1
|
Kang CW, Oh JH, Wang EK, Bao Y, Kim YB, Lee MH, Lee YJ, Jo YS, Ku CR, Lee EJ. Excess endocrine growth hormone in acromegaly promotes the aggressiveness and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer. iScience 2024; 27:110137. [PMID: 39006481 PMCID: PMC11246000 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma-induced excess endocrine growth hormone (GH) secretion can lead to breast cancer development and metastasis. Herein, we used an acromegaly mouse model to investigate the role of excess endocrine GH on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) growth and metastasis. Additionally, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of transcription factor 20 (TCF20)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling-mediated aggressiveness and metastasis of TNBC. Excess endocrine GH induced TCF20 activates the transcription of NRF2 and NRF2-target genes to facilitate TNBC metastasis. Inhibition of GH receptor (GHR) and TCF20 activity using the GHR antagonist or small-interfering RNA-induced gene knockdown resulted in reduced tumor volume and metastasis, suggesting that excess endocrine GH stimulates TCF20/NRF2 pathways in TNBC and promotes metastasis to the lung. GHR inhibitors present an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent TNBC cell growth and metastasis. Our findings revealed functional and mechanistic roles of the GH-TCF20-NRF2 signaling axis in TBNC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju Hun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yaru Bao
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- University of Medicine and Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Jong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Jo
- Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basu R, Kulkarni P, Swegan D, Duran-Ortiz S, Ahmad A, Caggiano LJ, Davis E, Walsh C, Brenya E, Koshal A, Brody R, Sandbhor U, Neggers SJCMM, Kopchick JJ. Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist Markedly Improves Gemcitabine Response in a Mouse Xenograft Model of Human Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7438. [PMID: 39000545 PMCID: PMC11242728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy treatment against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is thwarted by tumoral activation of multiple therapy resistance pathways. The growth hormone (GH)-GH receptor (GHR) pair is a covert driver of multimodal therapy resistance in cancer and is overexpressed in PDAC tumors, yet the therapeutic potential of targeting the same has not been explored. Here, we report that GHR expression is a negative prognostic factor in patients with PDAC. Combinations of gemcitabine with different GHR antagonists (GHRAs) markedly improve therapeutic outcomes in nude mice xenografts. Employing cultured cells, mouse xenografts, and analyses of the human PDAC transcriptome, we identified that attenuation of the multidrug transporter and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition programs in the tumors underlie the observed augmentation of chemotherapy efficacy by GHRAs. Moreover, in human PDAC patients, GHR expression strongly correlates with a gene signature of tumor promotion and immune evasion, which corroborate with that in syngeneic tumors in wild-type vs. GH transgenic mice. Overall, we found that GH action in PDAC promoted a therapy-refractory gene signature in vivo, which can be effectively attenuated by GHR antagonism. Our results collectively present a proof of concept toward considering GHR antagonists to improve chemotherapeutic outcomes in the highly chemoresistant PDAC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gemcitabine
- Humans
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Mice
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Receptors, Somatotropin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatotropin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Mice, Nude
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Female
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Deborah Swegan
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Arshad Ahmad
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Lydia J Caggiano
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Christopher Walsh
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Edward Brenya
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Adeel Koshal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Link-Rachner CS, Göbel A, Jaschke NP, Rachner TD. Endocrine health in survivors of adult-onset cancer. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:350-364. [PMID: 38604215 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Long-term survivors of cancer (ie, the patient who is considered cured or for whom the disease is under long-term control and unlikely to recur) are at an increased risk of developing endocrine complications such as hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunctions, hypogonadisms, osteoporosis, or metabolic disorders, particularly when intensive tumour-directed therapies are applied. Symptom severity associated with these conditions ranges from mild and subclinical to highly detrimental, affecting individual health and quality of life. Although they are usually manageable, many of these endocrine pathologies remain underdiagnosed and untreated for years. To address this challenge, a higher degree of awareness, standardised screening tools, comprehensible treatment algorithms, and a close collaborative effort between endocrinologists and oncologists are essential to early identify patients who are at risk, and to implement appropriate treatment protocols. This Review highlights common symptoms and conditions related to endocrine disorders among survivors of adult-onset cancer, provides a summary of the currently available practice guidelines, and proposes a practical approach to diagnose affected patients among this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia S Link-Rachner
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andy Göbel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai P Jaschke
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tilman D Rachner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Danilowicz K, Sosa S. Acromegaly and Cancer: An Update. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:102914. [PMID: 38007382 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic and rare disease. The diagnosis usually takes several years. Multiple comorbidities are associated with acromegaly. Long-term exposure to growth factors may lead to complications such as the development of benign or malignant tumors. However, the association between acromegaly and cancer remains a matter of debate due to multiple limitations in epidemiological data. There is controversy between acromegaly and mortality, but evidence shows a significant improvement in mortality rates with disease control and careful management of comorbidities. Older age, increased growth hormone levels (GH) at last follow-up, higher insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels at diagnosis, malignancy and radiotherapy were proposed as independent predictors of mortality. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge in this field. Incidence of different cancer types is described. Rigorous surveillance of endocrine diseases may contribute to increased tumor detection. Personalized screening should probably be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Danilowicz
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Soledad Sosa
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Apaydin T, Zonis S, Zhou C, Valencia CW, Barrett R, Strous GJ, Mol JA, Chesnokova V, Melmed S. WIP1 is a novel specific target for growth hormone action. iScience 2023; 26:108117. [PMID: 37876819 PMCID: PMC10590974 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair (DDR) is mediated by phosphorylating effectors ATM kinase, CHK2, p53, and γH2AX. We showed earlier that GH suppresses DDR by suppressing pATM, resulting in DNA damage accumulation. Here, we show GH acting through GH receptor (GHR) inducing wild-type p53-inducible phosphatase 1 (WIP1), which dephosphorylated ATM and its effectors in normal human colon cells and three-dimensional human intestinal organoids. Mice bearing GH-secreting xenografts exhibited induced colon WIP1 with suppressed pATM and γH2AX. WIP1 was also induced in buffy coats derived from patients with elevated GH from somatotroph adenomas. In contrast, decreased colon WIP1 was observed in GHR-/- mice. WIP1 inhibition restored ATM phosphorylation and reversed GH-induced DNA damage. We elucidated a novel GH signaling pathway activating Src/AMPK to trigger HIPK2 nuclear-cytoplasmic relocation and suppressing WIP1 ubiquitination. Concordantly, blocking either AMPK or Src abolished GH-induced WIP1. We identify WIP1 as a specific target for GH-mediated epithelial DNA damage accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Apaydin
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Zonis
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cuiqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Wong Valencia
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Barrett
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ger J. Strous
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Chesnokova
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Voltan G, Mazzeo P, Regazzo D, Scaroni C, Ceccato F. Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor in GH-Secreting Adenomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9920. [PMID: 37373068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a rare disease with several systemic complications that may lead to increased overall morbidity and mortality. Despite several available treatments, ranging from transsphenoidal resection of GH-producing adenomas to different medical therapies, complete hormonal control is not achieved in some cases. Some decades ago, estrogens were first used to treat acromegaly, resulting in a significant decrease in IGF1 levels. However, due to the consequent side effects of the high dose utilized, this treatment was later abandoned. The evidence that estrogens are able to blunt GH activity also derives from the evidence that women with GH deficiency taking oral estro-progestins pills need higher doses of GH replacement therapy. In recent years, the role of estrogens and Selective Estrogens Receptor Modulators (SERMs) in acromegaly treatment has been re-evaluated, especially considering poor control of the disease under first- and second-line medical treatment. In this review, we analyze the state of the art concerning the impact of estrogen and SERMs on the GH/IGF1 axis, focusing on molecular pathways and the possible implications for acromegaly treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Voltan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mazzeo
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Regazzo
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Ceccato
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hage C, Salvatori R. Growth Hormone and Aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:245-257. [PMID: 36948778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secretion declines with aging (somatopause). One of the most controversial issues in aging is GH treatment of older adults without evidence of pituitary pathology. Although some clinicians have proposed reversing the GH decline in the older population, most information comes from not placebo-controlled studies. Although most animal studies reported an association between decreased GH levels (or GH resistance) and increased lifespan, human models have shown contradictory reports on the consequences of GH deficiency (GHD) on longevity. Currently, GH treatment in adults is only indicated for individuals with childhood-onset GHD transitioning to adulthood or new-onset GHD due to hypothalamic or pituitary pathologic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Hage
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 east Monument street #333 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 east Monument street #333 Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar T, Sethuraman R, Mitra S, Ravindran B, Narayanan M. MultiCens: Multilayer network centrality measures to uncover molecular mediators of tissue-tissue communication. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011022. [PMID: 37093889 PMCID: PMC10159362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the evolution of multicellularity, communication among cells in different tissues and organs became pivotal to life. Molecular basis of such communication has long been studied, but genome-wide screens for genes and other biomolecules mediating tissue-tissue signaling are lacking. To systematically identify inter-tissue mediators, we present a novel computational approach MultiCens (Multilayer/Multi-tissue network Centrality measures). Unlike single-layer network methods, MultiCens can distinguish within- vs. across-layer connectivity to quantify the "influence" of any gene in a tissue on a query set of genes of interest in another tissue. MultiCens enjoys theoretical guarantees on convergence and decomposability, and performs well on synthetic benchmarks. On human multi-tissue datasets, MultiCens predicts known and novel genes linked to hormones. MultiCens further reveals shifts in gene network architecture among four brain regions in Alzheimer's disease. MultiCens-prioritized hypotheses from these two diverse applications, and potential future ones like "Multi-tissue-expanded Gene Ontology" analysis, can enable whole-body yet molecular-level systems investigations in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, India
- The Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems medicinE (IBSE), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
- Robert Bosch Center for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Sanga Mitra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Balaraman Ravindran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, India
- The Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems medicinE (IBSE), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
- Robert Bosch Center for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Manikandan Narayanan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, India
- The Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems medicinE (IBSE), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
- Robert Bosch Center for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
- Multiscale Digital Neuroanatomy (MDN), IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Falch CM, Olarescu NC, Bollerslev J, Dekkers OM, Heck A. Trends in incidence and mortality risk for acromegaly in Norway: a cohort study. Endocrine 2023; 80:152-159. [PMID: 36525222 PMCID: PMC10060282 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent data have shown a decreasing overall mortality in acromegaly over the last decades. However, cancer incidence and cancer-related mortality still appear to be increased. Our aim was to obtain updated epidemiological data from Norway in a clinically well-defined cohort with complete register-based follow-up. METHODS Patients diagnosed with acromegaly from South-Eastern Norway between 1999-2019 (n = 262) and age and sex matched population controls (1:100) were included (n = 26,200). Mortality and cancer data were obtained from the Norwegian Cause of Death and Cancer Registry. Mortality and cancer incidence were compared by Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression; we report hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS Median age at diagnosis was 48.0 years (interquartile range (IQR): 37.6-58.0). Mean annual acromegaly incidence rate was 4.7 (95% CI 4.2-5.3) cases/106 person-years, and the point prevalence (2019) was 83 (95% CI 72.6-93.5) cases/106 persons. Overall mortality was not increased in acromegaly, HR 0.8 (95% CI 0.5-1.4), cancer-specific and cardiovascular-specific mortality was also not increased (HR: 0.7 (95% CI 0.3-1.8) and 0.8 (95% CI: 0.3-2.5) respectively). The HR for all cancers was 1.45 (1.0-2.1; p = 0.052). CONCLUSION In this large cohort study, covering the period 1999-2019, patients were treated with individualized multimodal management. Mortality was not increased compared to the general population and comparable with recent registry studies from the Nordic countries and Europe. Overall cancer risk was slightly, but not significantly increased in the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Falch
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nicoleta C Olarescu
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ansgar Heck
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khan J, Pernicova I, Nisar K, Korbonits M. Mechanisms of ageing: growth hormone, dietary restriction, and metformin. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:261-281. [PMID: 36848915 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Tackling the mechanisms underlying ageing is desirable to help to extend the duration and improve the quality of life. Life extension has been achieved in animal models by suppressing the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis and also via dietary restriction. Metformin has become the focus of increased interest as a possible anti-ageing drug. There is some overlap in the postulated mechanisms of how these three approaches could produce anti-ageing effects, with convergence on common downstream pathways. In this Review, we draw on evidence from both animal models and human studies to assess the effects of suppression of the growth hormone-IGF-1 axis, dietary restriction, and metformin on ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jansher Khan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ida Pernicova
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kiran Nisar
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rubio CA, Vieth M, Lang-Schwarz C. The frequency of dysplastic branching crypts in colorectal polypoid tubular adenomas. Int J Exp Pathol 2023; 104:100-106. [PMID: 36734673 PMCID: PMC10182366 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysplastic crypt branching (DCB) was recently found in ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia. The aim was to assess the frequency and the branching phenotype of DCB in polypoid colorectal tubular adenomas (TA). A total of 3956 DCB were found in the 139 TA: 98% were in asymmetric branching (DCAB) and the remaining 2% in symmetric branching (DCSB). A linear correlation was found between DCB frequency and the increasing digital size in TA (p < .05). Using a digital ruler, adenomas were divided into small TA (<5 mm) and larger TA (≥5 mm). The difference between the frequency of DCB in small TA (n = 75) vs. larger TA (n = 64), was significant (p < .05). DCB frequency was not influenced by age, gender or TA localization. In the normal colorectal mucosa (≈2 m2 ), only occasional CSB is found and no CAB. And yet, multiple DCB (mean 16.7 DCB), mostly DCAB, was found in small TA, occupying <5 mm of the mucosal area. In larger TA, as many as 42.1 DCB (mean), mostly DCAB, occurred in merely 7.8 mm (mean) of the colon mucosa. Thus it is suggested that DCB is a standard histologic element of TA. The natural expansion of the adenomatous tissue in larger TA appears to be follow on from newly produced, mostly DCAB, by DCSB and by the accumulation of their dysplastic offspring's progenies. The findings strongly suggest that DCB is a central microstructure in the histological events unfolding in polypoid colorectal TA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rubio
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Corinna Lang-Schwarz
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Di Somma C, Scarano E, Arianna R, Romano F, Lavorgna M, Serpico D, Colao A. Long-Term Safety of Growth Hormone Deficiency Treatment in Cancer and Sellar Tumors Adult Survivors: Is There a Role of GH Therapy on the Neoplastic Risk? J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020662. [PMID: 36675591 PMCID: PMC9861672 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies support the hypothesis that GH/IGF-1 status may influence neoplastic tissue growth. Epidemiological studies suggest a link between GH/IGF-1 status and cancer risk. However, several studies regarding GH replacement safety in childhood cancer survivors do not show a prevalence excess of de novo cancers, and several reports on children and adults treated with GH have not shown an increase in observed cancer risk in these patients. The aim of this review is to provide an at-a-glance overview and the state of the art of long-term effects of GH replacement on neoplastic risk in adults with growth hormone deficiency who have survived cancer and sellar tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Di Somma
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair “Education for Health and Sustainable Development”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisabetta Scarano
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Arianna
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Romano
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Lavorgna
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Serpico
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair “Education for Health and Sustainable Development”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fleseriu M, Langlois F, Lim DST, Varlamov EV, Melmed S. Acromegaly: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:804-826. [PMID: 36209758 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas that cause acromegaly arise as monoclonal expansions of differentiated somatotroph cells and are usually sporadic. They are almost invariably benign, yet they can be locally invasive and show progressive growth despite treatment. Persistent excess of both growth hormone and its target hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) results in a wide array of cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal, neurological, and neoplastic comorbidities that might not be reversible with disease control. Normalisation of IGF-1 and growth hormone are the primary therapeutic aims; additional treatment goals include tumour shrinkage, relieving symptoms, managing complications, reducing excess morbidity, and improving quality of life. A multimodal approach with surgery, medical therapy, and (more rarely) radiation therapy is required to achieve these goals. In this Review, we examine the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, complications, and treatment of acromegaly, with an emphasis on the importance of tailoring management strategies to each patient to optimise outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fleseriu
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition) and Department of Neurological Surgery, and Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Fabienne Langlois
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Elena V Varlamov
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition) and Department of Neurological Surgery, and Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine and Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Melmed
- Correspondence: Shlomo Melmed, MB, ChB, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, NT 2015, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kopchick JJ, Basu R, Berryman DE, Jorgensen JOL, Johannsson G, Puri V. Covert actions of growth hormone: fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:558-573. [PMID: 35750929 PMCID: PMC9703363 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery nearly a century ago, over 100,000 studies of growth hormone (GH) have investigated its structure, how it interacts with the GH receptor and its multiple actions. These include effects on growth, substrate metabolism, body composition, bone mineral density, the cardiovascular system and brain function, among many others. Recombinant human GH is approved for use to promote growth in children with GH deficiency (GHD), along with several additional clinical indications. Studies of humans and animals with altered levels of GH, from complete or partial GHD to GH excess, have revealed several covert or hidden actions of GH, such as effects on fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer. In this Review, we do not concentrate on the classic and controversial indications for GH therapy, nor do we cover all covert actions of GH. Instead, we stress the importance of the relationship between GH and fibrosis, and how fibrosis (or lack thereof) might be an emerging factor in both cardiovascular and cancer pathologies. We highlight clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GHD, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel phenotypes and molecular pathways responsible for these actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jens O L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao Y, Ji Z, Li J, Zhang S, Wu C, Zhang R, Guo Z. Growth hormone associated with treatment efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:917313. [PMID: 36016614 PMCID: PMC9395680 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.917313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with chemotherapy have been widely employed to improve the outcome of gastric cancer patients. In the present study, the impact of posttreatment growth hormone (GH) levels on the treatment efficacy of ICIs for advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients was assessed. Methods Seventy-five AGC patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies at The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University were involved. We divided AGC patients into two groups as high-GH group and low-GH group based on the GH level. Immunotherapy efficacy was assessed in terms of objective response rate, disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. The enumeration data were compared by χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Survival curves were drawn by the Kaplan–Meier method, and comparisons between the curves were made using the log-rank test. Multivariate survival analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results The higher GH levels were associated with a lower DCR of ICIs with a DCR of 30.0% in the high-GH group and 53.3% in the low-GH group (P = 0.046). The subsequent univariate analysis showed that a high GH level was associated with both shorter PFS (P = 0.016) and shorter OS at the borderline statistical level (P = 0.052) in AGC patients treated with ICIs. Cox model analysis also proved that the GH level was an independent risk factor for the outcome of AGC patients (PFS: P = 0.013, HR, 2.424, 95% CI, 1.202–4.890; OS: P = 0.014, HR, 3.301, 95% CI, 1.279–8.519). Conclusions The post-treatment GH level might be a predictor for ICIs treatment in AGC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhengzheng Ji
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiasong Li
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chensi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruixing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhanjun Guo
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhanjun Guo,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Basu R, Qian Y, Mathes S, Terry J, Arnett N, Riddell T, Stevens A, Funk K, Bell S, Bokal Z, Batten C, Smith C, Mendez-Gibson I, Duran-Ortiz S, Lach G, Mora-Criollo PA, Kulkarni P, Davis E, Teaford E, Berryman DE, List EO, Neggers S, Kopchick JJ. Growth hormone receptor antagonism downregulates ATP-binding cassette transporters contributing to improved drug efficacy against melanoma and hepatocarcinoma in vivo. Front Oncol 2022; 12:936145. [PMID: 35865483 PMCID: PMC9296106 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.936145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Knockdown of GH receptor (GHR) in melanoma cells in vitro downregulates ATP-binding cassette-containing (ABC) transporters and sensitizes them to anti-cancer drug treatments. Here we aimed to determine whether a GHR antagonist (GHRA) could control cancer growth by sensitizing tumors to therapy through downregulation of ABC transporters in vivo. We intradermally inoculated Fluc-B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells into GHA mice, transgenic for a GHR antagonist (GHRA), and observed a marked reduction in tumor size, mass and tumoral GH signaling. Moreover, constitutive GHRA production in the transgenic mice significantly improved the response to cisplatin treatment by suppressing expression of multiple ABC transporters and sensitizing the tumors to the drug. We confirmed that presence of a GHRA and not a mere absence of GH is essential for this chemo-sensitizing effect using Fluc-B16-F10 allografts in GH knockout (GHKO) mice, where tumor growth was reduced relative to that in GH-sufficient controls but did not sensitize the tumor to cisplatin. We extended our investigation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using human HCC cells in vitro and a syngeneic mouse model of HCC with Hepa1-6 allografts in GHA mice. Gene expression analyses and drug-efflux assays confirm that blocking GH significantly suppresses the levels of ABC transporters and improves the efficacy of sorafenib towards almost complete tumor clearance. Human patient data for melanoma and HCC show that GHR RNA levels correlate with ABC transporter expression. Collectively, our results validate in vivo that combination of a GHRA with currently available anti-cancer therapies can be effective in attacking cancer drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Samuel Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Nathan Arnett
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Trent Riddell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Austin Stevens
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Kevin Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Stephen Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Zac Bokal
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Courtney Batten
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Cole Smith
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Grace Lach
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | | | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth Teaford
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sebastian Neggers
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Translational Biological Sciences Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: John J. Kopchick,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Prior study has demonstrated that gut microbiota at the genus level is significantly altered in patients with growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (GHPA). Yet, no studies exist describing the state of gut microbiota at species level in GHPA. We performed a study using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in a cohort of patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma (GHPA, n = 28) and healthy controls (n = 67). Among them, 9 patients and 10 healthy controls were randomly chosen and enrolled in metagenomics shotgun sequencing, generating 280,426,512 reads after aligning to NCBI GenBank DataBase to acquire taxa information at the species level. Weighted UniFrac analysis revealed that microbial diversity was notably decreased in patients with GHPA, consistent with a previous study. With 16S rRNA sequencing, after correction for false-discovery rate (FDR), rank-sum test at the genus level revealed that the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Enterobacter was remarkably increased in patients and Blautia and Romboutsia genera predominated in the controls, augmented by additional LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis effect size) analysis. As for further comparison at the species level with metagenomics sequencing, rank-sum test together with LEfSe analysis confirmed the enrichment of Alistipes shahii and Odoribacter splanchnicus in the patient group. Notably, LEfSe analysis with metagenomics also demonstrated that Enterobacter sp. DC1 and Enterobacter sp. 940 PEND, derived from Enterobacter, were both significantly enriched in patients. Functional analysis showed that amino acid metabolism pathway was remarkably enriched in GHPA, while carbohydrate metabolism pathway was notably enriched in controls. Further, significant positive correlations were observed between Enterobacter and baseline insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), indicating that Enterobacter may be strongly associated with GH/IGF-1 axis in GHPA. Our data extend our insight into the GHPA microbiome, which may shed further light on GHPA pathogenesis and facilitate the exploration of novel therapeutic targets based on microbiota manipulation. IMPORTANCE Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated not only with intestinal disorders but also with numerous extraintestinal diseases. Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma (GHPA) is an insidious disease with persistent hypersecretion of GH and IGF-1, causing increased morbidity and mortality. Researches have reported that the GH/IGF-1 axis exerts its own influence on the intestinal microflora. Here, the results showed that compared with healthy controls, GHPA patients not only decreased the alpha diversity of the intestinal flora but also significantly changed their beta diversity. Further, metagenomics shotgun sequencing in the present study exhibited that Enterobacter sp. DC1 and Enterobacter sp. 940 PEND were enriched in patients. Also, we were pleasantly surprised to find that the Enterobacter genus was strongly positively correlated with baseline IGF-1 levels. Collectively, our work provides the first glimpse of the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota at species level, providing a better understanding of the pathophysiological process of GHPA.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jensen EA, Young JA, Kuhn J, Onusko M, Busken J, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Growth hormone alters gross anatomy and morphology of the small and large intestines in age- and sex-dependent manners. Pituitary 2022; 25:116-130. [PMID: 34373994 PMCID: PMC8905484 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth hormone (GH) has an important role in intestinal barrier function, and abnormalities in GH action have been associated with intestinal complications. Yet, the impact of altered GH on intestinal gross anatomy and morphology remains unclear. METHODS This study investigated the influence of GH signaling on gross anatomy, morphology, and fibrosis by characterizing the small and large intestines in male and female bovine growth hormone transgenic (bGH) mice and GH receptor gene-disrupted (GHR-/-) mice at multiple timepoints. RESULTS The length, weight, and circumference of the small and large intestines were increased in bGH mice and decreased in GHR-/- mice across all ages. Colon circumference was significantly increased in bGH mice in a sex-dependent manner while significantly decreased in male GHR-/- mice. Villus height, crypt depth, and muscle thickness of the small intestine were generally increased in bGH mice and decreased in GHR-/- mice compared to controls with age- and sex-dependent exceptions. Colonic crypt depth and muscle thickness in bGH and GHR-/- mice were significantly altered in an age- and sex-dependent manner. Fibrosis was increased in the small intestine of bGH males at 4 months of age, but no significant differences were seen between genotypes at other timepoints. CONCLUSION This study observed notable opposing findings in the intestinal phenotype between mouse lines with GH action positively associated with intestinal gross anatomy (i.e. length, weight, and circumference). Moreover, GH action appears to alter morphology of the small and large intestines in an age- and sex-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jensen
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jaycie Kuhn
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maria Onusko
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Parks Hall Suite 142, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joshua Busken
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Parks Hall Suite 142, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Parks Hall Suite 142, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Parks Hall Suite 142, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Office of Research and Grants, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine Hall 220B, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Targeting Post-Translational Regulation of p53 in Colorectal Cancer by Exploiting Vulnerabilities in the p53-MDM2 Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010219. [PMID: 35008383 PMCID: PMC8750794 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role played by the key tumor suppressor gene p53 and the implications of p53 mutations for the development and progression of neoplasia continue to expand. This review focuses on colorectal cancer and the regulators of p53 expression and activity identified over the past decade. These newly recognized regulatory mechanisms include (1) direct regulation of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase; (2) modulation of the MDM2-p53 interaction; (3) MDM2-independent p53 degradation; and (4) inhibition of p53 nuclear translocation. We positioned these regulatory mechanisms in the context of p53 missense mutations, which not only evade canonical p53 degradation machinery but also exhibit gain-of-function phenotypes that enhance tumor survival and metastasis. Lastly, we discuss current and potential therapeutic strategies directed against p53 mutant-bearing tumors.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kasuki L, Maia B, Gadelha MR. Acromegaly and Colorectal Neoplasm: An Update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:924952. [PMID: 35795151 PMCID: PMC9251006 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.924952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a systemic disease caused by excessive inappropriate secretion of GH and IGF-I levels, resulting in many systemic complications, including cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic diseases, and a possible increased risk of some neoplasias. Although many studies on acromegaly and cancer remain uncertain, most data indicate that colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is increased in this population. The exact mechanism involved in the role of GH-IGF-I axis in CRC has not been fully explained, yet it is associated with local and circulating effects of GH and IGF-I on the colon, promoting angiogenesis, cell proliferation, risk of mutation, inhibition of tumor-suppressor genes and apoptosis, thus facilitating a tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, population-based studies present controversial findings on CRC incidence and mortality. All worldwide guidelines and expert consensuses agree with the need for colonoscopic screening and surveillance in acromegaly, although there is no consensus regarding the best period to do this. This review aims to analyze the existing data on CRC and acromegaly, exploring its pathophysiology, epidemiological studies and their limitations, colonic polyp characteristics, overall cancer and CRC incidences and mortality, risk factors for colon cancer pathophysiology, and recommendation guideline aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Kasuki
- Endocrine Unit and Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuroendocrine Unit - Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Leandro Kasuki,
| | - Bernardo Maia
- Endocrine Unit and Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica R. Gadelha
- Endocrine Unit and Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuroendocrine Unit - Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuropathology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Replicative senescence occurs due to an inability to repair DNA damage and activation of p53/p21 and p16INK4 pathways. It is considered a preventive mechanism for arresting proliferation of DNA-damaged cells. Stably senescent cells are characterized by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which produces and secretes cytokines, chemokines, and/or matrix metalloproteinases depending on the cell type. SASP proteins may increase cell proliferation, facilitating conversion of premalignant to malignant tumor cells, triggering DNA damage, and altering the tissue microenvironment. Further, senescent cells accumulate with age, thereby aggravating age-related tissue damage. Here, we review a heretofore unappreciated role for growth hormone (GH) as a SASP component, acting in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. In senescent cells, GH is activated by DNA-damage-induced p53 and inhibits phosphorylation of DNA repair proteins ATM, Chk2, p53, and H2AX. Somatotroph adenomas containing abundant intracellular GH exhibit increased somatic copy number alterations, indicative of DNA damage, and are associated with induced p53/p21. As this pathway restrains proliferation of DNA-damaged cells, these mechanisms may underlie the senescent phenotype and benign nature of slowly proliferating pituitary somatotroph adenomas. In highly proliferative cells, such as colon epithelial cells, GH induced in response to DNA damage suppresses p53, thereby triggering senescent cell proliferation. As senescent cells harbor unrepaired DNA damage, GH may enable senescent cells to evade senescence and reenter the cell cycle, resulting in acquisition of harmful mutations. These mechanisms, at least in part, may underlie pro-aging effects of GH observed in animal models and in patients with chronically elevated GH levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chesnokova V, Zonis S, Apostolou A, Estrada HQ, Knott S, Wawrowsky K, Michelsen K, Ben-Shlomo A, Barrett R, Gorbunova V, Karalis K, Melmed S. Local non-pituitary growth hormone is induced with aging and facilitates epithelial damage. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110068. [PMID: 34910915 PMCID: PMC8716125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental factors modulating age-related DNA damage are unclear. Non-pituitary growth hormone (npGH) is induced in human colon, non-transformed human colon cells, and fibroblasts, and in 3-dimensional intestinal organoids with age-associated DNA damage. Autocrine/paracrine npGH suppresses p53 and attenuates DNA damage response (DDR) by inducing TRIM29 and reducing ATM phosphorylation, leading to reduced DNA repair and DNA damage accumulation. Organoids cultured up to 4 months exhibit aging markers, p16, and SA-β-galactosidase and decreased telomere length, as well as DNA damage accumulation, with increased npGH, suppressed p53, and attenuated DDR. Suppressing GH in aged organoids increases p53 and decreases DNA damage. WT mice exhibit age-dependent colon DNA damage accumulation, while in aged mice devoid of colon GH signaling, DNA damage remains low, with elevated p53. As age-associated npGH induction enables a pro-proliferative microenvironment, abrogating npGH signaling could be targeted as anti-aging therapy by impeding DNA damage and age-related pathologies. Chesnokova et al. show that non-pituitary growth hormone (npGH) is induced in aging DNA-damaged colon epithelium and suppresses DNA damage response by attenuating the phosphorylation of DNA repair proteins. npGH induction promotes DNA damage accumulation, resulting in age-associated colon microenvironment changes. Accordingly, disrupted GH signaling in aging mice prevents accumulated DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Svetlana Zonis
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Athanasia Apostolou
- Emulate Inc, Boston, MA 02210, USA; Graduate Program, Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Hannah Q Estrada
- Department of Medicine, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Medicine, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Simon Knott
- Department of Medicine, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kolja Wawrowsky
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kathrin Michelsen
- Department of Medicine, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anat Ben-Shlomo
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Robert Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Medicine, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ji R, Ji Y, Ma L, Ge S, Chen J, Wu S, Huang T, Sheng Y, Wang L, Yi N, Liu Z. Keratin 17 upregulation promotes cell metastasis and angiogenesis in colon adenocarcinoma. Bioengineered 2021; 12:12598-12611. [PMID: 34935584 PMCID: PMC8809968 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), having high malignancy and poor prognosis, is the main pathological type of colon cancer. Previous studies show that Keratin 17 (KRT17) plays an important role in the development of many malignant tumors. However, its role and the molecular mechanism underlying COAD remain unclear. Using TCGA and ONCOMINE databases, as well as immunohistochemistry, we found that the expression of KRT17 was higher in COAD tissues as compared to that in the adjacent normal tissues. Cell- and animal-based experiments showed that overexpression of KRT17 promoted the invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells while knocking down KRT17 reversed these processes both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we also showed that KRT17 promoted the formation of new blood vessels. Mechanistically, KRT17 could regulate the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, and APC may be involved in this process by interacting with KRT17. In summary, these findings suggested that high expression of KRT17 could promote cell metastasis and angiogenesis of colon cancer cells by regulating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Thus, KRT17 could be a potential therapeutic target for COAD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yifei Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sijia Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuzhen Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tianxin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Nan Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhaoxiu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Esposito D, Ragnarsson O, Johannsson G, Olsson DS. Incidence of Benign and Malignant Tumors in Patients With Acromegaly Is Increased: A Nationwide Population-based Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3487-3496. [PMID: 34343297 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Whether cancer risk in acromegaly is increased remains controversial, and the risk of benign tumors has been little studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of benign and malignant tumors in acromegaly in a nationwide population-based study. METHODS Adult patients diagnosed with acromegaly between 1987 and 2017 were identified in the Swedish National Patient Registry. The diagnoses of benign and malignant tumors were recorded. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for neoplasms with 95% CIs were calculated using the Swedish general population as reference. RESULTS The study included 1296 patients (52% women). Mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 51.6 (14.7) years. Median (range) follow-up time was 11.7 (0-31) years. Overall, 186 malignancies were identified in acromegalic patients compared with 144 expected in the general population (SIR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1-1.5). The incidence of colorectal and anal cancer (SIR 1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.2), and renal and ureteral cancer (SIR 4.0; 95% CI 2.3-6.5) was increased, whereas the incidence of malignancies of the respiratory system, brain, prostate, and breast was not. Only 3 cases of thyroid cancer were recorded. Mortality due to malignancies was not increased (SMR 1.1; 95% CI 0.9-1.4). Incidence of benign tumors was increased more than 2-fold (SIR 2.4; 95% CI 2.1-2.7). CONCLUSION Patients with acromegaly had an increased risk of both benign and malignant tumors, including colorectal and anal cancer, and renal and ureteral cancer. Whether this is associated with acromegaly itself or due to more intensive medical surveillance remains to be shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel S Olsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Boguszewski MCS, Cardoso-Demartini AA, Boguszewski CL, Chemaitilly W, Higham CE, Johannsson G, Yuen KCJ. Safety of growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH deficient children and adults treated for cancer and non-malignant intracranial tumors-a review of research and clinical practice. Pituitary 2021; 24:810-827. [PMID: 34304361 PMCID: PMC8416866 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals surviving cancer and brain tumors may experience growth hormone (GH) deficiency as a result of tumor growth, surgical resection and/or radiotherapy involving the hypothalamic-pituitary region. Given the pro-mitogenic and anti-apoptotic properties of GH and insulin-like growth factor-I, the safety of GH replacement in this population has raised hypothetical safety concerns that have been debated for decades. Data from multicenter studies with extended follow-up have generally not found significant associations between GH replacement and cancer recurrence or mortality from cancer among childhood cancer survivors. Potential associations with secondary neoplasms, especially solid tumors, have been reported, although this risk appears to decline with longer follow-up. Data from survivors of pediatric or adult cancers who are treated with GH during adulthood are scarce, and the risk versus benefit profile of GH replacement of this population remains unclear. Studies pertaining to the safety of GH replacement in individuals treated for nonmalignant brain tumors, including craniopharyngioma and non-functioning pituitary adenoma, have generally been reassuring with regards to the risk of tumor recurrence. The present review offers a summary of the most current medical literature regarding GH treatment of patients who have survived cancer and brain tumors, with the emphasis on areas where active research is required and where consensus on clinical practice is lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C S Boguszewski
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Agostinho Leão Junior, 285 - Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR, 80030-110, Brazil.
| | | | - Cesar Luiz Boguszewski
- SEMPR, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wassim Chemaitilly
- Departments of Pediatric Medicine-Endocrinology and Epidemiology-Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Claire E Higham
- Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kevin C J Yuen
- Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kamimura K, Nakajo M, Bohara M, Nagano D, Fukukura Y, Fujio S, Takajo T, Tabata K, Iwanaga T, Imai H, Nickel MD, Yoshiura T. Consistency of Pituitary Adenoma: Prediction by Pharmacokinetic Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI and Comparison with Histologic Collagen Content. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153914. [PMID: 34359814 PMCID: PMC8345382 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transsphenoidal resection of hard pituitary adenomas have a particularly high risk of residual tumor and complications. Therefore, prediction of tumor consistency is valuable for planning pituitary adenoma surgery. We prospectively examined whether quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is useful for predicting consistency of pituitary adenoma in 49 participants. We found that the measure of volume of extravascular extracellular space per unit volume of tissue derived from DCE-MRI could predict the consistency of pituitary adenomas. Furthermore, the volume of extravascular extracellular space per unit volume of tissue was significantly positively correlated with histopathologic collagen content of the adenoma. Our results suggest that volume of extravascular extracellular space per unit volume of tissue derived from quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis of DCE-MRI has a predictive value for consistency of pituitary adenomas. Abstract Prediction of tumor consistency is valuable for planning transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. A prospective study was conducted involving 49 participants with pituitary adenoma to determine whether quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is useful for predicting consistency of adenomas. Pharmacokinetic parameters in the adenomas including volume of extravascular extracellular space (EES) per unit volume of tissue (ve), blood plasma volume per unit volume of tissue (vp), volume transfer constant between blood plasma and EES (Ktrans), and rate constant between EES and blood plasma (kep) were obtained. The pharmacokinetic parameters and the histologic percentage of collagen content (PCC) were compared between soft and hard adenomas using Mann–Whitney U test. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to correlate pharmacokinetic parameters with PCC. Hard adenomas showed significantly higher PCC (44.08 ± 15.14% vs. 6.62 ± 3.47%, p < 0.01), ve (0.332 ± 0.124% vs. 0.221 ± 0.104%, p < 0.01), and Ktrans (0.775 ± 0.401/min vs. 0.601 ± 0.612/min, p = 0.02) than soft adenomas. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between ve and PCC (r = 0.601, p < 0.01). The ve derived using DCE-MRI may have predictive value for consistency of pituitary adenoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohisa Kamimura
- Department of Radiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (M.N.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (Y.F.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5417
| | - Masanori Nakajo
- Department of Radiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (M.N.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (Y.F.); (T.Y.)
| | - Manisha Bohara
- Department of Radiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (M.N.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (Y.F.); (T.Y.)
| | - Daigo Nagano
- Department of Radiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (M.N.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (Y.F.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yoshihiko Fukukura
- Department of Radiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (M.N.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (Y.F.); (T.Y.)
| | - Shingo Fujio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (S.F.); (T.T.)
| | - Tomoko Takajo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (S.F.); (T.T.)
| | - Kazuhiro Tabata
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- MR Research & Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare K.K., 1-11-1 Osaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-8644, Japan;
| | | | - Takashi Yoshiura
- Department of Radiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; (M.N.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (Y.F.); (T.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tonnus W, Belavgeni A, Beuschlein F, Eisenhofer G, Fassnacht M, Kroiss M, Krone NP, Reincke M, Bornstein SR, Linkermann A. The role of regulated necrosis in endocrine diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:497-510. [PMID: 34135504 PMCID: PMC8207819 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The death of endocrine cells is involved in type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmunity, adrenopause and hypogonadotropism. Insights from research on basic cell death have revealed that most pathophysiologically important cell death is necrotic in nature, whereas regular metabolism is maintained by apoptosis programmes. Necrosis is defined as cell death by plasma membrane rupture, which allows the release of damage-associated molecular patterns that trigger an immune response referred to as necroinflammation. Regulated necrosis comes in different forms, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. In this Perspective, with a focus on the endocrine environment, we introduce these cell death pathways and discuss the specific consequences of regulated necrosis. Given that clinical trials of necrostatins for the treatment of autoimmune conditions have already been initiated, we highlight the therapeutic potential of such novel therapeutic approaches that, in our opinion, should be tested in endocrine disorders in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wulf Tonnus
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexia Belavgeni
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nils P Krone
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Academic Unit of Child Health, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cheng Y, Li W, Gui R, Wang C, Song J, Wang Z, Wang X, Shen Y, Wang Z, Hao L. Dual Characters of GH-IGF1 Signaling Pathways in Radiotherapy and Post-radiotherapy Repair of Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671247. [PMID: 34178997 PMCID: PMC8220142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains one of the most important cancer treatment modalities. In the course of radiotherapy for tumor treatment, the incidental irradiation of adjacent tissues could not be completely avoided. DNA damage is one of the main factors of cell death caused by ionizing radiation, including single-strand (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis plays numerous roles in various systems by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, supporting its effects in inducing the development of multiple cancers. Meanwhile, the GH-IGF1 signaling involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA damage repair determines the radio-resistance of cancer cells subjected to radiotherapy and repair of adjacent tissues damaged by radiotherapy. In the present review, we firstly summarized the studies on GH-IGF1 signaling in the development of cancers. Then we discussed the adverse effect of GH-IGF1 signaling in radiotherapy to cancer cells and the favorable impact of GH-IGF1 signaling on radiation damage repair to adjacent tissues after irradiation. This review further summarized recent advances on research into the molecular mechanism of GH-IGF1 signaling pathway in these effects, expecting to specify the dual characters of GH-IGF1 signaling pathways in radiotherapy and post-radiotherapy repair of cancers, subsequently providing theoretical basis of their roles in increasing radiation sensitivity during cancer radiotherapy and repairing damage after radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanqiao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruirui Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Duran-Ortiz S, List EO, Basu R, Kopchick JJ. Extending lifespan by modulating the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis: coming of age. Pituitary 2021; 24:438-456. [PMID: 33459974 PMCID: PMC8122064 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress made in the years of aging research have allowed the opportunity to explore potential interventions to slow aging and extend healthy lifespan. Studies performed in yeast, worms, flies and mice subjected to genetic and pharmacological interventions have given insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with longevity. Furthermore, it is now possible to effectively modulate pathways that slow aging at different stages of life (early life or at an adult age). Interestingly, interventions that extend longevity in adult mice have had sex-specific success, suggesting a potential link between particular pathways that modulate aging and sex. For example, reduction of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis at an adult age extends lifespan preferentially in females. Moreover, several postnatal dietary interventions tested by the 'Intervention Testing Program (ITP)' from the National Institute of Aging (NIA) have shown that while pharmacological interventions like rapamycin affect the IGF-1/insulin pathway and preferentially extend lifespan in females; dietary compounds that target other cellular pathways are effective only in male mice-indicating mutually exclusive sex-specific pathways. Therefore, a combination of interventions that target non-overlapping aging-related pathways appears to be an effective approach to further extend healthy lifespan in both sexes. Here, we review the germline and postnatal mouse lines that target the GH/IGF-1 axis as a mechanism to extend longevity as well as the dietary compounds that tested positive in the NIA program to increase lifespan. We believe that the interventions reviewed in this paper could constitute feasible combinations for an extended healthy lifespan in both male and female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xie T, Kulur V, Liu N, Deng N, Wang Y, Rowan SC, Yao C, Huang G, Liu X, Taghavifar F, Liang J, Hogaboam C, Stripp B, Chen P, Jiang D, Noble PW. Mesenchymal growth hormone receptor deficiency leads to failure of alveolar progenitor cell function and severe pulmonary fibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabg6005. [PMID: 34108218 PMCID: PMC8189579 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified impaired type 2 alveolar epithelial cell (ATII) renewal in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) human organoids and severe fibrosis when ATII is defective in mice. ATIIs function as progenitor cells and require supportive signals from the surrounding mesenchymal cells. The mechanisms by which mesenchymal cells promote ATII progenitor functions in lung fibrosis are incompletely understood. We identified growth hormone receptor (GHR) is mainly expressed in mesenchymal cells, and its expression is substantially decreased in IPF lungs. Higher levels of GHR expression correlated with better lung function in patients with IPF. Profibrotic mesenchymal cells retarded ATII growth and were associated with suppressed vesicular GHR expression. Vesicles enriched with Ghr promote ATII proliferation and diminished pulmonary fibrosis in mesenchymal Ghr-deficient mice. Our findings demonstrate a previously unidentified mesenchymal paracrine signaling coordinated by GHR that is capable of supporting ATII progenitor cell renewal and limiting the severity of lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ningshan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Simon Coyle Rowan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guanling Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Forough Taghavifar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cory Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barry Stripp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
List EO, Basu R, Duran-Ortiz S, Krejsa J, Jensen EA. Mouse models of growth hormone deficiency. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:3-16. [PMID: 33033978 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nearly one century of research using growth hormone deficient (GHD) mouse lines has contributed greatly toward our knowledge of growth hormone (GH), a pituitary-derived hormone that binds and signals through the GH receptor and affects many metabolic processes throughout life. Although delayed sexual maturation, decreased fertility, reduced muscle mass, increased adiposity, small body size, and glucose intolerance appear to be among the negative characteristics of these GHD mouse lines, these mice still consistently outlive their normal sized littermates. Furthermore, the absence of GH action in these mouse lines leads to enhanced insulin sensitivity (likely due to the lack of GH's diabetogenic actions), delayed onset for a number of age-associated physiological declines (including cognition, cancer, and neuromusculoskeletal frailty), reduced cellular senescence, and ultimately, extended lifespan. In this review, we provide details about history, availability, growth, physiology, and aging of five commonly used GHD mouse lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jackson Krejsa
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 172 Water Tower Drive, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Battistone MF, Miragaya K, Rogozinski A, Agüero M, Alfieri A, Ballarino MC, Boero L, Danilowicz K, Diez S, Donoso M, Fainstein-Day P, Furioso A, Garcia-Basavilbaso N, Glerean M, Katz D, Loto M, Mallea-Gil S, Martinez M, Sabate MI, Servidio M, Slavinsky P, Stalldecker G, Sosa S, Szuman G, Tkatch J, Caldo I, Lubieniecki D, Guitelman M. Increased risk of preneoplastic colonic lesions and colorectal carcinoma in acromegaly: multicenter case-control study. Pituitary 2021; 24:96-103. [PMID: 33057946 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current international guidelines recommend colonoscopy in patients with acromegaly at the time of diagnosis, even though the risk of developing colorectal neoplasm is still controversial. The main objective of this Argentine multicenter study was to analyze through screening colonoscopy the presence of advanced neoplastic lesions considered as precancerous, in patients with acromegaly compared to a control group. METHODS This is a case-control retrospective study. Full length colonoscopy of 70 acromegalic patients and 128 control subjects were studied. Polyps were classified into non pre-cancerous lesions and advance neoplastic lesions which included advanced adenomas (preneoplastic) and colorectal carcinomas. RESULTS Thirty three out of 70 acromegalic patients and 32 out of 128 subjects controls presented polyps in the colonoscopy [47.1% vs 25%, p = 0.002, OR 2.68]. Non precancerous polyps were found in 11 (15.7%) and 23 (17.9%) (p = 0.690), while advanced neoplastic lesions were found in 22 (31.4%) and 9 (7.0%) (p = 0,0001 - OR: 6.06) patients and controls respectively. Advanced adenomas and colorectal carcinomas were found in 18 (27.3%) and 9 (7.0%) (p = 0,0006-OR: 4,57), and 4 (5.7%) and 0 (0.0%) p = 0.0063) of patients and controls respectively. The presence of insulin resistance was the only statistically significant associated factor among acromegalic patients with and without colonic polyps. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show an increased risk of preneoplastic colonic lesions and colorectal carcinoma in patients with chronic and sustained GH excess compared to a control group. This supports the recommendation to perform screening colonoscopy at diagnosis of acromegaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Miragaya
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amelia Rogozinski
- División Endocrinología, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica Agüero
- Grupo de trabajo Endocrinología, Hospital Tornú, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analia Alfieri
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Nacional Profesor A. Posadas, El Palomar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Laura Boero
- División Endocrinología, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Danilowicz
- División Endocrinología, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Diez
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Ignacio Pirovano,, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Donoso
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Nacional Profesor A. Posadas, El Palomar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alejandra Furioso
- División Endocrinología, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariela Glerean
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Debora Katz
- Sección Neuroendocrinología, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica Loto
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Mallea-Gil
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Militar Central, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Martinez
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital C. Milstein, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Isabel Sabate
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Servidio
- Unidad de Endocrinología, Hospital Teodoro Alvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Graciela Stalldecker
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Ignacio Pirovano,, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Sosa
- División Endocrinología, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Grabriela Szuman
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Sanatorio Municipal Dr. J. Mendez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Tkatch
- División Endocrinología, Hospital Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Caldo
- Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hospital Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Lubieniecki
- Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hospital Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirtha Guitelman
- División Endocrinología, Hospital Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gil J, Jordà M, Soldevila B, Puig-Domingo M. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Resistance to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Acromegaly. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:646210. [PMID: 33790868 PMCID: PMC8006574 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.646210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process by which epithelial cells loss their phenotype and acquire mesenchymal traits, including increased migratory and invasive capacities. EMT is involved in physiological processes, such as embryogenesis and wound healing, and in pathological processes such as cancer, playing a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis. Pituitary tumors, although typically benign, can be locally invasive. Different studies have shown the association of EMT with increased tumor size and invasion in pituitary tumors, and in particular with a poor response to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands (SRLs) treatment in GH-producing pituitary tumors, the main cause of acromegaly. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding EMT and SRLs resistance in acromegaly and, based on this relation, will suggest new biomarkers and possible therapies to SRLs resistant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gil
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
| | - Berta Soldevila
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrine Tumours Lab, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manel Puig-Domingo, ; Mireia Jordà,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Growth Hormone Upregulates Mediators of Melanoma Drug Efflux and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123640. [PMID: 33291663 PMCID: PMC7761932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Growth hormone (GH) action is strongly implicated in the progression and therapy resistance in several types of solid tumors which overexpress the GH receptor (GHR). The aim of our study was to characterize the effects of GH and its downstream effector insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on melanoma using in vitro and in vivo models. We confirmed an IGF-1-independent role of elevated circulating GH in upregulating key mechanisms of therapy resistance and malignancy with analyses conducted at the molecular and cellular level. We identified that GH upregulates key mechanisms of therapy resistance and metastases in melanoma tumors in an IGF-1 dependent and independent manner by upregulating multidrug efflux pumps and EMT transcription factors. Our study reveals that GH action renders an intrinsic drug resistance phenotype to the melanoma tumors—a clinically crucial property of GH verifiable in other human cancers with GHR expression. Abstract Growth hormone (GH) and the GH receptor (GHR) are expressed in a wide range of malignant tumors including melanoma. However, the effect of GH/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) on melanoma in vivo has not yet been elucidated. Here we assessed the physical and molecular effects of GH on mouse melanoma B16-F10 and human melanoma SK-MEL-30 cells in vitro. We then corroborated these observations with syngeneic B16-F10 tumors in two mouse lines with different levels of GH/IGF: bovine GH transgenic mice (bGH; high GH, high IGF-1) and GHR gene-disrupted or knockout mice (GHRKO; high GH, low IGF-1). In vitro, GH treatment enhanced mouse and human melanoma cell growth, drug retention and cell invasion. While the in vivo tumor size was unaffected in both bGH and GHRKO mouse lines, multiple drug-efflux pumps were up regulated. This intrinsic capacity of therapy resistance appears to be GH dependent. Additionally, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene transcription markers were significantly upregulated in vivo supporting our current and recent in vitro observations. These syngeneic mouse melanoma models of differential GH/IGF action can be valuable tools in screening for therapeutic options where lowering GH/IGF-1 action is important.
Collapse
|
36
|
Strous GJ, Almeida ADS, Putters J, Schantl J, Sedek M, Slotman JA, Nespital T, Hassink GC, Mol JA. Growth Hormone Receptor Regulation in Cancer and Chronic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597573. [PMID: 33312162 PMCID: PMC7708378 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The GHR signaling pathway plays important roles in growth, metabolism, cell cycle control, immunity, homeostatic processes, and chemoresistance via both the JAK/STAT and the SRC pathways. Dysregulation of GHR signaling is associated with various diseases and chronic conditions such as acromegaly, cancer, aging, metabolic disease, fibroses, inflammation and autoimmunity. Numerous studies entailing the GHR signaling pathway have been conducted for various cancers. Diverse factors mediate the up- or down-regulation of GHR signaling through post-translational modifications. Of the numerous modifications, ubiquitination and deubiquitination are prominent events. Ubiquitination by E3 ligase attaches ubiquitins to target proteins and induces proteasomal degradation or starts the sequence of events that leads to endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we discuss the role of first line effectors that act directly on the GHR at the cell surface including ADAM17, JAK2, SRC family member Lyn, Ubc13/CHIP, proteasome, βTrCP, CK2, STAT5b, and SOCS2. Activity of all, except JAK2, Lyn and STAT5b, counteract GHR signaling. Loss of their function increases the GH-induced signaling in favor of aging and certain chronic diseases, exemplified by increased lung cancer risk in case of a mutation in the SOCS2-GHR interaction site. Insight in their roles in GHR signaling can be applied for cancer and other therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ger J. Strous
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- BIMINI Biotech B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ana Da Silva Almeida
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Putters
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julia Schantl
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Sedek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Slotman
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Nespital
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Hassink
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Höybye C, Beck-Peccoz P, Simsek S, Zabransky M, Zouater H, Stalla G, Murray RD. Safety of current recombinant human growth hormone treatments for adults with growth hormone deficiency and unmet needs. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:1539-1548. [PMID: 33089723 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1839410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in adults is characterized by abnormal body composition, unfavorable cardiovascular risk factors, and poor quality of life. The diagnosis is made within appropriate clinical settings and according to established guidelines. Numerous studies have shown that GH treatment improves body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, physical capacity, and quality of life while issues on safety, in particular long-term safety, remain. AREAS COVERED Short- and long-term safety of GH replacement in adults with GHD. EXPERT OPINION Adults with GHD are an inhomogeneous group of patients and GH replacement requires individual considerations. Most adverse effects are mild and transient and related to fluid retention and GH dose. In patients without comorbidities long-term GH treatment is safe and development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or tumors are not increased. Furthermore, mortality is not increased. Patients with risk factors should be identified before GH treatment is initiated and an optimal balance between benefit and risk established. Studies with sufficient duration and power to identify the development of cardiovascular diseases and cancers are still awaited. Effective management of comorbidities can be expected to decrease morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life. Studies with long-acting GH formulations are ongoing and available data indicate similar effects and short-time safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Höybye
- Department Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska institute and Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Beck-Peccoz
- Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano, Italy
| | - Suat Simsek
- Internal medicine, Northwest Clinics , Netherlands
| | | | | | - Günter Stalla
- Medicover Neuroendokrinologie , Munich, Germany.,Planck Institute of psychiatry, Medizinische Klinik Und Poliklinik IV Der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich, Germany
| | - Robert D Murray
- Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, St James's University Hospital , Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jensen EA, Young JA, Mathes SC, List EO, Carroll RK, Kuhn J, Onusko M, Kopchick JJ, Murphy ER, Berryman DE. Crosstalk between the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis and the gut microbiome: A new frontier for microbial endocrinology. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 53-54:101333. [PMID: 32717585 PMCID: PMC7938704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Both the GH/IGF-1 axis and the gut microbiota independently play an important role in host growth, metabolism, and intestinal homeostasis. Inversely, abnormalities in GH action and microbial dysbiosis (or a lack of diversity) in the gut have been implicated in restricted growth, metabolic disorders (such as chronic undernutrition, anorexia nervosa, obesity, and diabetes), and intestinal dysfunction (such as pediatric Crohn's disease, colonic polyps, and colon cancer). Over the last decade, studies have demonstrated that the microbial impact on growth may be mediated through the GH/IGF-1 axis, pointing toward a potential relationship between GH and the gut microbiota. This review covers current research on the GH/IGF-1 axis and the gut microbiome and its influence on overall host growth, metabolism, and intestinal health, proposing a bidirectional relationship between GH and the gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jensen
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States of America; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Samuel C Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Edward O List
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, OH, United States of America; The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall Suite 142, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Ronan K Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Jaycie Kuhn
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Maria Onusko
- The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall Suite 142, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - John J Kopchick
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, OH, United States of America; The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall Suite 142, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Erin R Murphy
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Institute, Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, OH, United States of America; The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall Suite 142, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chesnokova V, Melmed S. Peptide Hormone Regulation of DNA Damage Responses. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5818084. [PMID: 32270196 PMCID: PMC7279704 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair pathways determine neoplastic cell transformation and therapeutic responses, as well as the aging process. Altered DDR functioning results in accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage, increased frequency of tumorigenic mutations, and premature aging. Recent evidence suggests that polypeptide hormones play a role in modulating DDR and DNA damage repair, while DNA damage accumulation may also affect hormonal status. We review the available reports elucidating involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), growth hormone (GH), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/gonadotropins in DDR and DNA repair as well as the current understanding of pathways enabling these actions. We discuss effects of DNA damage pathway mutations, including Fanconi anemia, on endocrine function and consider mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 19, 2020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Natchev E, Vandeva S, Kovatcheva R, Kirilov G, Kalinov K, Zacharieva S. Thyroid gland changes in patients with acromegaly. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2020; 64:269-275. [PMID: 32555993 PMCID: PMC10522226 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acromegaly is characterized by high neoplastic morbidity as a side effect of growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion. Increased incidence of goiter, thyroid carcinoma, and thyroid dysfunction is also reported. The aim of the present study was to find the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and goiter in patients with acromegaly and determine its relationship to disease activity, disease duration, and the presence of secondary hypothyroidism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study of the period 2008-2012 were included 146 patients with acromegaly (56 men, 90 women) of mean age 50.3 ± 12.4 years. Acromegaly disease activity and thyroid function were evaluated in all patients. Thyroid ultrasonography was performed to calculate thyroid volume and detect the presence of nodular goiter. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were determined to have an active disease, and 55, a controlled disease. The mean thyroid volume in patients without previous thyroid surgery was 37.6 ± 38.8 mL. According to disease activity, thyroid volume was significantly higher in patients with active disease (38.5 ± 45.4 mL vs. 27.2 ± 18.4 mL, p = 0.036). A weak positive correlation was found between thyroid volume and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the whole group and in females (R = 0.218; p = 0.013, and R = 0.238; p = 0.037, respectively). There was no significant correlation of thyroid volume with disease duration and GH level in the whole group and in both sexes. The patients with secondary hypothyroidism had twofold smaller thyroid volume, relative to the rest of the group. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 39%, with a female to male percentage ratio of 1.73. Goiter was diagnosed in 87% of patients, including diffuse goiter (17.1%) and nodular (69.9%), with no significant difference between patients with active and controlled disease or the presence of secondary hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid volume in patients with acromegaly depends on disease activity and the presence of secondary hypothyroidism as a complication. The increased prevalence of nodular goiter determines the need of regular ultrasound thyroid evaluation in the follow-up of patients with acromegaly. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):269-75.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Natchev
- Department of EndocrinologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgariaDepartment of Endocrinology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Vandeva
- Department of EndocrinologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgariaDepartment of Endocrinology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Roussanka Kovatcheva
- Department of EndocrinologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgariaDepartment of Endocrinology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Kirilov
- Department of EndocrinologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgariaDepartment of Endocrinology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krasimir Kalinov
- New Bulgarian UniversitySofiaBulgariaNew Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sabina Zacharieva
- Department of EndocrinologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgariaDepartment of Endocrinology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Giustina A, Barkan A, Beckers A, Biermasz N, Biller BMK, Boguszewski C, Bolanowski M, Bonert V, Bronstein MD, Casanueva FF, Clemmons D, Colao A, Ferone D, Fleseriu M, Frara S, Gadelha MR, Ghigo E, Gurnell M, Heaney AP, Ho K, Ioachimescu A, Katznelson L, Kelestimur F, Kopchick J, Krsek M, Lamberts S, Losa M, Luger A, Maffei P, Marazuela M, Mazziotti G, Mercado M, Mortini P, Neggers S, Pereira AM, Petersenn S, Puig-Domingo M, Salvatori R, Shimon I, Strasburger C, Tsagarakis S, van der Lely AJ, Wass J, Zatelli MC, Melmed S. A Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acromegaly Comorbidities: An Update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5586717. [PMID: 31606735 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the Acromegaly Consensus Group was to revise and update the consensus on diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities last published in 2013. PARTICIPANTS The Consensus Group, convened by 11 Steering Committee members, consisted of 45 experts in the medical and surgical management of acromegaly. The authors received no corporate funding or remuneration. EVIDENCE This evidence-based consensus was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence following critical discussion of the current literature on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities. CONSENSUS PROCESS Acromegaly Consensus Group participants conducted comprehensive literature searches for English-language papers on selected topics, reviewed brief presentations on each topic, and discussed current practice and recommendations in breakout groups. Consensus recommendations were developed based on all presentations and discussions. Members of the Scientific Committee graded the quality of the supporting evidence and the consensus recommendations using the GRADE system. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based approach consensus recommendations address important clinical issues regarding multidisciplinary management of acromegaly-related cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic, and oncologic comorbidities, sleep apnea, and bone and joint disorders and their sequelae, as well as their effects on quality of life and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giustina
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ariel Barkan
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nienke Biermasz
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beverly M K Biller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cesar Boguszewski
- SEMPR, Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vivien Bonert
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marcello D Bronstein
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Division of Endocrinology, Santiago de Compostela University and Ciber OBN, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Clemmons
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Division of Endocrinologia, Universita' Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Ferone
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Departments of Medicine and Neurological Surgery, Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Stefano Frara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica R Gadelha
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Section, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mark Gurnell
- University of Cambridge & Addenbrooke's Hospital, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Heaney
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ken Ho
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adriana Ioachimescu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, and Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laurence Katznelson
- Departments of Medicine and Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - John Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Michal Krsek
- 2nd Department of Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine of the Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marco Losa
- Department of Neurosurgery, San Raffaele University Health Institute Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anton Luger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pietro Maffei
- Department of Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Marazuela
- Department of Medicine, CIBERER, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gherardo Mazziotti
- Endocrinology Unit, Humanitas University and Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Moises Mercado
- Division of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Experimental Endocrinology Unit, Centro Médico Nacional, Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pietro Mortini
- Department of Neurosurgery, San Raffaele University Health Institute Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian Neggers
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Endocrinology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Endocrine Tumors, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrinology Service, CIBER and CIBERES Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ilan Shimon
- Endocrine Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Christian Strasburger
- Department of Medicine for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stylianos Tsagarakis
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A J van der Lely
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Endocrinology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Wass
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology & Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Buckels A, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Athar M, Afaq F, Shevde-Samant L, Frank SJ. Autocrine/paracrine actions of growth hormone in human melanoma cell lines. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 21:100716. [PMID: 31890904 PMCID: PMC6928330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer. Its aggressiveness is most commonly attributed to ERK pathway mutations leading to constitutive signaling. Though initial tumor regression results from targeting this pathway, resistance often emerges. Interestingly, interrogation of the NCI-60 database indicates high growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression in melanoma cell lines. To further characterize melanoma, we tested responsiveness to human growth hormone (GH). GH treatment resulted in GHR signaling and increased invasion and migration, which was inhibited by a GHR monoclonal antibody (mAb) antagonist in WM35, SK-MEL 5, SK-MEL 28 and SK-MEL 119 cell lines. We also detected GH in the conditioned medium (CM) of human melanoma cell lines. GHR, JAK2 and STAT5 were basally phosphorylated in these cell lines, consistent with autocrine/paracrine GH production. Together, our results suggest that melanomas are enriched in GHR and produce GH that acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner. We suggest that GHR may constitute a therapeutic target in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashiya Buckels
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lalita Shevde-Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stuart J Frank
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Krasanakis T, Nikolouzakis TK, Sgantzos M, Mariolis-Sapsakos T, Souglakos J, Spandidos DA, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Role of anabolic agents in colorectal carcinogenesis: Myths and realities (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2228-2244. [PMID: 31578582 PMCID: PMC6826302 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the four leading causes of cancer‑related mortality worldwide. Even though over the past few decades the global scientific community has made tremendous efforts to understand this entity, many questions remain to be raised on this issue and even more to be answered. Epidemiological findings have unveiled numerous environmental and genetic risk factors, each one contributing to a certain degree to the final account of new CRC cases. Moreover, different trends have been revealed regarding the age of onset of CRC between the two sexes. That, in addition to newly introduced therapeutic approaches for various diseases based on androgens, anti‑androgens and anabolic hormones has raised some concerns regarding their possible carcinogenic effects or their synergistic potential with other substances/risk factors, predisposing the individual to CRC. Notably, despite the intense research on experimental settings and population studies, the conclusions regarding the majority of anabolic substances are ambiguous. Some of these indicate the carcinogenic properties of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), growth hormone and insulin‑like growth factor (IGF) and others, demonstrating their neutral nature or even their protective one, as in the case of vitamin D. Thus, the synergistic nature of anabolic substances with other CRC risk factors (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and smoking) has emerged, suggesting a more holistic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Krasanakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Markos Sgantzos
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodore Mariolis-Sapsakos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agioi Anargyroi General and Oncologic Hospital of Kifisia, 14564 Athens, Greece
| | - John Souglakos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chesnokova V, Melmed S. Growth hormone in the tumor microenvironment. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:568-575. [PMID: 31939481 PMCID: PMC7025769 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor development is a multistep process whereby local mechanisms enable somatic mutations during preneoplastic stages. Once a tumor develops, it becomes a complex organ composed of multiple cell types. Interactions between malignant and non-transformed cells and tissues create a tumor microenvironment (TME) comprising epithelial cancer cells, cancer stem cells, non-tumorous cells, stromal cells, immune-inflammatory cells, blood and lymphatic vascular network, and extracellular matrix. We review reports and present a hypothesis that postulates the involvement of growth hormone (GH) in field cancerization. We discuss GH contribution to TME, promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage, tumor vascularity, and resistance to therapy. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):568-75.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Pituitary CenterDepartment of MedicineCedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSAPituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary CenterDepartment of MedicineCedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSAPituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Basu R, Kopchick JJ. The effects of growth hormone on therapy resistance in cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:827-846. [PMID: 32382711 PMCID: PMC7204541 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary derived and peripherally produced growth hormone (GH) is a crucial mediator of longitudinal growth, organ development, metabolic regulation with tissue specific, sex specific, and age-dependent effects. GH and its cognate receptor (GHR) are expressed in several forms of cancer and have been validated as an anti-cancer target through a large body of in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological analyses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of GH action in cancer prognosis and therapeutic response had been sparse until recently. This review assimilates the critical details of GH-GHR mediated therapy resistance across different cancer types, distilling the therapeutic implications based on our current understanding of these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM), Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM), Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Basu R, Kulkarni P, Qian Y, Walsh C, Arora P, Davis E, Duran-Ortiz S, Funk K, Ibarra D, Kruse C, Mathes S, McHugh T, Brittain A, Berryman DE, List EO, Okada S, Kopchick JJ. Growth Hormone Upregulates Melanocyte-Inducing Transcription Factor Expression and Activity via JAK2-STAT5 and SRC Signaling in GH Receptor-Positive Human Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1352. [PMID: 31547367 PMCID: PMC6769493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) facilitates therapy resistance in the cancers of breast, colon, endometrium, and melanoma. The GH-stimulated pathways responsible for this resistance were identified as suppression of apoptosis, induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and upregulated drug efflux by increased expression of ATP-binding cassette containing multidrug efflux pumps (ABC-transporters). In extremely drug-resistant melanoma, ABC-transporters have also been reported to mediate drug sequestration in intracellular melanosomes, thereby reducing drug efficacy. Melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF) is the master regulator of melanocyte and melanoma cell fate as well as the melanosomal machinery. MITF targets such as the oncogene MET, as well as MITF-mediated processes such as resistance to radiation therapy, are both known to be upregulated by GH. Therefore, we chose to query the direct effects of GH on MITF expression and activity towards conferring chemoresistance in melanoma. Here, we demonstrate that GH significantly upregulates MITF as well as the MITF target genes following treatment with multiple anticancer drug treatments such as chemotherapy, BRAF-inhibitors, as well as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. GH action also upregulated MITF-regulated processes such as melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity. Significant elevation in MITF and MITF target gene expression was also observed in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells and xenografts in bovine GH transgenic (bGH) mice compared to wild-type littermates. Through pathway inhibitor analysis we identified that both the JAK2-STAT5 and SRC activities were critical for the observed effects. Additionally, a retrospective analysis of gene expression data from GTEx, NCI60, CCLE, and TCGA databases corroborated our observed correlation of MITF function and GH action. Therefore, we present in vitro, in vivo, and in silico evidence which strongly implicates the GH-GHR axis in inducing chemoresistance in human melanoma by driving MITF-regulated and ABC-transporter-mediated drug clearance pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Christopher Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Pranay Arora
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Kevin Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Colin Kruse
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Samuel Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Todd McHugh
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Alison Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB) Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Holt RIG, Ho KKY. The Use and Abuse of Growth Hormone in Sports. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1163-1185. [PMID: 31180479 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
GH is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a performance-enhancing anabolic agent. Doping with GH likely began in the early 1980s and became more prevalent with the advent of recombinant technology well before any scientific evidence of benefit. The expectation that GH improves physical function stems from its anabolic and lipolytic properties. Athletic performance depends on muscle strength and the energy required to power muscle function. In recreational athletes, GH selectively improves anaerobic sprint capacity but has not been proven to significantly enhance muscle strength, power, or maximum rate of oxygen consumption. GH is secreted as a family of isoform peptides in a pulsatile manner reflecting intermittent secretion and rapid clearance. Its anabolic actions are largely mediated by IGF-I, which stimulates whole-body protein synthesis, including skeletal muscle and collagen proteins. Two methods have been validated for detecting GH abuse in athletes. The first (the isoform method) is based on distinguishing pure recombinant 22-kDa GH from the heterogeneous isoforms secreted from the pituitary. The second (the marker method) is based on measuring blood levels of GH-responsive proteins, specifically IGF-I and the N-terminal propeptide of type III collagen (P-III-NP). Only a handful of athletes have been caught since the implementation of GH doping tests in 2004. The low rate likely reflects the limitation of in-competition testing using current methods. Improved detection rates may be achieved by more out-of-competition testing, introducing athletes' biological passports, and the development of novel methods. Governance, operational, technical, and political factors influence the effectiveness of an anti-doping program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard I G Holt
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K Y Ho
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhang Y, Gc S, Patel SB, Liu Y, Paterson AJ, Kappes JC, Jiang J, Frank SJ. Growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR)-specific inhibition of GH-Induced signaling by soluble IGF-1 receptor (sol IGF-1R). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 492:110445. [PMID: 31100495 PMCID: PMC6613819 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) binds and activates GH receptor (GHR) and prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR). LNCaP human prostate cancer cells express only GHR. A soluble fragment of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) extracellular domain (sol IGF-1R) interacts with GHR and blocks GH signaling. We now explore sol IGF-1R's specificity for inhibiting GH signaling via GHR vs. PRLR and test GHR and PRLR extracellular domain inhibition determinants. Although T47D human breast cancer cells express GHR and PRLR, GH signaling is largely PRLR-mediated. In T47D, sol IGF-1R inhibited neither GH- nor PRL-induced STAT5 activation. However, sol IGF-1R inhibited GH-induced STAT5 activation in T47D-shPRLR cells, which harbor reduced PRLR. In MIN6 mouse β-cells, bovine GH (bGH) activates mouse GHR, not PRLR, while human GH activates mouse GHR and PRLR. In MIN6, sol IGF-1R inhibited bGH-induced STAT5 activation, but partially inhibited human GH-induced STAT5 activation. These findings suggest sol IGF-1R's inhibition is GHR-specific. Using a cellular reconstitution system, we compared effects of sol IGF-1R on signaling through GHR, PRLR, or chimeras in which extracellular subdomains 2 (S2) of the receptors were swapped. Sol IGF-1R inhibited GH-induced STAT5 activation in GHR-expressing, not PRLR-expressing cells, consistent with GHR specificity of sol IGF-1R. Interestingly, we found that GHR S2 (which harbors the GHR-GHR dimer interface) was required, but not sufficient for sol IGF-1R inhibition of GHR signaling. These results suggest sol IGF-1R specifically inhibits GH-induced GHR-mediated signaling, possibly through interaction with GHR S1 and S2 domains. Our findings have implications for GH antagonist development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sajina Gc
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sweta B Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Andrew J Paterson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - John C Kappes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Stuart J Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Melmed
- From the Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Young JA, Jensen EA, Stevens A, Duran-Ortiz S, List EO, Berryman DE, Kopchick JJ. Characterization of an intestine-specific GH receptor knockout (IntGHRKO) mouse. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 46-47:5-15. [PMID: 31078722 PMCID: PMC6646076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) has been reported to enhance the intestinal barrier; as such, recombinant GH has been administered for several intestinal diseases. However, excess GH action has been implicated in increasing the risk of intestinal dysfunction. The goal of this study was to examine the direct effects of GH on the small and large intestines to clarify the role GH plays in intestinal function through the use of a mouse model. DESIGN An intestinal epithelial-specific GH receptor (GHR) knockout (IntGHRKO) mouse line was generated using Cre-lox with the villin promoter driving Cre expression. The generated mice were characterized with respect to growth and intestinal phenotypes. RESULTS IntGHRKO mice showed no significant changes in body length, weight, or composition compared to floxed controls. Male IntGHRKO mice had significantly shorter large intestines at 4 and 12 months of age. Intestinal barrier function was assessed by measuring the expression of tight junction related genes, as well as levels of serum endotoxin and fecal albumin. Results showed sex differences as males had an increase in occludin levels but normal serum endotoxin and fecal albumin; while, females had changes in fecal albumin levels with normal occludin and serum endotoxin. Evaluation of glucose tolerance and fat absorption also showed sex differences as females were glucose intolerant, while males had impaired fat absorption. Histopathology revealed a trend towards decreased villus height in males, which could explain the sex difference in glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data demonstrate that disruption of GH on the intestinal epithelial cells modestly affects the intestinal gross anatomy, morphology, and function in a sex-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States of America; Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Austin Stevens
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|