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Penha D, Brum M, Alves LF, Domingues TF, Meneses A, Branches R, Restrepo-Coupe N, Oliveira RS, Moura JMS, Pequeno PACLA, Prohaska N, Saleska SR. Preserving isohydricity: vertical environmental variability explains Amazon forest water-use strategies. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae088. [PMID: 39041710 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Increases in hydrological extremes, including drought, are expected for Amazon forests. A fundamental challenge for predicting forest responses lies in identifying ecological strategies which underlie such responses. Characterization of species-specific hydraulic strategies for regulating water-use, thought to be arrayed along an 'isohydric-anisohydric' spectrum, is a widely used approach. However, recent studies have questioned the usefulness of this classification scheme, because its metrics are strongly influenced by environments, and hence can lead to divergent classifications even within the same species. Here, we propose an alternative approach positing that individual hydraulic regulation strategies emerge from the interaction of environments with traits. Specifically, we hypothesize that the vertical forest profile represents a key gradient in drought-related environments (atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, soil water availability) that drives divergent tree water-use strategies for coordinated regulation of stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potentials (ΨL) with tree rooting depth, a proxy for water availability. Testing this hypothesis in a seasonal eastern Amazon forest in Brazil, we found that hydraulic strategies indeed depend on height-associated environments. Upper canopy trees, experiencing high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), but stable soil water access through deep rooting, exhibited isohydric strategies, defined by little seasonal change in the diurnal pattern of gs and steady seasonal minimum ΨL. In contrast, understory trees, exposed to less variable VPD but highly variable soil water availability, exhibited anisohydric strategies, with fluctuations in diurnal gs that increased in the dry season along with increasing variation in ΨL. Our finding that canopy height structures the coordination between drought-related environmental stressors and hydraulic traits provides a basis for preserving the applicability of the isohydric-to-anisohydric spectrum, which we show here may consistently emerge from environmental context. Our work highlights the importance of understanding how environmental heterogeneity structures forest responses to climate change, providing a mechanistic basis for improving models of tropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliane Penha
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Sociedade, Natureza e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-255, Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-255, Brazil
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1200 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Barão Geraldo, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Drive East, La Kretz Hall, Suite 300, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, United States
| | - Tomas F Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Anderson Meneses
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Sociedade, Natureza e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-255, Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-255, Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Laboratório de Inteligência Computacional, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-255, Brazil
| | - Rardiles Branches
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meteorologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 40, Cachoeira Paulista, São Paulo 12630-000, Brazil
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1200 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Barão Geraldo, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - José Mauro S Moura
- Instituto de Engenharia e Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-255, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary and Intercultural Training Institute, Federal University of Western Para, Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-255, Brazil
| | - Pedro A C L Aurélio Pequeno
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais (PRONAT), Universidade Federal de Roraima, Av. Cap. Ene Garcez, 2413, Aeroporto, Roraima, Boa Vista, 69310-000, Brazil
| | - Neill Prohaska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1200 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1200 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
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Nian D, Bathiany S, Sakschewski B, Drüke M, Blaschke L, Ben-Yami M, von Bloh W, Boers N. Rainfall seasonality dominates critical precipitation threshold for the Amazon forest in the LPJmL vegetation model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174378. [PMID: 38960201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the Amazon Rainforest's response to shifts in precipitation is paramount with regard to its sensitivity to climate change and deforestation. Studies using Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) typically only explore a range of socio-economically plausible pathways. In this study, we applied the state-of-the-art DGVM LPJmL to simulate the Amazon forest's response under idealized scenarios where precipitation is linearly decreased and subsequently increased between current levels and zero. Our results indicate a nonlinear but reversible relationship between vegetation Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP), suggesting a threshold at a critical MAP value, below which vegetation biomass decline accelerates with decreasing MAP. We find that approaching this critical threshold is accompanied by critical slowing down, which can hence be expected to warn of accelerating biomass decline with decreasing rainfall. The critical precipitation threshold is lowest in the northwestern Amazon, whereas the eastern and southern regions may already be below their critical MAP thresholds. Overall, we identify the seasonality of precipitation and the potential evapotranspiration (PET) as the most important parameters determining the threshold value. While vegetation fires show little effect on the critical threshold and the biomass pattern in general, the ability of trees to adapt to water stress by investing in deep roots leads to increased biomass and a lower critical threshold in some areas in the eastern and southern Amazon where seasonality and PET are high. Our findings underscore the risk of Amazon forest degradation due to changes in the water cycle, and imply that regions that are currently characterized by higher water availability may exhibit heightened vulnerability to future drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Nian
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Bathiany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University Munich., Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Boris Sakschewski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Drüke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Deutscher Wetterdienst, Hydrometeorologie, Frankfurter Str., 135, 63067 Offenbach, Germany
| | - Lana Blaschke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University Munich., Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Maya Ben-Yami
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University Munich., Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Werner von Bloh
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Niklas Boers
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University Munich., Munich 80333, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
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3
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Chen S, Stark SC, Nobre AD, Cuartas LA, de Jesus Amore D, Restrepo-Coupe N, Smith MN, Chitra-Tarak R, Ko H, Nelson BW, Saleska SR. Amazon forest biogeography predicts resilience and vulnerability to drought. Nature 2024; 631:111-117. [PMID: 38898277 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Amazonia contains the most extensive tropical forests on Earth, but Amazon carbon sinks of atmospheric CO2 are declining, as deforestation and climate-change-associated droughts1-4 threaten to push these forests past a tipping point towards collapse5-8. Forests exhibit complex drought responses, indicating both resilience (photosynthetic greening) and vulnerability (browning and tree mortality), that are difficult to explain by climate variation alone9-17. Here we combine remotely sensed photosynthetic indices with ground-measured tree demography to identify mechanisms underlying drought resilience/vulnerability in different intact forest ecotopes18,19 (defined by water-table depth, soil fertility and texture, and vegetation characteristics). In higher-fertility southern Amazonia, drought response was structured by water-table depth, with resilient greening in shallow-water-table forests (where greater water availability heightened response to excess sunlight), contrasting with vulnerability (browning and excess tree mortality) over deeper water tables. Notably, the resilience of shallow-water-table forest weakened as drought lengthened. By contrast, lower-fertility northern Amazonia, with slower-growing but hardier trees (or, alternatively, tall forests, with deep-rooted water access), supported more-drought-resilient forests independent of water-table depth. This functional biogeography of drought response provides a framework for conservation decisions and improved predictions of heterogeneous forest responses to future climate changes, warning that Amazonia's most productive forests are also at greatest risk, and that longer/more frequent droughts are undermining multiple ecohydrological strategies and capacities for Amazon forest resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Luz Adriana Cuartas
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Diogo de Jesus Amore
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Cupoazu LLC, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Rutuja Chitra-Tarak
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Hongseok Ko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bruce W Nelson
- Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Trepel J, le Roux E, Abraham AJ, Buitenwerf R, Kamp J, Kristensen JA, Tietje M, Lundgren EJ, Svenning JC. Meta-analysis shows that wild large herbivores shape ecosystem properties and promote spatial heterogeneity. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:705-716. [PMID: 38337048 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Megafauna (animals ≥45 kg) have probably shaped the Earth's terrestrial ecosystems for millions of years with pronounced impacts on biogeochemistry, vegetation, ecological communities and evolutionary processes. However, a quantitative global synthesis on the generality of megafauna effects on ecosystems is lacking. Here we conducted a meta-analysis of 297 studies and 5,990 individual observations across six continents to determine how wild herbivorous megafauna influence ecosystem structure, ecological processes and spatial heterogeneity, and whether these impacts depend on body size and environmental factors. Despite large variability in megafauna effects, we show that megafauna significantly alter soil nutrient availability, promote open vegetation structure and reduce the abundance of smaller animals. Other responses (14 out of 26), including, for example, soil carbon, were not significantly affected. Further, megafauna significantly increase ecosystem heterogeneity by affecting spatial heterogeneity in vegetation structure and the abundance and diversity of smaller animals. Given that spatial heterogeneity is considered an important driver of biodiversity across taxonomic groups and scales, these results support the hypothesis that megafauna may promote biodiversity at large scales. Megafauna declined precipitously in diversity and abundance since the late Pleistocene, and our results indicate that their restoration would substantially influence Earth's terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Trepel
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Elizabeth le Roux
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew J Abraham
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Robert Buitenwerf
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johannes Kamp
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeppe A Kristensen
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Tietje
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Erick J Lundgren
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Flores BM, Montoya E, Sakschewski B, Nascimento N, Staal A, Betts RA, Levis C, Lapola DM, Esquível-Muelbert A, Jakovac C, Nobre CA, Oliveira RS, Borma LS, Nian D, Boers N, Hecht SB, Ter Steege H, Arieira J, Lucas IL, Berenguer E, Marengo JA, Gatti LV, Mattos CRC, Hirota M. Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system. Nature 2024; 626:555-564. [PMID: 38356065 PMCID: PMC10866695 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The possibility that the Amazon forest system could soon reach a tipping point, inducing large-scale collapse, has raised global concern1-3. For 65 million years, Amazonian forests remained relatively resilient to climatic variability. Now, the region is increasingly exposed to unprecedented stress from warming temperatures, extreme droughts, deforestation and fires, even in central and remote parts of the system1. Long existing feedbacks between the forest and environmental conditions are being replaced by novel feedbacks that modify ecosystem resilience, increasing the risk of critical transition. Here we analyse existing evidence for five major drivers of water stress on Amazonian forests, as well as potential critical thresholds of those drivers that, if crossed, could trigger local, regional or even biome-wide forest collapse. By combining spatial information on various disturbances, we estimate that by 2050, 10% to 47% of Amazonian forests will be exposed to compounding disturbances that may trigger unexpected ecosystem transitions and potentially exacerbate regional climate change. Using examples of disturbed forests across the Amazon, we identify the three most plausible ecosystem trajectories, involving different feedbacks and environmental conditions. We discuss how the inherent complexity of the Amazon adds uncertainty about future dynamics, but also reveals opportunities for action. Keeping the Amazon forest resilient in the Anthropocene will depend on a combination of local efforts to end deforestation and degradation and to expand restoration, with global efforts to stop greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo M Flores
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
| | - Encarni Montoya
- Geosciences Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Boris Sakschewski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Arie Staal
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Betts
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
- Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carolina Levis
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - David M Lapola
- Center for Meteorological and Climatic Research Applied to Agriculture, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriane Esquível-Muelbert
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Catarina Jakovac
- Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Nobre
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Laura S Borma
- Division of Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerabilities (DIIAV), National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Da Nian
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Niklas Boers
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Earth System Modelling, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna B Hecht
- Luskin School for Public Affairs and Institute of the Environment, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Arieira
- Science Panel for the Amazon (SPA), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Berenguer
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - José A Marengo
- Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alerta de Desastres Naturais, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Natural Disasters, UNESP/CEMADEN, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Graduate School of International Studies, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Luciana V Gatti
- Division of Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerabilities (DIIAV), National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Caio R C Mattos
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Marina Hirota
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- Group IpES, Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
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Leão CF, Lima Ribeiro MS, Moraes K, Gonçalves GSR, Lima MGM. Climate change and carnivores: shifts in the distribution and effectiveness of protected areas in the Amazon. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15887. [PMID: 37744233 PMCID: PMC10516102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carnivore mammals are animals vulnerable to human interference, such as climate change and deforestation. Their distribution and persistence are affected by such impacts, mainly in tropical regions such as the Amazon. Due to the importance of carnivores in the maintenance and functioning of the ecosystem, they are extremely important animals for conservation. We evaluated the impact of climate change on the geographic distribution of carnivores in the Amazon using Species Distribution Models (SDMs). Do we seek to answer the following questions: (1) What is the effect of climate change on the distribution of carnivores in the Amazon? (2) Will carnivore species lose or gain representation within the Protected Areas (PAs) of the Amazon in the future? Methods We evaluated the distribution area of 16 species of carnivores mammals in the Amazon, based on two future climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for the year 2070. For the construction of the SDMs we used bioclimatic and vegetation cover variables (land type). Based on these models, we calculated the area loss and climate suitability of the species, as well as the effectiveness of the protected areas inserted in the Amazon. We estimated the effectiveness of PAs on the individual persistence of carnivores in the future, for this, we used the SDMs to perform the gap analysis. Finally, we analyze the effectiveness of PAs in protecting taxonomic richness in future scenarios. Results The SDMs showed satisfactory predictive performance, with Jaccard values above 0.85 and AUC above 0.91 for all species. In the present and for the future climate scenarios, we observe a reduction of potencial distribution in both future scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), where five species will be negatively affected by climate change in the RCP 4.5 future scenario and eight in the RCP 8.5 scenario. The remaining species stay stable in terms of total area. All species in the study showed a loss of climatic suitability. Some species lost almost all climatic suitability in the RCP 8.5 scenario. According to the GAP analysis, all species are protected within the PAs both in the current scenario and in both future climate scenarios. From the null models, we found that in all climate scenarios, the PAs are not efficient in protecting species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ferreira Leão
- Programa Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biogeografia da Conservação e Macroecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Kauê Moraes
- Laboratório de Biogeografia da Conservação e Macroecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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7
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Kumar N, Patel P, Singh S, Goyal MK. Understanding non-stationarity of hydroclimatic extremes and resilience in Peninsular catchments, India. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12524. [PMID: 37532763 PMCID: PMC10397228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change significantly impacts the global hydrological cycle, leading to pronounced shifts in hydroclimatic extremes such as increased duration, occurrence, and intensity. Despite these significant changes, our understanding of hydroclimatic risks and hydrological resilience remains limited, particularly at the catchment scale in peninsular India. This study aims to address this gap by examining hydroclimatic extremes and resilience in 54 peninsular catchments from 1988 to 2011. We initially assess extreme precipitation and discharge indices and estimate design return levels using non-stationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) models that use global climate modes (ENSO, IOD, and AMO) as covariates. Further, hydrological resilience is evaluated using a convex model that inputs simulated discharge from the best hydrological model among SVM, RVM, random forest, and a conceptual model (abcd). Our analysis shows that the spatial patterns of mean extreme precipitation indices (R1 and R5) mostly resemble with extreme discharge indices (Q1 and Q5). Additionally, all extreme indices, including R1, Q1, R5, and Q5, demonstrate non-stationary behavior, indicating the substantial influence of global climate modes on extreme precipitation and flooding across the catchments. Our results indicate that the random forest model outperforms the others. Furthermore, we find that 68.52% of the catchments exhibit low to moderate hydrological resilience. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding hydroclimatic risks and catchment resilience for accurate climate change impact predictions and effective adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Piyush Patel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Shivam Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Manish Kumar Goyal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India.
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8
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Requena Suarez D, Rozendaal DMA, De Sy V, Decuyper M, Málaga N, Durán Montesinos P, Arana Olivos A, De la Cruz Paiva R, Martius C, Herold M. Forest disturbance and recovery in Peruvian Amazonia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3601-3621. [PMID: 36997337 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amazonian forests function as biomass and biodiversity reservoirs, contributing to climate change mitigation. While they continuously experience disturbance, the effect that disturbances have on biomass and biodiversity over time has not yet been assessed at a large scale. Here, we evaluate the degree of recent forest disturbance in Peruvian Amazonia and the effects that disturbance, environmental conditions and human use have on biomass and biodiversity in disturbed forests. We integrate tree-level data on aboveground biomass (AGB) and species richness from 1840 forest plots from Peru's National Forest Inventory with remotely sensed monitoring of forest change dynamics, based on disturbances detected from Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Moisture Index time series. Our results show a clear negative effect of disturbance intensity tree species richness. This effect was also observed on AGB and species richness recovery values towards undisturbed levels, as well as on the recovery of species composition towards undisturbed levels. Time since disturbance had a larger effect on AGB than on species richness. While time since disturbance has a positive effect on AGB, unexpectedly we found a small negative effect of time since disturbance on species richness. We estimate that roughly 15% of Peruvian Amazonian forests have experienced disturbance at least once since 1984, and that, following disturbance, have been increasing in AGB at a rate of 4.7 Mg ha-1 year-1 during the first 20 years. Furthermore, the positive effect of surrounding forest cover was evident for both AGB and its recovery towards undisturbed levels, as well as for species richness. There was a negative effect of forest accessibility on the recovery of species composition towards undisturbed levels. Moving forward, we recommend that forest-based climate change mitigation endeavours consider forest disturbance through the integration of forest inventory data with remote sensing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Requena Suarez
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique De Sy
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Málaga
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Durán Montesinos
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Alexs Arana Olivos
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo De la Cruz Paiva
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Lima, Peru
| | - Christopher Martius
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Germany gGmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Helmholtz Center Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
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9
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Rius BF, Filho JPD, Fleischer K, Hofhansl F, Blanco CC, Rammig A, Domingues TF, Lapola DM. Higher functional diversity improves modeling of Amazon forest carbon storage. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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10
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Rocha DG, Sollmann R. Habitat use patterns suggest that climate‐driven vegetation changes will negatively impact mammal communities in the Amazon. Anim Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Rocha
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis CA Davis USA
- Department of Biology Southern Nazarene University OK Bethany USA
- Quetzal Education and Research Center Southern Nazarene University San Gerardo de Dota Costa Rica
| | - R. Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis CA Davis USA
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
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11
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Yao Y, Ciais P, Viovy N, Joetzjer E, Chave J. How drought events during the last century have impacted biomass carbon in Amazonian rainforests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:747-762. [PMID: 36285645 PMCID: PMC10100251 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, inventory data show that droughts have reduced biomass carbon sink of the Amazon forest by causing mortality to exceed growth. However, process-based models have struggled to include drought-induced responses of growth and mortality and have not been evaluated against plot data. A process-based model, ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA, including forest demography with tree cohorts, plant hydraulic architecture and drought-induced tree mortality, was applied over Amazonia rainforests forced by gridded climate fields and rising CO2 from 1901 to 2019. The model reproduced the decelerating signal of net carbon sink and drought sensitivity of aboveground biomass (AGB) growth and mortality observed at forest plots across selected Amazon intact forests for 2005 and 2010. We predicted a larger mortality rate and a more negative sensitivity of the net carbon sink during the 2015/16 El Niño compared with the former droughts. 2015/16 was indeed the most severe drought since 1901 regarding both AGB loss and area experiencing a severe carbon loss. We found that even if climate change did increase mortality, elevated CO2 contributed to balance the biomass mortality, since CO2 -induced stomatal closure reduces transpiration, thus, offsets increased transpiration from CO2 -induced higher foliage area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Yao
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Emilie Joetzjer
- INRAE, Universite de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, UMR SilvaNancyFrance
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UMR 5174 CNRS, IRDUniversité Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
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12
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Costa FRC, Schietti J, Stark SC, Smith MN. The other side of tropical forest drought: do shallow water table regions of Amazonia act as large-scale hydrological refugia from drought? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:714-733. [PMID: 35037253 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forest function is of global significance to climate change responses, and critically determined by water availability patterns. Groundwater is tightly related to soil water through the water table depth (WT), but historically neglected in ecological studies. Shallow WT forests (WT < 5 m) are underrepresented in forest research networks and absent in eddy flux measurements, although they represent c. 50% of the Amazon and are expected to respond differently to global-change-related droughts. We review WT patterns and consequences for plants, emerging results, and advance a conceptual model integrating environment and trait distributions to predict climate change effects. Shallow WT forests have a distinct species composition, with more resource-acquisitive and hydrologically vulnerable trees, shorter canopies and lower biomass than deep WT forests. During 'normal' climatic years, shallow WT forests have higher mortality and lower productivity than deep WT forests, but during moderate droughts mortality is buffered and productivity increases. However, during severe drought, shallow WT forests may be more sensitive due to shallow roots and drought-intolerant traits. Our evidence supports the hypothesis of neglected shallow WT forests being resilient to moderate drought, challenging the prevailing view of widespread negative effects of climate change on Amazonian forests that ignores WT gradients, but predicts they could collapse under very strong droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av André Araújo 2223, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Departmento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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13
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Chambers JC, Brown JL, Bradford JB, Board DI, Campbell SB, Clause KJ, Hanberry B, Schlaepfer DR, Urza AK. New indicators of ecological resilience and invasion resistance to support prioritization and management in the sagebrush biome, United States. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1009268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem transformations to altered or novel ecological states are accelerating across the globe. Indicators of ecological resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasion can aid in assessing risks and prioritizing areas for conservation and restoration. The sagebrush biome encompasses parts of 11 western states and is experiencing rapid transformations due to human population growth, invasive species, altered disturbance regimes, and climate change. We built on prior use of static soil moisture and temperature regimes to develop new, ecologically relevant and climate responsive indicators of both resilience and resistance. Our new indicators were based on climate and soil water availability variables derived from process-based ecohydrological models that allow predictions of future conditions. We asked: (1) Which variables best indicate resilience and resistance? (2) What are the relationships among the indicator variables and resilience and resistance categories? (3) How do patterns of resilience and resistance vary across the area? We assembled a large database (n = 24,045) of vegetation sample plots from regional monitoring programs and derived multiple climate and soil water availability variables for each plot from ecohydrological simulations. We used USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service National Soils Survey Information, Ecological Site Descriptions, and expert knowledge to develop and assign ecological types and resilience and resistance categories to each plot. We used random forest models to derive a set of 19 climate and water availability variables that best predicted resilience and resistance categories. Our models had relatively high multiclass accuracy (80% for resilience; 75% for resistance). Top indicator variables for both resilience and resistance included mean temperature, coldest month temperature, climatic water deficit, and summer and driest month precipitation. Variable relationships and patterns differed among ecoregions but reflected environmental gradients; low resilience and resistance were indicated by warm and dry conditions with high climatic water deficits, and moderately high to high resilience and resistance were characterized by cooler and moister conditions with low climatic water deficits. The new, ecologically-relevant indicators provide information on the vulnerability of resources and likely success of management actions, and can be used to develop new approaches and tools for prioritizing areas for conservation and restoration actions.
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14
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Cline TJ, Muhlfeld CC, Kovach R, Al-Chokhachy R, Schmetterling D, Whited D, Lynch AJ. Socioeconomic resilience to climatic extremes in a freshwater fishery. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1396. [PMID: 36070376 PMCID: PMC9451147 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a central feature of ecosystem resilience, but how this translates to socioeconomic resilience depends on people's ability to track shifting resources in space and time. Here, we quantify how climatic extremes have influenced how people (fishers) track economically valuable ecosystem services (fishing opportunities) across a range of spatial scales in rivers of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA, over the past three decades. Fishers opportunistically shifted from drought-sensitive to drought-resistant rivers during periods of low streamflows and warm temperatures. This adaptive behavior stabilized fishing pressure and expenditures by a factor of 2.6 at the scale of the regional fishery (i.e., portfolio effect). However, future warming is predicted to homogenize habitat options that enable adaptive behavior by fishers, putting ~30% of current spending at risk across the region. Maintaining a diverse portfolio of fishing opportunities that enable people to exploit shifting resources provides an important resilience mechanism for mitigating the socioeconomic impacts of climate change on fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Cline
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, West Glacier, MT, USA
| | - Clint C. Muhlfeld
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, West Glacier, MT, USA
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Ryan Kovach
- Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Robert Al-Chokhachy
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Diane Whited
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Abigail J. Lynch
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
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15
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McCloy MWD, Andringa RK, Grace JK. Resilience of Avian Communities to Urbanization and Climate Change: an Integrative Review. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.918873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of ecological resilience is widely used to assess how species and ecosystems respond to external stressors but is applied infrequently at the level of the community or to chronic, ongoing disturbances. In this review, we first discuss the concept of ecological resilience and methods for quantifying resilience in ecological studies. We then synthesize existing evidence for the resilience of avian communities to climate change and urbanization, two chronic disturbances that are driving global biodiversity loss, and conclude with recommendations for future directions. We only briefly discuss the theoretical framework behind ecological resilience and species-specific responses to these two major disturbances, because numerous reviews already exist on these topics. Current research suggests strong heterogeneity in the responses and resilience of bird communities to urbanization and climate change, although community disassembly and reassembly is high following both disturbances. To advance our understanding of community resilience to these disturbances, we recommend five areas of future study (1) the development of a standardized, comprehensive community resilience index that incorporates both adaptive capacity and measures of functional diversity, (2) measurement/modeling of both community resistance and recovery in response to disturbance, (3) multi-scale and/or multi-taxa studies that include three-way interactions between plants, animals, and climate, (4) studies that incorporate interactions between disturbances, and (5) increased understanding of interactions between ecological resilience and socio-ecological dynamics. Advancement in these areas will enhance our ability to predict and respond to the rapidly accelerating effects of climate change and urbanization.
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16
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Effect of tree demography and flexible root water uptake for modeling the carbon and water cycles of Amazonia. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Resistance and Resilience of Desert Riparian Communities to Extreme Droughts. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the resistance, recovery, and resilience of three desert riparian ecosystems to extreme droughts and the influence of ecological characteristics on them from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed within the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China. The results showed that: (1) The resistance of the Populus euphratica forest community was the highest among the three plant communities. The recovery and resilience of the shrub community were the highest; (2) the resilience increased the most for the shrub community and decreased slightly for the Populus euphratica forest and herb communities as hydrological droughts waned; (3) the relative height and density significantly increased for Populus euphratica, decreased for herbs, and did not change for shrubs from 2000 to 2020; (4) the diversity indexes did not significantly change for the Populus euphratica forest and herb communities, and they increased for the shrub community from 2000 to 2020; (5) the resistance and resilience of the Populus euphratica forest, shrub, and herb communities were significantly affected by ecological characteristics, especially the Margalef richness index; and (6) the shrub community is more likely to rapidly recover (that is an increase of cover, height, and density) from future droughts in the Tarim River Basin, particularly with the implementation of new and more effective ecological restoration projects.
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18
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Wu D, Vargas G G, Powers JS, McDowell NG, Becknell JM, Pérez-Aviles D, Medvigy D, Liu Y, Katul GG, Calvo-Alvarado JC, Calvo-Obando A, Sanchez-Azofeifa A, Xu X. Reduced ecosystem resilience quantifies fine-scale heterogeneity in tropical forest mortality responses to drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2081-2094. [PMID: 34921474 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity of forest mortality to drought in carbon-dense tropical forests remains fraught with uncertainty, while extreme droughts are predicted to be more frequent and intense. Here, the potential of temporal autocorrelation of high-frequency variability in Landsat Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), an indicator of ecosystem resilience, to predict spatial and temporal variations of forest biomass mortality is evaluated against in situ census observations for 64 site-year combinations in Costa Rican tropical dry forests during the 2015 ENSO drought. Temporal autocorrelation, within the optimal moving window of 24 months, demonstrated robust predictive power for in situ mortality (leave-one-out cross-validation R2 = 0.54), which allows for estimates of annual biomass mortality patterns at 30 m resolution. Subsequent spatial analysis showed substantial fine-scale heterogeneity of forest mortality patterns, largely driven by drought intensity and ecosystem properties related to plant water use such as forest deciduousness and topography. Highly deciduous forest patches demonstrated much lower mortality sensitivity to drought stress than less deciduous forest patches after elevation was controlled. Our results highlight the potential of high-resolution remote sensing to "fingerprint" forest mortality and the significant role of ecosystem heterogeneity in forest biomass resistance to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - German Vargas G
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, Washington, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Justin M Becknell
- Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA
| | - Daniel Pérez-Aviles
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Yanlan Liu
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabriel G Katul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ana Calvo-Obando
- Escuela de Ing. Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Barrio Los Ángeles, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | | | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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19
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Impact of Ice-Storms and Subsequent Salvage Logging on the Productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese Fir) Forests. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of ice-storms on forests have received growing attention in recent years. Although there is a wide agreement that ice-storms significantly affect forest structure and functions, how frequent ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging impact productivity of subtropical coniferous forests in the future still remains poorly understood. In this study, we used the Ecosystem Demography model, Version 2.2 (ED-2.2), to project the impact of salvage logging of ice-storm-damaged trees on the productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata-dominated coniferous forest and C. lanceolata-dominated mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests. The results show that forest productivity recovery is delayed in coniferous forests when there is no shade-tolerant broadleaved species invasion after ice-storms, and C. lanceolata could continue to dominate the canopy in the mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests under high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging. The resistance and resilience of the mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests to high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging were stronger compared to coniferous forests. Although conifers could continue to dominate the canopy under shade-tolerant broadleaved species invasion, we could not rule out the possibility of a future forest community dominated by shade-tolerant broadleaf trees because there were few coniferous saplings and shade-tolerant broadleaf species dominated the understory. Our results highlight that post-disaster forest management should be continued after high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging in C. lanceolata forests to prevent possible shade-tolerant, late successional broadleaf trees from dominating the canopy in the future.
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20
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Smith RJ, Singarayer JS, Mayle FE. Response of Amazonian forests to mid-Holocene drought: A model-data comparison. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:201-226. [PMID: 34651394 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a major concern for the fate of Amazonia over the coming century in the face of anthropogenic climate change. A key area of uncertainty is the scale of rainforest dieback to be expected under a future, drier climate. In this study, we use the middle Holocene (ca. 6000 years before present) as an approximate analogue for a drier future, given that palaeoclimate data show much of Amazonia was significantly drier than present at this time. Here, we use an ensemble of climate and vegetation models to explore the sensitivity of Amazonian biomes to mid-Holocene climate change. For this, we employ three dynamic vegetation models (JULES, IBIS, and SDGVM) forced by the bias-corrected mid-Holocene climate simulations from seven models that participated in the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project 3 (PMIP3). These model outputs are compared with a multi-proxy palaeoecological dataset to gain a better understanding of where in Amazonia we have most confidence in the mid-Holocene vegetation simulations. A robust feature of all simulations and palaeodata is that the central Amazonian rainforest biome is unaffected by mid-Holocene drought. Greater divergence in mid-Holocene simulations exists in ecotonal eastern and southern Amazonia. Vegetation models driven with climate models that simulate a drier mid-Holocene (100-150 mm per year decrease) better capture the observed (palaeodata) tropical forest dieback in these areas. Based on the relationship between simulated rainfall decrease and vegetation change, we find indications that in southern Amazonia the rate of tropical forest dieback was ~125,000 km2 per 100 mm rainfall decrease in the mid-Holocene. This provides a baseline sensitivity of tropical forests to drought for this region (without human-driven changes to greenhouse gases, fire, and deforestation). We highlight the need for more palaeoecological and palaeoclimate data across lowland Amazonia to constrain model responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Smith
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science (SAGES), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Joy S Singarayer
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Francis E Mayle
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science (SAGES), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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21
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Werner C, Meredith LK, Ladd SN, Ingrisch J, Kübert A, van Haren J, Bahn M, Bailey K, Bamberger I, Beyer M, Blomdahl D, Byron J, Daber E, Deleeuw J, Dippold MA, Fudyma J, Gil-Loaiza J, Honeker LK, Hu J, Huang J, Klüpfel T, Krechmer J, Kreuzwieser J, Kühnhammer K, Lehmann MM, Meeran K, Misztal PK, Ng WR, Pfannerstill E, Pugliese G, Purser G, Roscioli J, Shi L, Tfaily M, Williams J. Ecosystem fluxes during drought and recovery in an experimental forest. Science 2021; 374:1514-1518. [PMID: 34914503 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj6789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA.,BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angelika Kübert
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA.,Honors College, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kinzie Bailey
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ines Bamberger
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Beyer
- Institute of Geoecology - Environmental Geochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Blomdahl
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Byron
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Erik Daber
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Michaela A Dippold
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jane Fudyma
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juliana Gil-Loaiza
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jia Hu
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kühnhammer
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Geoecology - Environmental Geochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Ren Ng
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pfannerstill
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giovanni Pugliese
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gemma Purser
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lingling Shi
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Malak Tfaily
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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22
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Konings AG, Saatchi SS, Frankenberg C, Keller M, Leshyk V, Anderegg WRL, Humphrey V, Matheny AM, Trugman A, Sack L, Agee E, Barnes ML, Binks O, Cawse‐Nicholson K, Christoffersen BO, Entekhabi D, Gentine P, Holtzman NM, Katul GG, Liu Y, Longo M, Martinez‐Vilalta J, McDowell N, Meir P, Mencuccini M, Mrad A, Novick KA, Oliveira RS, Siqueira P, Steele‐Dunne SC, Thompson DR, Wang Y, Wehr R, Wood JD, Xu X, Zuidema PA. Detecting forest response to droughts with global observations of vegetation water content. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6005-6024. [PMID: 34478589 PMCID: PMC9293345 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Droughts in a warming climate have become more common and more extreme, making understanding forest responses to water stress increasingly pressing. Analysis of water stress in trees has long focused on water potential in xylem and leaves, which influences stomatal closure and water flow through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. At the same time, changes of vegetation water content (VWC) are linked to a range of tree responses, including fluxes of water and carbon, mortality, flammability, and more. Unlike water potential, which requires demanding in situ measurements, VWC can be retrieved from remote sensing measurements, particularly at microwave frequencies using radar and radiometry. Here, we highlight key frontiers through which VWC has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of forest responses to water stress. To validate remote sensing observations of VWC at landscape scale and to better relate them to data assimilation model parameters, we introduce an ecosystem-scale analog of the pressure-volume curve, the non-linear relationship between average leaf or branch water potential and water content commonly used in plant hydraulics. The sources of variability in these ecosystem-scale pressure-volume curves and their relationship to forest response to water stress are discussed. We further show to what extent diel, seasonal, and decadal dynamics of VWC reflect variations in different processes relating the tree response to water stress. VWC can also be used for inferring belowground conditions-which are difficult to impossible to observe directly. Lastly, we discuss how a dedicated geostationary spaceborne observational system for VWC, when combined with existing datasets, can capture diel and seasonal water dynamics to advance the science and applications of global forest vulnerability to future droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sassan S. Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Michael Keller
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- United States Forest ServiceWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Trugman
- University of California ‐ Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Lawren Sack
- University of California ‐ Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | - Oliver Binks
- The Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Longo
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Jordi Martinez‐Vilalta
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
- Washington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Patrick Meir
- The Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
- University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF)BarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Assaad Mrad
- University of California ‐ IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - David R. Thompson
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Yujie Wang
- California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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23
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Vasconcelos S, Nunes GL, Dias MC, Lorena J, Oliveira RRM, Lima TGL, Pires ES, Valadares RBS, Alves R, Watanabe MTC, Zappi DC, Hiura AL, Pastore M, Vasconcelos LV, Mota NFO, Viana PL, Gil ASB, Simões AO, Imperatriz‐Fonseca VL, Harley RM, Giulietti AM, Oliveira G. Unraveling the plant diversity of the Amazonian canga through DNA barcoding. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13348-13362. [PMID: 34646474 PMCID: PMC8495817 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The canga of the Serra dos Carajás, in Eastern Amazon, is home to a unique open plant community, harboring several endemic and rare species. Although a complete flora survey has been recently published, scarce to no genetic information is available for most plant species of the ironstone outcrops of the Serra dos Carajás. In this scenario, DNA barcoding appears as a fast and effective approach to assess the genetic diversity of the Serra dos Carajás flora, considering the growing need for robust biodiversity conservation planning in such an area with industrial mining activities. Thus, after testing eight different DNA barcode markers (matK, rbcL, rpoB, rpoC1, atpF-atpH, psbK-psbI, trnH-psbA, and ITS2), we chose rbcL and ITS2 as the most suitable markers for a broad application in the regional flora. Here we describe DNA barcodes for 1,130 specimens of 538 species, 323 genera, and 115 families of vascular plants from a highly diverse flora in the Amazon basin, with a total of 344 species being barcoded for the first time. In addition, we assessed the potential of using DNA metabarcoding of bulk samples for surveying plant diversity in the canga. Upon achieving the first comprehensive DNA barcoding effort directed to a complete flora in the Brazilian Amazon, we discuss the relevance of our results to guide future conservation measures in the Serra dos Carajás.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana C. Dias
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Programa Interunidades de Pós‐Graduação em BioinformáticaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | - Renato R. M. Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Programa Interunidades de Pós‐Graduação em BioinformáticaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniela C. Zappi
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | | | - Mayara Pastore
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Coordenação de BotânicaMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - Liziane V. Vasconcelos
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EcologiaUniversidade Federal do ParáBelémBrazil
| | - Nara F. O. Mota
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Coordenação de BotânicaMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - Pedro L. Viana
- Coordenação de BotânicaMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - André S. B. Gil
- Coordenação de BotânicaMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - André O. Simões
- Departamento de Biologia VegetalUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasBrazil
| | | | | | - Ana M. Giulietti
- Instituto Tecnológico ValeBelémBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em BotânicaUniversidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBrazil
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24
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Gallup SM, Baker IT, Gallup JL, Restrepo‐Coupe N, Haynes KD, Geyer NM, Denning AS. Accurate Simulation of Both Sensitivity and Variability for Amazonian Photosynthesis: Is It Too Much to Ask? JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2021; 13:e2021MS002555. [PMID: 34594478 PMCID: PMC8459247 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of Amazon rainforest gross primary productivity (GPP) differ by a factor of 2 across a suite of three statistical and 18 process models. This wide spread contributes uncertainty to predictions of future climate. We compare the mean and variance of GPP from these models to that of GPP at six eddy covariance (EC) towers. Only one model's mean GPP across all sites falls within a 99% confidence interval for EC GPP, and only one model matches EC variance. The strength of model response to climate drivers is related to model ability to match the seasonal pattern of the EC GPP. Models with stronger seasonal swings in GPP have stronger responses to rain, light, and temperature than does EC GPP. The model to data comparison illustrates a trade-off inherent to deterministic models between accurate simulation of a mean (average) and accurate responsiveness to drivers. The trade-off exists because all deterministic models simplify processes and lack at least some consequential driver or interaction. If a model's sensitivities to included drivers and their interactions are accurate, then deterministically predicted outcomes have less variability than is realistic. If a GPP model has stronger responses to climate drivers than found in data, model predictions may match the observed variance and seasonal pattern but are likely to overpredict GPP response to climate change. High or realistic variability of model estimates relative to reference data indicate that the model is hypersensitive to one or more drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Gallup
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Ian T. Baker
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - John L. Gallup
- Department of EconomicsPortland State UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Natalia Restrepo‐Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSWAustralia
| | | | - Nicholas M. Geyer
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - A. Scott Denning
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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25
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McCain JSP, Tagliabue A, Susko E, Achterberg EP, Allen AE, Bertrand EM. Cellular costs underpin micronutrient limitation in phytoplankton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabg6501. [PMID: 34362734 PMCID: PMC8346223 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrients control phytoplankton growth in the ocean, influencing carbon export and fisheries. It is currently unclear how micronutrient scarcity affects cellular processes and how interdependence across micronutrients arises. We show that proximate causes of micronutrient growth limitation and interdependence are governed by cumulative cellular costs of acquiring and using micronutrients. Using a mechanistic proteomic allocation model of a polar diatom focused on iron and manganese, we demonstrate how cellular processes fundamentally underpin micronutrient limitation, and how they interact and compensate for each other to shape cellular elemental stoichiometry and resource interdependence. We coupled our model with metaproteomic and environmental data, yielding an approach for estimating biogeochemical metrics, including taxon-specific growth rates. Our results show that cumulative cellular costs govern how environmental conditions modify phytoplankton growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott P McCain
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Edward Susko
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Eric P Achterberg
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erin M Bertrand
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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26
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Oliveira RS, Eller CB, Barros FDV, Hirota M, Brum M, Bittencourt P. Linking plant hydraulics and the fast-slow continuum to understand resilience to drought in tropical ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:904-923. [PMID: 33570772 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropical ecosystems have the highest levels of biodiversity, cycle more water and absorb more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. Consequently, these ecosystems are extremely important components of Earth's climatic system and biogeochemical cycles. Plant hydraulics is an essential discipline to understand and predict the dynamics of tropical vegetation in scenarios of changing water availability. Using published plant hydraulic data we show that the trade-off between drought avoidance (expressed as deep-rooting, deciduousness and capacitance) and hydraulic safety (P50 - the water potential when plants lose 50% of their maximum hydraulic conductivity) is a major axis of physiological variation across tropical ecosystems. We also propose a novel and independent axis of hydraulic trait variation linking vulnerability to hydraulic failure (expressed as the hydraulic safety margin (HSM)) and growth, where inherent fast-growing plants have lower HSM compared to slow-growing plants. We surmise that soil nutrients are fundamental drivers of tropical community assembly determining the distribution and abundance of the slow-safe/fast-risky strategies. We conclude showing that including either the growth-HSM or the resistance-avoidance trade-off in models can make simulated tropical rainforest communities substantially more vulnerable to drought than similar communities without the trade-off. These results suggest that vegetation models need to represent hydraulic trade-off axes to accurately project the functioning and distribution of tropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cleiton B Eller
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de V Barros
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Marina Hirota
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Paulo Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
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27
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Assessment of Potential Climate Change Impacts on Montane Forests in the Peruvian Andes: Implications for Conservation Prioritization. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Future climate change will result in profound shifts in the distribution and abundance of biodiversity in the Tropical Andes, and poses a challenge to contemporary conservation planning in the region. However, currently it is not well understood where the impacts of climate disruption will be most severe and how conservation policy should respond. This study examines climate change impacts in the Peruvian Andes, with a specific focus on tropical montane forest ecosystems, which are particularly susceptible to climate change. Using an ensemble of classification models coupled with different climate change scenarios, we estimate high and low potential impacts on montane forest, by projecting which areas will become climatically unsuitable to support montane forest ecosystems by 2070. These projections are subsequently used to examine potential impacts on protected areas containing montane forest. The modeling output indicates that climate change will have a high potential impact on 58% of all montane forests, particularly in the elevation range between 800 and 1200 m.a.s.l. Furthermore, about 64% of montane forests located in protected areas will be exposed to high potential impact. These results highlight the need for Peru’s conservation institutions to incorporate climate change considerations into prevailing conservation plans and adaptation strategies. To adjust to climate change, the adaptive capacity of forest ecosystems in the Peruvian Andes should be enhanced through restorative and preventive conservation measures such as improving forest functions and mitigating deforestation and forest degradation pressures.
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28
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Heinrich VHA, Dalagnol R, Cassol HLG, Rosan TM, de Almeida CT, Silva Junior CHL, Campanharo WA, House JI, Sitch S, Hales TC, Adami M, Anderson LO, Aragão LEOC. Large carbon sink potential of secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon to mitigate climate change. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1785. [PMID: 33741981 PMCID: PMC7979697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical secondary forests sequester carbon up to 20 times faster than old-growth forests. This rate does not capture spatial regrowth patterns due to environmental and disturbance drivers. Here we quantify the influence of such drivers on the rate and spatial patterns of regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon using satellite data. Carbon sequestration rates of young secondary forests (<20 years) in the west are ~60% higher (3.0 ± 1.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) compared to those in the east (1.3 ± 0.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). Disturbances reduce regrowth rates by 8-55%. The 2017 secondary forest carbon stock, of 294 Tg C, could be 8% higher by avoiding fires and repeated deforestation. Maintaining the 2017 secondary forest area has the potential to accumulate ~19.0 Tg C yr-1 until 2030, contributing ~5.5% to Brazil's 2030 net emissions reduction target. Implementing legal mechanisms to protect and expand secondary forests whilst supporting old-growth conservation is, therefore, key to realising their potential as a nature-based climate solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola H. A. Heinrich
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ricardo Dalagnol
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Henrique L. G. Cassol
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Thais M. Rosan
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Catherine Torres de Almeida
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Celso H. L. Silva Junior
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Wesley A. Campanharo
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Joanna I. House
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Cabot institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tristram C. Hales
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marcos Adami
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Amazon Regional Center, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Belém, Brazil
| | - Liana O. Anderson
- National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disaster (CEMADEN), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- grid.419222.e0000 0001 2116 4512Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, Brazil ,grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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29
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Muller-Landau HC, Cushman KC, Arroyo EE, Martinez Cano I, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Backiel B. Patterns and mechanisms of spatial variation in tropical forest productivity, woody residence time, and biomass. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3065-3087. [PMID: 33207007 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests vary widely in biomass carbon (C) stocks and fluxes even after controlling for forest age. A mechanistic understanding of this variation is critical to accurately predicting responses to global change. We review empirical studies of spatial variation in tropical forest biomass, productivity and woody residence time, focusing on mature forests. Woody productivity and biomass decrease from wet to dry forests and with elevation. Within lowland forests, productivity and biomass increase with temperature in wet forests, but decrease with temperature where water becomes limiting. Woody productivity increases with soil fertility, whereas residence time decreases, and biomass responses are variable, consistent with an overall unimodal relationship. Areas with higher disturbance rates and intensities have lower woody residence time and biomass. These environmental gradients all involve both direct effects of changing environments on forest C fluxes and shifts in functional composition - including changing abundances of lianas - that substantially mitigate or exacerbate direct effects. Biogeographic realms differ significantly and importantly in productivity and biomass, even after controlling for climate and biogeochemistry, further demonstrating the importance of plant species composition. Capturing these patterns in global vegetation models requires better mechanistic representation of water and nutrient limitation, plant compositional shifts and tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene C Muller-Landau
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - K C Cushman
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Eva E Arroyo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Isabel Martinez Cano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Bogumila Backiel
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
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30
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The Role of Vegetation on the Dynamics of Water and Fire in the Cerrado Ecosystems: Implications for Management and Conservation. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121803. [PMID: 33353242 PMCID: PMC7766540 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Cerrado is the richest savanna and is undergoing one of the planet’s most rapid land transformations for pasture and agriculture; around 45% of the biome has been deforested. Agriculture is of strategic importance to Brazil, but it also modifies ecosystems and jeopardizes habitats and biodiversity. Well-managed agricultural lands can have a favorable impact on environmental conservation. In this paper, we reviewed our current knowledge about water ecology and fire management to show that an ecosystem services perspective can bring about a conciliation of agriculture production with conservation by supporting effective land use decision-making and the optimization of public policy. The landscape/watershed scale seems to be the most relevant for decision-making on how to achieve production and conservation results. This scale appears to be an appropriate level for engaging with stakeholders. Fire frequency and timing (season) combination are determinant of individuals’ survivorship. The combination determines vegetation recovery, and it is important to maintain high biodiversity, especially for the herbaceous layer, but it is a limitation to woody vegetation recovery. A pragmatic and conciliatory land use agenda must be based on scientific knowledge and support innovative decision-making solutions for policy-makers and stakeholders, particularly farmers and donors.
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31
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Albrich K, Rammer W, Turner MG, Ratajczak Z, Braziunas KH, Hansen WD, Seidl R. Simulating forest resilience: A review. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2020; 29:2082-2096. [PMID: 33380902 PMCID: PMC7756463 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Simulation models are important tools for quantifying the resilience (i.e., persistence under changed environmental conditions) of forest ecosystems to global change. We synthesized the modelling literature on forest resilience, summarizing common models and applications in resilience research, and scrutinizing the implementation of important resilience mechanisms in these models. Models applied to assess resilience are highly diverse, and our goal was to assess how well they account for important resilience mechanisms identified in experimental and empirical research. LOCATION Global. TIME PERIOD 1994 to 2019. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Trees. METHODS We reviewed the forest resilience literature using online databases, selecting 119 simulation modelling studies for further analysis. We identified a set of resilience mechanisms from the general resilience literature and analysed models for their representation of these mechanisms. Analyses were grouped by investigated drivers (resilience to what) and responses (resilience of what), as well as by the type of model being used. RESULTS Models used to study forest resilience varied widely, from analytical approaches to complex landscape simulators. The most commonly addressed questions were associated with resilience of forest cover to fire. Important resilience mechanisms pertaining to regeneration, soil processes, and disturbance legacies were explicitly simulated in only 34 to 46% of the model applications. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We found a large gap between processes identified as underpinning forest resilience in the theoretical and empirical literature, and those represented in models used to assess forest resilience. Contemporary forest models developed for other goals may be poorly suited for studying forest resilience during an era of accelerating change. Our results highlight the need for a new wave of model development to enhance understanding of and management for resilient forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Albrich
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaWienAustria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management GroupTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaWienAustria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management GroupTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Zak Ratajczak
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Kristin H. Braziunas
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaWienAustria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management GroupTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
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32
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Different refuge types dampen exotic invasion and enhance diversity at the whole ecosystem scale in a heterogeneous river system. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Ferraz A, Saatchi SS, Longo M, Clark DB. Tropical tree size-frequency distributions from airborne lidar. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02154. [PMID: 32347996 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In tropical rainforests, tree size and number density are influenced by disturbance history, soil, topography, climate, and biological factors that are difficult to predict without detailed and widespread forest inventory data. Here, we quantify tree size-frequency distributions over an old-growth wet tropical forest at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica by using an individual tree crown (ITC) algorithm on airborne lidar measurements. The ITC provided tree height, crown area, the number of trees >10 m height and, predicted tree diameter, and aboveground biomass from field allometry. The number density showed strong agreement with field observations at the plot- (97.4%; 3% bias) and tree-height-classes level (97.4%; 3% bias). The lidar trees size spectra of tree diameter and height closely follow the distributions measured on the ground but showed less agreement with crown area observations. The model to convert lidar-derived tree height and crown area to tree diameter produced unbiased (0.8%) estimates of plot-level basal area and with low uncertainty (6%). Predictions on basal area for tree height classes were also unbiased (1.3%) but with larger uncertainties (22%). The biomass estimates had no significant bias at the plot- and tree-height-classes level (-5.2% and 2.1%). Our ITC method provides a powerful tool for tree- to landscape-level tropical forest inventory and biomass estimation by overcoming the limitations of lidar area-based approaches that require local calibration using a large number of inventory plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Ferraz
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA
| | - Sassan S Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA
| | - Marcos Longo
- NASA Postdoctoral fellow, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
| | - David B Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
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34
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Yáñez-Serrano AM, Bourtsoukidis E, Alves EG, Bauwens M, Stavrakou T, Llusià J, Filella I, Guenther A, Williams J, Artaxo P, Sindelarova K, Doubalova J, Kesselmeier J, Peñuelas J. Amazonian biogenic volatile organic compounds under global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4722-4751. [PMID: 32445424 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play important roles at cellular, foliar, ecosystem and atmospheric levels. The Amazonian rainforest represents one of the major global sources of BVOCs, so its study is essential for understanding BVOC dynamics. It also provides insights into the role of such large and biodiverse forest ecosystem in regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate. We review the current information on Amazonian BVOCs and identify future research priorities exploring biogenic emissions and drivers, ecological interactions, atmospheric impacts, depositional processes and modifications to BVOC dynamics due to changes in climate and land cover. A feedback loop between Amazonian BVOCs and the trends of climate and land-use changes in Amazonia is then constructed. Satellite observations and model simulation time series demonstrate the validity of the proposed loop showing a combined effect of climate change and deforestation on BVOC emission in Amazonia. A decreasing trend of isoprene during the wet season, most likely due to forest biomass loss, and an increasing trend of the sesquiterpene to isoprene ratio during the dry season suggest increasing temperature stress-induced emissions due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Yáñez-Serrano
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Efstratios Bourtsoukidis
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eliane G Alves
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Maite Bauwens
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joan Llusià
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Doubalova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Modelling and Assessment Department, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jürgen Kesselmeier
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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35
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Martínez Cano I, Shevliakova E, Malyshev S, Wright SJ, Detto M, Pacala SW, Muller-Landau HC. Allometric constraints and competition enable the simulation of size structure and carbon fluxes in a dynamic vegetation model of tropical forests (LM3PPA-TV). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4478-4494. [PMID: 32463934 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are a key determinant of the functioning of the Earth system, but remain a major source of uncertainty in carbon cycle models and climate change projections. In this study, we present an updated land model (LM3PPA-TV) to improve the representation of tropical forest structure and dynamics in Earth system models (ESMs). The development and parameterization of LM3PPA-TV drew on extensive datasets on tropical tree traits and long-term field censuses from Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. The model defines a new plant functional type (PFT) based on the characteristics of shade-tolerant, tropical tree species, implements a new growth allocation scheme based on realistic tree allometries, incorporates hydraulic constraints on biomass accumulation, and features a new compartment for tree branches and branch fall dynamics. Simulation experiments reproduced observed diurnal and seasonal patterns in stand-level carbon and water fluxes, as well as mean canopy and understory tree growth rates, tree size distributions, and stand-level biomass on BCI. Simulations at multiple sites captured considerable variation in biomass and size structure across the tropical forest biome, including observed responses to precipitation and temperature. Model experiments suggested a major role of water limitation in controlling geographic variation forest biomass and structure. However, the failure to simulate tropical forests under extreme conditions and the systematic underestimation of forest biomass in Paleotropical locations highlighted the need to incorporate variation in hydraulic traits and multiple PFTs that capture the distinct floristic composition across tropical domains. The continued pressure on tropical forests from global change demands models which are able to simulate alternative successional pathways and their pace to recovery. LM3PPA-TV provides a tool to investigate geographic variation in tropical forests and a benchmark to continue improving the representation of tropical forests dynamics and their carbon storage potential in ESMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martínez Cano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sergey Malyshev
- NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Matteo Detto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Stephen W Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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36
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Longo M, Saatchi S, Keller M, Bowman K, Ferraz A, Moorcroft PR, Morton DC, Bonal D, Brando P, Burban B, Derroire G, dos‐Santos MN, Meyer V, Saleska S, Trumbore S, Vincent G. Impacts of Degradation on Water, Energy, and Carbon Cycling of the Amazon Tropical Forests. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2020; 125:e2020JG005677. [PMID: 32999796 PMCID: PMC7507752 DOI: 10.1029/2020jg005677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Selective logging, fragmentation, and understory fires directly degrade forest structure and composition. However, studies addressing the effects of forest degradation on carbon, water, and energy cycles are scarce. Here, we integrate field observations and high-resolution remote sensing from airborne lidar to provide realistic initial conditions to the Ecosystem Demography Model (ED-2.2) and investigate how disturbances from forest degradation affect gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and sensible heat flux (H). We used forest structural information retrieved from airborne lidar samples (13,500 ha) and calibrated with 817 inventory plots (0.25 ha) across precipitation and degradation gradients in the eastern Amazon as initial conditions to ED-2.2 model. Our results show that the magnitude and seasonality of fluxes were modulated by changes in forest structure caused by degradation. During the dry season and under typical conditions, severely degraded forests (biomass loss ≥66%) experienced water stress with declines in ET (up to 34%) and GPP (up to 35%) and increases of H (up to 43%) and daily mean ground temperatures (up to 6.5°C) relative to intact forests. In contrast, the relative impact of forest degradation on energy, water, and carbon cycles markedly diminishes under extreme, multiyear droughts, as a consequence of severe stress experienced by intact forests. Our results highlight that the water and energy cycles in the Amazon are driven by not only climate and deforestation but also the past disturbance and changes of forest structure from degradation, suggesting a much broader influence of human land use activities on the tropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Longo
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Sassan Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Institute of Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Michael Keller
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- International Institute of Tropical ForestryUSDA Forest ServiceRio PiedrasPuerto Rico
- Embrapa Informática AgropecuáriaCampinasBrazil
| | - Kevin Bowman
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - António Ferraz
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Institute of Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Paul R. Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SilvaNancyFrance
| | - Paulo Brando
- Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
- Woods Hole Research CenterWoods HoleMAUSA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Benoît Burban
- Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR 0745 EcoFoG, Campus AgronomiqueKourouFrance
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Campus AgronomiqueKourouFrance
| | | | - Victoria Meyer
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Scott Saleska
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | | | - Grégoire Vincent
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAEMontpellierFrance
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37
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Zhang H, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang W, Gao J. Co-adaptation enhances the resilience of mutualistic networks. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200236. [PMID: 32693741 PMCID: PMC7423412 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic networks, which describe the ecological interactions between multiple types of species such as plants and pollinators, play a paramount role in the generation of Earth's biodiversity. The resilience of a mutualistic network denotes its ability to retain basic functionality when errors and failures threaten the persistence of the community. Under the disturbances of mass extinctions and human-induced disasters, it is crucial to understand how mutualistic networks respond to changes, which enables the system to increase resilience and tolerate further damages. Despite recent advances in the modelling of the structure-based adaptation, we lack mathematical and computational models to describe and capture the co-adaptation between the structure and dynamics of mutualistic networks. In this paper, we incorporate dynamic features into the adaptation of structure and propose a co-adaptation model that drastically enhances the resilience of non-adaptive and structure-based adaptation models. Surprisingly, the reason for the enhancement is that the co-adaptation mechanism simultaneously increases the heterogeneity of the mutualistic network significantly without changing its connectance. Owing to the broad applications of mutualistic networks, our findings offer new ways to design mechanisms that enhance the resilience of many other systems, such as smart infrastructures and social-economical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Zhang
- Automation Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Processing and Intelligence Control, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Automation Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxi Gao
- Department of Computer Science and Network Science and Technology Center, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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38
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Albrich K, Rammer W, Seidl R. Climate change causes critical transitions and irreversible alterations of mountain forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4013-4027. [PMID: 32301569 PMCID: PMC7317840 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mountain forests are at particular risk of climate change impacts due to their temperature limitation and high exposure to warming. At the same time, their complex topography may help to buffer the effects of climate change and create climate refugia. Whether climate change can lead to critical transitions of mountain forest ecosystems and whether such transitions are reversible remain incompletely understood. We investigated the resilience of forest composition and size structure to climate change, focusing on a mountain forest landscape in the Eastern Alps. Using the individual-based forest landscape model iLand, we simulated ecosystem responses to a wide range of climatic changes (up to a 6°C increase in mean annual temperature and a 30% reduction in mean annual precipitation), testing for tipping points in vegetation size structure and composition under different topography scenarios. We found that at warming levels above +2°C a threshold was crossed, with the system tipping into an alternative state. The system shifted from a conifer-dominated landscape characterized by large trees to a landscape dominated by smaller, predominantly broadleaved trees. Topographic complexity moderated climate change impacts, smoothing and delaying the transitions between alternative vegetation states. We subsequently reversed the simulated climate forcing to assess the ability of the landscape to recover from climate change impacts. The forest landscape showed hysteresis, particularly in scenarios with lower precipitation. At the same mean annual temperature, equilibrium vegetation size structure and species composition differed between warming and cooling trajectories. Here we show that even moderate warming corresponding to current policy targets could result in critical transitions of forest ecosystems and highlight the importance of topographic complexity as a buffering agent. Furthermore, our results show that overshooting ambitious climate mitigation targets could be dangerous, as ecological impacts can be irreversible at millennial time scales once a tipping point has been crossed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Albrich
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaViennaAustria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management GroupTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Werner Rammer
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaViennaAustria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management GroupTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaViennaAustria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management GroupTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
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39
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Abstract
Biological systems are dynamic and display heterogeneity at all levels. Ubiquitous heterogeneity, here called for poikilosis, is an integral and important property of organisms and in molecules, systems and processes within them. Traditionally, heterogeneity in biology and experiments has been considered as unwanted noise, here poikilosis is shown to be the normal state. Acceptable variation ranges are called as lagom. Non-lagom, variations that are too extensive, have negative effects, which influence interconnected levels and once the variation is large enough cause a disease and can lead even to death. Poikilosis has numerous applications and consequences e.g. for how to design, analyze and report experiments, how to develop and apply prediction and modelling methods, and in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Poikilosis-aware new and practical definitions are provided for life, death, senescence, disease, and lagom. Poikilosis is the first new unifying theory in biology since evolution and should be considered in every scientific study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, 22184, Sweden
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40
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Abstract
Biological systems are dynamic and display heterogeneity at all levels. Ubiquitous heterogeneity, here called for poikilosis, is an integral and important property of organisms and in molecules, systems and processes within them. Traditionally, heterogeneity in biology and experiments has been considered as unwanted noise, here poikilosis is shown to be the normal state. Acceptable variation ranges are called as lagom. Non-lagom, variations that are too extensive, have negative effects, which influence interconnected levels and once the variation is large enough cause a disease and can lead even to death. Poikilosis has numerous applications and consequences e.g. for how to design, analyze and report experiments, how to develop and apply prediction and modelling methods, and in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Poikilosis-aware new and practical definitions are provided for life, death, senescence, disease, and lagom. Poikilosis is the first new unifying theory in biology since evolution and should be considered in every scientific study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, 22184, Sweden
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41
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Rodríguez-Zorro PA, Ledru MP, Bard E, Aquino-Alfonso O, Camejo A, Daniau AL, Favier C, Garcia M, Mineli TD, Rostek F, Ricardi-Branco F, Sawakuchi AO, Simon Q, Tachikawa K, Thouveny N. Shut down of the South American summer monsoon during the penultimate glacial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6275. [PMID: 32296075 PMCID: PMC7160121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed changes in mean annual air temperature (MAAT), vegetation and biomass burning on a long and continuous lake-peat sediment record from the Colônia basin, southeastern Brazil, examining the responses of a wet tropical rainforest over the last 180 ka. Stronger southern atmospheric circulation up to the latitude of Colônia was found for the penultimate glacial with lower temperatures than during the last glacial, while strengthening of the South American summer monsoon (SASM) circulation started during the last interglacial and progressively enhanced a longer wet summer season from 95 ka until the present. Past MAAT variations and fire history were possibly modulated by eccentricity, although with signatures which differ in average and in amplitude between the last 180 ka. Vegetation responses were driven by the interplay between the SASM and southern circulation linked to Antarctic ice volume, inferred by the presence of a cool mixed evergreen forest from 180 to 45 ka progressively replaced by a rainforest. We report cooler temperatures during the marine isotope stage 3 (MIS 3: 57-29 ka) than during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 23-19 ka). Our findings show that tropical forest dynamics display different patterns than mid-latitude during the last 180 ka.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edouard Bard
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Adriana Camejo
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, 13081-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Charly Favier
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marta Garcia
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Thays D Mineli
- Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frauke Rostek
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | | | - Quentin Simon
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Kazuyo Tachikawa
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Nicolas Thouveny
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
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42
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Hofhansl F, Chacón-Madrigal E, Fuchslueger L, Jenking D, Morera-Beita A, Plutzar C, Silla F, Andersen KM, Buchs DM, Dullinger S, Fiedler K, Franklin O, Hietz P, Huber W, Quesada CA, Rammig A, Schrodt F, Vincent AG, Weissenhofer A, Wanek W. Climatic and edaphic controls over tropical forest diversity and vegetation carbon storage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5066. [PMID: 32193471 PMCID: PMC7081197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical rainforests harbor exceptionally high biodiversity and store large amounts of carbon in vegetation biomass. However, regional variation in plant species richness and vegetation carbon stock can be substantial, and may be related to the heterogeneity of topoedaphic properties. Therefore, aboveground vegetation carbon storage typically differs between geographic forest regions in association with the locally dominant plant functional group. A better understanding of the underlying factors controlling tropical forest diversity and vegetation carbon storage could be critical for predicting tropical carbon sink strength in response to projected climate change. Based on regionally replicated 1-ha forest inventory plots established in a region of high geomorphological heterogeneity we investigated how climatic and edaphic factors affect tropical forest diversity and vegetation carbon storage. Plant species richness (of all living stems >10 cm in diameter) ranged from 69 to 127 ha-1 and vegetation carbon storage ranged from 114 to 200 t ha-1. While plant species richness was controlled by climate and soil water availability, vegetation carbon storage was strongly related to wood density and soil phosphorus availability. Results suggest that local heterogeneity in resource availability and plant functional composition should be considered to improve projections of tropical forest ecosystem functioning under future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hofhansl
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | | | - Lucia Fuchslueger
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Jenking
- Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Albert Morera-Beita
- Laboratory of Applied Tropical Ecology, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Christoph Plutzar
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando Silla
- Area of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Kelly M Andersen
- Nanyang Technological University, Asian School of the Environment, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M Buchs
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar Franklin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Hietz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Huber
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos A Quesada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Avenida Ephigenio Salles 2239, Aleixo - 69000000, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Anja Rammig
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-v.-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Franziska Schrodt
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea G Vincent
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Anton Weissenhofer
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology & Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cooper GS, Willcock S, Dearing JA. Regime shifts occur disproportionately faster in larger ecosystems. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1175. [PMID: 32157098 PMCID: PMC7064493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Regime shifts can abruptly affect hydrological, climatic and terrestrial systems, leading to degraded ecosystems and impoverished societies. While the frequency of regime shifts is predicted to increase, the fundamental relationships between the spatial-temporal scales of shifts and their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we analyse empirical data from terrestrial (n = 4), marine (n = 25) and freshwater (n = 13) environments and show positive sub-linear empirical relationships between the size and shift duration of systems. Each additional unit area of an ecosystem provides an increasingly smaller unit of time taken for that system to collapse, meaning that large systems tend to shift more slowly than small systems but disproportionately faster. We substantiate these findings with five computational models that reveal the importance of system structure in controlling shift duration. The findings imply that shifts in Earth ecosystems occur over 'human' timescales of years and decades, meaning the collapse of large vulnerable ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest and Caribbean coral reefs, may take only a few decades once triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Cooper
- Centre for Development, Environment and Policy (CeDEP), School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, WC1H 0XG, UK
| | - Simon Willcock
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - John A Dearing
- Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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44
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Rutishauser E, Wright SJ, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Davies SJ, Muller-Landau HC. Testing for changes in biomass dynamics in large-scale forest datasets. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1485-1498. [PMID: 31498520 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forest responses to climate and atmospheric change are critical to the future of the global carbon budget. Recent studies have reported increases in estimated above-ground biomass (EAGB) stocks, productivity, and mortality in old-growth tropical forests. These increases could reflect a shift in forest functioning due to global change and/or long-lasting recovery from past disturbance. We introduce a novel approach to disentangle the relative contributions of these mechanisms by decomposing changes in whole-plot biomass fluxes into contributions from changes in the distribution of gap-successional stages and changes in fluxes for a given stage. Using 30 years of forest dynamic data at Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we investigated temporal variation in EAGB fluxes as a function of initial EAGB (EAGBi ) in 10 × 10 m quadrats. Productivity and mortality fluxes both increased strongly with initial quadrat EAGB. The distribution of EAGB (and thus EAGBi ) across quadrats hardly varied over 30 years (and seven censuses). EAGB fluxes as a function of EAGBi varied largely and significantly among census intervals, with notably higher productivity in 1985-1990 associated with recovery from the 1982-1983 El Niño event. Variation in whole-plot fluxes among census intervals was explained overwhelmingly by variation in fluxes as a function of EAGBi , with essentially no contribution from changes in EAGBi distributions. The high observed temporal variation in productivity and mortality suggests that this forest is very sensitive to climate variability. There was no consistent long-term trend in productivity, mortality, or biomass in this forest over 30 years, although the temporal variability in productivity and mortality was so strong that it could well mask a substantial trend. Accurate prediction of future tropical forest carbon budgets will require accounting for disturbance-recovery dynamics and understanding temporal variability in productivity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
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45
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Tropical carbon sink accelerated by symbiotic dinitrogen fixation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5637. [PMID: 31822758 PMCID: PMC6904724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major uncertainty in the land carbon cycle is whether symbiotic nitrogen fixation acts to enhance the tropical forest carbon sink. Nitrogen-fixing trees can supply vital quantities of the growth-limiting nutrient nitrogen, but the extent to which the resulting carbon–nitrogen feedback safeguards ecosystem carbon sequestration remains unclear. We combine (i) field observations from 112 plots spanning 300 years of succession in Panamanian tropical forests, and (ii) a new model that resolves nitrogen and light competition at the scale of individual trees. Fixation doubled carbon accumulation in early succession and enhanced total carbon in mature forests by ~10% (~12MgC ha−1) through two mechanisms: (i) a direct fixation effect on tree growth, and (ii) an indirect effect on the successional sequence of non-fixing trees. We estimate that including nitrogen-fixing trees in Neotropical reforestation projects could safeguard the sequestration of 6.7 Gt CO2 over the next 20 years. Our results highlight the connection between functional diversity of plant communities and the critical ecosystem service of carbon sequestration for mitigating climate change. The contribution of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation to the forest carbon sink could change throughout forest succession. Here the authors model nitrogen cycling and light competition between trees based on data from Panamanian forest plots, showing that fixation contributes substantially to the carbon sink in early successional stages.
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46
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Cushman SA, McGarigal K. Metrics and Models for Quantifying Ecological Resilience at Landscape Scales. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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di Porcia e Brugnera M, Meunier F, Longo M, Krishna Moorthy SM, De Deurwaerder H, Schnitzer SA, Bonal D, Faybishenko B, Verbeeck H. Modeling the impact of liana infestation on the demography and carbon cycle of tropical forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3767-3780. [PMID: 31310429 PMCID: PMC6856694 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting empirical evidence that lianas affect the carbon cycle of tropical forests. However, no single vegetation model takes into account this growth form, although such efforts could greatly improve the predictions of carbon dynamics in tropical forests. In this study, we incorporated a novel mechanistic representation of lianas in a dynamic global vegetation model (the Ecosystem Demography Model). We developed a liana-specific plant functional type and mechanisms representing liana-tree interactions (such as light competition, liana-specific allometries, and attachment to host trees) and parameterized them according to a comprehensive literature meta-analysis. We tested the model for an old-growth forest (Paracou, French Guiana) and a secondary forest (Gigante Peninsula, Panama). The resulting model simulations captured many features of the two forests characterized by different levels of liana infestation as revealed by a systematic comparison of the model outputs with empirical data, including local census data from forest inventories, eddy flux tower data, and terrestrial laser scanner-derived forest vertical structure. The inclusion of lianas in the simulations reduced the secondary forest net productivity by up to 0.46 tC ha-1 year-1 , which corresponds to a limited relative reduction of 2.6% in comparison with a reference simulation without lianas. However, this resulted in significantly reduced accumulated above-ground biomass after 70 years of regrowth by up to 20 tC /ha (19% of the reference simulation). Ultimately, the simulated negative impact of lianas on the total biomass was almost completely cancelled out when the forest reached an old-growth successional stage. Our findings suggest that lianas negatively influence the forest potential carbon sink strength, especially for young, disturbed, liana-rich sites. In light of the critical role that lianas play in the profound changes currently experienced by tropical forests, this new model provides a robust numerical tool to forecast the impact of lianas on tropical forest carbon sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Félicien Meunier
- CAVElab – Computational and Applied Vegetation EcologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Ecological Forecasting LabDepartment of Earth and EnvironmentBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Marcos Longo
- Embrapa Agricultural InformaticsCampinasSPBrazil
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | | | - Stefan A. Schnitzer
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaAnconPanama
- Department of Biological SciencesMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Damien Bonal
- UMR SilvaUniversité de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRANancyFrance
| | - Boris Faybishenko
- Earth and Environmental Science AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab – Computational and Applied Vegetation EcologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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48
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Medvigy D, Wang G, Zhu Q, Riley WJ, Trierweiler AM, Waring BG, Xu X, Powers JS. Observed variation in soil properties can drive large variation in modelled forest functioning and composition during tropical forest secondary succession. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1820-1833. [PMID: 30980535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Censuses of tropical forest plots reveal large variation in biomass and plant composition. This paper evaluates whether such variation can emerge solely from realistic variation in a set of commonly measured soil chemical and physical properties. Controlled simulations were performed using a mechanistic model that includes forest dynamics, microbe-mediated biogeochemistry, and competition for nitrogen and phosphorus. Observations from 18 forest inventory plots in Guanacaste, Costa Rica were used to determine realistic variation in soil properties. In simulations of secondary succession, the across-plot range in plant biomass reached 30% of the mean and was attributable primarily to nutrient limitation and secondarily to soil texture differences that affected water availability. The contributions of different plant functional types to total biomass varied widely across plots and depended on soil nutrient status. In Central America, soil-induced variation in plant biomass increased with mean annual precipitation because of changes in nutrient limitation. In Central America, large variation in plant biomass and ecosystem composition arises mechanistically from realistic variation in soil properties. The degree of biomass and compositional variation is climate sensitive. In general, model predictions can be improved through better representation of soil nutrient processes, including their spatial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Medvigy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Gangsheng Wang
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Qing Zhu
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William J Riley
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Annette M Trierweiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Bonnie G Waring
- Biology Department and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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49
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Barros FDV, Bittencourt PRL, Brum M, Restrepo-Coupe N, Pereira L, Teodoro GS, Saleska SR, Borma LS, Christoffersen BO, Penha D, Alves LF, Lima AJN, Carneiro VMC, Gentine P, Lee JE, Aragão LEOC, Ivanov V, Leal LSM, Araujo AC, Oliveira RS. Hydraulic traits explain differential responses of Amazonian forests to the 2015 El Niño-induced drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1253-1266. [PMID: 31077396 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reducing uncertainties in the response of tropical forests to global change requires understanding how intra- and interannual climatic variability selects for different species, community functional composition and ecosystem functioning, so that the response to climatic events of differing frequency and severity can be predicted. Here we present an extensive dataset of hydraulic traits of dominant species in two tropical Amazon forests with contrasting precipitation regimes - low seasonality forest (LSF) and high seasonality forest (HSF) - and relate them to community and ecosystem response to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of 2015. Hydraulic traits indicated higher drought tolerance in the HSF than in the LSF. Despite more intense drought and lower plant water potentials in HSF during the 2015-ENSO, greater xylem embolism resistance maintained similar hydraulic safety margin as in LSF. This likely explains how ecosystem-scale whole-forest canopy conductance at HSF maintained a similar response to atmospheric drought as at LSF, despite their water transport systems operating at different water potentials. Our results indicate that contrasting precipitation regimes (at seasonal and interannual time scales) select for assemblies of hydraulic traits and taxa at the community level, which may have a significant role in modulating forest drought response at ecosystem scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de V Barros
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4SB, UK
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Grazielle S Teodoro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Laura S Borma
- Earth System Science Centre, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Bradley O Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Deliane Penha
- Society, Nature and Development Department, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA, 68035-110, Brazil
| | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adriano J N Lima
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas na Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Vilany M C Carneiro
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas na Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Brown University Providence, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4SB, UK
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Valeriy Ivanov
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA
| | - Leila S M Leal
- Laboratory of Sustainable Systems Analyses, Oriental Amazon Embrapa, Belém, Pará, 66083-156, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C Araujo
- LBA Program Micrometeorology Group, INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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50
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Chambers JC, Allen CR, Cushman SA. Operationalizing Ecological Resilience Concepts for Managing Species and Ecosystems at Risk. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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