1
|
Zeller E, Timmermann A. The evolving three-dimensional landscape of human adaptation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadq3613. [PMID: 39383234 PMCID: PMC11463275 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 3 million years, humans have expanded their ecological niche and adapted to more diverse environments. The temporal evolution and underlying drivers behind this niche expansion remain largely unknown. By combining archeological findings with landscape topographic data and model simulations of the climate and biomes, we show that human sites clustered in areas with increased terrain roughness, corresponding to higher levels of biodiversity. We find a gradual increase in human habitat preferences toward rough terrains until about 1.1 million years ago (Ma), followed by a 300 thousand-year-long contraction of the ecological niche. This period coincided with the Mid-Pleistocene Transition and previously hypothesized ancestral population bottlenecks. Our statistical analysis further reveals that from 0.8 Ma onward, the human niche expanded again, with human species (e.g., H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens) adapting to rougher terrain, colder and drier conditions, and toward regions of higher ecological diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Zeller
- IBS Center for Climate Physics, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Climate System, PNU, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Axel Timmermann
- IBS Center for Climate Physics, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Climate System, PNU, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Freeman J, Gil AF, Peralta EA, Franchetti F, López JM, Neme G. A model of long-term population growth with an application to Central West Argentina. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307703. [PMID: 39110658 PMCID: PMC11305588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose an Ideal Specialization Model to help explain the diversity of population growth trajectories exhibited across archaeological regions over thousands of years. The model provides a general set of expectations useful for guiding empirical research, and we provide a concrete example by conducting a preliminary evaluation of three expectations in Central West Argentina. We use kernel density estimates of archaeological radiocarbon, estimates of paleoclimate, and human bone stable isotopes from archaeological remains to evaluate three expectations drawn from the model's dynamics. Based on our results, we suggest that innovations in the production of food and social organization drove demographic transitions and population expansion in the region. The consistency of population expansion in the region positively associates with changes in diet and, potentially, innovations in settlement and social integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Freeman
- Anthropology Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
- The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Adolfo F. Gil
- Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEVEA, CONICET & UTN). J. J. Urquiza 314, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Eva A. Peralta
- Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEVEA, CONICET & UTN). J. J. Urquiza 314, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fernando Franchetti
- Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEVEA, CONICET & UTN). J. J. Urquiza 314, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - José Manuel López
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (IADIZA, CCT CONICET Mendoza), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Neme
- Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEVEA, CONICET & UTN). J. J. Urquiza 314, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bradshaw CJA, Reepmeyer C, Saltré F, Agapiou A, Kassianidou V, Demesticha S, Zomeni Z, Polidorou M, Moutsiou T. Demographic models predict end-Pleistocene arrival and rapid expansion of pre-agropastoralist humans in Cyprus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318293121. [PMID: 38753504 PMCID: PMC11126943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318293121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The antiquity of human dispersal into Mediterranean islands and ensuing coastal adaptation have remained largely unexplored due to the prevailing assumption that the sea was a barrier to movement and that islands were hostile environments to early hunter-gatherers [J. F. Cherry, T. P. Leppard, J. Isl. Coast. Archaeol. 13, 191-205 (2018), 10.1080/15564894.2016.1276489]. Using the latest archaeological data, hindcasted climate projections, and age-structured demographic models, we demonstrate evidence for early arrival (14,257 to 13,182 calendar years ago) to Cyprus and predicted that large groups of people (~1,000 to 1,375) arrived in 2 to 3 main events occurring within <100 y to ensure low extinction risk. These results indicate that the postglacial settlement of Cyprus involved only a few large-scale, organized events requiring advanced watercraft technology. Our spatially debiased and Signor-Lipps-corrected estimates indicate rapid settlement of the island within <200 y, and expansion to a median of 4,000 to 5,000 people (0.36 to 0.46 km-2) in <11 human generations (<300 y). Our results do not support the hypothesis of inaccessible and inhospitable islands in the Mediterranean for pre-agropastoralists, agreeing with analogous conclusions for other parts of the world [M. I. Bird et al., Sci. Rep. 9, 8220 (2019), 10.1038/s41598-019-42946-9]. Our results also highlight the need to revisit these questions in the Mediterranean and test their validity with new technologies, field methods, and data. By applying stochastic models to the Mediterranean region, we can place Cyprus and large islands in general as attractive and favorable destinations for paleolithic peoples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey J. A. Bradshaw
- Global Ecology | Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW2522, Australia
| | - Christian Reepmeyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW2522, Australia
- Commission for Archaeology of Non-European Cultures, German Archaeological Institute, Bonn53173, Germany
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University Cairns, Cairns, QLD4870, Australia
| | - Frédérik Saltré
- Global Ecology | Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW2522, Australia
| | - Athos Agapiou
- Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos3036, Cyprus
| | | | - Stella Demesticha
- Archaeological Research Unit, University of Cyprus, Nicosia1095, Cyprus
| | - Zomenia Zomeni
- Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and the Environment of the Republic of Cyprus, Nicosia1301, Cyprus
| | | | - Theodora Moutsiou
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University Cairns, Cairns, QLD4870, Australia
- Archaeological Research Unit, University of Cyprus, Nicosia1095, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salles T, Joannes-Boyau R, Moffat I, Husson L, Lorcery M. Physiography, foraging mobility, and the first peopling of Sahul. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3430. [PMID: 38653772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The route and speed of migration into Sahul by Homo sapiens remain a major research question in archaeology. Here, we introduce an approach which models the impact of the physical environment on human mobility by combining time-evolving landscapes with Lévy walk foraging patterns, this latter accounting for a combination of short-distance steps and occasional longer moves that hunter-gatherers likely utilised for efficient exploration of new environments. Our results suggest a wave of dispersal radiating across Sahul following riverine corridors and coastlines. Estimated migration speeds, based on archaeological sites and predicted travelled distances, fall within previously reported range from Sahul and other regions. From our mechanistic movement simulations, we then analyse the likelihood of archaeological sites and highlight areas in Australia that hold archaeological potential. Our approach complements existing methods and provides interesting perspectives on the Pleistocene archaeology of Sahul that could be applied to other regions around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Salles
- School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Renaud Joannes-Boyau
- Geoarchaeology and Archaeometry Research Group, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Moffat
- Geoarchaeology and Archaeometry Research Group, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Laurent Husson
- ISTerre, CNRS, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Manon Lorcery
- School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ISTerre, CNRS, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Houldcroft CJ, Underdown S. Infectious disease in the Pleistocene: Old friends or old foes? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 182:513-531. [PMID: 38006200 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The impact of endemic and epidemic disease on humans has traditionally been seen as a comparatively recent historical phenomenon associated with the Neolithisation of human groups, an increase in population size led by sedentarism, and increasing contact with domesticated animals as well as species occupying opportunistic symbiotic and ectosymbiotic relationships with humans. The orthodox approach is that Neolithisation created the conditions for increasing population size able to support a reservoir of infectious disease sufficient to act as selective pressure. This orthodoxy is the result of an overly simplistic reliance on skeletal data assuming that no skeletal lesions equated to a healthy individual, underpinned by the assumption that hunter-gatherer groups were inherently healthy while agricultural groups acted as infectious disease reservoirs. The work of van Blerkom, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., vol. suppl 37 (2003), Wolfe et al., Nature, vol. 447 (2007) and Houldcroft and Underdown, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., vol. 160, (2016) has changed this landscape by arguing that humans and pathogens have long been fellow travelers. The package of infectious diseases experienced by our ancient ancestors may not be as dissimilar to modern infectious diseases as was once believed. The importance of DNA, from ancient and modern sources, to the study of the antiquity of infectious disease, and its role as a selective pressure cannot be overstated. Here we consider evidence of ancient epidemic and endemic infectious diseases with inferences from modern and ancient human and hominin DNA, and from circulating and extinct pathogen genomes. We argue that the pandemics of the past are a vital tool to unlock the weapons needed to fight pandemics of the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Underdown
- Human Origins and Palaeoenvironmental Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Medupe D, Roberts SG, Shenk MK, Glowacki L. Why did foraging, horticulture and pastoralism persist after the Neolithic transition? The oasis theory of agricultural intensification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220300. [PMID: 37381847 PMCID: PMC10291438 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the global spread of intensive agriculture, many populations retained foraging or mixed subsistence strategies until well into the twentieth century. Understanding why has been a longstanding puzzle. One explanation, called the marginal habitat hypothesis, is that foraging persisted because foragers tended to live in marginal habitats generally not suited to agriculture. However, recent empirical studies have not supported this view. The alternative but untested oasis hypothesis of agricultural intensification claims that intensive agriculture developed in areas with low biodiversity and a reliable water source not reliant on local rainfall. We test both the marginal habitat and oasis hypotheses using a cross-cultural sample drawn from the 'Ethnographic atlas' (Murdock 1967 Ethnology 6, 109-236). Our analyses provide support for both hypotheses. We found that intensive agriculture was unlikely in areas with high rainfall. Further, high biodiversity, including pathogens associated with high rainfall, appears to have limited the development of intensive agriculture. Our analyses of African societies show that tsetse flies, elephants and malaria are negatively associated with intensive agriculture, but only the effect of tsetse flies reached significance. Our results suggest that in certain ecologies intensive agriculture may be difficult or impossible to develop but that generally lower rainfall and biodiversity is favourable for its emergence. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary ecology of inequality'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dithapelo Medupe
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Seán G. Roberts
- School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3EU, UK
| | - Mary K. Shenk
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Luke Glowacki
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeller E, Timmermann A, Yun KS, Raia P, Stein K, Ruan J. Human adaptation to diverse biomes over the past 3 million years. Science 2023; 380:604-608. [PMID: 37167387 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of vegetation and ecosystem diversity on hominin adaptation and migration, we identify past human habitat preferences over time using a transient 3-million-year earth system-biome model simulation and an extensive hominin fossil and archaeological database. Our analysis shows that early African hominins predominantly lived in open environments such as grassland and dry shrubland. Migrating into Eurasia, hominins adapted to a broader range of biomes over time. By linking the location and age of hominin sites with corresponding simulated regional biomes, we also find that our ancestors actively selected for spatially diverse environments. The quantitative results lead to a new diversity hypothesis: Homo species, in particular Homo sapiens, were specially equipped to adapt to landscape mosaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Zeller
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Climate System, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Yun
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pasquale Raia
- DiSTAR, Napoli Università di Napoli Federico II, Monte Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Karl Stein
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiaoyang Ruan
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hagen EH, Blackwell AD, Lightner AD, Sullivan RJ. Homo medicus: The transition to meat eating increased pathogen pressure and the use of pharmacological plants in Homo. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:589-617. [PMID: 36815505 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The human lineage transitioned to a more carnivorous niche 2.6 mya and evolved a large body size and slower life history, which likely increased zoonotic pathogen pressure. Evidence for this increase includes increased zoonotic infections in modern hunter-gatherers and bushmeat hunters, exceptionally low stomach pH compared to other primates, and divergence in immune-related genes. These all point to change, and probably intensification, in the infectious disease environment of Homo compared to earlier hominins and other apes. At the same time, the brain, an organ in which immune responses are constrained, began to triple in size. We propose that the combination of increased zoonotic pathogen pressure and the challenges of defending a large brain and body from pathogens in a long-lived mammal, selected for intensification of the plant-based self-medication strategies already in place in apes and other primates. In support, there is evidence of medicinal plant use by hominins in the middle Paleolithic, and all cultures today have sophisticated, plant-based medical systems, add spices to food, and regularly consume psychoactive plant substances that are harmful to helminths and other pathogens. We propose that the computational challenges of discovering effective plant-based treatments, the consequent ability to consume more energy-rich animal foods, and the reduced reliance on energetically-costly immune responses helped select for increased cognitive abilities and unique exchange relationships in Homo. In the story of human evolution, which has long emphasized hunting skills, medical skills had an equal role to play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron D Lightner
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Roger J Sullivan
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simulations of human migration into North America are more sensitive to demography than choice of palaeoclimate model. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Ordonez A, Riede F. Changes in limiting factors for forager population dynamics in Europe across the last glacial-interglacial transition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5140. [PMID: 36068206 PMCID: PMC9448755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Population dynamics set the framework for human genetic and cultural evolution. For foragers, demographic and environmental changes correlate strongly, although the causal relations between different environmental variables and human responses through time and space likely varied. Building on the notion of limiting factors, namely that at any one time, the scarcest resource caps population size, we present a statistical approach to identify the dominant climatic constraints for hunter-gatherer population densities and then hindcast their changing dynamics in Europe for the period between 21,000 to 8000 years ago. Limiting factors shifted from temperature-related variables (effective temperature) during the Pleistocene to a regional mosaic of limiting factors in the Holocene dominated by temperature seasonality and annual precipitation. This spatiotemporal variation suggests that hunter-gatherers needed to overcome very different adaptive challenges in different parts of Europe and that these challenges varied over time. The signatures of these changing adaptations may be visible archaeologically. In addition, the spatial disaggregation of limiting factors from the Pleistocene to the Holocene coincided with and may partly explain the diversification of the cultural geography at this time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ordonez
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Felix Riede
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qin T, Hao Y, Wu Y, Chen X, Zhang S, Wang M, Xiong W, He J. Association between averaged meteorological factors and tuberculosis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113279. [PMID: 35561834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inconsistencies were discovered in the findings regarding the effects of meteorological factors on tuberculosis (TB). This study conducted a systematic review of published studies on the relationship between TB and meteorological factors and used a meta-analysis to investigate the pooled effects in order to provide evidence for future research and policymakers. The literature search was completed by August 3rd, 2021, using three databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Embase. Relative risks (RRs) in included studies were extracted and all effect estimates were combined together using meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were carried out based on the resolution of exposure time, regional climate, and national income level. A total of eight studies were included after screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our results show that TB risk was positively correlated with precipitation (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.51), while temperature (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.32), humidity (RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.10), air pressure (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.14) and sunshine duration (RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.13) all had no statistically significant correlation. Subgroup analysis shows that quarterly measure resolution, low and middle Human Development Index (HDI) level and subtropical climate increase TB risk not only in precipitation, but also in temperature and humidity. Moreover, less heterogeneity was observed in "high and extremely high" HDI areas and subtropical areas than that in other subgroups (I2 = 0%). Precipitation, a subtropical climate, and a low HDI level are all positive influence factors to tuberculosis. Therefore, residents and public health managers should take precautionary measures ahead of time, especially in extreme weather conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Qin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Hao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinli Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weifeng Xiong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Juan He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thornton JM, Snethlage MA, Sayre R, Urbach DR, Viviroli D, Ehrlich D, Muccione V, Wester P, Insarov G, Adler C. Human populations in the world’s mountains: Spatio-temporal patterns and potential controls. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271466. [PMID: 35857800 PMCID: PMC9299344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing climate and human demographics in the world’s mountains will have increasingly profound environmental and societal consequences across all elevations. Quantifying current human populations in and near mountains is crucial to ensure that any interventions in these complex social-ecological systems are appropriately resourced, and that valuable ecosystems are effectively protected. However, comprehensive and reproducible analyses on this subject are lacking. Here, we develop and implement an open workflow to quantify the sensitivity of mountain population estimates over recent decades, both globally and for several sets of relevant reporting regions, to alternative input dataset combinations. Relationships between mean population density and several potential environmental covariates are also explored across elevational bands within individual mountain regions (i.e. “sub-mountain range scale”). Globally, mountain population estimates vary greatly—from 0.344 billion (<5% of the corresponding global total) to 2.289 billion (>31%) in 2015. A more detailed analysis using one of the population datasets (GHS-POP) revealed that in ∼35% of mountain sub-regions, population increased at least twofold over the 40-year period 1975–2015. The urban proportion of the total mountain population in 2015 ranged from 6% to 39%, depending on the combination of population and urban extent datasets used. At sub-mountain range scale, population density was found to be more strongly associated with climatic than with topographic and protected-area variables, and these relationships appear to have strengthened slightly over time. Such insights may contribute to improved predictions of future mountain population distributions under scenarios of future climatic and demographic change. Overall, our work emphasizes that irrespective of data choices, substantial human populations are likely to be directly affected by—and themselves affect—mountainous environmental and ecological change. It thereby further underlines the urgency with which the multitudinous challenges concerning the interactions between mountain climate and human societies under change must be tackled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Thornton
- Mountain Research Initiative, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark A. Snethlage
- Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Sayre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Davnah R. Urbach
- Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Viviroli
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Veruska Muccione
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippus Wester
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Gregory Insarov
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Carolina Adler
- Mountain Research Initiative, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ribeiro SP, Barh D, Andrade BS, José Santana Silva R, Costa-Rezende DH, Fonseca PLC, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ, Azevedo VA, Ghosh P, Diniz-Filho JAF, Loyola R, de Almeida MFB, Góes-Neto A. Long-term unsustainable patterns of development rather than recent deforestation caused the emergence of Orthocoronavirinae species. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4714-4724. [PMID: 35859337 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether a set of phylogeographical tracked emergent events of Orthocoronavirinae were related to developed, urban and polluted environments worldwide. We explored coronavirus records in response to climate (rainfall parameters), population density, CO2 emission, Human Developmental Index (HDI) and deforestation. We contrasted environmental characteristics from regions with spillovers or encounters of wild Orthocoronavirinae against adjacent areas having best-preserved conditions. We used all complete sequenced CoVs genomes deposited in NCBI and GISAID databases until January 2021. Except for Deltacoronavirus, concentrated in Hong Kong and in birds, the other three genera were scattered all over the planet, beyond the original distribution of the subfamily, and found in humans, mammals, fishes and birds, wild or domestic. Spillovers and presence in wild animals were only reported in developed/densely populated places. We found significantly more occurrences reported in places with higher HDI, CO2 emission, or population density, along with more rainfall and more accentuated seasonality. Orthocoronavirinae occurred in areas with significantly higher human populations, CO2 emissions and deforestation rates than in adjacent locations. Intermediately disturbed ecosystems seemed more vulnerable for Orthocoronavirinae emergence than forested regions in frontiers of deforestation. Sadly, people experiencing poverty in an intensely consumerist society are the most vulnerable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sérvio P Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia do Adoecimento & Florestas NUPEB/ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India.,Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Raner José Santana Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGGBM), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Diogo Henrique Costa-Rezende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica (PPGBot), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vasco Ariston Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Rafael Loyola
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.,Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Brito de Almeida
- Laboratório de Ecologia do Adoecimento & Florestas NUPEB/ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Romero GQ, Gonçalves-Souza T, Roslin T, Marquis RJ, Marino NAC, Novotny V, Cornelissen T, Orivel J, Sui S, Aires G, Antoniazzi R, Dáttilo W, Breviglieri CPB, Busse A, Gibb H, Izzo TJ, Kadlec T, Kemp V, Kersch-Becker M, Knapp M, Kratina P, Luke R, Majnarić S, Maritz R, Mateus Martins P, Mendesil E, Michalko J, Mrazova A, Novais S, Pereira CC, Perić MS, Petermann JS, Ribeiro SP, Sam K, Trzcinski MK, Vieira C, Westwood N, Bernaschini ML, Carvajal V, González E, Jausoro M, Kaensin S, Ospina F, Cristóbal-Pérez EJ, Quesada M, Rogy P, Srivastava DS, Szpryngiel S, Tack AJM, Teder T, Videla M, Viljur ML, Koricheva J. Climate variability and aridity modulate the role of leaf shelters for arthropods: A global experiment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3694-3710. [PMID: 35243726 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current climate change is disrupting biotic interactions and eroding biodiversity worldwide. However, species sensitive to aridity, high temperatures, and climate variability might find shelter in microclimatic refuges, such as leaf rolls built by arthropods. To explore how the importance of leaf shelters for terrestrial arthropods changes with latitude, elevation, and climate, we conducted a distributed experiment comparing arthropods in leaf rolls versus control leaves across 52 sites along an 11,790 km latitudinal gradient. We then probed the impact of short- versus long-term climatic impacts on roll use, by comparing the relative impact of conditions during the experiment versus average, baseline conditions at the site. Leaf shelters supported larger organisms and higher arthropod biomass and species diversity than non-rolled control leaves. However, the magnitude of the leaf rolls' effect differed between long- and short-term climate conditions, metrics (species richness, biomass, and body size), and trophic groups (predators vs. herbivores). The effect of leaf rolls on predator richness was influenced only by baseline climate, increasing in magnitude in regions experiencing increased long-term aridity, regardless of latitude, elevation, and weather during the experiment. This suggests that shelter use by predators may be innate, and thus, driven by natural selection. In contrast, the effect of leaf rolls on predator biomass and predator body size decreased with increasing temperature, and increased with increasing precipitation, respectively, during the experiment. The magnitude of shelter usage by herbivores increased with the abundance of predators and decreased with increasing temperature during the experiment. Taken together, these results highlight that leaf roll use may have both proximal and ultimate causes. Projected increases in climate variability and aridity are, therefore, likely to increase the importance of biotic refugia in mitigating the effects of climate change on species persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Q Romero
- Laboratory of Multitrophic Interactions and Biodiversity, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gonçalves-Souza
- Laboratory of Ecological Synthesis and Biodiversity Conservation, Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert J Marquis
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicholas A C Marino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Cornelissen
- Centre for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jerome Orivel
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Campus agronomique, Kourou cedex, France
| | - Shen Sui
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Nagada Harbour, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Gustavo Aires
- Laboratory of Ecological Synthesis and Biodiversity Conservation, Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Reuber Antoniazzi
- Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, USA
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Crasso P B Breviglieri
- Laboratory of Multitrophic Interactions and Biodiversity, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Annika Busse
- Department of Nature Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Heloise Gibb
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thiago J Izzo
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brasil
| | - Tomas Kadlec
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Victoria Kemp
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Monica Kersch-Becker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michal Knapp
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Luke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Stefan Majnarić
- Faculty of Science, Department of biology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robin Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Paulo Mateus Martins
- Laboratory of Ecological Synthesis and Biodiversity Conservation, Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) [Federal Rural University of Pernambuco], Recife, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Esayas Mendesil
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jaroslav Michalko
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
- Mlynany Arboretum, Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Mrazova
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Novais
- Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Cássio C Pereira
- Centre for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mirela S Perić
- Faculty of Science, Department of biology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jana S Petermann
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sérvio P Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Ecoehalth, Ecology of Canopy Insects and Natural Succession, NUPEB-Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - M Kurtis Trzcinski
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Camila Vieira
- Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Natalie Westwood
- Dept. of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria L Bernaschini
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valentina Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Ecologia, Grupo de Investigación en Ecosistemas Tropicales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Ezequiel González
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute for Environmental Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Mariana Jausoro
- Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, Chilecito, Spain
| | - Stanis Kaensin
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Nagada Harbour, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Fabiola Ospina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - E Jacob Cristóbal-Pérez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica (LANASE), Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica (LANASE), Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Pierre Rogy
- Dept. of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Dept. of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scarlett Szpryngiel
- Department of Zoology, The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiit Teder
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Videla
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mari-Liis Viljur
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodríguez J, Willmes C, Sommer C, Mateos A. Sustainable human population density in Western Europe between 560.000 and 360.000 years ago. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6907. [PMID: 35484382 PMCID: PMC9051054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The time period between 560 and 360 ka (MIS14 to MIS11) was critical for the evolution of the Neanderthal lineage and the appearance of Levallois technology in Europe. The shifts in the distribution of the human populations, driven by cyclical climate changes, are generally accepted to have played major roles in both processes. We used a dataset of palaeoclimate maps and a species distribution model to reconstruct the changes in the area of Western Europe with suitable environmental conditions for humans during 11 time intervals of the MIS14 to MIS 11 period. Eventually, the maximum sustainable human population within the suitable area during each time interval was estimated by extrapolating the relationship observed between recent hunter-gatherer population density and net primary productivity and applying it to the past. Contrary to common assumptions, our results showed the three Mediterranean Peninsulas were not the only region suitable for humans during the glacial periods. The estimated total sustainable population of Western Europe from MIS14 to MIS11 oscillated between 13,000 and 25,000 individuals. These results offer a new theoretical scenario to develop models and hypotheses to explain cultural and biological evolution during the Middle Pleistocene in Western Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Christian Willmes
- Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Sommer
- The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans, Research Area Geography, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities at the University of Tübingen, Rümelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Mateos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A Fusion Method for Multisource Land Cover Products Based on Superpixels and Statistical Extraction for Enhancing Resolution and Improving Accuracy. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The discrepancies in existing land cover data are relatively high, indicating low local precision and application limitations. Multisource data fusion is an effective way to solve this problem; however, the fusion procedure often requires resampling to unify the spatial resolution, causing a lower spatial resolution. To solve this problem, this study proposes a multisource product fusion mapping method of filtering training samples and product correction at a fine resolution. Based on the Superpixel algorithm, principal component analysis (PCA), and statistical extraction techniques, combined with the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, reliable land cover data were acquired. GEE and machine-learning algorithms correct the unreliable information of multiple products into a new land cover fusion result. Compared to the common method of extracting consistent pixels from existing products, our proposed method effectively removes nearly 38.75% of them, with a high probability of classification error. The overall accuracy of fusion in this study reached 85.80%, and the kappa coefficient reached 0.82, with an overall accuracy improvement of 11.75–24.17% and a kappa coefficient improvement of 0.16 to 0.3 compared to other products. For existing single-category products, we corrected the phenomenon of overinterpretation in inconsistent areas; the overall accuracy improvement ranged from 2.99% to 20.71%, while the kappa coefficient improvement ranged from 0.22 to 0.56. Thus, our proposed method can combine information from multiple products and serve as an effective method for large areas and even as a global land cover fusion product.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rathinasabapathy T, Sakthivel LP, Komarnytsky S. Plant-Based Support of Respiratory Health during Viral Outbreaks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2064-2076. [PMID: 35147032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are linked to major epidemic events that have plagued humans through recorded history and possibly much earlier, ranging from common colds, influenza, and coronavirus infections to measles. However, difficulty in developing effective pharmaceutical solutions to treat infected individuals has hindered efforts to manage and minimize respiratory viral outbreaks and the associated mortality. Here we highlight a series of botanical interventions with different and often overlapping putative mechanisms of action to support the respiratory system, for which the bioactive pharmacophore was suggested and the initial structure-activity relationships have been explored (Bupleurum spp., Glycyrrhiza spp., Andrographis spp.), have been proposed with uncertainty (Echinacea spp., Zingiber spp., Verbascum spp., Marrubium spp.), or remained to be elucidated (Sambucus spp., Urtica spp.). Investigating these metabolites and their botanical sources holds potential to uncover new mediators of the respiratory health outcomes as well as molecular targets for future break-through therapeutic interventions targeting respiratory viral outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thirumurugan Rathinasabapathy
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lakshmana Prabu Sakthivel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Engineering, Anna University BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024, India
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kun Á. Is there still evolution in the human population? Biol Futur 2022; 73:359-374. [PMID: 36592324 PMCID: PMC9806833 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is often claimed that humanity has stopped evolving because modern medicine erased all selection on survival. Even if that would be true, and it is not, there would be other mechanisms of evolution which could still led to changes in allelic frequencies. Here I show, by applying basic evolutionary genetics knowledge, that we expect humanity to evolve. The results from genome sequencing projects have repeatedly affirmed that there are still recent signs of selection in our genomes. I give some examples of such adaptation. Then I briefly discuss what our evolutionary future has in store for us.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kun
- grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary ,Parmenides Center for the Conceptual Foundations of Science, Pöcking, Germany ,grid.481817.3Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5018.c0000 0001 2149 4407MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5018.c0000 0001 2149 4407MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Komarnytsky S, Retchin S, Vong CI, Lila MA. Gains and Losses of Agricultural Food Production: Implications for the Twenty-First Century. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 13:239-261. [PMID: 34813357 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-082421-114831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The world food supply depends on a diminishing list of plant crops and animal livestock to not only feed the ever-growing human population but also improve its nutritional state and lower the disease burden. Over the past century or so, technological advances in agricultural and food processing have helped reduce hunger and poverty but have not adequately addressed sustainability targets. This has led to an erosion of agricultural biodiversity and balanced diets and contributed to climate change and rising rates of chronic metabolic diseases. Modern food supply chains have progressively lost dietary fiber, complex carbohydrates, micronutrients, and several classes of phytochemicals with high bioactivity and nutritional relevance. This review introduces the concept of agricultural food systems losses and focuses on improved sources of agricultural diversity, proteins with enhanced resilience, and novel monitoring, processing, and distribution technologies that are poised to improve food security, reduce food loss and waste, and improve health profiles in the near future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina; .,Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Sophia Retchin
- Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chi In Vong
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina; .,Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina; .,Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Global hunter-gatherer population densities constrained by influence of seasonality on diet composition. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1536-1545. [PMID: 34504317 PMCID: PMC7611941 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of hunter-gatherers on local net primary production (NPP) to provide food played a major role in shaping long-term human population dynamics. Observations of contemporary hunter-gatherers have shown an overall correlation between population density and annual NPP but with a 1,000-fold variation in population density per unit NPP that remains unexplained. Here, we build a process-based hunter-gatherer population model embedded within a global terrestrial biosphere model, which explicitly addresses the extraction of NPP through dynamically allocated hunting and gathering activities. The emergent results reveal a strong, previously unrecognized effect of seasonality on population density via diet composition, whereby hunter-gatherers consume high fractions of meat in regions where growing seasons are short, leading to greatly reduced population density due to trophic inefficiency. This seasonal carnivory bottleneck largely explains the wide variation in population density per unit NPP and questions the prevailing usage of annual NPP as the proxy of carrying capacity for ancient humans. Our process-based approach has the potential to greatly refine our understanding of dynamical responses of ancient human populations to past environmental changes.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bliege Bird R, Codding BF. Promise and peril of ecological and evolutionary modelling using cross-cultural datasets. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 6:6-8. [PMID: 34697456 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bliege Bird
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Brian F Codding
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Archaeological Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Beyer RM, Krapp M, Eriksson A, Manica A. Climatic windows for human migration out of Africa in the past 300,000 years. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4889. [PMID: 34429408 PMCID: PMC8384873 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst an African origin of modern humans is well established, the timings and routes of their expansions into Eurasia are the subject of heated debate, due to the scarcity of fossils and the lack of suitably old ancient DNA. Here, we use high-resolution palaeoclimate reconstructions to estimate how difficult it would have been for humans in terms of rainfall availability to leave the African continent in the past 300k years. We then combine these results with an anthropologically and ecologically motivated estimate of the minimum level of rainfall required by hunter-gatherers to survive, allowing us to reconstruct when, and along which geographic paths, expansions out of Africa would have been climatically feasible. The estimated timings and routes of potential contact with Eurasia are compatible with archaeological and genetic evidence of human expansions out of Africa, highlighting the key role of palaeoclimate variability for modern human dispersals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Beyer
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mario Krapp
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Anders Eriksson
- cGEM, cGEM, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bradshaw CJA, Norman K, Ulm S, Williams AN, Clarkson C, Chadœuf J, Lin SC, Jacobs Z, Roberts RG, Bird MI, Weyrich LS, Haberle SG, O'Connor S, Llamas B, Cohen TJ, Friedrich T, Veth P, Leavesley M, Saltré F. Stochastic models support rapid peopling of Late Pleistocene Sahul. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2440. [PMID: 33927195 PMCID: PMC8085232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The peopling of Sahul (the combined continent of Australia and New Guinea) represents the earliest continental migration and settlement event of solely anatomically modern humans, but its patterns and ecological drivers remain largely conceptual in the current literature. We present an advanced stochastic-ecological model to test the relative support for scenarios describing where and when the first humans entered Sahul, and their most probable routes of early settlement. The model supports a dominant entry via the northwest Sahul Shelf first, potentially followed by a second entry through New Guinea, with initial entry most consistent with 50,000 or 75,000 years ago based on comparison with bias-corrected archaeological map layers. The model's emergent properties predict that peopling of the entire continent occurred rapidly across all ecological environments within 156-208 human generations (4368-5599 years) and at a plausible rate of 0.71-0.92 km year-1. More broadly, our methods and approaches can readily inform other global migration debates, with results supporting an exit of anatomically modern humans from Africa 63,000-90,000 years ago, and the peopling of Eurasia in as little as 12,000-15,000 years via inland routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey J A Bradshaw
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kasih Norman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Ulm
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan N Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- EMM Consulting, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris Clarkson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Joël Chadœuf
- UR 1052, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Montfavet, France
| | - Sam C Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Zenobia Jacobs
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard G Roberts
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael I Bird
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura S Weyrich
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Simon G Haberle
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture, History and Language, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sue O'Connor
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture, History and Language, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bastien Llamas
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tim J Cohen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Tobias Friedrich
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Peter Veth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Archaeology and the Centre for Rock Art Research and Management M257, School of Social Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew Leavesley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Frédérik Saltré
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ecological variation and institutionalized inequality in hunter-gatherer societies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016134118. [PMID: 33758100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016134118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research examining institutionalized hierarchy tends to focus on chiefdoms and states, while its emergence among small-scale societies remains poorly understood. Here, we test multiple hypotheses for institutionalized hierarchy, using environmental and social data on 89 hunter-gatherer societies along the Pacific coast of North America. We utilize statistical models capable of identifying the main correlates of sustained political and economic inequality, while controlling for historical and spatial dependence. Our results indicate that the most important predictors relate to spatiotemporal distribution of resources. Specifically, higher reliance on and ownership of clumped aquatic (primarily salmon) versus wild plant resources is associated with greater political-economic inequality, measuring the latter as a composite of internal social ranking, unequal access to food resources, and presence of slavery. Variables indexing population pressure, scalar stress, and intergroup conflict exhibit little or no correlation with variation in inequality. These results are consistent with models positing that hierarchy will emerge when individuals or coalitions (e.g., kin groups) control access to economically defensible, highly clumped resource patches, and use this control to extract benefits from subordinates, such as productive labor and political allegiance in a patron-client system. This evolutionary ecological explanation might illuminate how and why institutionalized hierarchy emerges among many small-scale societies.
Collapse
|
25
|
Island Colonization and Environmental Sustainability in the Postglacial Mediterranean. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Island environments present challenges to human colonization, but we have a poor understanding of how environmental difference drives heterogeneous patterns of insular settlement. In this paper, we assess which environmental and geographic variables positively or negatively affect the long-term sustainability of human settlement on islands. Using the postglacial Mediterranean basin as a case study, we assess the impact of area, isolation index, species richness, and net primary productivity (NPP) on patterns of island occupation for both hunter-gatherer and agropastoral populations. We find that models involving area most effectively accounts for sustainability in hunter-gatherer island settlement. The agropastoral data are noisier, perhaps due to culturally specific factors responsible for the distribution of the data; nonetheless, we show that area and NPP exert profound influence over sustainability of agropastoral island settlement. We conclude by suggesting that this relates to the capacity of these variables to impact demographic robusticity directly.
Collapse
|
26
|
Barsbai T, Lukas D, Pondorfer A. Local convergence of behavior across species. Science 2021; 371:292-295. [PMID: 33446557 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb7481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Behavior is a way for organisms to respond flexibly to the environmental conditions they encounter. Our own species exhibits large behavioral flexibility and occurs in all terrestrial habitats, sharing these environments with many other species. It remains unclear to what extent a shared environment constrains behavior and whether these constraints apply similarly across species. Here, we show that foraging human populations and nonhuman mammal and bird species that live in a given environment exhibit high levels of similarity in their foraging, reproductive, and social behaviors. Our findings suggest that local conditions may select for similar behaviors in both humans and nonhuman animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toman Barsbai
- School of Economics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,Research Center International Development, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Lukas
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Pondorfer
- Department of Economics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,TUMCS for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wilson KM, Codding BF. The Marginal Utility of Inequality : A Global Examination across Ethnographic Societies. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2021; 31:361-386. [PMID: 33523386 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-020-09383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, we still lack a clear explanation for the emergence and persistence of inequality. Here we propose and evaluate a marginal utility of inequality hypothesis that nominates circumscription and environmental heterogeneity as independent, necessary conditions for the emergence of intragroup material inequality. After coupling the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) with newly generated data from remote sensing, we test predictions derived from this hypothesis using a multivariate generalized additive model that accounts for spatial and historical dependence as well as subsistence mode. Our analyses show that the probability a society will be stratified increases significantly as a function of proxies of environmental heterogeneity and environmental circumscription. This supports the hypothesis that increasing environmental heterogeneity and circumscription drives the emergence and persistence of inequality among documented societies across the globe. We demonstrate how environmental heterogeneity and circumscription produce situations that limit individuals' options so that some may find it in their best interest to give up some autonomy for material gain, while others may find it in their best interest to give up some material resources for another individual's time or deference. These results support the marginal utility of inequality framework and enable future explorations of the ecological conditions that facilitate the emergence of intragroup inequality through time and across the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt M Wilson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 260 S. Central Campus Drive, Room 4625, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Brian F Codding
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 260 S. Central Campus Drive, Room 4625, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guevara EK, Palo JU, Översti S, King JL, Seidel M, Stoljarova M, Wendt FR, Bus MM, Guengerich A, Church WB, Guillén S, Roewer L, Budowle B, Sajantila A. Genetic assessment reveals no population substructure and divergent regional and sex-specific histories in the Chachapoyas from northeast Peru. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244497. [PMID: 33382772 PMCID: PMC7774974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many native populations in South America have been severely impacted by two relatively recent historical events, the Inca and the Spanish conquest. However decisive these disruptive events may have been, the populations and their gene pools have been shaped markedly also by the history prior to the conquests. This study focuses mainly on the Chachapoya peoples that inhabit the montane forests on the eastern slopes of the northern Peruvian Andes, but also includes three distinct neighboring populations (the Jívaro, the Huancas and the Cajamarca). By assessing mitochondrial, Y-chromosomal and autosomal diversity in the region, we explore questions that have emerged from archaeological and historical studies of the regional culture (s). These studies have shown, among others, that Chachapoyas was a crossroads for Coast-Andes-Amazon interactions since very early times. In this study, we examine the following questions: 1) was there pre-Hispanic genetic population substructure in the Chachapoyas sample? 2) did the Spanish conquest cause a more severe population decline on Chachapoyan males than on females? 3) can we detect different patterns of European gene flow in the Chachapoyas region? and, 4) did the demographic history in the Chachapoyas resemble the one from the Andean area? Despite cultural differences within the Chachapoyas region as shown by archaeological and ethnohistorical research, genetic markers show no significant evidence for past or current population substructure, although an Amazonian gene flow dynamic in the northern part of this territory is suggested. The data also indicates a bottleneck c. 25 generations ago that was more severe among males than females, as well as divergent population histories for populations in the Andean and Amazonian regions. In line with previous studies, we observe high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas, despite the documented dramatic population declines. The diverse topography and great biodiversity of the northeastern Peruvian montane forests are potential contributing agents in shaping and maintaining the high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn K. Guevara
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (EKG); (AS)
| | - Jukka U. Palo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Genetics Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanni Översti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan L. King
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Seidel
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Stoljarova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Frank R. Wendt
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Magdalena M. Bus
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anna Guengerich
- Eckerd College, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Warren B. Church
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Lutz Roewer
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce Budowle
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (EKG); (AS)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tallavaara M, Jørgensen EK. Why are population growth rate estimates of past and present hunter-gatherers so different? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190708. [PMID: 33250023 PMCID: PMC7741106 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hunter-gatherer population growth rate estimates extracted from archaeological proxies and ethnographic data show remarkable differences, as archaeological estimates are orders of magnitude smaller than ethnographic and historical estimates. This could imply that prehistoric hunter-gatherers were demographically different from recent hunter-gatherers. However, we show that the resolution of archaeological human population proxies is not sufficiently high to detect actual population dynamics and growth rates that can be observed in the historical and ethnographic data. We argue that archaeological and ethnographic population growth rates measure different things; therefore, they are not directly comparable. While ethnographic growth rate estimates of hunter-gatherer populations are directly linked to underlying demographic parameters, archaeological estimates track changes in the long-term mean population size, which reflects changes in the environmental productivity that provide the ultimate constraint for forager population growth. We further argue that because of this constraining effect, hunter-gatherer populations cannot exhibit long-term growth independently of increasing environmental productivity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miikka Tallavaara
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erlend Kirkeng Jørgensen
- Department of Archaeology, History, Religious Studies and Theology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Archer W. Carrying capacity, population density and the later Pleistocene expression of backed artefact manufacturing traditions in Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190716. [PMID: 33250028 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As is the case today, both climate variability and population density influenced human behavioural change in the past. The mechanisms underpinning later Pleistocene human behavioural evolution, however, remain contested. Many complex behaviours evolved in Africa, but early evidence for these behaviours varies both spatially and temporally. Scientists have not been able to explain this flickering pattern, which is present even in sites and regions clearly occupied by Homo sapiens. To explore this pattern, here the presence and frequency of evidence for backed stone artefact production are modelled against climate-driven, time-series population density estimates (Timmermann and Friedrich. 2016 Nature 538, 92. (doi:10.1038/nature19365)), in all known African Late Pleistocene archaeological sites (n = 116 sites, n = 409 assemblages, n = 893 dates). In addition, a moving-window, site density population estimate is included at the scale of southern Africa. Backed stone artefacts are argued in many archaeological contexts to have functioned in elaborate technologies like composite weapons and, in the African Pleistocene, are accepted proxies for cultural complexity. They show a broad but sporadic distribution in Africa, prior to their association with Homo sapiens dispersing into Europe 45-40 ka. Two independent population estimates explain this pattern and potentially implicate the interaction of climate change and demography in the expression of cultural complexity in African Pleistocene Homo sapiens. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Archer
- Department of Archaeology, National Museum, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.,Department of Geology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gusmão RAF, Hernandes FA, Vancine MH, Naka LN, Doña J, Gonçalves‐Souza T. Host diversity outperforms climate as a global driver of symbiont diversity in the bird‐feather mite system. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo A. F. Gusmão
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da NaturezaUniversidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Fabio A. Hernandes
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia CCB/ECZUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Maurício H. Vancine
- Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Luciano N. Naka
- Departamento de Zoologia Laboratório de Ecologia Biogeografia & Evolução de AvesUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Jorge Doña
- Illinois Natural History SurveyPrairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Champaign IL USA
| | - Thiago Gonçalves‐Souza
- Adjunto do Departamento de Biologia Laboratório de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação da Biodiversidade Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hamilton MJ, Walker RS, Kempes CP. Diversity begets diversity in mammal species and human cultures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19654. [PMID: 33184380 PMCID: PMC7661729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the planet the biogeographic distribution of human cultural diversity tends to correlate positively with biodiversity. In this paper we focus on the biogeographic distribution of mammal species and human cultural diversity. We show that not only are these forms of diversity similarly distributed in space, but they both scale superlinearly with environmental production. We develop theory that explains that as environmental productivity increases the ecological kinetics of diversity increases faster than expected because more complex environments are also more interactive. Using biogeographic databases of the global distributions of mammal species and human cultures we test a series of hypotheses derived from this theory and find support for each. For both mammals and cultures, we show that (1) both forms of diversity increase exponentially with ecological kinetics; (2) the kinetics of diversity is faster than the kinetics of productivity; (3) diversity scales superlinearly with environmental productivity; and (4) the kinetics of diversity is faster in increasingly productive environments. This biogeographic convergence is particularly striking because while the dynamics of biological and cultural evolution may be similar in principle the underlying mechanisms and time scales are very different. However, a common currency underlying all forms of diversity is ecological kinetics; the temperature-dependent fluxes of energy and biotic interactions that sustain all forms of life at all levels of organization. Diversity begets diversity in mammal species and human cultures because ecological kinetics drives superlinear scaling with environmental productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Hamilton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
| | - Robert S Walker
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Martin JS, Ringen EJ, Duda P, Jaeggi AV. Harsh environments promote alloparental care across human societies. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200758. [PMID: 32811302 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloparental care is central to human life history, which integrates exceptionally short interbirth intervals and large birth size with an extended period of juvenile dependency and increased longevity. Formal models, previous comparative research, and palaeoanthropological evidence suggest that humans evolved higher levels of cooperative childcare in response to increasingly harsh environments. Although this hypothesis remains difficult to test directly, the relative importance of alloparental care varies across human societies, providing an opportunity to assess how local social and ecological factors influence the expression of this behaviour. We therefore, investigated associations between alloparental infant care and socioecology across 141 non-industrialized societies. We predicted increased alloparental care in harsher environments, due to the fitness benefits of cooperation in response to shared ecological challenges. We also predicted that starvation would decrease alloparental care, due to prohibitive energetic costs. Using Bayesian phylogenetic multilevel models, we tested these predictions while accounting for potential confounds as well as for population history. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found increased alloparental infant care in regions characterized by both reduced climate predictability and relatively lower average temperatures and precipitation. We also observed reduced alloparental care under conditions of high starvation. These results provide evidence of plasticity in human alloparenting in response to ecological contexts, comparable to previously observed patterns across avian and mammalian cooperative breeders. This suggests convergent social evolutionary processes may underlie both inter- and intraspecific variation in alloparental care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Martin
- Human Ecology Group, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E J Ringen
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Duda
- Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Jihočeský, Czechia
| | - A V Jaeggi
- Human Ecology Group, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gregorio de Souza J, Alcaina Mateos J, Madella M. Archaeological expansions in tropical South America during the late Holocene: Assessing the role of demic diffusion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232367. [PMID: 32339209 PMCID: PMC7185720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human expansions motivated by the spread of farming are one of the most important processes that shaped cultural geographies during the Holocene. The best known example of this phenomenon is the Neolithic expansion in Europe, but parallels in other parts of the globe have recently come into focus. Here, we examine the expansion of four archaeological cultures of widespread distribution in lowland South America, most of which originated in or around the Amazon basin and spread during the late Holocene with the practice of tropical forest agriculture. We analyze spatial gradients in radiocarbon dates of each culture through space-time regressions, allowing us to establish the most likely geographical origin, time and speed of expansion. To further assess the feasibility of demic diffusion as the process behind the archaeological expansions in question, we employ agent-based simulations with demographic parameters derived from the ethnography of tropical forest farmers. We find that, while some expansions can be realistically modeled as demographic processes, others are not easily explainable in the same manner, which is possibly due to different processes driving their dispersal (e.g. cultural diffusion) or problematic/incomplete archaeological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gregorio de Souza
- Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonas Alcaina Mateos
- Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Madella
- Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lewis JP, Ryves DB, Rasmussen P, Olsen J, van der Sluis LG, Reimer PJ, Knudsen KL, McGowan S, Anderson NJ, Juggins S. Marine resource abundance drove pre-agricultural population increase in Stone Age Scandinavia. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2006. [PMID: 32332739 PMCID: PMC7181652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How climate and ecology affect key cultural transformations remains debated in the context of long-term socio-cultural development because of spatially and temporally disjunct climate and archaeological records. The introduction of agriculture triggered a major population increase across Europe. However, in Southern Scandinavia it was preceded by ~500 years of sustained population growth. Here we show that this growth was driven by long-term enhanced marine production conditioned by the Holocene Thermal Maximum, a time of elevated temperature, sea level and salinity across coastal waters. We identify two periods of increased marine production across trophic levels (P1 7600–7100 and P2 6400–5900 cal. yr BP) that coincide with markedly increased mollusc collection and accumulation of shell middens, indicating greater marine resource availability. Between ~7600–5900 BP, intense exploitation of a warmer, more productive marine environment by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers drove cultural development, including maritime technological innovation, and from ca. 6400–5900 BP, underpinned a ~four-fold human population growth. How the development of human societies is influenced through their ecological environment and climatic conditions has been the subject of intensive debate. Here, the authors present multi-proxy data from southern Scandinavia which suggests that pre-agricultural population growth there was likely influenced by enhanced marine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Lewis
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - D B Ryves
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - P Rasmussen
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Brede Værk, I.C. Modewegsvej, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Olsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L G van der Sluis
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - P J Reimer
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - K-L Knudsen
- Department of Earth Science, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S McGowan
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RG, UK
| | - N J Anderson
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - S Juggins
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nikolsky A, Alekseyev E, Alekseev I, Dyakonova V. The Overlooked Tradition of "Personal Music" and Its Place in the Evolution of Music. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3051. [PMID: 32132941 PMCID: PMC7040865 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This is an attempt to describe and explain so-called timbre-based music as a special system of musicking, communication, and psychological and social usage, which along with its corresponding beliefs constitutes a viable alternative to “frequency-based” music. Unfortunately, the current scientific research into music has been skewed almost entirely in favor of the frequency-based music prevalent in the West. Subsequently, whenever samples of timbre-based music attract the attention of Western researchers, these are usually interpreted as “defective” implementations of frequency-based music. The presence of discrete pitch is often regarded as the structural criterion that distinguishes music from non-music. We would like to present evidence to the contrary—in support of the existence of indigenous music systems based on the discretization and patterning of aspects of timbre, rather than pitch. This evidence comes mainly from extensive ethnographic research systematically conducted in eastern European and Asian parts of Russia from the 1890s. It involved the efforts of thousands of specialists and was coordinated by dozens of research institutions, and it has included not just ethnomusicology but linguistics, philology, organology, archaeology, anthropology, geography, and religious, and social studies. Much of the data has not been translated into Western languages. Although some Soviet-era publications were tainted by Marxist ideology, many researchers strove to provide accurate information (despite at times having been prosecuted for their work), and post-1990 research undertook a substantial revision of ideologically compromised concepts. Timbre-based tonal organization (TO) differs from that based on frequency in its personal orientation: musicking here occurs primarily for oneself and/or for close relatives/friends. Collective music-making is rare and exceptional. The foundation of timbre-based music seems to have vocal roots and rests on “personal song”—a system of personal identification through individualized patterns of rhythm, timbre, and pitch contour, utilized like a “human voice”—whose sound enables the recognition of a particular individual. The instrumental counterpart of the personalized singing tradition is the jaw harp tradition. The jaw harp is the principal musical instrument for at least 21 ethnicities in Russia, who occupy over half the territory of the country. The evolution of its TO forms the backbone for the development of timbre-based music art. Here, we provide the acoustic, socio-cultural, geographic, and chronological overview of timbre-based music.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduard Alekseyev
- Independent Researcher, Boston, MA, United States.,The State Institute for Art Studies of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Alekseev
- Experimental Laboratory of the North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia.,International Jaw Harp Music Center, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Varvara Dyakonova
- Department of Art Studies, Arctic State Institute of Arts and Culture, Yakutsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Climate-human interaction associated with southeast Australian megafauna extinction patterns. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5311. [PMID: 31757942 PMCID: PMC6876570 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to megafauna (>44 kg) extinctions in Late Pleistocene (126,000—12,000 years ago) Australia are highly contested because standard chronological analyses rely on scarce data of varying quality and ignore spatial complexity. Relevant archaeological and palaeontological records are most often also biased by differential preservation resulting in under-representated older events. Chronological analyses have attributed megafaunal extinctions to climate change, humans, or a combination of the two, but rarely consider spatial variation in extinction patterns, initial human appearance trajectories, and palaeoclimate change together. Here we develop a statistical approach to infer spatio-temporal trajectories of megafauna extirpations (local extinctions) and initial human appearance in south-eastern Australia. We identify a combined climate-human effect on regional extirpation patterns suggesting that small, mobile Aboriginal populations potentially needed access to drinkable water to survive arid ecosystems, but were simultaneously constrained by climate-dependent net landscape primary productivity. Thus, the co-drivers of megafauna extirpations were themselves constrained by the spatial distribution of climate-dependent water sources. Whether Australia’s Pleistocene megafauna extinctions were caused by climate change, humans, or both is debated. Here, the authors infer the spatio-temporal trajectories of regional extinctions and find that water availability mediates the relationship among climate, human migration and megafauna extinctions.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bradshaw CJA, Ulm S, Williams AN, Bird MI, Roberts RG, Jacobs Z, Laviano F, Weyrich LS, Friedrich T, Norman K, Saltré F. Minimum founding populations for the first peopling of Sahul. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1057-1063. [PMID: 31209287 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The timing, context and nature of the first people to enter Sahul is still poorly understood owing to a fragmented archaeological record. However, quantifying the plausible demographic context of this founding population is essential to determine how and why the initial peopling of Sahul occurred. We developed a stochastic, age-structured model using demographic rates from hunter-gatherer societies, and relative carrying capacity hindcasted with LOVECLIM's net primary productivity for northern Sahul. We projected these populations to determine the resilience and minimum sizes required to avoid extinction. A census founding population of between 1,300 and 1,550 individuals was necessary to maintain a quasi-extinction threshold of ≲0.1. This minimum founding population could have arrived at a single point in time, or through multiple voyages of ≥130 people over ~700-900 years. This result shows that substantial population amalgamation in Sunda and Wallacea in Marine Isotope Stages 3-4 provided the conditions for the successful, large-scale and probably planned peopling of Sahul.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey J A Bradshaw
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Sean Ulm
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan N Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Climate Change Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Extent Heritage Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael I Bird
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard G Roberts
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zenobia Jacobs
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Laviano
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laura S Weyrich
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tobias Friedrich
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kasih Norman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frédérik Saltré
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bird MI, Condie SA, O'Connor S, O'Grady D, Reepmeyer C, Ulm S, Zega M, Saltré F, Bradshaw CJA. Early human settlement of Sahul was not an accident. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8220. [PMID: 31209234 PMCID: PMC6579762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The first peopling of Sahul (Australia, New Guinea and the Aru Islands joined at lower sea levels) by anatomically modern humans required multiple maritime crossings through Wallacea, with at least one approaching 100 km. Whether these crossings were accidental or intentional is unknown. Using coastal-viewshed analysis and ocean drift modelling combined with population projections, we show that the probability of randomly reaching Sahul by any route is <5% until ≥40 adults are 'washed off' an island at least once every 20 years. We then demonstrate that choosing a time of departure and making minimal headway (0.5 knots) toward a destination greatly increases the likelihood of arrival. While drift modelling demonstrates the existence of 'bottleneck' crossings on all routes, arrival via New Guinea is more likely than via northwestern Australia. We conclude that anatomically modern humans had the capacity to plan and make open-sea voyages lasting several days by at least 50,000 years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Bird
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia.
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia.
| | - Scott A Condie
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
| | - Sue O'Connor
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
| | - Damien O'Grady
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Christian Reepmeyer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Sean Ulm
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Mojca Zega
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
| | - Frédérik Saltré
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Corey J A Bradshaw
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tools, trails and time: Debating Acheulian group size at Attirampakkam, India. J Hum Evol 2019; 130:109-125. [PMID: 31010538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Estimating Acheulian group sizes based on a fragmentary archaeological record is fraught with difficulties, more so in regions like India, where lithics form the primary source of information. Here, we review current approaches towards modeling group size in Indian archaeology. We then examine to what extent one may address issues related to seasonality, fission-fusion strategies and group size in the context of Acheulian sites, drawing on our research along the southeastern coast of India. We move between multiple scales of analysis: from the regional Acheulian archaeological record to specific studies at the site of Attirampakkam (ATM). We consider aspects of site distribution, sizes, artefact densities and Acheulian lithic reduction strategies, factoring in issues related to geomorphology, taphonomy and chronology. Acheulian hominins occupied the study region over the early to middle Pleistocene, and the fragmented lithic reduction sequence noted on landscape scales suggests diverse site functions structured by ease of access to quartzite raw material for large flake production in addition to other resources. In contrast to most sites, the absence of raw material at ATM necessitated groups to anticipate this, and organize their behavior on landscape scales, and on-site, to resolve this issue. We show how successive groups were attracted to the site over the early Pleistocene, potentially aiming at exploiting seasonally predictable biological resources in a riparian environment, knowledge of which was transmitted across generations. Considerations of the spatial and temporal variability in artefact densities across a vast site area, along with aspects of the lithic reduction sequences suggests a short-duration occupation by a potentially large group, possibly resulting from aggregation of several small groups as noted in some ethnographic examples of hunter-gatherer fission-fusion strategies. We show drastic changes in behavioral organization in the succeeding Middle Palaeolithic phases at the site and in the region.
Collapse
|
41
|
Schmidt I, Zimmermann A. Population dynamics and socio-spatial organization of the Aurignacian: Scalable quantitative demographic data for western and central Europe. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211562. [PMID: 30759115 PMCID: PMC6373918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Demographic estimates are presented for the Aurignacian techno-complex (~42,000 to 33,000 y calBP) and discussed in the context of socio-spatial organization of hunter-gatherer populations. Results of the analytical approach applied estimate a mean of 1,500 persons (upper limit: 3,300; lower limit: 800) for western and central Europe. The temporal and spatial analysis indicates an increase of the population during the Aurignacian as well as marked regional differences in population size and density. Demographic increase and patterns of socio-spatial organization continue during the subsequent early Gravettian period. We introduce the concept of Core Areas and Extended Areas as informed analytical spatial scales, which are evaluated against additional chronological and archaeological data. Lithic raw material transport and personal ornaments serve as correlates for human mobility and connectedness in the interpretative framework of this study. Observed regional differences are set in relation with the new demographic data. Our large-scale approach on Aurignacian population dynamics in Europe suggests that past socio-spatial organization followed socially inherent rules to establish and maintain a functioning social network of extremely low population densities. The data suggest that the network was fully established across Europe during the early phase of the Gravettian, when demographic as well as cultural developments peaked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Schmidt
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, CRC806, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, CRC806, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
An Updated Theoretical Framework for Human Sexual Selection: from Ecology, Genetics, and Life History to Extended Phenotypes. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-018-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
43
|
Freeman J, Baggio JA, Robinson E, Byers DA, Gayo E, Finley JB, Meyer JA, Kelly RL, Anderies JM. Synchronization of energy consumption by human societies throughout the Holocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9962-9967. [PMID: 30224487 PMCID: PMC6176593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802859115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conduct a global comparison of the consumption of energy by human populations throughout the Holocene and statistically quantify coincident changes in the consumption of energy over space and time-an ecological phenomenon known as synchrony. When populations synchronize, adverse changes in ecosystems and social systems may cascade from society to society. Thus, to develop policies that favor the sustained use of resources, we must understand the processes that cause the synchrony of human populations. To date, it is not clear whether human societies display long-term synchrony or, if they do, the potential causes. Our analysis begins to fill this knowledge gap by quantifying the long-term synchrony of human societies, and we hypothesize that the synchrony of human populations results from (i) the creation of social ties that couple populations over smaller scales and (ii) much larger scale, globally convergent trajectories of cultural evolution toward more energy-consuming political economies with higher carrying capacities. Our results suggest that the process of globalization is a natural consequence of evolutionary trajectories that increase the carrying capacities of human societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Freeman
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322;
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Jacopo A Baggio
- Department of Political Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
- Sustainable Coastal Cluster, National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Erick Robinson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - David A Byers
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Eugenia Gayo
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Santiago 8370449, Chile
| | - Judson Byrd Finley
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Jack A Meyer
- Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., Davis, CA 95618
| | - Robert L Kelly
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - John M Anderies
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bromham L, Hua X, Cardillo M, Schneemann H, Greenhill SJ. Parasites and politics: why cross-cultural studies must control for relatedness, proximity and covariation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181100. [PMID: 30225088 PMCID: PMC6124128 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies seek to identify predictors of broad-scale patterns in human cultural diversity, but three sources of non-independence in human cultural variables can bias the results of cross-cultural studies. First, related cultures tend to have many traits in common, regardless of whether those traits are functionally linked. Second, societies in geographical proximity will share many aspects of culture, environment and demography. Third, many cultural traits covary, leading to spurious relationships between traits. Here, we demonstrate tractable methods for dealing with all three sources of bias. We use cross-cultural analyses of proposed associations between human cultural traits and parasite load to illustrate the potential problems of failing to correct for these three forms of statistical non-independence. Associations between parasite stress and sociosexuality, authoritarianism, democracy and language diversity are weak or absent once relatedness and proximity are taken into account, and parasite load has no more power to explain variation in traditionalism, religiosity and collectivism than other measures of biodiversity, climate or population size do. Without correction for statistical non-independence and covariation in cross-cultural analyses, we risk misinterpreting associations between culture and environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindell Bromham
- Macroevolution and Macroecology, Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Xia Hua
- Macroevolution and Macroecology, Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Marcel Cardillo
- Macroevolution and Macroecology, Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Hilde Schneemann
- Macroevolution and Macroecology, Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Erasmus Mundus Master in Evolutionary Biology (MEME), Place E. Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Simon J. Greenhill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, Jena 07743, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The Role of aDNA in Understanding the Coevolutionary Patterns of Human Sexually Transmitted Infections. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070317. [PMID: 29941858 PMCID: PMC6070984 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of pathogen genome data sequenced from clinical and historical samples has made it possible to perform phylogenetic analyses of sexually transmitted infections on a global scale, and to estimate the diversity, distribution, and coevolutionary host relationships of these pathogens, providing insights into pathogen emergence and disease prevention. Deep-sequenced pathogen genomes from clinical studies and ancient samples yield estimates of within-host and between-host evolutionary rates and provide data on changes in pathogen genomic stability and evolutionary responses. Here we examine three groups of pathogens transmitted mainly through sexual contact between modern humans to provide insight into ancient human behavior and history with their pathogens. Exploring ancient pathogen genomic divergence and the ancient viral-host parallel evolutionary histories will help us to reconstruct the origin of present-day geographical distribution and diversity of clinical pathogen infections, and will hopefully allow us to foresee possible environmentally induced pathogen evolutionary responses. Lastly, we emphasize that ancient pathogen DNA research should be combined with modern clinical pathogen data, and be equitable and provide advantages for all researchers worldwide, e.g., through shared data.
Collapse
|
46
|
|