1
|
Wang B, Han D, Hu X, Chen J, Liu Y, Wu J. Exploring the role of a novel postbiotic bile acid: Interplay with gut microbiota, modulation of the farnesoid X receptor, and prospects for clinical translation. Microbiol Res 2024; 287:127865. [PMID: 39121702 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, mainly resides in the colon, possesses a remarkable ability to metabolize different substrates to create bioactive substances, including short-chain fatty acids, indole-3-propionic acid, and secondary bile acids. In the liver, bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol and then undergo modification by the gut microbiota. Beyond those reclaimed by the enterohepatic circulation, small percentage of bile acids escaped reabsorption, entering the systemic circulation to bind to several receptors, such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR), thereby exert their biological effects. Gut microbiota interplays with bile acids by affecting their synthesis and determining the production of secondary bile acids. Reciprocally, bile acids shape out the structure of gut microbiota. The interplay of bile acids and FXR is involved in the development of multisystemic conditions, encompassing metabolic diseases, hepatobiliary diseases, immune associated disorders. In the review, we aim to provide a thorough review of the intricate crosstalk between the gut microbiota and bile acids, the physiological roles of bile acids and FXR in mammals' health and disease, and the clinical translational considerations of gut microbiota-bile acids-FXR in the treatment of the diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Z, Chen L, Chen M, Linghu L, Liao Z, Chen M, Wang G. Sarmentol H derived from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge directly targets FXR to mitigate cholestasis by recruiting SRC-1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155759. [PMID: 38788394 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a vital receptor for bile acids and plays an important role in the treatment of cholestatic liver disease. In addition to traditional bile acid-based steroidal agonists, synthetic alkaloids are the most commonly reported non-steroidal FXR agonists. Sarmentol H is a nor-sesquiterpenoid obtained from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, and in vitro screening experiments have shown that it might be related to the regulation of the FXR pathway in a previous study. PURPOSE To investigate the therapeutic effects of sarmentol H on cholestasis and to determine whether sarmentol H directly targets FXR to mitigate cholestasis. Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the key amino acid residues involved in the binding of sarmentol H to FXR through site-directed mutagenesis. METHODS An intrahepatic cholestasis mouse model was established to investigate the therapeutic effects of sarmentol H on cholestasis. In vitro experiments, including Co-Ip and FXR-EcRE-Luc assays, were performed to assess whether sarmentol H activates FXR by recruiting the receptor coactivator SRC1. CETSA, SIP, DARTS, and ITC were used to determine the binding of sarmentol H to FXR protein. The key amino acid residues for sarmentol H binding to FXR were analyzed by molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis. Finally, we conducted in vivo experiments on wild-type and Fxr-/- mice to further validate the anticholestatic target of sarmentol H. RESULTS Sarmentol H had significant ameliorative effects on the pathological conditions of cholestatic mice induced with ANIT. In vitro experiments suggested that it is capable of activating FXR and regulating downstream signaling pathways by recruiting SRC1. The target validation experiments showed that sarmentol H had the ability to bind to FXR as a ligand (KD = 2.55 μmol/L) and enhance the stability of its spatial structure. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis revealed that THR292 and TYR365 were key binding sites for sarmentol H and FXR. Furthermore, knockout of the Fxr gene resulted in a significantly higher degree of ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury than that in wild-type cholestatic mice, and the amelioration of cholestasis or regulatory effects on FXR downstream genes by sarmentol H also disappeared in Fxr-/- cholestatic mice. CONCLUSION Sarmentol H is an FXR agonist. This is the first study to show that it exerts a significant therapeutic effect on cholestatic mice, and can directly bind to FXR and activate it by recruiting the coactivator SRC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lang Linghu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guowei Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zißler J, Rothhammer V, Linnerbauer M. Gut-Brain Interactions and Their Impact on Astrocytes in the Context of Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond. Cells 2024; 13:497. [PMID: 38534341 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to physical and cognitive impairment in young adults. The increasing prevalence of MS underscores the critical need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent advances in neuroimmunology have highlighted the significant role of the gut microbiome in MS pathology, unveiling distinct alterations in patients' gut microbiota. Dysbiosis not only impacts gut-intrinsic processes but also influences the production of bacterial metabolites and hormones, which can regulate processes in remote tissues, such as the CNS. Central to this paradigm is the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal tract to the brain and spinal cord. Via specific routes, bacterial metabolites and hormones can influence CNS-resident cells and processes both directly and indirectly. Exploiting this axis, novel therapeutic interventions, including pro- and prebiotic treatments, have emerged as promising avenues with the aim of mitigating the severity of MS. This review delves into the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and the brain in the context of MS, summarizing current knowledge on the key signals of cross-organ crosstalk, routes of communication, and potential therapeutic relevance of the gut microbiome. Moreover, this review places particular emphasis on elucidating the influence of these interactions on astrocyte functions within the CNS, offering insights into their role in MS pathophysiology and potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zißler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang PF, Jiang F, Zeng QM, Yin WF, Hu YZ, Li Q, Hu ZL. Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction of peripheral immune cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:28. [PMID: 38243312 PMCID: PMC10799425 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination of nerves. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS, as studies have shown abnormalities in mitochondrial activities, metabolism, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, and mitochondrial morphology in immune cells of individuals with MS. The presence of mitochondrial dysfunctions in immune cells contributes to immunological dysregulation and neurodegeneration in MS. This review provided a comprehensive overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cells associated with MS, focusing on the potential consequences of mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming on immune function. Current challenges and future directions in the field of immune-metabolic MS and its potential as a therapeutic target were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Central Road, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qiu-Ming Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Central Road, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yue-Zi Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 233 Cai' e North Road, Changsha City, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Central Road, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Central Road, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Li J, Shi M, Fu J, Wang Y, Kang W, Liu J, Zhu F, Huang K, Chen X, Liu Y. Melatonin improves cholestatic liver disease via the gut-liver axis. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12929. [PMID: 38047407 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease is characterized by disturbances in the intestinal microbiota and excessive accumulation of toxic bile acids (BA) in the liver. Melatonin (MT) can improve liver diseases. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of MT on hepatic BA synthesis, liver injury, and fibrosis in 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-fed and Mdr2-/- mice. MT significantly improved hepatic injury and fibrosis with a significant decrease in hepatic BA accumulation in DDC-fed and Mdr2-/- mice. MT reprogramed gut microbiota and augmented fecal bile salt hydrolase activity, which was related to increasing intestinal BA deconjugation and fecal BA excretion in both DDC-fed and Mdr2-/- mice. MT significantly activated the intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF-15) axis and subsequently inhibited hepatic BA synthesis in DDC-fed and Mdr2-/- mice. MT failed to improve DDC-induced liver fibrosis and BA synthesis in antibiotic-treated mice. Furthermore, MT provided protection against DDC-induced liver injury and fibrosis in fecal microbiota transplantation mice. MT did not decrease liver injury and fibrosis in DDC-fed intestinal epithelial cell-specific FXR knockout mice, suggesting that the intestinal FXR mediated the anti-fibrosis effect of MT. In conclusion, MT ameliorates cholestatic liver diseases by remodeling gut microbiota and activating intestinal FXR/FGF-15 axis-mediated inhibition of hepatic BA synthesis and promotion of BA excretion in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengdie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weili Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fenxia Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu Q, Yuan C, Dong X, Wang Y, Li B, Tu B, Chen W, Xu X, Gong W, Xiao W, Ding Y, Hu L, Li W, Lu G. Bile acid metabolomics identifies chenodeoxycholic acid as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic necrosis. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101304. [PMID: 38035885 PMCID: PMC10772342 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are altered and associated with prognosis in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Here, we conduct targeted metabolomic analyses to detect bile acids changes in patients during the acute (n = 326) and the recovery (n = 133) phases of AP, as well as in healthy controls (n = 60). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) decreases in the acute phase, increases in the recovery phase, and is associated with pancreatic necrosis. CDCA and its derivative obeticholic acid exhibit a protective effect against acinar cell injury in vitro and pancreatic necrosis in murine models, and RNA sequencing reveals that the oxidative phosphorylation pathway is mainly involved. Moreover, we find that overexpression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR, CDCA receptor) inhibits pancreatic necrosis, and interfering expression of FXR exhibits an opposite phenotype in mice. Our results possibly suggest that targeting CDCA is a potential strategy for the treatment of acinar cell necrosis in AP, but further verification is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Zhu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Yuan
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaodong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Baiqiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingmeng Xu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lianghao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guotao Lu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheung KCP, Ma J, Loiola RA, Chen X, Jia W. Bile acid-activated receptors in innate and adaptive immunity: targeted drugs and biological agents. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250299. [PMID: 37172599 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid-activated receptors (BARs) such as a G-protein bile acid receptor 1 and the farnesol X receptor are activated by bile acids (BAs) and have been implicated in the regulation of microbiota-host immunity in the intestine. The mechanistic roles of these receptors in immune signaling suggest that they may also influence the development of metabolic disorders. In this perspective, we provide a summary of recent literature describing the main regulatory pathways and mechanisms of BARs and how they affect both innate and adaptive immune system, cell proliferation, and signaling in the context of inflammatory diseases. We also discuss new approaches for therapy and summarize clinical projects on BAs for the treatment of diseases. In parallel, some drugs that are classically used for other therapeutic purposes and BAR activity have recently been proposed as regulators of immune cells phenotype. Another strategy consists of using specific strains of gut bacteria to regulate BA production in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C P Cheung
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiao Ma
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xingxuan Chen
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shalon D, Culver RN, Grembi JA, Folz J, Treit PV, Shi H, Rosenberger FA, Dethlefsen L, Meng X, Yaffe E, Aranda-Díaz A, Geyer PE, Mueller-Reif JB, Spencer S, Patterson AD, Triadafilopoulos G, Holmes SP, Mann M, Fiehn O, Relman DA, Huang KC. Profiling the human intestinal environment under physiological conditions. Nature 2023; 617:581-591. [PMID: 37165188 PMCID: PMC10191855 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal structure of the human microbiome1,2, proteome3 and metabolome4,5 reflects and determines regional intestinal physiology and may have implications for disease6. Yet, little is known about the distribution of microorganisms, their environment and their biochemical activity in the gut because of reliance on stool samples and limited access to only some regions of the gut using endoscopy in fasting or sedated individuals7. To address these deficiencies, we developed an ingestible device that collects samples from multiple regions of the human intestinal tract during normal digestion. Collection of 240 intestinal samples from 15 healthy individuals using the device and subsequent multi-omics analyses identified significant differences between bacteria, phages, host proteins and metabolites in the intestines versus stool. Certain microbial taxa were differentially enriched and prophage induction was more prevalent in the intestines than in stool. The host proteome and bile acid profiles varied along the intestines and were highly distinct from those of stool. Correlations between gradients in bile acid concentrations and microbial abundance predicted species that altered the bile acid pool through deconjugation. Furthermore, microbially conjugated bile acid concentrations exhibited amino acid-dependent trends that were not apparent in stool. Overall, non-invasive, longitudinal profiling of microorganisms, proteins and bile acids along the intestinal tract under physiological conditions can help elucidate the roles of the gut microbiome and metabolome in human physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Neal Culver
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jessica A Grembi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Folz
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter V Treit
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Handuo Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Florian A Rosenberger
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Les Dethlefsen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Eitan Yaffe
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Philipp E Geyer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes B Mueller-Reif
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sean Spencer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - George Triadafilopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Silicon Valley Neurogastroenterology and Motility Center, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Susan P Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ehtezazi T, Rahman K, Davies R, Leach AG. The Pathological Effects of Circulating Hydrophobic Bile Acids in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:173-211. [PMID: 36994114 PMCID: PMC10041467 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical studies have revealed that the serum levels of toxic hydrophobic bile acids (deoxy cholic acid, lithocholic acid [LCA], and glycoursodeoxycholic acid) are significantly higher in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) when compared to control subjects. The elevated serum bile acids may be the result of hepatic peroxisomal dysfunction. Circulating hydrophobic bile acids are able to disrupt the blood-brain barrier and promote the formation of amyloid-β plaques through enhancing the oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid. Hydrophobic bile acid may find their ways into the neurons via the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. It has been shown that hydrophobic bile acids impose their pathological effects by activating farnesoid X receptor and suppressing bile acid synthesis in the brain, blocking NMDA receptors, lowering brain oxysterol levels, and interfering with 17β-estradiol actions such as LCA by binding to E2 receptors (molecular modelling data exclusive to this paper). Hydrophobic bile acids may interfere with the sonic hedgehog signaling through alteration of cell membrane rafts and reducing brain 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol. This article will 1) analyze the pathological roles of circulating hydrophobic bile acids in the brain, 2) propose therapeutic approaches, and 3) conclude that consideration be given to reducing/monitoring toxic bile acid levels in patients with AD or aMCI, prior/in combination with other treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rhys Davies
- The Walton Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Merchak AR, Cahill HJ, Brown LC, Brown RM, Rivet-Noor C, Beiter RM, Slogar ER, Olgun DG, Gaultier A. The activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in T cells tunes the gut microenvironment to sustain autoimmunity and neuroinflammation. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002000. [PMID: 36787309 PMCID: PMC9928083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin of the central nervous system (CNS) and currently has no cure. MS etiology is linked to both the gut flora and external environmental factors but this connection is not well understood. One immune system regulator responsive to nonpathogenic external stimuli is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR, which binds diverse molecules present in the environment in barrier tissues, is a therapeutic target for MS. However, AHR's precise function in T lymphocytes, the orchestrators of MS, has not been described. Here, we show that in a mouse model of MS, T cell-specific Ahr knockout leads to recovery driven by a decrease in T cell fitness. At the mechanistic level, we demonstrate that the absence of AHR changes the gut microenvironment composition to generate metabolites that impact T cell viability, such as bile salts and short chain fatty acids. Our study demonstrates a newly emerging role for AHR in mediating the interdependence between T lymphocytes and the microbiota, while simultaneously identifying new potential molecular targets for the treatment of MS and other autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Merchak
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hannah J. Cahill
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lucille C. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Courtney Rivet-Noor
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Beiter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erica R. Slogar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deniz G. Olgun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ladakis DC, Bhargava P. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis and Potential Approaches to Target the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:117-132. [PMID: 36690786 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-00986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has now been established that a perturbation in gut microbiome composition exists in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its interplay with the immune system and brain could potentially contribute to the development of the disease and influence its course. The effects of the gut microbiota on the disease may be mediated by direct interactions between bacteria and immune cells or through interactions of products of bacterial metabolism with immune and CNS cells. In this review article we summarize the ways in which the gut microbiome of people with MS differs from controls and how bacterial metabolites can potentially play a role in MS pathogenesis, and examine approaches to alter the composition of the gut microbiota potentially alleviating gut dysbiosis and impacting the course of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Ladakis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bile acids and neurological disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108311. [PMID: 36400238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on how bile acids are being used in clinical trials to treat neurological diseases due to their central involvement with the gut-liver-brain axis and their physiological and pathophysiological roles in both normal brain function and multiple neurological diseases. The synthesis of primary and secondary bile acids species and how the regulation of the bile acid pool may differ between the gut and brain is discussed. The expression of several bile acid receptors in brain and their currently known functions along with the tools available to manipulate them pharmacologically are examined, together with discussion of the interaction of bile acids with the gut microbiome and their lesser-known effects upon brain glucose and lipid metabolism. How dysregulation of the gut microbiome, aging and sex differences may lead to disruption of bile acid signalling and possible causal roles in a number of neurological disorders are also considered. Finally, we discuss how pharmacological treatments targeting bile acid receptors are currently being tested in an array of clinical trials for several different neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bronson SM, Westwood B, Cook KL, Emenaker NJ, Chappell MC, Roberts DD, Soto-Pantoja DR. Discrete Correlation Summation Clustering Reveals Differential Regulation of Liver Metabolism by Thrombospondin-1 in Low-Fat and High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:1036. [PMID: 36355119 PMCID: PMC9697255 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is a matricellular protein with many important roles in mediating carcinogenesis, fibrosis, leukocyte recruitment, and metabolism. We have previously shown a role of diet in the absence of TSP1 in liver metabolism in the context of a colorectal cancer model. However, the metabolic implications of TSP1 regulation by diet in the liver metabolism are currently understudied. Therefore Discrete correlation summation (DCS) was used to re-interrogate data and determine the metabolic alterations of TSP1 deficiency in the liver, providing new insights into the role of TSP1 in liver injury and the progression of liver pathologies such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). DCS analysis provides a straightforward approach to rank covariance and data clustering when analyzing complex data sets. Using this approach, our previous liver metabolite data was re-analyzed by comparing wild-type (WT) and Thrombospondin-1 null (Thbs1-/-) mice, identifying changes driven by genotype and diet. Principal component analysis showed clustering of animals by genotype regardless of diet, indicating that TSP1 deficiency alters metabolite handling in the liver. High-fat diet consumption significantly altered over 150 metabolites in the Thbs1-/- livers versus approximately 90 in the wild-type livers, most involved in amino acid metabolism. The absence of Thbs1 differentially regulated tryptophan and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites implicated in the progression of NAFLD. Overall, the lack of Thbs1 caused a significant shift in liver metabolism with potential implications for liver injury and the progression of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Bronson
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Brian Westwood
- Department of Surgery, Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Katherine L. Cook
- Department of Surgery, Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Nancy J. Emenaker
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark C. Chappell
- Department of Surgery, Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David R. Soto-Pantoja
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Department of Surgery, Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhong Y, Chen Y, Pan Z, Tang K, Zhong G, Guo J, Cui T, Li T, Duan S, Yang X, Gao Y, Wang Q, Zhang D. Ginsenoside Rc, as an FXR activator, alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via relieving inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027731. [PMID: 36278209 PMCID: PMC9585238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) intake leads to excessive NAPQI deposition, stimulating inflammatory and oxidative stress and causing fatal liver injury. However, the detailed molecular mechanism involved is unknown, and effective therapeutic approaches remain insufficient. In this study, we discovered that treatment with ginsenoside Rc can prevent the inflammatory response caused by APAP and oxidative stress in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs), along with the corresponding changes in related genes. Additionally, Ginsenoside Rc effectively alleviates APAP-induced cellular apoptosis and NAPQI accumulation in MPHs. In vivo, Ginsenoside Rc administration remarkably attenuates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, repairing liver damage and improving survival. Moreover, Ginsenoside Rc treatment modulates genes involved in APAP metabolism, leading to a decrease in NAPQI and resulting in the alleviation of fatal oxidative stress and inflammatory response after APAP exposure, along with the expression of their related indicators. Furthermore, our RNA-seq and molecular docking analysis implies that FXR expression and FXR transcriptional activity are stimulated by Ginsenoside Rc treatment. Notably, due to the lack of FXR in mice and MPHs, ginsenoside Rc can no longer play its original protective role against hepatotoxicity and cell damage caused by APAP, and it is difficult to improve the corresponding survival rate and prevent hepatic apoptosis, NAPQI generation, fatal oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response induced by APAP and the expression of related genes. In summary, our results indicate that Ginsenoside Rc could act as an effective FXR activator and effectively regulate FXR-induced antioxidant stress and eliminate inflammation while also having an anti-apoptotic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zhong
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjian Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisen Pan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijia Tang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Yong Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Dong Zhang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen SS, Lee D, Zhang H, Cao XH, DuPrez K. Long-term IgE immunological tolerance to peanut allergens: An alternative to Noon's daily desensitization paradigm. Cell Immunol 2022; 381:104611. [PMID: 36194940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we show that profound afferent long-term peanut-allergen-specific IgE immunological tolerance for 3 to 9 months induced sustained unresponsiveness (SU) in naïve or peanut-sensitized rodents after peanut allergen immunization. Rodents were vaccinated sublingually with a peanut allergen extract or recombinant peanut allergen in chenodeoxycholate (CDCA), a fanesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) agonist that downregulates SREBP-1c (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c) and upregulates SHP in bone marrow-derived tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs). Approximately 90 ∼ 95 % of the total circulating PE-potentiated IgE and Ara h1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 6 peanut allergen-specific IgE responses were suppressed by recombinant peanut allergen-conjugated solid magnetic beads (sensitivity of 0.2 IU/ml). In contrast, peanut allergen-specific IgG production was not affected. Similarly, oleoylethanolamine (OEA), a peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, and GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, induced long-term peanut-specific IgE tolerance when administered via the sublingual, oral or i.p. route. Prophylactic Ara h2 DNA immunization with caNRF2 and IL-35 coexpression induced Ara h2 IgE tolerance. In summary, peanut allergen vaccination with select natural molecular ligands of nuclear receptors induced long-term peanut allergen-specific IgE tolerance via the afferent limb, which indicates that vaccination is an immune tolerance-promoting strategy that is effective at the DC level and that differs from Noon's daily desensitization program, which is effective at the mast cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swey-Shen Chen
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Genetics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy, AAIIT LLC, 12528 Kirkham Ct, STE 8, Poway, CA 92064, United States.
| | - David Lee
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Hailan Zhang
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy, AAIIT LLC, 12528 Kirkham Ct, STE 8, Poway, CA 92064, United States
| | - Xi-Hua Cao
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Kevin DuPrez
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rebeaud J, Peter B, Pot C. How Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Link the Gut to the Brain during Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710128. [PMID: 36077526 PMCID: PMC9456539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota-derived metabolites are important molecules connecting the gut to the brain. Over the last decade, several studies have highlighted the importance of gut-derived metabolites in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, microbiota-derived metabolites modulate the immune system and affect demyelination. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about microbiota-derived metabolites implications in MS and in different mouse models of neuroinflammation. We focus on the main families of microbial metabolites that play a role during neuroinflammation. A better understanding of the role of those metabolites may lead to new therapeutical avenues to treat neuroinflammatory diseases targeting the gut–brain axis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acids regulate dendritic cells to attenuate autoimmune uveitis through TGR5 signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109726. [PMID: 34551302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acids (BAs) play an important role in energy balance and host metabolism via G protein-coupled receptors and/or nuclear receptors. Emerging evidence suggests that BAs are important for maintaining innate immune responses via these receptors. However, the effect of BAs on autoimmune uveitis is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate decreased microbiota-related secondary BA concentration in feces and serum of animals with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Restoration of the gut BAs pool attenuates severity of EAU in association with inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-related pro-inflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells (DCs). TGR5 deficiency partially reverses the inhibitory effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA) on DCs. TGR5 signaling also inhibits NF-κB activation via the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in DCs. Additionally, both DCA and TGR5 agonists inhibit human monocyte-derived DC activation. Taken together, our results suggest that BA metabolism plays an important role in adaptive immune responses and might be a therapeutic target in autoimmune uveitis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Pörner D, Von Vietinghoff S, Nattermann J, Strassburg CP, Lutz P. Advances in the pharmacological management of bacterial peritonitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1567-1578. [PMID: 33878993 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1915288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Bacterial peritonitis is an infection with high mortality if not treated immediately. In the absence of an intraabdominal source of infection, bacterial peritonitis may arise in patients with liver cirrhosis, in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) for end-stage renal disease or in patients with tuberculosis. In patients with cirrhosis, bacterial peritonitis may trigger acute on chronic liver failure with substantial mortality despite optimal treatment. In patients on PD, peritonitis may make continuation of PD impossible, necessitating the switch to hemodialysis.Areas covered: Recovery from peritonitis and prevention of complications depend on timely pharmacological management. Challenges are the broad microbiological spectrum with growing rates of antimicrobial resistance, the underlying chronic liver or kidney failure and high rates of relapse. The authors provide a review of predisposing conditions, diagnosis, and prevention of bacterial peritonitis with a particular focus on the pharmacological management.Expert opinion: Diagnosis of the type of bacterial peritonitis is essential to pharmacological management. In patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be given intravenously in conjunction with albumin. In patients on PD, antibiotic therapy should be preferably applied intraperitoneally with empirical coverage of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Secondary peritonitis usually requires surgical or interventional treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pörner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sibylle Von Vietinghoff
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian P Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Uyeda A, Quan L, Kato Y, Muramatsu N, Tanabe S, Sakai K, Ichinohe N, Kawahara Y, Suzuki T, Muramatsu R. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 as a novel regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation in the central nervous system remyelination. Glia 2021; 69:2591-2604. [PMID: 34270117 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination is a regenerative process that restores the lost neurological function and partially depends on oligodendrocyte differentiation. Differentiation of oligodendrocytes spontaneously occurs after demyelination, depending on the cell intrinsic mechanisms. By combining a loss-of-function genomic screen with a web-resource-based candidate gene identification approach, we identified that dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) is a novel regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Silencing DDAH1 in oligodendrocytes prevented the expression of myelin basic protein in mouse oligodendrocyte culture with the change in expression of genes annotated with oligodendrocyte development. DDAH1 inhibition attenuated spontaneous remyelination in a cuprizone-induced demyelinated mouse model. Conversely, increased DDAH1 expression enhanced remyelination capacity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results provide a novel therapeutic option for demyelinating diseases by modulating DDAH1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uyeda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lili Quan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kato
- Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nagaaki Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical and Life Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shogo Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kawahara
- Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Suzuki
- Department of Medical and Life Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rieko Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The pathophysiological function of non-gastrointestinal farnesoid X receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107867. [PMID: 33895191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) influences bile acid homeostasis and the progression of various diseases. While the roles of hepatic and intestinal FXR in enterohepatic transport of bile acids and metabolic diseases were reviewed previously, the pathophysiological functions of FXR in non-gastrointestinal cells and tissues have received little attention. Thus, the roles of FXR in the liver, immune system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidney, and pancreas beyond the gastrointestinal system are reviewed herein. Gain of FXR function studies in non-gastrointestinal tissues reveal that FXR signaling improves various experimentally-induced metabolic and immune diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, primary biliary cholangitis, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy, while loss of FXR promotes regulatory T cells production, protects the brain against ischemic injury, atherosclerosis, and inhibits pancreatic tumor progression. The downstream pathways regulated by FXR are diverse and tissue/cell-specific, and FXR has both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activities, all of which may explain why activation and inhibition of FXR signaling could produce paradoxical or even opposite effects in some experimental disease models. FXR signaling is frequently compromised by diseases, especially during the progressive stage, and rescuing FXR expression may provide a promising strategy for boosting the therapeutic effect of FXR agonists. Tissue/cell-specific modulation of non-gastrointestinal FXR could influence the treatment of various diseases. This review provides a guide for drug discovery and clinical use of FXR modulators.
Collapse
|
21
|
Cao S, Meng X, Li Y, Sun L, Jiang L, Xuan H, Chen X. Bile Acids Elevated in Chronic Periaortitis Could Activate Farnesoid-X-Receptor to Suppress IL-6 Production by Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632864. [PMID: 33968024 PMCID: PMC8100322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periaortitis (CP) is a rare autoimmune disease without effective treatment. By analyzing the serum bile acid spectrum in 28 CP patients with the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found that the bile acids were significantly altered in CP patients, with significant increases in chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and decrease in deoxycholic acid (DCA). Signaling pathway enrichment analysis from the RNA sequencing results suggested that the altered gene sets in PBMC of CP patients were associated with bile acid metabolism. Furthermore, we found that pathological concentration of CDCA could significantly inhibited IL-6 expression in RAW 264.7 cells after LPS stimulation. Since CDCA is a well-known natural high-affinity ligand for the bile acid receptor farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) while GW4064 is the synthetic specific agonist of this receptor, we then revealed that GW4064 significantly decreased IL-6 expression in RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages but not in FXR-/- macrophages upon LPS stimulation. The western blot results with the anti-FXR antibody showed significantly increased expression in the nuclear proportion, suggesting that FXR agonist promoted the transportation of FXR into the nucleus but did not increase the FXR expression in macrophages. Dual-luciferase report assay and ChIP assay demonstrated that upon activation, FXR could directly bind to the promoter site of IL-6, leading to the decreased expression of IL-6. Thus, bile acids, especially CDCA, may operate to damp inflammation via FXR-mediated downregulation of IL-6 in mononuclear cells and provide a protective mechanism for CP patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Cao
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Meng
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lindi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanqing Xuan
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jia Y, Zhang D, Yin H, Li H, Du J, Bao H. Ganoderic Acid A Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV2 Microglia by Activating Farnesoid X Receptor. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1725-1736. [PMID: 33821438 PMCID: PMC8187184 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation have been proved to be the main reason for causing the neurodegenerative diseases. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, showed anti-inflammatory effect in metabolism diseases. However, little research has been focused on the effect of GAA in neuroinflammation and the related mechanism. In the present study, lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory capacity of GAA. Our data showed that GAA significantly suppressed LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells proliferation and activation in vitro. More strikingly, GAA promoted the conversion of BV2 microglial cells from M1 status induced by LPS to M2 status. Furthermore, GAA inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokines release and promoted neurotrophic factor BDNF expression in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. Finally, we found that the expression of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) was prominently downregulated in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, antagonism of FXR with z-gugglesterone and FXR siRNA can reverse the effect of GAA in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. Taking together, our findings demonstrate that GAA can significantly inhibit LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells via activating FXR receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Du
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongkun Bao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fettig NM, Osborne LC. Direct and indirect effects of microbiota-derived metabolites on neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104814. [PMID: 33775860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are highly influenced by changes in the microbiota and of microbiota-derived metabolites, including short chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan derivatives. This review will discuss the effects of microbiota-derived metabolites on neuroinflammation driven by central nervous system-resident cells and peripheral immune cells, and their influence on outcomes of EAE and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Fettig
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Obeticholic Acid Inhibits Anxiety via Alleviating Gut Microbiota-Mediated Microglia Accumulation in the Brain of High-Fat High-Sugar Diet Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030940. [PMID: 33803974 PMCID: PMC7999854 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is one of the complications of metabolic disorders (MDs). Obeticholic acid (OCA), the bile acids (BAs) derivative, is a promising agent for improving MDs in association with gut dysbiosis. Yet, its protective effect on MDs-driven anxiety remains unknown. Here, we assessed the serum biochemical parameters and behavioral performance by open field and Morris water maze tests in HFHS diet-induced MDs mice after OCA intervention for nine and 18 weeks. Moreover, antibiotics intervention for microbial depletion was conducted simultaneously. We found that OCA treatment inhibited the initiation and progression of anxiety in HFHS diet-MDs mice via a microbiota–BAs–brain axis: OCA decreased the neuroinflammatory microglia and IL-1β expression in the hippocampus, reversed intestinal barrier dysfunction and serum proinflammatory LPS to a normal level, modified the microbial community, including the known anxiety-related Rikenellaceae and Alistipes, and improved the microbial metabolites especially the increased BAs in feces and circulation. Moreover, the OCA-reversed bile acid taurocholate linked disordered serum lipid metabolites and indole derivatives to anxiety as assessed by network analysis. Additionally, microbial depletion with antibiotics also improved the anxiety, microgliosis and BAs enrichment in the experimental MDs mice. Together, these findings provide microbiota–BAs–brain axis as a novel therapeutic target for MDs-associated neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bhargava P, Smith MD, Mische L, Harrington E, Fitzgerald KC, Martin K, Kim S, Reyes AA, Gonzalez-Cardona J, Volsko C, Tripathi A, Singh S, Varanasi K, Lord HN, Meyers K, Taylor M, Gharagozloo M, Sotirchos ES, Nourbakhsh B, Dutta R, Mowry EM, Waubant E, Calabresi PA. Bile acid metabolism is altered in multiple sclerosis and supplementation ameliorates neuroinflammation. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3467-3482. [PMID: 32182223 DOI: 10.1172/jci129401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the CNS. Bile acids are cholesterol metabolites that can signal through receptors on cells throughout the body, including in the CNS and the immune system. Whether bile acid metabolism is abnormal in MS is unknown. Using global and targeted metabolomic profiling, we identified lower levels of circulating bile acid metabolites in multiple cohorts of adult and pediatric patients with MS compared with controls. In white matter lesions from MS brain tissue, we noted the presence of bile acid receptors on immune and glial cells. To mechanistically examine the implications of lower levels of bile acids in MS, we studied the in vitro effects of an endogenous bile acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), on astrocyte and microglial polarization. TUDCA prevented neurotoxic (A1) polarization of astrocytes and proinflammatory polarization of microglia in a dose-dependent manner. TUDCA supplementation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reduced the severity of disease through its effects on G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1). We demonstrate that bile acid metabolism was altered in MS and that bile acid supplementation prevented polarization of astrocytes and microglia to neurotoxic phenotypes and ameliorated neuropathology in an animal model of MS. These findings identify dysregulated bile acid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah Mische
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Harrington
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kyle Martin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sol Kim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Christina Volsko
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ajai Tripathi
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonal Singh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kesava Varanasi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah-Noelle Lord
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keya Meyers
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elias S Sotirchos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bardia Nourbakhsh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ellen M Mowry
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Activation of FXR by ganoderic acid A promotes remyelination in multiple sclerosis via anti-inflammation and regeneration mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114422. [PMID: 33482151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), as an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of central nervous system, is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurologic disability in young adults. The pathogenesis of MS remains unknown, however, a dysregulation of glia-neuroimmune signaling plays a key role during progressive disease stage. Most of the existing drugs are aimed at the immune system, but there is no approved drug by promoting remyelination after demyelination so far. There is a great interest in identifying novel agents for treating MS bytargeting to switch the immune imbalance from pro-inflammation and apoptosis to anti-inflammation and regeneration during remyelination phase. Here, we reported that ganoderic acid A (GAA) significantly enhanced the remyelination and rescued motor deficiency in two animal models of MS, including cuprizone-induced demyelination and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. In these two independent MS animal models, GAA modulated neuroimmune to enhance the anti-inflammatory and regeneration markers IL-4 and BDNF, inhibited inflammatory markers IL-1β and IL-6, followed by down-regulation of microglia activation and astrocyte proliferation. Pharmacological and genetic ablation of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) abolished GAA-induced remyelination and restoration of motor deficiency in MS mice. Thus, GAA is a novel and potential therapeutic agent that can rescue MS neuroimmune imbalance and remyelination through an FXR receptor-dependent mechanism. Clinical investigation on the therapeutic effect of GAA in improving remyelination of the MS patients to rescue the motor function is warranted.
Collapse
|
27
|
Howlett-Prieto Q, Langer C, Rezania K, Soliven B. Modulation of immune responses by bile acid receptor agonists in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577397. [PMID: 32979707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids bind to multiple receptors, including Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and farnesoid-X-receptors alpha (FXRα). We compared the response of PBMCs to the activation of these receptors in healthy controls and myasthenic patients. We found that TGR5 is a more potent negative regulator of T cell cytokine response than FXRα in both groups. In contrast, TGR5 and FXRα agonists elicit distinct B cell responses in myasthenia compared to controls, specifically on the frequency of IL-6+ B cells and regulatory B cells, as well as IL-10 secretion from PBMCs. We propose that TGR5 is a potential therapeutic target in myasthenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Howlett-Prieto
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Collin Langer
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Kourosh Rezania
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Betty Soliven
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gut microbial molecules in behavioural and neurodegenerative conditions. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:717-731. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
29
|
Grant SM, DeMorrow S. Bile Acid Signaling in Neurodegenerative and Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5982. [PMID: 32825239 PMCID: PMC7503576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are commonly known as digestive agents for lipids. The mechanisms of bile acids in the gastrointestinal track during normal physiological conditions as well as hepatic and cholestatic diseases have been well studied. Bile acids additionally serve as ligands for signaling molecules such as nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor and membrane-bound receptors, Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2. Recent studies have shown that bile acid signaling may also have a prevalent role in the central nervous system. Some bile acids, such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, have shown neuroprotective potential in experimental animal models and clinical studies of many neurological conditions. Alterations in bile acid metabolism have been discovered as potential biomarkers for prognosis tools as well as the expression of various bile acid receptors in multiple neurological ailments. This review explores the findings of recent studies highlighting bile acid-mediated therapies and bile acid-mediated signaling and the roles they play in neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Grant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sipe LM, Chaib M, Pingili AK, Pierre JF, Makowski L. Microbiome, bile acids, and obesity: How microbially modified metabolites shape anti-tumor immunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:220-239. [PMID: 32320071 PMCID: PMC7841960 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are known facilitators of nutrient absorption but recent paradigm shifts now recognize BAs as signaling molecules regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver with subsequent microbial modification and fermentation adding complexity to pool composition. Bile acids act on several receptors such as Farnesoid X Receptor and the G protein-coupled BA receptor 1 (TGR5). Interestingly, BA receptors (BARs) are expressed on immune cells and activation either by BAs or BAR agonists modulates innate and adaptive immune cell populations skewing their polarization toward a more tolerogenic anti-inflammatory phenotype. Intriguingly, recent evidence also suggests that BAs promote anti-tumor immune response through activation and recruitment of tumoricidal immune cells such as natural killer T cells. These exciting findings have redefined BA signaling in health and disease wherein they may suppress inflammation on the one hand, yet promote anti-tumor immunity on the other hand. In this review, we provide our readers with the most recent understanding of the interaction of BAs with the host microbiome, their effect on innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease with a special focus on obesity, bariatric surgery-induced weight loss, and immune checkpoint blockade in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Sipe
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mehdi Chaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ajeeth K. Pingili
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joseph F. Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang C, Gan Y, Lv JW, Qin MQ, Hu WR, Liu ZB, Ma L, Song BD, Li J, Jiang WY, Wang JQ, Wang H, Xu DX. The protective effect of obeticholic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced disorder of maternal bile acid metabolism in pregnant mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106442. [PMID: 32248018 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The disorder of bile acid metabolism is a common feature during pregnancy, which leads to adverse birth outcomes and maternal damage effects. However, the cause and therapy about the disorder of bile acid metabolism are still poor. Microbial infection often occurs in pregnant women, which can induce the disorder of bile acid metabolism in adult mice. Here, this study observed the acute effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on maternal bile acid of pregnant mice at gestational day 17 and the protective effect of obeticholic acid (OCA) pretreatment, a potent agonist of bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The results showed LPS significantly increased the level of maternal serum and disordered bile acids components of maternal serum and liver, which were ameliorated by OCA pretreatment with obviously reducing the contents of CA, TCA, DCA, TCDCA, CDCA, GCA and TDCA in maternal serum and DCA, TCA, TDCA, TUDCA, CDCA and TCDCA in maternal liver. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of OCA on LPS-disrupted bile acid metabolism in maternal liver. LPS disrupted maternal bile acid profile by decreasing transport and metabolism with hepatic tight junctions of bile acid in pregnant mice. OCA obviously increased the protein level of nuclear FXR and regulated its target genes involving in the metabolism of bile acid, which was characterized by the lower expression of bile acid synthase CYP7A1, the higher expression of CYP3A and the higher mRNA level of transporter Mdr1a/b. This study provided the evidences that LPS disrupted bile acid metabolism in the late stage of pregnant mice and OCA pretreatment played the protective role on it by activating FXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jin-Wei Lv
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Qin
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Wei-Rong Hu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bing-Dong Song
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei-Ying Jiang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jian-Qing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tong Y, Marion T, Schett G, Luo Y, Liu Y. Microbiota and metabolites in rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102530. [PMID: 32240855 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As a gigantic community in the human body, the microbiota exerts pleiotropic roles in human health and disease ranging from digestion and absorption of nutrients from food, defense against infection of pathogens, to regulation of immune system development and immune homeostasis. Recent advances in "omics" studies and bioinformatics analyses have broadened our insights of the microbiota composition of the inner and other surfaces of the body and their interactions with the host. Apart from the direct contact of microbes at the mucosal barrier, metabolites produced or metabolized by the gut microbes can serve as important immune regulators or initiators in a wide variety of diseases, including gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic disorders and systemic rheumatic diseases. This review focuses on the most recent understanding of how the microbiota and metabolites shape rheumatic diseases. Studies that explore the mechanistic interplay between microbes, metabolites and the host could thereby provide clues for novel methods in the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of rheumatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Tong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tony Marion
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yubin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ji J, Ding K, Luo T, Xu R, Zhang X, Huang B, Chen A, Zhang D, Miletic H, Bjerkvig R, Thorsen F, Wang J, Li X. PMEPA1 isoform a drives progression of glioblastoma by promoting protein degradation of the Hippo pathway kinase LATS1. Oncogene 2020; 39:1125-1139. [PMID: 31605013 PMCID: PMC6989403 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway controls organ development and is also known, in cancer, to have a tumor suppressing role. Within the Hippo pathway, we here demonstrate, in human gliomas, a functional interaction of a transmembrane protein, prostate transmembrane protein, androgen induced 1 (PMEPA1) with large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1). We show that PMEPA1 is upregulated in primary human gliomas. The PMEPA1 isoform PMEPA1a was predominantly expressed in glioma specimens and cell lines, and ectopic expression of the protein promoted glioma growth and invasion in vitro and in an orthotopic xenograft model in nude mice. In co-immunoprecipitation experiments, PMEPA1a associated with the Hippo tumor suppressor kinase LATS1. This interaction led to a proteasomal degradation of LATS1 through recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4), which led to silencing of Hippo signaling. Alanine substitution in PMEPA1a at PY motifs resulted in failed LATS1 degradation. Targeting of a downstream component in the Hippo signaling pathway, YAP, with shRNA, interfered with the growth promoting activities of PMEPA1a in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the presented work shows that PMEPA1a contributes to glioma progression by a dysregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway and thus represents a promising target for the treatment of gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Kaikai Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Anjing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 84, Val Fleuri, Luxembourg, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Frits Thorsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
- The Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
de Krijger M, Wildenberg ME, de Jonge WJ, Ponsioen CY. Return to sender: Lymphocyte trafficking mechanisms as contributors to primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 2019; 71:603-615. [PMID: 31108158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an inflammatory disease of the biliary tree, characterised by stricturing bile duct disease and progression to liver fibrosis. The pathophysiology of PSC is still unknown. The concurrence with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in about 70% of cases has led to the hypothesis that gut-homing lymphocytes aberrantly traffic to the liver, contributing to disease pathogenesis in patients with both PSC and IBD (PSC-IBD). The discovery of mutual trafficking pathways of lymphocytes to target tissues, and expression of gut-specific adhesion molecules and chemokines in the liver has pointed in this direction. There is now increasing interest in using drugs that intervene with these trafficking pathways (e.g. vedolizumab, etrolizumab) for the treatment of PSC-IBD. In this review we discuss what is currently known about the immunological interactions between the gut and the liver in concomitant PSC and IBD, as well as potential therapeutic options for intervening in these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon de Krijger
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Buscarinu MC, Fornasiero A, Romano S, Ferraldeschi M, Mechelli R, Reniè R, Morena E, Romano C, Pellicciari G, Landi AC, Salvetti M, Ristori G. The Contribution of Gut Barrier Changes to Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1916. [PMID: 31555257 PMCID: PMC6724505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier consists of several components, including the mucus layer, made of mucins and anti-bacterial molecule, the epithelial cells, connected by tight junction proteins, and a mixed population of cells involved in the interplay with microbes, such as M cells, elongations of “antigen presenting cells” dwelling the lamina propria, intraepithelial lymphocytes and Paneth cells secreting anti-bacterial peptides. Recently, the influence of intestinal permeability (IP) changes on organs far from gut has been investigated, and IP changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) have been described. A related topic is the microbiota dysfunction that underpins the development of neuroinflammation in animal models and human diseases, including MS. It becomes now of interest to better understand the mechanisms through which IP changes contribute to pathophysiology of neuroinflammation. The following aspects seem of relevance: studies on other biomarkers of IP alterations; the relationship with known risk factors for MS development, such as vitamin D deficiency; the link between blood brain barrier and gut barrier breakdown; the effects of IP increase on microbial translocation and microglial activation; the parallel patterns of IP and neuroimmune changes in MS and neuropsychiatric disorders, that afflict a sizable proportion of patients with MS. We will also discuss the therapeutic implications of IP changes, considering the impact of MS-modifying therapies on gut barrier, as well as potential approaches to enhance or protect IP homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Fornasiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Romano
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosella Mechelli
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Reniè
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellicciari
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Landi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of obeticholic acid in rat plasma and its application in preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1121:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
38
|
Nutritional Modulation of Immune and Central Nervous System Homeostasis: The Role of Diet in Development of Neuroinflammation and Neurological Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051076. [PMID: 31096592 PMCID: PMC6566411 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-microbiome-brain axis is now recognized as an essential part in the regulation of systemic metabolism and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that dietary patterns can influence the development of metabolic alterations and inflammation through the effects of nutrients on a multitude of variables, including microbiome composition, release of microbial products, gastrointestinal signaling molecules, and neurotransmitters. These signaling molecules are, in turn, implicated in the regulation of the immune system, either promoting or inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expansion of specific leukocyte subpopulations, such as Th17 and Treg cells, which are relevant in the development of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. Metabolic diseases, like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, are related to inadequate dietary patterns and promote variations in the aforementioned signaling pathways in patients with these conditions, which have been linked to alterations in neurological functions and mental health. Thus, maintenance of adequate dietary patterns should be an essential component of any strategy aiming to prevent neurological pathologies derived from systemic metabolic alterations. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the role of nutrition in the modulation of the immune system and its impact in the development of neuroinflammation and neurological disease.
Collapse
|
39
|
You W, Li L, Sun D, Liu X, Xia Z, Xue S, Chen B, Qin H, Ai J, Jiang H. Farnesoid X Receptor Constructs an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and Sensitizes FXR highPD-L1 low NSCLC to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:990-1000. [PMID: 30975694 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates inflammation and immune responses in a subset of immune-mediated diseases. We previously reported that FXR expression promotes tumor cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we study the relevance of FXR to the immune microenvironment of NSCLC. We found an inverse correlation between FXR and PD-L1 expression in a cohort of 408 NSCLC specimens; from this, we identified a subgroup of FXRhighPD-L1low patients. We showed that FXR downregulates PD-L1 via transrepression and other mechanisms in NSCLC. Cocultured with FXRhighPD-L1low NSCLC cell lines, effector function and proliferation of CD8+ T cell in vitro are repressed. We also detected downregulation of PD-L1 in FXR-overexpressing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse syngeneic models, indicating an FXRhighPD-L1low subtype in which FXR suppresses tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Anti-PD-1 therapy was effective against FXRhighPD-L1low mouse LLC tumors. Altogether, our findings demonstrate an immunosuppressive role for FXR in the FXRhighPD-L1low NSCLC subtype and provide translational insights into therapeutic response in PD-L1low NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1. We recommend FXRhighPD-L1low as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie You
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiao Sun
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjun Xia
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Handong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xue Y, Ma C, Hanna I, Pan G. Intestinal Transporter-Associated Drug Absorption and Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:361-405. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
41
|
Obeticholic acid alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via its anti-inflammatory effects in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 66:177-184. [PMID: 30468885 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common disease that may result in acute respiratory failure and death. However, there are still no effective treatments for ALI. Several studies have shown that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has an anti-inflammatory effect. We investigated the effects of obeticholic acid (OCA), an agonist of FXR, on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. Sixty male mice were randomly divided into six groups, and orally administered with or without OCA once daily for 3 consecutive days before LPS (1.0 mg/kg). Animals were sacrificed at 0 h, 2 h or 6 h after LPS. As expected, OCA enhanced pulmonary FXR activity. OCA prevented LPS-induced ALI. Additional experiment showed that OCA alleviated LPS-induced up-regulation of pulmonary pro-inflammatory and chemokine genes. Moreover, OCA also repressed LPS-induced the release of TNF-α and KC in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In contrast, OCA further up-regulated LPS-induced the expression of Il-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Further study showed that OCA inhibited LPS-evoked NF-κB signaling in the lungs. OCA attenuated LPS-induced ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and Akt phosphorylation in the lungs. Overall, these results suggest that OCA prevent LPS-induced ALI may be through enhancing pulmonary FXR activity and then blockading several inflammatory signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
42
|
Camara-Lemarroy CR, Metz LM, Yong VW. Focus on the gut-brain axis: Multiple sclerosis, the intestinal barrier and the microbiome. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4217-4223. [PMID: 30310254 PMCID: PMC6175760 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i37.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain-gut axis serves as the bidirectional connection between the gut microbiome, the intestinal barrier and the immune system that might be relevant for the pathophysiology of inflammatory demyelinating diseases. People with multiple sclerosis have been shown to have an altered microbiome, increased intestinal permeability and changes in bile acid metabolism. Experimental evidence suggests that these changes can lead to profound alterations of peripheral and central nervous system immune regulation. Besides being of pathophysiological interest, the brain-gut axis could also open new avenues of therapeutic targets. Modification of the microbiome, the use of probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, supplementation with bile acids and intestinal barrier enhancers are all promising candidates. Hopefully, pre-clinical studies and clinical trials will soon yield significant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Camara-Lemarroy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Luanne M Metz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Janakiraman M, Krishnamoorthy G. Emerging Role of Diet and Microbiota Interactions in Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2067. [PMID: 30254641 PMCID: PMC6141752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal gut microbiota exerts multifarious effects on intestinal and extra-intestinal immune homeostasis. A disruption in the microbial composition of the gut has been associated with many neurological disorders with inflammatory components. Here we review known associations between gut microbiota and neurological disorders. Further we highlight the emerging role of diet and microbiota interrelationship in regulating neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathangi Janakiraman
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Mucosal Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gurumoorthy Krishnamoorthy
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Mucosal Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Zampella A, Distrutti E. Bile Acids Activated Receptors Regulate Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1853. [PMID: 30150987 PMCID: PMC6099188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Once known exclusively for their role in nutrients absorption, primary bile acids, chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid, and secondary bile acids, deoxycholic and lithocholic acid, are signaling molecules, generated from cholesterol breakdown by the interaction of the host and intestinal microbiota, acting on several receptors including the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or Takeda G-protein receptor 5) and the Farnesoid-X-Receptor (FXR). Both receptors are placed at the interface of the host immune system with the intestinal microbiota and are highly represented in cells of innate immunity such as intestinal and liver macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer T cells. Here, we review how GPBAR1 and FXR modulate the intestinal and liver innate immune system and contribute to the maintenance of a tolerogenic phenotype in entero-hepatic tissues, and how regulation of innate immunity might help to explain beneficial effects exerted by GPBAR1 and FXR ligands in immune and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rizzetto L, Fava F, Tuohy KM, Selmi C. Connecting the immune system, systemic chronic inflammation and the gut microbiome: The role of sex. J Autoimmun 2018; 92:12-34. [PMID: 29861127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unresolved low grade systemic inflammation represents the underlying pathological mechanism driving immune and metabolic pathways involved in autoimmune diseases (AID). Mechanistic studies in animal models of AID and observational studies in patients have found alterations in gut microbiota communities and their metabolites, suggesting a microbial contribution to the onset or progression of AID. The gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to influence immune functions and immune homeostasis both within the gut and systematically. Microbial derived-short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and bio-transformed bile acid (BA) have been shown to influence the immune system acting as ligands specific cell signaling receptors like GPRCs, TGR5 and FXR, or via epigenetic processes. Similarly, intestinal permeability (leaky gut) and bacterial translocation are important contributors to chronic systemic inflammation and, without repair of the intestinal barrier, might represent a continuous inflammatory stimulus capable of triggering autoimmune processes. Recent studies indicate gender-specific differences in immunity, with the gut microbiota shaping and being concomitantly shaped by the hormonal milieu governing differences between the sexes. A bi-directional cross-talk between microbiota and the endocrine system is emerging with bacteria being able to produce hormones (e.g. serotonin, dopamine and somatostatine), respond to host hormones (e.g. estrogens) and regulate host hormones' homeostasis (e.g by inhibiting gene prolactin transcription or converting glucocorticoids to androgens). We review herein how gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate immune function, intestinal permeability and possibly AID pathological processes. Further, we describe the dysbiosis within the gut microbiota observed in different AID and speculate how restoring gut microbiota composition and its regulatory metabolites by dietary intervention including prebiotics and probiotics could help in preventing or ameliorating AID. Finally, we suggest that, given consistent observations of microbiota dysbiosis associated with AID and the ability of SCFA and BA to regulate intestinal permeability and inflammation, further mechanistic studies, examining how dietary microbiota modulation can protect against AID, hold considerable potential to tackle increased incidence of AID at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rizzetto
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
| | - Francesca Fava
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy; BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mancini A, Campagna F, Amodio P, Tuohy KM. Gut : liver : brain axis: the microbial challenge in the hepatic encephalopathy. Food Funct 2018; 9:1373-1388. [PMID: 29485654 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01528c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition often associated with acute liver failure or cirrhosis. Advanced liver diseases are characterized by a leaky gut and systemic inflammation. There is strong evidence that the pathogenesis of HE is linked to a dysbiotic gut microbiota and to harmful microbial by-products, such as ammonia, indoles, oxindoles and endotoxins. Increased concentrations of these toxic metabolites together with the inability of the diseased liver to clear such products is thought to play an important patho-ethiological role. Current first line clinical treatments target microbiota dysbiosis by decreasing the counts of pathogenic bacteria, blood endotoxemia and ammonia levels. This review will focus on the role of the gut microbiota and its metabolism in HE and advanced cirrhosis. It will critically assess data from different clinical trials measuring the efficacy of the prebiotic lactulose, the probiotic VSL#3 and the antibiotic rifaximin in treating HE and advanced cirrhosis, through gut microbiota modulation. Additionally data from Randomised Controlled Trials using pre-, pro- and synbiotic will be also considered by reporting meta-analysis studies. The large amount of existing data showed that HE is a clear example of how an altered gut microbiota homeostasis can influence and impact on physiological functions outside the intestine, with implication for host health at the systems level. Nevertheless, a strong effort should be made to increase the information on gut microbiota ecology and its metabolic function in liver diseases and HE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
| | - Francesca Campagna
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Freedman SN, Shahi SK, Mangalam AK. The "Gut Feeling": Breaking Down the Role of Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:109-125. [PMID: 29204955 PMCID: PMC5794701 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential factor in the development of MS, with a number of studies having shown that patients with MS exhibit gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiota helps the host remain healthy by regulating various functions, including food metabolism, energy homeostasis, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, inhibition of colonization by pathogenic organisms, and shaping of both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Alteration of the gut microbiota, and subsequent changes in its metabolic network that perturb this homeostasis, may lead to intestinal and systemic disorders such as MS. Here we discuss the findings of recent MS microbiome studies and potential mechanisms through which gut microbiota can predispose to, or protect against, MS. These findings highlight the need of an improved understanding of the interactions between the microbiota and host for developing therapies based on gut commensals with which to treat MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Freedman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shailesh K Shahi
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gai Z, Chu L, Xu Z, Song X, Sun D, Kullak-Ublick GA. Farnesoid X receptor activation protects the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9815. [PMID: 28852062 PMCID: PMC5575310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation has been reported to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Because both inflammation and oxidative stress are critical for tissue destruction during kidney ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, we investigated the protective role of FXR against kidney damage induced by I/R in mice. Mice undergoing renal I/R developed the typical features of acute kidney injury (AKI): increased creatinine, albuminuria, tubular necrosis and apoptosis. Inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress were also markedly increased. In mice pretreated with 6-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA), a selective FXR agonist, I/R induced changes were prevented and renal function and structure were improved. Moreover, FXR activation also effectively prevented the subsequent progression of AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) by ameliorating glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis and by suppressing fibrogenic gene expression. FXR mRNA levels were inversely correlated with the progression to CKD in mice and with the degree of interstitial fibrosis in human biopsies. In further experiments administering 6-ECDCA to renal proximal tubular cells cultured under hypoxia, the renoprotective effects of FXR activation were associated with inhibition of oxidative and ER stress and with increased antioxidant activity. In conclusion, FXR agonists may have a therapeutic role in conditions associated with ischemic kidney damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lei Chu
- Department of Urology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqiang Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Flesch D, Cheung SY, Schmidt J, Gabler M, Heitel P, Kramer J, Kaiser A, Hartmann M, Lindner M, Lüddens-Dämgen K, Heering J, Lamers C, Lüddens H, Wurglics M, Proschak E, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Merk D. Nonacidic Farnesoid X Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7199-7205. [PMID: 28749691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a cellular bile acid sensor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) participates in regulation of bile acid, lipid and glucose homeostasis, and liver protection. Clinical results have validated FXR as therapeutic target in hepatic and metabolic diseases. To date, potent FXR agonists share a negatively ionizable function that might compromise their pharmacokinetic distribution and behavior. Here we report the development and characterization of a high-affinity FXR modulator not comprising an acidic residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Flesch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sun-Yee Cheung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jurema Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Gabler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pascal Heitel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Kramer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mara Lindner
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kerstin Lüddens-Dämgen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Lamers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hartmut Lüddens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Wurglics
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang GN, Huan Y, Wang X, Sun SJ, Shen ZF, Fang WS. Design, synthesis and metabolic regulation effect of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonistic benzoxepin-5-ones. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|