1
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Kong X, Meerlo P, Hut RA. Melatonin Does Not Affect the Stress-Induced Phase Shifts of Peripheral Clocks in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad183. [PMID: 38128120 PMCID: PMC11083644 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Repeated or chronic stress can change the phase of peripheral circadian rhythms. Melatonin (Mel) is thought to be a circadian clock-controlled signal that might play a role in synchronizing peripheral rhythms, in addition to its direct suppressing effects on the stress axis. In this study we test whether Mel can reduce the social-defeat stress-induced phase shifts in peripheral rhythms, either by modulating circadian phase or by modulating the stress axis. Two experiments were performed with male Mel-deficient C57BL/6J mice carrying the circadian reporter gene construct (PER2::LUC). In the first experiment, mice received night-restricted (ZT11-21) Mel in their drinking water, resulting in physiological levels of plasma Mel peaking in the early dark phase. This treatment facilitated re-entrainment of the activity rhythm to a shifted light-dark cycle, but did not prevent the stress-induced (ZT21-22) reduction of activity during stress days. Also, this treatment did not attenuate the phase-delaying effects of stress in peripheral clocks in the pituitary, lung, and kidney. In a second experiment, pituitary, lung, and kidney collected from naive mice (ZT22-23), were treated with Mel, dexamethasone (Dex), or a combination of the two. Dex application affected PER2 rhythms in the pituitary, kidney, and lung by changing period, phase, or both. Administering Mel did not influence PER2 rhythms nor did it alleviate Dex-induced delays in PER2 rhythms in those tissues. We conclude that exogenous Mel is insufficient to affect peripheral PER2 rhythms and reduce stress effects on locomotor activity and phase changes in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpan Kong
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
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2
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Tsuno Y, Peng Y, Horike SI, Wang M, Matsui A, Yamagata K, Sugiyama M, Nakamura TJ, Daikoku T, Maejima T, Mieda M. In vivo recording of suprachiasmatic nucleus dynamics reveals a dominant role of arginine vasopressin neurons in circadian pacesetting. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002281. [PMID: 37643163 PMCID: PMC10465001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The central circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a network consisting of various types of neurons and glial cells. Individual cells have the autonomous molecular machinery of a cellular clock, but their intrinsic periods vary considerably. Here, we show that arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons set the ensemble period of the SCN network in vivo to control the circadian behavior rhythm. Artificial lengthening of cellular periods by deleting casein kinase 1 delta (CK1δ) in the whole SCN lengthened the free-running period of behavior rhythm to an extent similar to CK1δ deletion specific to AVP neurons. However, in SCN slices, PER2::LUC reporter rhythms of these mice only partially and transiently recapitulated the period lengthening, showing a dissociation between the SCN shell and core with a period instability in the shell. In contrast, in vivo calcium rhythms of both AVP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons in the SCN of freely moving mice demonstrated stably lengthened periods similar to the behavioral rhythm upon AVP neuron-specific CK1δ deletion, without changing the phase relationships between each other. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of AVP neurons acutely induced calcium increase in VIP neurons in vivo. These results indicate that AVP neurons regulate other SCN neurons, such as VIP neurons, in vivo and thus act as a primary determinant of the SCN ensemble period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tsuno
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yubo Peng
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Horike
- Division of Integrated Omics Research, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mohan Wang
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Matsui
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kanato Yamagata
- Child Brain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro J. Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Animal Disease Model, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Maejima
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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3
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Galinde AAS, Al-Mughales F, Oster H, Heyde I. Different levels of circadian (de)synchrony -- where does it hurt? F1000Res 2022; 11:1323. [PMID: 37125019 PMCID: PMC10130703 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.127234.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of cellular timers ensures the maintenance of homeostasis by temporal modulation of physiological processes across the day. These so-called circadian clocks are synchronized to geophysical time by external time cues (or zeitgebers). In modern societies, natural environmental cycles are disrupted by artificial lighting, around-the-clock availability of food or shiftwork. Such contradictory zeitgeber input promotes chronodisruption, i.e., the perturbation of internal circadian rhythms, resulting in adverse health outcomes. While this phenomenon is well described, it is still poorly understood at which level of organization perturbed rhythms impact on health and wellbeing. In this review, we discuss different levels of chronodisruption and what is known about their health effects. We summarize the results of disrupted phase coherence between external and internal time vs. misalignment of tissue clocks amongst each other, i.e., internal desynchrony. Last, phase incoherence can also occur at the tissue level itself. Here, alterations in phase coordination can emerge between cellular clocks of the same tissue or between different clock genes within the single cell. A better understanding of the mechanisms of circadian misalignment and its effects on physiology will help to find effective tools to prevent or treat disorders arising from modern-day chronodisruptive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita AS. Galinde
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Faheem Al-Mughales
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Isabel Heyde
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
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4
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Galinde AAS, Al-Mughales F, Oster H, Heyde I. Different levels of circadian (de)synchrony -- where does it hurt? F1000Res 2022; 11:1323. [PMID: 37125019 PMCID: PMC10130703 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.127234.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A network of cellular timers ensures the maintenance of homeostasis by temporal modulation of physiological processes across the day. These so-called circadian clocks are synchronized to geophysical time by external time cues (or zeitgebers). In modern societies, natural environmental cycles are disrupted by artificial lighting, around-the-clock availability of food or shift work. Such contradictory zeitgeber input promotes chronodisruption, i.e., the perturbation of internal circadian rhythms, resulting in adverse health outcomes. While this phenomenon is well described, it is still poorly understood at which level of organization perturbed rhythms impact on health and wellbeing. In this review, we discuss different levels of chronodisruption and what is known about their health effects. We summarize the results of disrupted phase coherence between external and internal time vs. misalignment of tissue clocks amongst each other, i.e., internal desynchrony. Last, phase incoherence can also occur at the tissue level itself. Here, alterations in phase coordination can emerge between cellular clocks of the same tissue or between different clock genes within the single cell. A better understanding of the mechanisms of circadian misalignment and its effects on physiology will help to find effective tools to prevent or treat disorders arising from modern-day chronodisruptive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita AS. Galinde
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Faheem Al-Mughales
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Isabel Heyde
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
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5
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Patton AP, Smyllie NJ, Chesham JE, Hastings MH. Astrocytes Sustain Circadian Oscillation and Bidirectionally Determine Circadian Period, But Do Not Regulate Circadian Phase in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5522-5537. [PMID: 35610047 PMCID: PMC9295834 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2337-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master circadian clock of mammals, generating and transmitting an internal representation of environmental time that is produced by the cell-autonomous transcriptional/post-translational feedback loops (TTFLs) of the 10,000 neurons and 3500 glial cells. Recently, we showed that TTFL function in SCN astrocytes alone is sufficient to drive circadian timekeeping and behavior, raising questions about the respective contributions of astrocytes and neurons within the SCN circuit. We compared their relative roles in circadian timekeeping in mouse SCN explants, of either sex. Treatment with the glial-specific toxin fluorocitrate revealed a requirement for metabolically competent astrocytes for circuit-level timekeeping. Recombinase-mediated genetically complemented Cryptochrome (Cry) proteins in Cry1-deficient and/or Cry2-deficient SCNs were used to compare the influence of the TTFLs of neurons or astrocytes in the initiation of de novo oscillation or in pacemaking. While neurons and astrocytes both initiated de novo oscillation and lengthened the period equally, their kinetics were different, with astrocytes taking twice as long. Furthermore, astrocytes could shorten the period, but not as potently as neurons. Chemogenetic manipulation of Gi- and Gq-coupled signaling pathways in neurons acutely advanced or delayed the ensemble phase, respectively. In contrast, comparable manipulations in astrocytes were without effect. Thus, astrocytes can initiate SCN rhythms and bidirectionally control the SCN period, albeit with lower potency than neurons. Nevertheless, their activation does not influence the SCN phase. The emergent SCN properties of high-amplitude oscillation, initiation of rhythmicity, pacemaking, and phase are differentially regulated: astrocytes and neurons sustain the ongoing oscillation, but its phase is determined by neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) encodes and disseminates time-of-day information to allow mammals to adapt their physiology to daily environmental cycles. Recent investigations have revealed a role for astrocytes, in addition to neurons, in the regulation of this rhythm. Using pharmacology, genetic complementation, and chemogenetics, we compared the abilities of neurons and astrocytes in determining the emergent SCN properties of high-amplitude oscillation, initiation of rhythmicity, pacemaking, and determination of phase. These findings parameterize the circadian properties of the astrocyte population in the SCN and reveal the types of circadian information that astrocytes and neurons can contribute within their heterogeneous cellular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Patton
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Smyllie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna E Chesham
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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6
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Smith CB, van der Vinne V, McCartney E, Stowie AC, Leise TL, Martin-Burgos B, Molyneux PC, Garbutt LA, Brodsky MH, Davidson AJ, Harrington ME, Dallmann R, Weaver DR. Cell-Type-Specific Circadian Bioluminescence Rhythms in Dbp Reporter Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:53-77. [PMID: 35023384 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211069452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated physiological and molecular rhythms with a cycle length of about 24 h. Bioluminescent reporters have been exceptionally useful for studying circadian rhythms in numerous species. Here, we report development of a reporter mouse generated by modification of a widely expressed and highly rhythmic gene encoding D-site albumin promoter binding protein (Dbp). In this line of mice, firefly luciferase is expressed from the Dbp locus in a Cre recombinase-dependent manner, allowing assessment of bioluminescence rhythms in specific cellular populations. A mouse line in which luciferase expression was Cre-independent was also generated. The Dbp reporter alleles do not alter Dbp gene expression rhythms in liver or circadian locomotor activity rhythms. In vivo and ex vivo studies show the utility of the reporter alleles for monitoring rhythmicity. Our studies reveal cell-type-specific characteristics of rhythms among neuronal populations within the suprachiasmatic nuclei ex vivo. In vivo studies show Dbp-driven bioluminescence rhythms in the liver of Albumin-Cre;DbpKI/+ "liver reporter" mice. After a shift of the lighting schedule, locomotor activity achieved the proper phase relationship with the new lighting cycle more rapidly than hepatic bioluminescence did. As previously shown, restricting food access to the daytime altered the phase of hepatic rhythmicity. Our model allowed assessment of the rate of recovery from misalignment once animals were provided with food ad libitum. These studies confirm the previously demonstrated circadian misalignment following environmental perturbations and reveal the utility of this model for minimally invasive, longitudinal monitoring of rhythmicity from specific mouse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciearra B Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vincent van der Vinne
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | | | - Adam C Stowie
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tanya L Leise
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Lauren A Garbutt
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael H Brodsky
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alec J Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - David R Weaver
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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7
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Hoekstra MM, Jan M, Katsioudi G, Emmenegger Y, Franken P. The sleep-wake distribution contributes to the peripheral rhythms in PERIOD-2. eLife 2021; 10:69773. [PMID: 34895464 PMCID: PMC8798053 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse, Period-2 (Per2) expression in tissues peripheral to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) increases during sleep deprivation and at times of the day when animals are predominantly awake spontaneously, suggesting that the circadian sleep-wake distribution directly contributes to the daily rhythms in Per2. We found support for this hypothesis by recording sleep-wake state alongside PER2 bioluminescence in freely behaving mice, demonstrating that PER2 bioluminescence increases during spontaneous waking and decreases during sleep. The temporary reinstatement of PER2-bioluminescence rhythmicity in behaviorally arrhythmic SCN-lesioned mice submitted to daily recurring sleep deprivations substantiates our hypothesis. Mathematical modeling revealed that PER2 dynamics can be described by a damped harmonic oscillator driven by two forces: a sleep-wake-dependent force and an SCN-independent circadian force. Our work underscores the notion that in peripheral tissues the clock gene circuitry integrates sleep-wake information and could thereby contribute to behavioral adaptability to respond to homeostatic requirements. Circadian rhythms are daily cycles in behavior and physiology which repeat approximately every 24 hours. The master regulator of these rhythms is located in a small part of the brain called the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. This brain structure regulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness and is also thought to control the daily rhythms of cells throughout the body on a molecular level. It does this by synchronizing the activity of a set of genes called clock genes. Under normal conditions, the levels of proteins coded for by clock genes change throughout the day following a rhythm that matches sleep-wake patterns. However, keeping animals and humans awake at their preferred sleeping times affects the protein levels of clock genes in many tissues of the body. This suggests that, in addition to the supra-chiasmatic nucleus, sleep-wake cycles may also influence clock-gene rhythms throughout the body. To test this theory, Hoekstra, Jan et al. measured the levels of PERIOD-2, a protein coded for by the clock gene Period-2, while tracking sleep-wake states in mice. They did this by imaging a bioluminescent version of the PERIOD-2 protein in the brain and the kidneys, at the same time as they recorded the brain activity, movement and muscle response of animals. Results showed that PERIOD-2 increased on waking and decreased when mice fell asleep. Additionally, in mice lacking a circadian rhythm in sleep-wake behavior – whose changes in PERIOD-2 levels with respect to time were greatly reduced – imposing a regular sleep-wake cycle restored normal PERIOD-2 rhythmicity. Next, Hoekstra, Jan et al. developed a mathematical model to understand how sleep-wake cycles together with circadian rhythms affect clock-gene activity in the brain and kidneys. Computer simulations suggested that sleep-wake cycles and circadian factors act as forces of comparable strength driving clock-gene dynamics. Both need to act in concert to keep clock-genes rhythmic. The model also predicted the large and immediate effects of sleep deprivation on PERIOD-2 levels, giving further credence to the idea that waking accelerated clock-gene rhythms while sleeping slowed them down. Modelling also suggested that having regular clock-gene rhythms protects against sleep disturbances. In summary, this work shows how sleep patterns contribute to the daily rhythms in clock genes in the brain and body. The findings support the idea that well-timed sleep-wake schedules could help people to adjust to new time zones. It might also be useful to inform other strategies to reduce the health impacts of shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Mb Hoekstra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Katsioudi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Martin-Burgos B, Wang W, William I, Tir S, Mohammad I, Javed R, Smith S, Cui Y, Arzavala J, Mora D, Smith CB, van der Vinne V, Molyneux PC, Miller SC, Weaver DR, Leise TL, Harrington ME. Methods for Detecting PER2:LUCIFERASE Bioluminescence Rhythms in Freely Moving Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 37:78-93. [PMID: 34873943 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211062829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are driven by daily oscillations of gene expression. An important tool for studying cellular and tissue circadian rhythms is the use of a gene reporter, such as bioluminescence from the reporter gene luciferase controlled by a rhythmically expressed gene of interest. Here we describe methods that allow measurement of circadian bioluminescence from a freely moving mouse housed in a standard cage. Using a LumiCycle In Vivo (Actimetrics), we determined conditions that allow detection of circadian rhythms of bioluminescence from the PER2 reporter, PER2::LUC, in freely behaving mice. The LumiCycle In Vivo applies a background subtraction that corrects for effects of room temperature on photomultiplier tube (PMT) output. We tested delivery of d-luciferin via a subcutaneous minipump and in the drinking water. We demonstrate spikes in bioluminescence associated with drinking bouts. Further, we demonstrate that a synthetic luciferase substrate, CycLuc1, can support circadian rhythms of bioluminescence, even when delivered at a lower concentration than d-luciferin, and can support longer-term studies. A small difference in phase of the PER2::LUC bioluminescence rhythms, with females phase leading males, can be detected with this technique. We share our analysis scripts and suggestions for further improvements in this method. This approach will be straightforward to apply to mice with tissue-specific reporters, allowing insights into responses of specific peripheral clocks to perturbations such as environmental or pharmacological manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanqi Wang
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Ivana William
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Selma Tir
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Innus Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Reja Javed
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Stormi Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Yilin Cui
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dalilah Mora
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Ciearra B Smith
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vincent van der Vinne
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stephen C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David R Weaver
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Tanya L Leise
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
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9
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Abstract
A molecular circadian clock exists not only in the brain, but also in most cells of the body. Research over the past two decades has demonstrated that it directs daily rhythmicity of nearly every aspect of metabolism. It also consolidates sleep-wake behavior each day into an activity/feeding period and a sleep/fasting period. Otherwise, sleep-wake states are mostly controlled by hypothalamic and thalamic regulatory circuits in the brain that direct overall brain state. Recent evidence suggests that hypothalamic control of appetite and metabolism may be concomitant with sleep-wake regulation, and even share the same control centers. Thus, circadian control of metabolic pathways might be overlaid by sleep-wake control of the same pathways, providing a flexible and redundant system to modify metabolism according to both activity and environment.
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10
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Koronowski KB, Sassone-Corsi P. Communicating clocks shape circadian homeostasis. Science 2021; 371:371/6530/eabd0951. [PMID: 33574181 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks temporally coordinate physiology and align it with geophysical time, which enables diverse life-forms to anticipate daily environmental cycles. In complex organisms, clock function originates from the molecular oscillator within each cell and builds upward anatomically into an organism-wide system. Recent advances have transformed our understanding of how clocks are connected to achieve coherence across tissues. Circadian misalignment, often imposed in modern society, disrupts coordination among clocks and has been linked to diseases ranging from metabolic syndrome to cancer. Thus, uncovering the physiological circuits whereby biological clocks achieve coherence will inform on both challenges and opportunities in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Koronowski
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, U1233 INSERM, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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11
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Li Y, Ma J, Yao K, Su W, Tan B, Wu X, Huang X, Li T, Yin Y, Tosini G, Yin J. Circadian rhythms and obesity: Timekeeping governs lipid metabolism. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12682. [PMID: 32656907 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Almost all living organisms have evolved autoregulatory transcriptional-translational feedback loops that produce oscillations with a period of approximately 24-h. These endogenous time keeping mechanisms are called circadian clocks. The main function of these circadian clocks is to drive overt circadian rhythms in the physiology of the organisms to ensure that main physiological functions are in synchrony with the external environment. Disruption of circadian rhythms caused by genetic or environmental factors has long-term consequences for metabolic health. Of relevance, host circadian rhythmicity and lipid metabolism are increasingly recognized to cross-regulate and the circadian clock-lipid metabolism interplay may involve in the development of obesity. Multiple systemic and molecular mechanisms, such as hormones (ie, melatonin, leptin, and glucocorticoid), the gut microbiome, and energy metabolism, link the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, and predictably, the deregulation of circadian clock-lipid metabolism interplay can increase the risk of obesity, which in turn may exacerbate circadian disorganization. Feeding time and dietary nutrients are two of key environmental Zeitgebers affecting the circadian rhythm-lipid metabolism interplay, and the influencing mechanisms in obesity development are highlighted in this review. Together, the characterization of the clock machinery in lipid metabolism aimed at producing a healthy circadian lifestyle may improve obesity care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxuan Su
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Gianluca Tosini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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12
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van der Vinne V, Martin Burgos B, Harrington ME, Weaver DR. Deconstructing circadian disruption: Assessing the contribution of reduced peripheral oscillator amplitude on obesity and glucose intolerance in mice. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12654. [PMID: 32243642 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Disturbing the circadian regulation of physiology by disruption of the rhythmic environment is associated with adverse health outcomes but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, the response of central and peripheral circadian clocks to an advance or delay of the light-dark cycle was determined in mice. This identified transient damping of peripheral clocks as a consequence of an advanced light-dark cycle. Similar depression of peripheral rhythm amplitude was observed in mice exposed to repeated phase shifts. To assess the metabolic consequences of such peripheral amplitude depression in isolation, temporally chimeric mice lacking a functional central clock (Vgat-Cre+ Bmal1fl/fl ) were housed in the absence of environmental rhythmicity. In vivo PER2::LUC bioluminescence imaging of anesthetized and freely moving mice revealed that this resulted in a state of peripheral amplitude depression, similar in severity to that observed transiently following an advance of the light-dark cycle. Surprisingly, our mice did not show alterations in body mass or glucose tolerance in males or females on regular or high-fat diets. Overall, our results identify transient damping of peripheral rhythm amplitude as a consequence of exposure to an advanced light-dark cycle but chronic damping of peripheral clocks in isolation is insufficient to induce adverse metabolic outcomes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent van der Vinne
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | - David R Weaver
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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13
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Mieda M. The central circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as an ensemble of multiple oscillatory neurons. Neurosci Res 2020; 156:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Kemler D, Wolff CA, Esser KA. Time-of-day dependent effects of contractile activity on the phase of the skeletal muscle clock. J Physiol 2020; 598:3631-3644. [PMID: 32537739 PMCID: PMC7479806 DOI: 10.1113/jp279779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Disruptions in circadian rhythms across an organism are associated with negative health outcomes, such as cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Exercise has been proposed as a time cue for the circadian clock in rodents and humans. In this study, we assessed the effect of a single bout of endurance exercise on the skeletal muscle clock in vivo and a bout of muscle contractions in vitro. Timing of exercise or contractions influences the directional response of the muscle clock phase in vivo and in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that muscle contractions, as a component of exercise, can directly modulate the expression of muscle clock components in a time‐of‐day dependent manner.
Abstract Exercise has been proposed to be a zeitgeber for the muscle circadian clock mechanism. However, this is not well defined and it is unknown if exercise timing induces directional shifts of the muscle clock. Our purpose herein was to assess the effect of one bout of treadmill exercise on skeletal muscle clock phase changes. We subjected PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE mice (n = 30F) to one 60 min treadmill exercise bout at three times of day. Exercise at ZT5, 5 h after lights on, induced a phase advance (100.2 ± 25.8 min; P = 0.0002), whereas exercise at ZT11, 1 h before lights off, induced a phase delay (62.1 ± 21.1 min; P = 0.0003). Exercise at ZT17, middle of the dark phase, did not alter the muscle clock phase. Exercise induces diverse systemic changes so we developed an in vitro model system to examine the effects of contractile activity on muscle clock phase. Contractions applied at peak or trough Bmal1 expression induced significant phase delays (applied at peak: 27.2 ± 10.2 min; P = 0.0017; applied at trough: 64.6 ± 6.5 min, P < 0.0001). Contractions applied during the transition from peak to trough Bmal1 expression induced a phase advance (49.8 ± 23.1 min; P = 0.0051). Lastly, contractions at different times of day resulted in differential changes of core clock gene expression, demonstrating an exercise and clock interaction, providing insight into potential mechanisms of exercise‐induced phase shifts. These data demonstrate that muscle contractions, as part of exercise, are sufficient to shift the muscle circadian clock phase, likely through changes in core clock gene expression. Additionally, our findings that exercise induces directional muscle clock phase changes confirms that exercise is a bona fide environmental time cue for skeletal muscle. Disruptions in circadian rhythms across an organism are associated with negative health outcomes, such as cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Exercise has been proposed as a time cue for the circadian clock in rodents and humans. In this study, we assessed the effect of a single bout of endurance exercise on the skeletal muscle clock in vivo and a bout of muscle contractions in vitro. Timing of exercise or contractions influences the directional response of the muscle clock phase in vivo and in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that muscle contractions, as a component of exercise, can directly modulate the expression of muscle clock components in a time‐of‐day dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kemler
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Christopher A Wolff
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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15
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Mason IC, Qian J, Adler GK, Scheer FAJL. Impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism: implications for type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2020; 63:462-472. [PMID: 31915891 PMCID: PMC7002226 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system generates endogenous rhythms of approximately 24 h, the synchronisation of which are vital for healthy bodily function. The timing of many physiological processes, including glucose metabolism, are coordinated by the circadian system, and circadian disruptions that desynchronise or misalign these rhythms can result in adverse health outcomes. In this review, we cover the role of the circadian system and its disruption in glucose metabolism in healthy individuals and individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We begin by defining circadian rhythms and circadian disruption and then we provide an overview of circadian regulation of glucose metabolism. We next discuss the impact of circadian disruptions on glucose control and type 2 diabetes. Given the concurrent high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and circadian disruption, understanding the mechanisms underlying the impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism may aid in improving glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy C Mason
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail K Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Garaulet M, Qian J, Florez JC, Arendt J, Saxena R, Scheer FAJL. Melatonin Effects on Glucose Metabolism: Time To Unlock the Controversy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:192-204. [PMID: 31901302 PMCID: PMC7349733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a revival of interest in the hormone melatonin, partly attributable to the discovery that genetic variation in MTNR1B - the melatonin receptor gene - is a risk factor for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite intensive investigation, there is considerable confusion and seemingly conflicting data on the metabolic effects of melatonin and MTNR1B variation, and disagreement on whether melatonin is metabolically beneficial or deleterious, a crucial issue for melatonin agonist/antagonist drug development and dosing time. We provide a conceptual framework - anchored in the dimension of 'time' - to reconcile paradoxical findings in the literature. We propose that the relative timing between elevated melatonin concentrations and glycemic challenge should be considered to better understand the mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities of melatonin signaling in glycemic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Hastings MH, Smyllie NJ, Patton AP. Molecular-genetic Manipulation of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Circadian Clock. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3639-3660. [PMID: 31996314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian (approximately daily) rhythms of physiology and behaviour adapt organisms to the alternating environments of day and night. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the principal circadian timekeeper of mammals. The mammalian cell-autonomous circadian clock is built around a self-sustaining transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop (TTFL) in which the negative regulators Per and Cry suppress their own expression, which is driven by the positive regulators Clock and Bmal1. Importantly, such TTFL-based clocks are present in all major tissues across the organism, and the SCN is their central co-ordinator. First, we analyse SCN timekeeping at the cell-autonomous and the circuit-based levels of organisation. We consider how molecular-genetic manipulations have been used to probe cell-autonomous timing in the SCN, identifying the integral components of the clock. Second, we consider new approaches that enable real-time monitoring of the activity of these clock components and clock-driven cellular outputs. Finally, we review how intersectional genetic manipulations of the cell-autonomous clockwork can be used to determine how SCN cells interact to generate an ensemble circadian signal. Critically, it is these network-level interactions that confer on the SCN its emergent properties of robustness, light-entrained phase and precision- properties that are essential for its role as the central co-ordinator. Remaining gaps in knowledge include an understanding of how the TTFL proteins behave individually and in complexes: whether particular SCN neuronal populations act as pacemakers, and if so, by which signalling mechanisms, and finally the nature of the recently discovered role of astrocytes within the SCN network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Hastings
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Nicola J Smyllie
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Andrew P Patton
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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18
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De Nobrega AK, Lyons LC. Aging and the clock: Perspective from flies to humans. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:454-481. [PMID: 30269400 PMCID: PMC6441388 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous circadian oscillators regulate molecular, cellular and physiological rhythms, synchronizing tissues and organ function to coordinate activity and metabolism with environmental cycles. The technological nature of modern society with round-the-clock work schedules and heavy reliance on personal electronics has precipitated a striking increase in the incidence of circadian and sleep disorders. Circadian dysfunction contributes to an increased risk for many diseases and appears to have adverse effects on aging and longevity in animal models. From invertebrate organisms to humans, the function and synchronization of the circadian system weakens with age aggravating the age-related disorders and pathologies. In this review, we highlight the impacts of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the reciprocal effects of aging on circadian function with examples from Drosophila to humans underscoring the highly conserved nature of these interactions. Additionally, we review the potential for using reinforcement of the circadian system to promote healthy aging and mitigate age-related pathologies. Advancements in medicine and public health have significantly increased human life span in the past century. With the demographics of countries worldwide shifting to an older population, there is a critical need to understand the factors that shape healthy aging. Drosophila melanogaster, as a model for aging and circadian interactions, has the capacity to facilitate the rapid advancement of research in this area and provide mechanistic insights for targeted investigations in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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19
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Bittman EL. Circadian Function in Multiple Cell Types Is Necessary for Proper Timing of the Preovulatory LH Surge. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 34:622-633. [PMID: 31530063 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419873511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The timing of the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), which occurs on the evening of proestrus in female mice, is determined by the circadian system. The identity of cells that control the phase of the LH surge is unclear: evidence supports a role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but it is not known whether vasopressinergic neurons are necessary or sufficient to account for circadian control of ovulation. Among other cell types, evidence also suggests important roles of circadian function of kisspeptin cells of the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AvPV) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons of the preoptic area (POA), whose discharge is immediately responsible for the discharge of LH from the anterior pituitary. The present studies used an ovariectomized, estradiol-treated preparation to determine critical cell types whose clock function is critical to the timing of LH secretion. As expected, the LH surge occurred at or shortly after ZT12 in control mice. In further confirmation of circadian control, the surge was advanced by 2 h in tau mutant animals. The timing of the surge was altered to varying degrees by conditional deletion of Bmal1 in AVPCre, KissCreBAC, and GnRHCreBAC mice. Excision of the mutant Cnsk1e (tau) allele in AVP neurons resulted in a reversion of the surge to the ZT12. Conditional deletion of Bmal1 in Kiss1 or GnRH neurons had no noticeable effect on locomotor rhythms, but targeting of AVP neurons produced variable effects on circadian period that did not always correspond to changes in the phase of LH secretion. The results indicate that circadian function in multiple cell types is necessary for proper timing of the LH surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Bittman
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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20
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Cheng AH, Fung SW, Cheng HYM. Limitations of the Avp-IRES2-Cre (JAX #023530) and Vip-IRES-Cre (JAX #010908) Models for Chronobiological Investigations. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 34:634-644. [PMID: 31452438 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419871184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The principal circadian pacemaker in mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), expresses a number of neuropeptides that facilitate intercellular synchrony, helping to generate coherent outputs to peripheral clocks throughout the body. In particular, arginine vasopressin (AVP)- and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing neurons have been recognized as crucial subpopulations within the SCN and have thus been the focus of many chronobiological studies. Here, we analyze the neuropeptide expression of 2 popular transgenic mouse strains commonly used to direct or restrict Cre-mediated recombination to AVP- and VIP-ergic neurons. The Avp-IRES2-Cre (JAX #023530) and Vip-IRES-Cre (JAX #010908) "driver" mouse strains express the Cre recombinase under the control of the endogenous Avp or Vip gene, respectively, allowing scientists either to ablate their gene of interest or to overexpress a transgene in a cell type-specific manner. Although these are potentially very powerful tools for chronobiologists and other scientists studying AVP- and VIP-ergic neurons, we found that neuropeptide expression in these mice is significantly decreased when an IRES(2)-Cre cassette is inserted downstream of the neuropeptide-encoding gene locus. The impact of IRES(2)-Cre cassette insertion on neuropeptide expression may be a confounding factor in many experimental designs. Our findings suggest that extreme caution must be exercised when using these mouse models to avoid misinterpretation of empirical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel W Fung
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Daut RA, Fonken LK. Circadian regulation of depression: A role for serotonin. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100746. [PMID: 31002895 PMCID: PMC9826732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Synchronizing circadian (24 h) rhythms in physiology and behavior with the environmental light-dark cycle is critical for maintaining optimal health. Dysregulation of the circadian system increases susceptibility to numerous pathological conditions including major depressive disorder. Stress is a common etiological factor in the development of depression and the circadian system is highly interconnected to stress-sensitive neurotransmitter systems such as the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system. Thus, here we propose that stress-induced perturbation of the 5-HT system disrupts circadian processes and increases susceptibility to depression. In this review, we first provide an overview of the basic components of the circadian system. Next, we discuss evidence that circadian dysfunction is associated with changes in mood in humans and rodent models. Finally, we provide evidence that 5-HT is a critical factor linking dysregulation of the circadian system and mood. Determining how these two systems interact may provide novel therapeutic targets for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Daut
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Laura K Fonken
- University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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22
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Nicholls SK, Casiraghi LP, Wang W, Weber ET, Harrington ME. Evidence for Internal Desynchrony Caused by Circadian Clock Resetting. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:259-270. [PMID: 31249487 PMCID: PMC6585527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian disruption has been linked to markers for poor health outcomes in humans and animal models. What is it about circadian disruption that is problematic? One hypothesis is that phase resetting of the circadian system, which occurs in response to changes in environmental timing cues, leads to internal desynchrony within the organism. Internal desynchrony is understood as acute changes in phase relationships between biological rhythms from different cell groups, tissues, or organs within the body. Do we have strong evidence for internal desynchrony associated with or caused by circadian clock resetting? Here we review the literature, highlighting several key studies from measures of gene expression in laboratory rodents. We conclude that current evidence offers strong support for the premise that some protocols for light-induced resetting are associated with internal desynchrony. It is important to continue research to test whether internal desynchrony is necessary and/or sufficient for negative health impact of circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wanqi Wang
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - E. Todd Weber
- Department of Biology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Health Sciences, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ
| | - Mary E. Harrington
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Mary Harrington, Neuroscience Program, Clark Science Center, 44 College Lane, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01060; Tel: (413) 585-3925; Fax: (413) 585-3786;
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23
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Kolbe I, Brehm N, Oster H. Interplay of central and peripheral circadian clocks in energy metabolism regulation. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12659. [PMID: 30415480 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic health founds on a homeostatic balance that has to integrate the daily changes of rest/activity and feeding/fasting cycles. A network of endogenous 24-hour circadian clocks helps to anticipate daily recurring events and adjust physiology and behavioural functions accordingly. Circadian clocks are self-sustained cellular oscillators based on a set of clock genes/proteins organised in interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops. The body's clocks need to be regularly reset and synchronised with each other to achieve coherent rhythmic output signals. This synchronisation is achieved by interplay of a master clock, which resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and peripheral tissue clocks. This clock network is reset by time signals such as the light/dark cycle, food intake and activity. The balanced interplay of clocks is easily disturbed in modern society by shiftwork or high-energy diets, which may further promote the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarise the current model of central-peripheral clock interaction in metabolic health. Different established mouse models for central or peripheral clock disruption and their metabolic phenotypes are compared and the possible relevance of clock network interaction for the development of therapeutic approaches in humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Kolbe
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Niklas Brehm
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
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24
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Mieda M. The Network Mechanism of the Central Circadian Pacemaker of the SCN: Do AVP Neurons Play a More Critical Role Than Expected? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:139. [PMID: 30858797 PMCID: PMC6397828 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as the central circadian pacemaker in mammals and entrains to the environmental light/dark cycle. It is composed of multiple types of GABAergic neurons, and interneuronal communications among these neurons are essential for the circadian pacemaking of the SCN. However, the mechanisms underlying the SCN neuronal network remain unknown. This review will provide a brief overview of the current knowledge concerning the differential roles of multiple neuropeptides and neuropeptide-expressing neurons in the SCN, especially focusing on the emerging roles of arginine vasopressin-producing neurons uncovered by recent studies utilizing neuron type-specific genetic manipulations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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25
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van der Vinne V, Bingaman MJ, Weaver DR, Swoap SJ. Clocks and meals keep mice from being cool. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.179812. [PMID: 29903839 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.179812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Daily torpor is used by small mammals to reduce daily energy expenditure in response to energetic challenges. Optimizing the timing of daily torpor allows mammals to maximize its energetic benefits and, accordingly, torpor typically occurs in the late night and early morning in most species. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying such temporal regulation have not been elucidated. Direct control by the circadian clock and indirect control through the timing of food intake have both been suggested as possible mechanisms. Here, feeding cycles outside of the circadian range and brain-specific mutations of circadian clock genes (Vgat-Cre+ CK1δfl/fl εfl/+ ; Vgat-Cre+ Bmal1fl/fl ) were used to separate the roles of the circadian clock and food timing in controlling the timing of daily torpor in mice. These experiments revealed that the timing of daily torpor is transiently inhibited by feeding, while the circadian clock is the major determinant of the timing of torpor. Torpor never occurred during the early part of the circadian active phase, but was preferentially initiated late in the subjective night. Food intake disrupted torpor in the first 4-6 h after feeding by preventing or interrupting torpor bouts. Following interruption, re-initiation of torpor was unlikely until after the next circadian active phase. Overall, these results demonstrate that feeding transiently inhibits torpor while the central circadian clock gates the timing of daily torpor in response to energetic challenges by restricting the initiation of torpor to a specific circadian phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent van der Vinne
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mark J Bingaman
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
| | - David R Weaver
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Steven J Swoap
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
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