20 min after beginning to feed 13CO2. Isoprene labeling was the same as labeling of photosynthesis intermediates. High temperature reduced the label in isoprene and photosynthesis intermediates by the same amount indicating no role for alternative carbon sources for isoprene. A model assuming glucose, fructose, and/or sucrose reenters the CBC as ribulose 5-phosphate through a cytosolic shunt involving glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was consistent with the observations.
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Majewska M, Harshkova D, Pokora W, Baścik-Remisiewicz A, Tułodziecki S, Aksmann A. Does diclofenac act like a photosynthetic herbicide on green algae? Chlamydomonas reinhardtii synchronous culture-based study with atrazine as reference. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111630. [PMID: 33396150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is one of the commonly used and frequently detected drugs in water bodies, and several studies indicate its toxic effect on plants and algae. Studies performed with asynchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures indicated that DCF inhibit the growth of population of the algae. Here, a synchronous population of C. reinhardtii, in which all cells are in the same developmental phase, is used. Following changes in cells size, photosynthetic activity and gene expression, we could compare, at the level of single cell, DCF-mediated effects with the effects caused by atrazine, a triazine herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis and triggers oxidative stress. Application of DCF and atrazine at the beginning of the cell cycle allowed us to follow the changes occurring in the cells in the subsequent stages of their development. Synchronized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures (strain CC-1690, wild type) were exposed to diclofenac sodium salt (135 mg/L) or atrazine (77.6 µg/L). The cell suspension was sampled hourly (0-10 h) in the light period of the cell cycle to determine cell number and volume, photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP test) in vivo, and selected gene expression (real-time qPCR), namely psbA, psaA, FSD1, MSD3 and APX1. The two toxicants differently influenced C. reinhardtii cells. Both substances decreased photosynthetic "vitality" (PI - performance index) of the cells, albeit for different reasons. While atrazine significantly disrupted the photosynthetic electron transport, resulting in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and limited cell growth, DCF caused silencing of photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers, transforming them into "heat sinks", thus preventing significant ROS overproduction. Oxidative stress caused by atrazine was the probable reason for the rapid appearance of phytotoxic action soon after entering the cells, while the effects of DCF could only be seen several hours after treatment. A comparison of DCF-caused effects with the effects caused by atrazine led us to conclude that, although DCF cannot be regarded as typical photosynthetic herbicide, it exhibits an algicidal activity and can be potentially dangerous for aquatic plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Darya Harshkova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pokora
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Baścik-Remisiewicz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Szymon Tułodziecki
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Aksmann
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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The Chloroplast RNA Binding Protein CP31A Has a Preference for mRNAs Encoding the Subunits of the Chloroplast NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Complex and Is Required for Their Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165633. [PMID: 32781615 PMCID: PMC7460601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast RNA processing requires a large number of nuclear-encoded RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that are imported post-translationally into the organelle. Most of these RBPs are highly specific for one or few target RNAs. By contrast, members of the chloroplast ribonucleoprotein family (cpRNPs) have a wider RNA target range. We here present a quantitative analysis of RNA targets of the cpRNP CP31A using digestion-optimized RNA co-immunoprecipitation with deep sequencing (DO-RIP-seq). This identifies the mRNAs coding for subunits of the chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex as main targets for CP31A. We demonstrate using whole-genome gene expression analysis and targeted RNA gel blot hybridization that the ndh mRNAs are all down-regulated in cp31a mutants. This diminishes the activity of the NDH complex. Our findings demonstrate how a chloroplast RNA binding protein can combine functionally related RNAs into one post-transcriptional operon.
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The plastid NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex: structure, function and evolutionary dynamics. Biochem J 2020; 476:2743-2756. [PMID: 31654059 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The thylakoid NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex is a large protein complex that reduces plastoquinone and pumps protons into the lumen generating protonmotive force. In plants, the complex consists of both nuclear and chloroplast-encoded subunits. Despite its perceived importance for stress tolerance and ATP generation, chloroplast-encoded NDH subunits have been lost numerous times during evolution in species occupying seemingly unrelated environmental niches. We have generated a phylogenetic tree that reveals independent losses in multiple phylogenetic lineages, and we use this tree as a reference to discuss possible evolutionary contexts that may have relaxed selective pressure for retention of ndh genes. While we are still yet unable to pinpoint a singular specific lifestyle that negates the need for NDH, we are able to rule out several long-standing explanations. In light of this, we discuss the biochemical changes that would be required for the chloroplast to dispense with NDH functionality with regards to known and proposed NDH-related reactions.
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Telman W, Liebthal M, Dietz KJ. Redox regulation by peroxiredoxins is linked to their thioredoxin-dependent oxidase function. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:31-41. [PMID: 31768716 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast contains three types of peroxiredoxins (PRXs). Recently, 2-CysPRX was associated with thioredoxin (TRX) oxidation-dependent redox regulation. Here, this analysis was expanded to include PRXQ and PRXIIE. Oxidized PRXQ was able to inactivate NADPH malate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase most efficiently in the presence of TRX-m1 and TRX-m4. The inactivation ability of TRXs did not entirely match their reductive activation efficiency. PRXIIE was unable to function as TRX oxidase in enzyme regulation. This conclusion was further supported by the observation that PRXQ adopts the oxidized form by about 50% in leaves, supporting a possible function as a TRX oxidase similar to 2-CysPRX. Results on the oxidation state of photosystem I (P700), plastocyanin, and ferredoxin in intact leaves indicate that each type of PRX has distinct regulatory functions, and that both 2-CysPRX and PRXQ conditionally assist in adjusting the redox state of target proteins for proper activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilena Telman
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, University Str. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Liebthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, University Str. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, University Str. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Wolf BC, Isaacson T, Tiwari V, Dangoor I, Mufkadi S, Danon A. Redox regulation of PGRL1 at the onset of low light intensity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:715-725. [PMID: 32259361 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1 (PGRL1) regulates photosystem I cyclic electron flow which transiently activates non-photochemical quenching at the onset of light. Here, we show that a disulfide-based mechanism of PGRL1 regulated this process in vivo at the onset of low light levels. We found that PGRL1 regulation depended on active formation of key regulatory disulfides in the dark, and that PGR5 was required for this activity. The disulfide state of PGRL1 was modulated in plants by counteracting reductive and oxidative components and reached a balanced state that depended on the light level. We propose that the redox regulation of PGRL1 fine-tunes a timely activation of photosynthesis at the onset of low light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Chen Wolf
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tal Isaacson
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Vivekanand Tiwari
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Inbal Dangoor
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Sapir Mufkadi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avihai Danon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Kalra I, Wang X, Cvetkovska M, Jeong J, McHargue W, Zhang R, Hüner N, Yuan JS, Morgan-Kiss R. Chlamydomonas sp. UWO 241 Exhibits High Cyclic Electron Flow and Rewired Metabolism under High Salinity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:588-601. [PMID: 32229607 PMCID: PMC7271785 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic green alga Chlamydomonas sp. UWO 241 (UWO 241) is adapted to permanent low temperatures, hypersalinity, and extreme shade. One of the most striking phenotypes of UWO 241 is an altered PSI organization and constitutive PSI cyclic electron flow (CEF). To date, little attention has been paid to CEF during long-term stress acclimation, and the consequences of sustained CEF in UWO 241 are not known. In this study, we combined photobiology, proteomics, and metabolomics to understand the underlying role of sustained CEF in high-salinity stress acclimation. High salt-grown UWO 241 exhibited increased thylakoid proton motive flux and an increased capacity for nonphotochemical quenching. Under high salt, a significant proportion of the up-regulated enzymes were associated with the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, carbon storage metabolism, and protein translation. Two key enzymes of the shikimate pathway, 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase and chorismate synthase, were also up-regulated, as well as indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of l-Trp and indole acetic acid. In addition, several compatible solutes (glycerol, Pro, and Suc) accumulated to high levels in high salt-grown UWO 241 cultures. We suggest that UWO 241 maintains constitutively high CEF through the associated PSI-cytochrome b 6 f supercomplex to support robust growth and strong photosynthetic capacity under a constant growth regime of low temperatures and high salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Kalra
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056
| | - Marina Cvetkovska
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jooyeon Jeong
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | | | - Ru Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Norman Hüner
- Department of Biology and Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 3K7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840
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Pleban JR, Guadagno CR, Mackay DS, Weinig C, Ewers BE. Rapid Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Light Response Curves Mechanistically Inform Photosynthesis Modeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:602-619. [PMID: 32152213 PMCID: PMC7271808 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Crop improvement is crucial to ensuring global food security under climate change, and hence there is a pressing need for phenotypic observations that are both high throughput and improve mechanistic understanding of plant responses to environmental cues and limitations. In this study, chlorophyll a fluorescence light response curves and gas-exchange observations are combined to test the photosynthetic response to moderate drought in four genotypes of Brassica rapa The quantum yield of PSII (ϕ PSII ) is here analyzed as an exponential decline under changing light intensity and soil moisture. Both the maximum ϕ PSII and the rate of ϕ PSII decline across a large range of light intensities (0-1,000 μmol photons m-2 s-1; β PSII ) are negatively affected by drought. We introduce an alternative photosynthesis model (β PSII model) incorporating parameters from rapid fluorescence response curves. Specifically, the model uses β PSII as an input for estimating the photosynthetic electron transport rate, which agrees well with two existing photosynthesis models (Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry and Yin). The β PSII model represents a major improvement in photosynthesis modeling through the integration of high-throughput fluorescence phenotyping data, resulting in gained parameters of high mechanistic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Pleban
- Department of Geography, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | | | - David S Mackay
- Department of Geography, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | - Cynthia Weinig
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
- Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
| | - Brent E Ewers
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
- Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
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Velikova V, Arena C, Izzo LG, Tsonev T, Koleva D, Tattini M, Roeva O, De Maio A, Loreto F. Functional and Structural Leaf Plasticity Determine Photosynthetic Performances during Drought Stress and Recovery in Two Platanus orientalis Populations from Contrasting Habitats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3912. [PMID: 32486179 PMCID: PMC7312932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of climatic change, more severe and long-lasting droughts will modify the fitness of plants, with potentially worse consequences on the relict trees. We have investigated the leaf phenotypic (anatomical, physiological and biochemical) plasticity in well-watered, drought-stressed and re-watered plants of two populations of Platanus orientalis, an endangered species in the west of the Mediterranean area. The two populations originated in contrasting climate (drier and warmer, Italy (IT) population; more humid and colder, Bulgaria (BG) population). The IT control plants had thicker leaves, enabling them to maintain higher leaf water content in the dry environment, and more spongy parenchyma, which could improve water conductivity of these plants and may result in easier CO2 diffusion than in BG plants. Control BG plants were also characterized by higher photorespiration and leaf antioxidants compared to IT plants. BG plants responded to drought with greater leaf thickness shrinkage. Drought also caused substantial reduction in photosynthetic parameters of both IT and BG plants. After re-watering, photosynthesis did not fully recover in either of the two populations. However, IT leaves became thicker, while photorespiration in BG plants further increased, perhaps indicating sustained activation of defensive mechanisms. Overall, our hypothesis, that plants with a fragmented habitat (i.e., the IT population) lose phenotypic plasticity but acquire traits allowing better resistance to the climate where they became adapted, remains confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.A.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Luigi Gennaro Izzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Tsonko Tsonev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (O.R.)
| | | | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy;
| | - Olympia Roeva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (O.R.)
| | - Anna De Maio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.A.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
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Schmidt A, Mächtel R, Ammon A, Engelsdorf T, Schmitz J, Maurino VG, Voll LM. Reactive oxygen species dosage in Arabidopsis chloroplasts can improve resistance towards Colletotrichum higginsianum by the induction of WRKY33. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:189-204. [PMID: 31749193 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis plants overexpressing glycolate oxidase in chloroplasts (GO5) and loss-of-function mutants of the major peroxisomal catalase isoform, cat2-2, produce increased hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) amounts from the respective organelles when subjected to photorespiratory conditions like increased light intensity. Here, we have investigated if and how the signaling processes triggered by H2 O2 production in response to shifts in environmental conditions and the concomitant induction of indole phytoalexin biosynthesis in GO5 affect susceptibility towards the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum. Combining histological, biochemical, and molecular assays, we found that the accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin was comparable between GO genotypes and cat2-2 in the absence of pathogen. Compared with wild-type, GO5 showed improved resistance after light-shift-mediated production of H2 O2 , whereas cat2-2 became more susceptible and allowed significantly more pathogen entry. Unlike GO5, cat2-2 suffered from severe oxidative stress after light shifts, as indicated by glutathione pool size and oxidation state. We discuss a connection between elevated oxidative stress and dampened induction of salicylic acid mediated defense in cat2-2. Genetic analyses demonstrated that induced resistance of GO5 is dependent on WRKY33, but not on camalexin production. We propose that indole carbonyl nitriles might play a role in defense against C. higginsianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Schmidt
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Mächtel
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ammon
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars M Voll
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Silva FB, Costa AC, Müller C, Nascimento KT, Batista PF, Vital RG, Megguer CA, Jakelaitis A, Domingos M. Dipteryx alata, a tree native to the Brazilian Cerrado, is sensitive to the herbicide nicosulfuron. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:217-225. [PMID: 32030573 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of land use for agricultural interests and the excessive use of herbicides are among the causes of biodiversity losses in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. Therefore, we aimed to test the hypothesis that Dipteryx alata Vogel, a common species in this biome, is sensitive to nicosulfuron because of its high phytotoxicity. We evaluated physiological, biochemical and morphological responses in D. alata plants exposed to increasing doses of the herbicide. Young plants were transplanted to 10 L pots containing substrate composed of soil and sand (2:1) after fertilization. After an acclimation period, the following doses of nicosulfuron were applied: 0 (control), 6, 12, 24, 48, and 60 g a.e. ha-1. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design factorial scheme with six doses of nicosulfuron, three evaluation times, and five replicates per treatment. The effects of the herbicide were assessed by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, membrane permeability, antioxidant enzymes and acetolactate synthase. Nicosulfuron altered the photosynthetic machinery and enzymatic metabolism of D. alata. Reductions in physiological traits, increased catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, enhanced malondialdehyde concentrations rate of electrolyte leakage and decreased acetolactate synthase activity in response to nicosulfuron all suggest that D. alata is sensitive to this herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábia Barbosa Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-9 70, Brazil
- Laboratório de Estudo de Plantas sob Estresse, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Caixa Postal 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Alan Carlos Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-9 70, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Müller
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-9 70, Brazil
| | - Kelly Telles Nascimento
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-9 70, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ferreira Batista
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-9 70, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gomes Vital
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-9 70, Brazil
| | - Clarice Aparecida Megguer
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Morrinhos, Caixa Postal 92, Morrinhos, GO, 75650-000, Brazil
| | - Adriano Jakelaitis
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano-Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-9 70, Brazil
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Caixa Postal 68041, São Paulo, SP, 04045-972, Brazil
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McKenzie SD, Ibrahim IM, Aryal UK, Puthiyaveetil S. Stoichiometry of protein complexes in plant photosynthetic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Essemine J, Lyu MJA, Qu M, Perveen S, Khan N, Song Q, Chen G, Zhu XG. Contrasting Responses of Plastid Terminal Oxidase Activity Under Salt Stress in Two C 4 Species With Different Salt Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1009. [PMID: 32733515 PMCID: PMC7359412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study reveals contrasting responses of photosynthesis to salt stress in two C4 species: a glycophyte Setaria viridis (SV) and a halophyte Spartina alterniflora (SA). Specifically, the effect of short-term salt stress treatment on the photosynthetic CO2 uptake and electron transport were investigated in SV and its salt-tolerant close relative SA. In this experiment, at the beginning, plants were grown in soil then were exposed to salt stress under hydroponic conditions for two weeks. SV demonstrated a much higher susceptibility to salt stress than SA; while, SV was incapable to survive subjected to about 100 mM, SA can tolerate salt concentrations up to 550 mM with slight effect on photosynthetic CO2 uptake rates and electrons transport chain conductance (gETC ). Regardless the oxygen concentration used, our results show an enhancement in the P700 oxidation with increasing O2 concentration for SV following NaCl treatment and almost no change for SA. We also observed an activation of the cyclic NDH-dependent pathway in SV by about 2.36 times upon exposure to 50 mM NaCl for 12 days (d); however, its activity in SA drops by about 25% compared to the control without salt treatment. Using PTOX inhibitor (n-PG) and that of the Qo-binding site of Cytb6/f (DBMIB), at two O2 levels (2 and 21%), to restrict electrons flow towards PSI, we successfully revealed the presence of a possible PTOX activity under salt stress for SA but not for SV. However, by q-PCR and western-blot analysis, we showed an increase in PTOX amount by about 3-4 times for SA under salt stress but not or very less for SV. Overall, this study provides strong proof for the existence of PTOX as an alternative electron pathway in C4 species (SA), which might play more than a photoprotective role under salt stress.
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Cerqueira JVA, Silveira JAG, Carvalho FEL, Cunha JR, Lima Neto MC. The regulation of P700 is an important photoprotective mechanism to NaCl-salinity in Jatropha curcas. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:404-417. [PMID: 30737801 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salinity commonly affects photosynthesis and crop production worldwide. Salt stress disrupts the fine balance between photosynthetic electron transport and the Calvin cycle reactions, leading to over-reduction and excess energy within the thylakoids. The excess energy triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction that causes photoinhibition in both photosystems (PS) I and II. However, the role of PSI photoinhibition and its physiological mechanisms for photoprotection have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of 15 consecutive days of 100 mM NaCl in Jatropha curcas plants, primarily focusing on the photosynthetic electron flow at PSI level. We found that J. curcas plants have important photoprotective mechanisms to cope with the harmful effects of salinity. We show that maintaining P700 in an oxidized state is an important photoprotector mechanism, avoiding ROS burst in J. curcas exposed to salinity. In addition, upon photoinhibition of PSI, the highly reduced electron transport chain triggers a significant increase in H2 O2 content which can lead to the production of hydroxyl radical by Mehler reactions in chloroplast, thereby increasing PSI photoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V A Cerqueira
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Joaquim A G Silveira
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Fabrício E L Carvalho
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Cunha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Milton C Lima Neto
- Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, Brazil
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Regulation of photosynthetic cyclic electron flow pathways by adenylate status in higher plant chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:148081. [PMID: 31520615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cylic electron flow (CEF) around Photosystem I in photosynthetic eukaryotes is likely to be necessary to augment ATP production, rapidly- and precisely balancing the plastid ATP/NADPH energy budget to meet the demands of downstream metabolism. Many regulatory aspects of this process are unclear. Here we demonstrate that the higher plant plastid NADH/Fd:plastoquinone reductase (NDH) and proposed PGR5/PGRL1 ferredoxin:plastoquinone reductase (FQR) pathways of CEF are strongly, rapidly and reversibly inhibited in vitro by ATP with Ki values of 670 μM and 240 μM respectively, within the range of physiological changes in ATP concentrations. Control experiments ruled out effects on secondary reactions, e.g. FNR- and cytochrome b6f activity, nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence etc., supporting the view that ATP is an inhibitor of CEF and its associated pmf generation and subsequent ATP production. The effects are specific to ATP, with the ATP analog AMP-PNP showing little inhibitory effect, and ADP inhibiting only at higher concentrations. For the FQR pathway, inhibition was found to be classically competitive with Fd, and the NDH pathway showing partial competition with Fd. We propose a straightforward model for regulation of CEF in plants in which CEF is activated under conditions when stromal ATP low, but is downregulated as ATP levels build up, allowing for effective ATP homeostasis. The differences in Ki values suggest a two-tiered regulatory system, where the highly efficient proton pumping NDH is activated with moderate decreases in ATP, with the less energetically-efficient FQR pathway being activated under more severe ATP depletion.
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Yang YJ, Zhang SB, Wang JH, Huang W. Photosynthetic regulation under fluctuating light in field-grown Cerasus cerasoides: A comparison of young and mature leaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:148073. [PMID: 31473302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is a potential target of photoinhibition under fluctuating light. However, photosynthetic regulation under fluctuating light in field-grown plants is little known. Furthermore, it is unclear how young leaves protect PSI against fluctuating light under natural field conditions. In the present study, we examined chlorophyll fluorescence, P700 redox state and the electrochromic shift signal in the young and mature leaves of field-grown Cerasus cerasoides (Rosaceae). Within the first seconds after any increase in light intensity, young leaves showed higher proton gradient (ΔpH) across the thylakoid membranes than the mature leaves, preventing over-reduction of PSI in the young leaves. As a result, PSI was more tolerant to fluctuating light in the young leaves than in the mature leaves. Interestingly, after transition from low to high light, the activity of cyclic electron flow (CEF) in young leaves increased first to a high level and then decreased to a stable value, while this rapid stimulation of CEF was not observed in the mature leaves. Furthermore, the over-reduction of PSI significantly stimulated CEF in the young leaves but not in the mature leaves. Taken together, within the first seconds after any increase in illumination, the stimulation of CEF favors the rapid lumen acidification and optimizes the PSI redox state in the young leaves, protecting PSI against photoinhibition under fluctuating light in field-grown plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ji-Hua Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
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Fang P, Yan M, Chi C, Wang M, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Shi K, Xia X, Foyer CH, Yu J. Brassinosteroids Act as a Positive Regulator of Photoprotection in Response to Chilling Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2061-2076. [PMID: 31189657 PMCID: PMC6670110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoprotection is an important strategy adopted by plants to avoid photoinhibition under stress conditions. However, the way in which photoprotection is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis (dwf) and related signaling through BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (bzr1) are more sensitive to (PSII and PSI photoinhibition, with decreased cyclic electron flow around PSI and lower nonphotochemical quenching, accumulation of PSII subunit S (PsbS), violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) activity, and D1 protein abundance. Chilling induced the accumulation of active BRs and activated BZR1, which directly activates the transcription of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG1 (RBOH1) and hydrogen peroxide production in the apoplast. While apoplastic hydrogen peroxide is essential for the induction of PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron flow, PGR5 participates in the regulation of chilling- and BR-dependent induction of nonphotochemical quenching, accumulation of D1, VDE, and PsbS proteins, transcription of genes involved in redox signaling, hormone signaling, and activity of several antioxidant enzymes. Mutations in BZR1 and PGR5 or suppressed transcription of RBOH1 compromised chilling- and BR-induced photoprotection, resulting in increased sensitivity to photoinhibition. These results demonstrate that BRs act as a positive regulator of photoprotection in a redox-PGR5-dependent manner in response to chilling stress in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Yan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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48
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Plastidic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases are regulated to maintain activity in the light. Biochem J 2019; 476:1539-1551. [PMID: 31092702 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) can initiate the glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) shunt around the Calvin-Benson cycle. To understand the regulation of flux through this pathway, we have characterized the biochemical parameters and redox regulation of the three functional plastidic isoforms of Arabidopsis G6PDH. When purified, recombinant proteins were measured, all three exhibited significant substrate inhibition by G6P but not NADP+, making the determination of enzyme kinetic parameters complex. We found that the half-saturation concentration of G6PDH isoform 1 is increased under reducing conditions. The other two isoforms exhibit less redox regulation, however, isoform 2 is strongly inhibited by NADPH. Redox regulation of G6PDH1 can be partially reversed by hydrogen peroxide or protected against by the presence of its substrate, G6P. Overall, our results support the conclusion that G6PDH can have significant activity throughout the day and can be dynamically regulated to allow or prevent flux through the glucose-6-phosphate shunt.
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Sharkey TD. Discovery of the canonical Calvin-Benson cycle. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 140:235-252. [PMID: 30374727 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been 65 years since the Calvin-Benson cycle was first formulated. In this paper, the development of the concepts that are critical to the cycle is traced and the contributions of Calvin, Benson, and Bassham are discussed. Some simplified views often found in text books such as ascending paper chromatography and the use of the "lollipop" for short labeling are discussed and further details given. Key discoveries that underpinned elucidation of the cycle such as the importance of sedoheptulose phosphate and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate are described. The interchange of ideas between other researchers working on what is now called the pentose phosphate pathway and the development of the ideas of Calvin and Benson are explored while the gluconeogenic aspects of the cycle are emphasized. Concerns raised about anomalies of label distribution in glucose are considered. Other carbon metabolism pathways associated with the Calvin-Benson cycle are also described. Finally, there is a section describing the rift between Calvin and Benson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Sharkey
- MSU DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Resilience Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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50
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Krieger-Liszkay A, Krupinska K, Shimakawa G. The impact of photosynthesis on initiation of leaf senescence. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:148-164. [PMID: 30629302 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the last stage of leaf development preceding the death of the organ, and it is important for nutrient remobilization and for feeding sink tissues. There are many reports on leaf senescence, but the mechanisms initiating leaf senescence are still poorly understood. Leaf senescence is affected by many environmental factors and seems to vary in different species and even varieties of plants, which makes it difficult to generalize the mechanism. Here, we give an overview on studies reporting about alterations in the composition of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in chloroplasts during senescence. We hypothesize that alternative electron flow and related generation of the proton motive force required for ATP synthesis become increasingly important during progression of senescence. We address the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts in the initiation of senescence, retrograde signaling from the chloroplast to the nucleus and ROS-dependent signaling associated with leaf senescence. Finally, a few ideas for increasing crop yields by increasing the chloroplast lifespan are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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