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Kormos A, Nazaré L, dos Santos AA, Lanzaro GC. Practical Application of a Relationship-Based Model to Engagement for Gene-Drive Vector Control Programs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 111:341-360. [PMID: 38889708 PMCID: PMC11310621 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Engagement is an important component in the advancement of gene-drive vector control research programs as developers look to transition the technology from the laboratory to the field. As research advances and engagement surrounding this novel technology is put into practice, knowledge can be gained from practical experiences and applications in the field. A relationship-based model (RBM) provides a framework for end-user development of engagement programs and strategies. The model places end users at the center of the engagement decision-making processes rather than as recipients of predetermined strategies, methods, and definitions. Successful RBM application for healthcare delivery has previously been demonstrated, and the University of California Malaria Initiative (UCMI) has applied this model to its gene-drive program in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. The model emphasizes the importance of local leadership in the planning, development, and implementation of all phases of project engagement. The primary aim of this paper is to translate the model from paper to practice and provide a transparent description, using practical examples, of the UCMI program implementation of RBM at its field site. End-user development of the UCMI engagement program provides a unique approach to the development of ethical, transparent, and effective engagement strategies for malaria control programs. This paper may also serve as a reference and example for projects looking to establish an engagement program model that integrates end-user groups in the decision-making processes surrounding engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kormos
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Lodney Nazaré
- University of California Malaria Initiative, University of California, Davis, California
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2
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Resnik DB, Medina RF, Gould F, Church G, Kuzma J. Genes drive organisms and slippery slopes. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:348-357. [PMID: 36562087 PMCID: PMC11234912 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2160895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioethical debate about using gene drives to alter or eradicate wild populations has focused mostly on issues concerning short-term risk assessment and management, governance and oversight, and public and community engagement, but has not examined big-picture- 'where is this going?'-questions in great depth. In other areas of bioethical controversy, big-picture questions often enter the public forum via slippery slope arguments. Given the incredible potential of gene drive organisms to alter the Earth's biota, it is somewhat surprising that slippery slope arguments have not played a more prominent role in ethical and policy debates about these emerging technologies. In this article, we examine a type of slippery slope argument against using gene drives to alter or suppress wild pest populations and consider whether it has a role to play in ethical and policy debates. Although we conclude that this argument does not provide compelling reasons for banning the use of gene drives in wild pest populations, we believe that it still has value as a morally instructive cautionary narrative that can motivate scientists, ethicists, and members of the public to think more clearly about appropriate vs. inappropriate uses of gene drive technologies, the long-term and cumulative and emergent risks of using gene drives in wild populations, and steps that can be taken to manage these risks, such as protecting wilderness areas where people can enjoy life forms that have not been genetically engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Resnik
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Raul F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fred Gould
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - George Church
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Kuzma
- School of Public and International Affairs, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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3
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Liu X, Goldsmith CL, Kang KE, Vedlitz A, Adelman ZN, Buchman LW, Heitman E, Medina RF. General science-technology orientation, specific benefit-risk assessment frame, and public acceptance of gene drive biotechnology. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024; 44:1381-1395. [PMID: 37882685 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
With limited understanding of most new biotechnologies, how do citizens form their opinion and what factors influence their attitudes about these innovations? In this study, we use gene drive biotechnology in agricultural pest management as an example and theoretically propose that given low levels of knowledge and awareness, citizens' acceptance of, or opposition to, gene drive is significantly shaped by two predisposition factors: individuals' general orientation toward science and technology, and their specific benefit-risk assessment frame. Empirically, we employ data collected from a recent US nationally representative public opinion survey (N = 1220) and conduct statistical analyses to test the hypotheses derived from our theoretical expectations. Our statistical analyses, based on various model specifications and controlling for individual-level covariates and state-fixed effects, show that citizens with a more favorable general orientation toward science and technology are more likely to accept gene drive. Our data analyses also demonstrate that citizens' specific gene drive assessment frame-consisting of a potential benefit dimension and a potential risk dimension, significantly shapes their attitudes as well-specifically, people emphasizing more on the benefit dimension are more likely to accept gene drive, whereas those who place more importance on the risk dimension tend to oppose it. We discuss contributions of our study and make suggestions for future research in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Liu
- Department of Government and Public Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Carol L Goldsmith
- Institute for Science, Technology and Public Policy, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ki Eun Kang
- Department of Public Administration, California State University, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Arnold Vedlitz
- Institute for Science, Technology and Public Policy, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Leah W Buchman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Heitman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Raul F Medina
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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4
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Wirz CD, Howell EL, Scheufele DA, Brossard D, Xenos MA. Examining expertise: Synthetic biology experts' perceptions of risk, benefit, and the public for research and applications regulation. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:870-888. [PMID: 37204058 DOI: 10.1177/09636625231166652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Scientific experts can play an important role in decision-making surrounding policy for technical and value-laden issues, often in contexts that directly affect lay publics. Yet little is known about what characterizes scientific experts who want lay public involvement in decision-making. In this study, we examine how synthetic biology experts' perceptions of risks, benefits, and ambivalence for synthetic biology relate to views of lay publics, deference to scientific authority, and regulations. We analyzed survey data of researchers in the United States, who published academic articles relating to synthetic biology from 2000 to 2015. Scientific experts who see less risk and are more deferent to scientific authority appear to favor a more closed system in which regulations are sufficient, citizens should not be involved, and scientists know best. Conversely, scientific experts who see more potential for risk and see the public as bringing a valuable perspective appear to favor a more open, inclusive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Wirz
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | | | | | - Dominique Brossard
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, USA
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5
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Medina RF, Kuzma J. Engineered and natural gene drives: mechanistically the same, yet not same in kind. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5994. [PMID: 37752157 PMCID: PMC10522694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raul F Medina
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Jennifer Kuzma
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Fleerackers A, Moorhead LL, Maggio LA, Fagan K, Alperin JP. Science in motion: A qualitative analysis of journalists' use and perception of preprints. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277769. [PMID: 36409723 PMCID: PMC9678308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This qualitative study explores how and why journalists use preprints-unreviewed research papers-in their reporting. Through thematic analysis of interviews conducted with 19 health and science journalists in the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, it applies a theoretical framework that conceptualizes COVID-19 preprint research as a form of post-normal science, characterized by high scientific uncertainty and societal relevance, urgent need for political decision-making, and value-related policy considerations. Findings suggest that journalists approach the decision to cover preprints as a careful calculation, in which the potential public benefits and the ease of access preprints provided were weighed against risks of spreading misinformation. Journalists described viewing unreviewed studies with extra skepticism and relied on diverse strategies to find, vet, and report on them. Some of these strategies represent standard science journalism, while others, such as labeling unreviewed studies as preprints, mark a departure from the norm. However, journalists also reported barriers to covering preprints, as many felt they lacked the expertise or the time required to fully understand or vet the research. The findings suggest that coverage of preprints is likely to continue post-pandemic, with important implications for scientists, journalists, and the publics who read their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fleerackers
- Interdisciplinary Studies, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (AF); (LLM)
| | - Laura L. Moorhead
- Journalism, College of Liberal and Creative Arts, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AF); (LLM)
| | - Lauren A. Maggio
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaylee Fagan
- Journalism, College of Liberal and Creative Arts, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Pablo Alperin
- Publishing Program, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wise IJ, Borry P. An Ethical Overview of the CRISPR-Based Elimination of Anopheles gambiae to Combat Malaria. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2022; 19:371-380. [PMID: 35175513 PMCID: PMC9463432 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-022-10172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately a quarter of a billion people around the world suffer from malaria each year. Most cases are located in sub-Saharan Africa where Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes are the principal vectors of this public health problem. With the use of CRISPR-based gene drives, the population of mosquitoes can be modified, eventually causing their extinction. First, we discuss the moral status of the organism and argue that using genetically modified mosquitoes to combat malaria should not be abandoned based on some moral value of A. gambiae. Secondly, we argue that environmental impact studies should be performed to obtain an accurate account of the possible effects of a potential eradication of the organism. However, the risks from the purposeful extinction of A. gambiae should not overtake the benefits of eradicating malaria and risk assessments should be used to determine acceptable risks. Thirdly, we argue that the eventual release of the genetically modified mosquitoes will depend on transparency, community involvement, and cooperation between different nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Jane Wise
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law (CBMER), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 Box, 7001 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascal Borry
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law (CBMER), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 Box, 7001 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Mede NG, Schäfer MS, Metag J, Klinger K. Who supports science-related populism? A nationally representative survey on the prevalence and explanatory factors of populist attitudes toward science in Switzerland. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271204. [PMID: 35939426 PMCID: PMC9359586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Science and its epistemology have been challenged by science-related populism—a variant of populism suggesting that a virtuous “ordinary people,” and not allegedly corrupt academic elites, should determine the “production of truth.” Yet almost no studies have assessed the prevalence of science-related populist attitudes among the population and explanatory factors thereof. Based on a nationally representative survey in Switzerland, our study shows that only a minority of the Swiss exhibit science-related populist attitudes. Comparisons with reference studies suggest that these attitudes may be less prevalent in Switzerland than political populist attitudes. Those who hold stronger science-related populist attitudes tend to have no university education, less personal contact with science, lower scientific literacy, and higher interest in science. Additional analyses show that left-leaning citizens are less likely to hold science-related populist attitudes than moderate and right-leaning citizens. Our findings contribute to current debates about a potential fragmentation of science communication audiences and call for further research on the sociodemographic and attitudinal profiles of people with skeptical orientations toward science.
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Leung S, Windbichler N, Wenger EA, Bever CA, Selvaraj P. Population replacement gene drive characteristics for malaria elimination in a range of seasonal transmission settings: a modelling study. Malar J 2022; 21:226. [PMID: 35883100 PMCID: PMC9327287 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene drives are a genetic engineering method where a suite of genes is inherited at higher than Mendelian rates and has been proposed as a promising new vector control strategy to reinvigorate the fight against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Using an agent-based model of malaria transmission with vector genetics, the impacts of releasing population-replacement gene drive mosquitoes on malaria transmission are examined and the population replacement gene drive system parameters required to achieve local elimination within a spatially-resolved, seasonal Sahelian setting are quantified. The performance of two different gene drive systems-"classic" and "integral"-are evaluated. Various transmission regimes (low, moderate, and high-corresponding to annual entomological inoculation rates of 10, 30, and 80 infectious bites per person) and other simultaneous interventions, including deployment of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and passive healthcare-seeking, are also simulated. RESULTS Local elimination probabilities decreased with pre-existing population target site resistance frequency, increased with transmission-blocking effectiveness of the introduced antiparasitic gene and drive efficiency, and were context dependent with respect to fitness costs associated with the introduced gene. Of the four parameters, transmission-blocking effectiveness may be the most important to focus on for improvements to future gene drive strains because a single release of classic gene drive mosquitoes is likely to locally eliminate malaria in low to moderate transmission settings only when transmission-blocking effectiveness is very high (above ~ 80-90%). However, simultaneously deploying ITNs and releasing integral rather than classic gene drive mosquitoes significantly boosts elimination probabilities, such that elimination remains highly likely in low to moderate transmission regimes down to transmission-blocking effectiveness values as low as ~ 50% and in high transmission regimes with transmission-blocking effectiveness values above ~ 80-90%. CONCLUSION A single release of currently achievable population replacement gene drive mosquitoes, in combination with traditional forms of vector control, can likely locally eliminate malaria in low to moderate transmission regimes within the Sahel. In a high transmission regime, higher levels of transmission-blocking effectiveness than are currently available may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Leung
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikolai Windbichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Edward A Wenger
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caitlin A Bever
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Prashanth Selvaraj
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
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10
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Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Complex Socio-Technical-Economic Ecosystems. COMPUTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/computation10060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The strong and functional couplings among ecological, economic, social, and technological processes explain the complexification of human-made systems, and phenomena such as globalization, climate change, the increased urbanization and inequality of human societies, the power of information, and the COVID-19 syndemic. Among complexification’s features are non-decomposability, asynchronous behavior, components with many degrees of freedom, increased likelihood of catastrophic events, irreversibility, nonlinear phase spaces with immense combinatorial sizes, and the impossibility of long-term, detailed prediction. Sustainability for complex systems implies enough efficiency to explore and exploit their dynamic phase spaces and enough flexibility to coevolve with their environments. This, in turn, means solving intractable nonlinear semi-structured dynamic multi-objective optimization problems, with conflicting, incommensurable, non-cooperative objectives and purposes, under dynamic uncertainty, restricted access to materials, energy, and information, and a given time horizon. Given the high-stakes; the need for effective, efficient, diverse solutions; their local and global, and present and future effects; and their unforeseen short-, medium-, and long-term impacts; achieving sustainable complex systems implies the need for Sustainability-designed Universal Intelligent Agents (SUIAs). The proposed philosophical and technological SUIAs will be heuristic devices for harnessing the strong functional coupling between human, artificial, and nonhuman biological intelligence in a non-zero-sum game to achieve sustainability.
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11
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Propagation of seminal toxins through binary expression gene drives could suppress populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6332. [PMID: 35428855 PMCID: PMC9012762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene drives can be highly effective in controlling a target population by disrupting a female fertility gene. To spread across a population, these drives require that disrupted alleles be largely recessive so as not to impose too high of a fitness penalty. We argue that this restriction may be relaxed by using a double gene drive design to spread a split binary expression system. One drive carries a dominant lethal/toxic effector alone and the other a transactivator factor, without which the effector will not act. Only after the drives reach sufficiently high frequencies would individuals have the chance to inherit both system components and the effector be expressed. We explore through mathematical modeling the potential of this design to spread dominant lethal/toxic alleles and suppress populations. We show that this system could be implemented to spread engineered seminal proteins designed to kill females, making it highly effective against polyandrous populations.
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12
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Kokotovich AE, Barnhill-Dilling SK, Elsensohn JE, Li R, Delborne JA, Burrack H. Stakeholder engagement to inform the risk assessment and governance of gene drive technology to manage spotted-wing drosophila. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114480. [PMID: 35085964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging biotechnologies, such as gene drive technology, are increasingly being proposed to manage a variety of pests and invasive species. As one method of genetic biocontrol, gene drive technology is currently being developed to manage the invasive agricultural pest spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, SWD). While there have been calls for stakeholder engagement on gene drive technology, there has been a lack of empirical work, especially concerning stakeholder engagement to inform risk assessment. To help address this gap and inform future risk assessments and governance decisions for SWD gene drive technology, we conducted a survey of 184 SWD stakeholders to explore how they define and prioritize potential benefits and potential adverse effects from proposed SWD gene drive technology. We found that stakeholders considered the most important potential benefits of SWD gene drive technology to be: 1) Decrease in the quantity or toxicity of pesticides used, and 2) Decrease in SWD populations. Stakeholders were most concerned about the potential adverse effects of: 1) Decrease in beneficial insects, 2) Increase in non-SWD secondary pest infestations, and 3) Decrease in grower profits. Notably, we found that even stakeholders who expressed support for the use of SWD gene drive technology expressed concerns about potential adverse effects from the technology, emphasizing the need to move past simplistic, dichotomous views of what it means to support or oppose a technology. These findings suggest that instead of focusing on the binary question of whether stakeholders support or oppose SWD gene drive technology, it is more important to identify and assess the factors that are consequential to stakeholder decision making - including, for example, exploring whether and under what conditions key potential adverse effects and potential benefits would result from the use of SWD gene drive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Kokotovich
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - S Kathleen Barnhill-Dilling
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Johanna E Elsensohn
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Richard Li
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Delborne
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Burrack
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Stelmach A, Nerlich B, Hartley S. Gene Drives in the U.K., U.S., and Australian Press (2015-2019): How a New Focus on Responsibility Is Shaping Science Communication. SCIENCE COMMUNICATION 2022; 44:143-168. [PMID: 35449796 PMCID: PMC9014678 DOI: 10.1177/10755470211072245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene drive is a controversial biotechnology for pest control. Despite a commitment from gene drive researchers to responsibility and the key role of the media in debates about science and technology, little research has been conducted on media reporting of gene drive. We employ metaphor and discourse analysis to explore how responsibility is reflected in the coverage of this technology in the U.S., U.K., and Australian press. The findings reveal a rhetorical strategy of trust-building by evoking the moral attributes of gene drive researchers. We discuss the implications of these findings for the communication of new technologies.
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14
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Schairer CE, Triplett C, Akbari OS, Bloss CS. California Residents’ Perceptions of Gene Drive Systems to Control Mosquito-Borne Disease. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:848707. [PMID: 35360388 PMCID: PMC8960626 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.848707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists developing gene drive mosquitoes for vector control must understand how residents of affected areas regard both the problem of mosquito-borne disease and the potential solutions offered by gene drive. This study represents an experiment in public engagement at an early stage of technology development, intended to inform lab scientists about public attitudes toward their research and inspire consideration and conversation about the social ramifications of creating mosquitoes with gene drive. Online focus groups with California residents explored views on mosquito-borne disease risk, current mosquito control methods, and the proposed development and use of different classes of gene drives to control Ae. aegypti. Rather than a dogmatic rejection of genetic engineering or gene drive, many participants expressed pragmatic concerns with cost, control, the ability to narrowly target specific species, and the challenges of mistrust and institutional cooperation. Work like this can inform the alignment of community priorities and the professional priorities of scientists and vector control specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E. Schairer
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cynthia Triplett
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Empathy and Technology, Insitute for Empathy and Compassion, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Omar S. Akbari
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cinnamon S. Bloss
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Empathy and Technology, Insitute for Empathy and Compassion, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cinnamon S. Bloss,
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15
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Baik ES, Koshy A, Hardy BW. Communicating CRISPR: Challenges and opportunities in engaging the public. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 188:171-193. [PMID: 35168742 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR technologies are advancing at a dizzying pace, and emerging cultural, sociopolitical, ethical, and legal implications continue to pose new challenges for public engagement. Recent calls for public engagement and dialogue on CRISPR applications stress the importance of nuanced thinking and responsible communication. In this chapter, we review public opinion research and find that a comprehensive and clear picture of global views on CRISPR is missing but is necessary to build the foundation for effective public engagement programs. We recommend community-based-participatory research as an inclusive and effective framework for shared knowledge production and decision-making practices for scientific experts and science communicators to engage in genuine and meaningful dialogue with community members in making informed consideration for important value-laden decisions. In response to the politicization of science, this chapter offers strategic communication techniques that can help those facilitating public engagement of CRISPR-based technologies keep cognitive biases, such as identity protective cognition, motivated reasoning, and confirmation bias, at bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Baik
- Klein College of Media and Communication, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abraham Koshy
- Klein College of Media and Communication, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bruce W Hardy
- Klein College of Media and Communication, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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16
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Kormos A, Lanzaro GC, Bier E, Santos V, Nazaré L, Pinto J, Aguiar dos Santos A, James AA. Ethical Considerations for Gene Drive: Challenges of Balancing Inclusion, Power and Perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:826727. [PMID: 35127663 PMCID: PMC8814439 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in gene-drive research has stimulated discussion and debate on ethical issues including community engagement and consent, policy and governance, and decision-making involved in development and deployment. Many organizations, academic institutions, foundations, and individual professionals have contributed to ensuring that these issues are considered prior to the application of gene-drive technology. Central topics include co-development of the technology with local stakeholders and communities and reducing asymmetry between developers and end-users. Important questions include with whom to conduct engagement and how to define community acceptance, develop capacity-building activities, and regulate this technology. Experts, academics, and funders have suggested that global frameworks, standards, and guidelines be developed to direct research in answering these important questions. Additionally, it has been suggested that ethical principles or commitments be established to further guide research practices. The challenging and interesting contradiction that we explore here is that the vast majority of these conversations transpire with little or no input from potential end-users or stakeholders who, we contend, should ultimately determine the fate of the technology in their communities. The question arises, whose concerns regarding marginalization, disempowerment, and inequity should be included in discussions and decisions concerning how inequities are perceived and how they may be addressed? At what stage will true co-development occur and how will opinions, perspectives and knowledge held by low-income country stakeholders be applied in determining answers to the questions regarding the ethics being debated on the academic stage? Our opinion is that the time is now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kormos
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ana Kormos,
| | - Gregory C. Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Lodney Nazaré
- United Nations Development Program, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - João Pinto
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Anthony A. James
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, Irvine, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, Irvine, United States
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Nerlich B, Stelmach A. Gene drive communication: exploring experts' lived experience of metaphor use. NEW GENETICS AND SOCIETY 2022; 41:3-22. [PMID: 35722062 PMCID: PMC9197202 DOI: 10.1080/14636778.2021.2020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metaphors have been crucial in making genetics and genomics public, from the code and the book of life to genetic scissors and gene surgery. A new field is emerging called "gene drive" - a range of controversial technologies that can potentially be used for the eradication or conservation of animal species. At the same time, metaphors are emerging to talk about the promises and dangers of "gene drive". In this article we use thematic analysis to examine thirty interviews with gene drive science and communication experts, and stakeholders, focusing on how they talk about their lived experience of metaphor use in the context of gene drive communication, including their struggle to remember salient metaphors and their reflections on which metaphors to use and which to avoid. We discuss the significance of our findings for research and practice of responsible science communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Nerlich
- School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Goldsmith CL, Kang KE, Heitman E, Adelman ZN, Buchman LW, Kerns D, Liu X, Medina RF, Vedlitz A. Stakeholder Views on Engagement, Trust, Performance, and Risk Considerations About Use of Gene Drive Technology in Agricultural Pest Management. Health Secur 2021; 20:6-15. [PMID: 34981962 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene drive is an experimental technique that may make it possible to alter the genetic traits of whole populations of a species through the genetic modification of a relatively small number of individuals. This technology is sufficiently new that literature on the understanding and views of stakeholders and the public regarding the use of gene drive organisms in agricultural pest management is just beginning to emerge. Our team conducted a 2-pronged engagement process with Texas gene drive agricultural stakeholders to ascertain their values, beliefs, and preferences about the efficacy, safety, and risk management considerations of gene drive technology as a potential tool for agricultural pest management. We found that a majority of stakeholders support gene drive research and its potential use for managing agricultural pests. Our work with stakeholders confirms both their willingness to be engaged and the importance they place on stakeholder and public engagement regarding these issues, as well as the need to address these issues before use of gene drive as a pest management mechanism will be accepted and trusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Goldsmith
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ki Eun Kang
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elizabeth Heitman
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Leah W Buchman
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - David Kerns
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Raul F Medina
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Arnold Vedlitz
- Carol L. Goldsmith, MPA, is Assistant Director and Research Specialist II, Institute for Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP); Ki Eun Kang, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP; Zach N. Adelman, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Leah W. Buchman is a Predoctoral Research Associate, ISTPP, and a Doctoral Candidate, Department of Entomology; David Kerns, PhD, is a Professor, Extension Specialist and Statewide Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Xinsheng Liu, PhD, is a Senior Research Scholar and Research Scientist, ISTPP; Raul F. Medina, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research; and Arnold Vedlitz, PhD, is Director and Distinguished Research Scholar, ISTPP, and a Professor, Department of Public Service and Administration; all at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Elizabeth Heitman, PhD, is a Professor, Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Champer SE, Oakes N, Sharma R, García-Díaz P, Champer J, Messer PW. Modeling CRISPR gene drives for suppression of invasive rodents using a supervised machine learning framework. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009660. [PMID: 34965253 PMCID: PMC8716047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive rodent populations pose a threat to biodiversity across the globe. When confronted with these invaders, native species that evolved independently are often defenseless. CRISPR gene drive systems could provide a solution to this problem by spreading transgenes among invaders that induce population collapse, and could be deployed even where traditional control methods are impractical or prohibitively expensive. Here, we develop a high-fidelity model of an island population of invasive rodents that includes three types of suppression gene drive systems. The individual-based model is spatially explicit, allows for overlapping generations and a fluctuating population size, and includes variables for drive fitness, efficiency, resistance allele formation rate, as well as a variety of ecological parameters. The computational burden of evaluating a model with such a high number of parameters presents a substantial barrier to a comprehensive understanding of its outcome space. We therefore accompany our population model with a meta-model that utilizes supervised machine learning to approximate the outcome space of the underlying model with a high degree of accuracy. This enables us to conduct an exhaustive inquiry of the population model, including variance-based sensitivity analyses using tens of millions of evaluations. Our results suggest that sufficiently capable gene drive systems have the potential to eliminate island populations of rodents under a wide range of demographic assumptions, though only if resistance can be kept to a minimal level. This study highlights the power of supervised machine learning to identify the key parameters and processes that determine the population dynamics of a complex evolutionary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Champer
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nathan Oakes
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronin Sharma
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Pablo García-Díaz
- Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand and School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jackson Champer
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Philipp W. Messer
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kofler N, Grogan CM. Giving Voice to the Voiceless in Environmental Gene Editing. Hastings Cent Rep 2021; 51 Suppl 2:S66-S73. [PMID: 34905241 DOI: 10.1002/hast.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Participatory deliberation, whereby diverse experts and publics collectively engage in decision-making, can ensure a more informed and just decision by centering historically marginalized perspectives and engaging a spectrum of value systems. Broad and diverse participation is crucial for the equitable distribution of risks and benefits resulting from complex and uncertain decisions such as environmental gene editing. From an ethical position that gives intrinsic value to the nonhuman and recognizes the interconnectedness of species across generations, we argue that deliberation over environmental gene editing must include the voice of nature and the voice of future generations. Inclusion of these key participant groups can encourage reflection on the human relationship with nature and help safeguard intergenerational equity of decisions reached. By drawing from the legal rights of nature movement, the Boardman River Dams Project, and methods for representative participation, we offer strategies for inclusion of nonhuman nature and future generations in deliberative processes about environmental gene editing and other crucial decisions about our shared environments.
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11753. [PMID: 34769204 PMCID: PMC8583973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Alaa T. Qusmani
- Biology Department, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amer Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ghouri
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sabin Aslam
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Muhammad Salman Mubarik
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ahmad Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Qaiser Sultan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Molecular Biology Central Laboratory (GMCL), Department of Biology/Genetics, Aljumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits—without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Devos Y, Mumford JD, Bonsall MB, Glandorf DCM, Quemada HD. Risk management recommendations for environmental releases of gene drive modified insects. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107807. [PMID: 34314837 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to engineer gene drives (genetic elements that bias their own inheritance) has sparked enthusiasm and concerns. Engineered gene drives could potentially be used to address long-standing challenges in the control of insect disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species, or help to rescue endangered species. However, risk concerns and uncertainty associated with potential environmental release of gene drive modified insects (GDMIs) have led some stakeholders to call for a global moratorium on such releases or the application of other strict precautionary measures to mitigate perceived risk assessment and risk management challenges. Instead, we provide recommendations that may help to improve the relevance of risk assessment and risk management frameworks for environmental releases of GDMIs. These recommendations include: (1) developing additional and more practical risk assessment guidance to ensure appropriate levels of safety; (2) making policy goals and regulatory decision-making criteria operational for use in risk assessment so that what constitutes harm is clearly defined; (3) ensuring a more dynamic interplay between risk assessment and risk management to manage uncertainty through closely interlinked pre-release modelling and post-release monitoring; (4) considering potential risks against potential benefits, and comparing them with those of alternative actions to account for a wider (management) context; and (5) implementing a modular, phased approach to authorisations for incremental acceptance and management of risks and uncertainty. Along with providing stakeholder engagement opportunities in the risk analysis process, the recommendations proposed may enable risk managers to make choices that are more proportionate and adaptive to potential risks, uncertainty and benefits of GDMI applications, and socially robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Devos
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risk (SCER) Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy.
| | - John D Mumford
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
| | | | - Debora C M Glandorf
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hector D Quemada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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Devos Y, Mumford JD, Bonsall MB, Camargo AM, Firbank LG, Glandorf DCM, Nogué F, Paraskevopoulos K, Wimmer EA. Potential use of gene drive modified insects against disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species poses new challenges for risk assessment. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:254-270. [PMID: 34167401 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1933891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Potential future application of engineered gene drives (GDs), which bias their own inheritance and can spread genetic modifications in wild target populations, has sparked both enthusiasm and concern. Engineered GDs in insects could potentially be used to address long-standing challenges in control of disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species, or help to rescue endangered species, and thus provide important public benefits. However, there are concerns that the deliberate environmental release of GD modified insects may pose different or new harms to animal and human health and the wider environment, and raise novel challenges for risk assessment. Risk assessors, risk managers, developers, potential applicants and other stakeholders at many levels are currently discussing whether there is a need to develop new or additional risk assessment guidance for the environmental release of GD modified organisms, including insects. Developing new or additional guidance that is useful and practical is a challenge, especially at an international level, as risk assessors, risk managers and many other stakeholders have different, often contrasting, opinions and perspectives toward the environmental release of GD modified organisms, and on the adequacy of current risk assessment frameworks for such organisms. Here, we offer recommendations to overcome some of the challenges associated with the potential future development of new or additional risk assessment guidance for GD modified insects and provide considerations on areas where further risk assessment guidance may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Devos
- GMO Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
| | - John D Mumford
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | | | - Ana M Camargo
- GMO Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
| | | | - Debora C M Glandorf
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Ernst A Wimmer
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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Scheufele DA, Krause NM, Freiling I, Brossard D. What we know about effective public engagement on CRISPR and beyond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2004835117. [PMID: 34050014 PMCID: PMC8179128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004835117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in gene editing technologies for human, plant, and animal applications have led to calls from bench and social scientists, as well as a wide variety of societal stakeholders, for broad public engagement in the decision-making about these new technologies. Unfortunately, there is limited understanding among the groups calling for public engagement on CRISPR and other emerging technologies about 1) the goals of this engagement, 2) the modes of engagement and what we know from systematic social scientific evaluations about their effectiveness, and 3) how to connect the products of these engagement exercises to societal decision or policy making. Addressing all three areas, we systematize common goals, principles, and modalities of public engagement. We evaluate empirically the likely successes of various modalities. Finally, we outline three pathways forward that deserve close attention from the scientific community as we navigate the world of Life 2.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietram A Scheufele
- Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Nicole M Krause
- Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Isabelle Freiling
- Department of Communication, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominique Brossard
- Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
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Davison A, Neiman M. Mobilizing molluscan models and genomes in biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200163. [PMID: 33813892 PMCID: PMC8059959 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscs are among the most ancient, diverse, and important of all animal taxa. Even so, no individual mollusc species has emerged as a broadly applied model system in biology. We here make the case that both perceptual and methodological barriers have played a role in the relative neglect of molluscs as research organisms. We then summarize the current application and potential of molluscs and their genomes to address important questions in animal biology, and the state of the field when it comes to the availability of resources such as genome assemblies, cell lines, and other key elements necessary to mobilising the development of molluscan model systems. We conclude by contending that a cohesive research community that works together to elevate multiple molluscan systems to 'model' status will create new opportunities in addressing basic and applied biological problems, including general features of animal evolution. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Davison
- School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Piergentili R, Del Rio A, Signore F, Umani Ronchi F, Marinelli E, Zaami S. CRISPR-Cas and Its Wide-Ranging Applications: From Human Genome Editing to Environmental Implications, Technical Limitations, Hazards and Bioethical Issues. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050969. [PMID: 33919194 PMCID: PMC8143109 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system is a powerful tool for in vivo editing the genome of most organisms, including man. During the years this technique has been applied in several fields, such as agriculture for crop upgrade and breeding including the creation of allergy-free foods, for eradicating pests, for the improvement of animal breeds, in the industry of bio-fuels and it can even be used as a basis for a cell-based recording apparatus. Possible applications in human health include the making of new medicines through the creation of genetically modified organisms, the treatment of viral infections, the control of pathogens, applications in clinical diagnostics and the cure of human genetic diseases, either caused by somatic (e.g., cancer) or inherited (mendelian disorders) mutations. One of the most divisive, possible uses of this system is the modification of human embryos, for the purpose of preventing or curing a human being before birth. However, the technology in this field is evolving faster than regulations and several concerns are raised by its enormous yet controversial potential. In this scenario, appropriate laws need to be issued and ethical guidelines must be developed, in order to properly assess advantages as well as risks of this approach. In this review, we summarize the potential of these genome editing techniques and their applications in human embryo treatment. We will analyze CRISPR-Cas limitations and the possible genome damage caused in the treated embryo. Finally, we will discuss how all this impacts the law, ethics and common sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Piergentili
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IBPM), 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Del Rio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.U.R.); (E.M.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, USL Roma2, Sant’Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federica Umani Ronchi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.U.R.); (E.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.U.R.); (E.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.U.R.); (E.M.); (S.Z.)
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Zhou W, Wang X. Human gene therapy: A scientometric analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111510. [PMID: 33756158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide a clear landscape, trends, and research frontiers of gene therapy, we systematically retrieved a total of 62,961 peer-viewed studies published between 1996 and 2020 from the Scopus, Web of Science, and 42,120 Inpadoc patent families from Derwent Innovation databases. Multiple bibliometric approaches suggest that gene therapy began to recover in 2013 after a period of significant decline. However, metrics in terms of authors and scholarly output growth, FWCI, annual citations, percentage of high-impact journal literature, and patent-citations per scholarly output are still weak at this stage, indicating a lack of research momentum. We also visualized gene therapy's knowledge structure by employing citation analysis, co-citation analysis, and co-word analysis, revealing its research hotspots and trends by text mining with Natural Language Processing. For the current predicament, we propose that the future success of gene therapy may depend on breakthroughs in more advanced and exhilarating technologies such as the CRISPR-Cas system, CAR-T cell therapies, and gene delivery vector technology. The results show that evidence-based bibliometrics allows the dissection of gene therapy to inform scientific planning and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyuan Zhou
- Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology Information, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, First People's Hospital Affiliated, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
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Hybrid mosquitoes? Evidence from rural Tanzania on how local communities conceptualize and respond to modified mosquitoes as a tool for malaria control. Malar J 2021; 20:134. [PMID: 33676493 PMCID: PMC7937266 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different forms of mosquito modifications are being considered as potential high-impact and low-cost tools for future malaria control in Africa. Although still under evaluation, the eventual success of these technologies will require high-level public acceptance. Understanding prevailing community perceptions of mosquito modification is, therefore, crucial for effective design and implementation of these interventions. This study investigated community perceptions regarding genetically-modified mosquitoes (GMMs) and their potential for malaria control in Tanzanian villages where no research or campaign for such technologies has yet been undertaken. Methods A mixed-methods design was used, involving: (i) focus group discussions (FGD) with community leaders to get insights on how they frame and would respond to GMMs, and (ii) structured questionnaires administered to 490 community members to assess awareness, perceptions and support for GMMs for malaria control. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings and thematic content analysis was used to identify key concepts and interpret the findings. Results Nearly all survey respondents were unaware of mosquito modification technologies for malaria control (94.3%), and reported no knowledge of their specific characteristics (97.3%). However, community leaders participating in FGDs offered a set of distinctive interpretive frames to conceptualize interventions relying on GMMs for malaria control. The participants commonly referenced their experiences of cross-breeding for selecting preferred traits in domestic plants and animals. Preferred GMMs attributes included the expected reductions in insecticide use and human labour. Population suppression approaches, requiring as few releases as possible, were favoured. Common concerns included whether the GMMs would look or behave differently than wild mosquitoes, and how the technology would be integrated into current malaria control policies. The participants emphasised the importance and the challenge of educating and engaging communities during the technology development. Conclusions Understanding how communities perceive and interpret novel technologies is crucial to the design and effective implementation of new vector control programmes. This study offers vital clues on how communities with no prior experience of modified mosquitoes might conceptualize or respond to such technologies when deployed in the context of malaria control programmes. Drawing upon existing interpretive frames and locally-resonant analogies when deploying such technologies may provide a basis for more durable public support in the future.
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MacDonald EA, Neff MB, Edwards E, Medvecky F, Balanovic J. Conservation pest control with new technologies: public perceptions. J R Soc N Z 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1850481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Beth Neff
- Department of Conservation, Biodiversity Group, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Eric Edwards
- Department of Conservation, Biodiversity Group, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Fabien Medvecky
- Centre for Science Communication, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jovana Balanovic
- Department of Conservation, Biodiversity Group, Wellington, New Zealand
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Schairer CE, Triplett C, Buchman A, Akbari OS, Bloss CS. Interdisciplinary development of a standardized introduction to gene drives for lay audiences. BMC Med Res Methodol 2020; 20:273. [PMID: 33153449 PMCID: PMC7643426 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-020-01146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is wide consensus that the public should be consulted about emerging technology early in development, it is difficult to elicit public opinion about innovations unfamiliar to lay audiences. We sought public input on a program of research on genetic engineering to control mosquito vectors of disease that is led by scientists at the University of California and funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In preparation for this effort, we developed a series of narrated slideshows to prompt responses to the development of gene drive mosquito control strategies among lay people. We describe the development and content of these slideshows and evaluate their ability to elicit discussions among focus group participants. METHODS In developing these materials, we used an iterative process involving input from experts in molecular genetics and vector control. Topics were chosen for their relevance to the goals of the scientists leading the program of research. Significant time was devoted to crafting explanations that would be accessible to uninitiated members of the public but still represent the science accurately. Through qualitative analysis of focus group discussions prompted by the slideshows, we evaluated the success of these slideshows in imparting clear technical information sufficient to inform lay discussion. RESULTS The collaboration resulted in a series of four narrated slideshows that were used to anchor discussions in online focus groups. Many participants described the slideshows as interesting and informative, while also raising concerns and possible risks that were not directly addressed in the material presented. Open-ended comments from participants suggest that the slideshows inspired critical questions, reflection, and conversation about genetically engineered and gene drive mosquitoes. After the final and most technically complex slideshow, however, some respondents made comments suggestive of overwhelm or confusion. CONCLUSION Our narrated slideshows prompted engaged conversations about genetically engineered mosquitoes among members of the public who were generally naïve to this technology. Narrated slideshows may serve as viable and useful tools for future public engagement on other controversial emerging medical and public health technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E Schairer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0811, La Jolla, California, 92093-0811, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Triplett
- Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, The Qualcomm Institute of Calit2, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Buchman
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cinnamon S Bloss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0811, La Jolla, California, 92093-0811, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, The Qualcomm Institute of Calit2, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Bonsall MB, Mumford J, Wimmer EA, Devos Y, Paraskevopoulos K, Firbank LG. Adequacy and sufficiency evaluation of existing EFSA guidelines for the molecular characterisation, environmental risk assessment and post-market environmental monitoring of genetically modified insects containing engineered gene drives. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06297. [PMID: 33209154 PMCID: PMC7658669 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular and synthetic biology are enabling the engineering of gene drives in insects for disease vector/pest control. Engineered gene drives (that bias their own inheritance) can be designed either to suppress interbreeding target populations or modify them with a new genotype. Depending on the engineered gene drive system, theoretically, a genetic modification of interest could spread through target populations and persist indefinitely, or be restricted in its spread or persistence. While research on engineered gene drives and their applications in insects is advancing at a fast pace, it will take several years for technological developments to move to practical applications for deliberate release into the environment. Some gene drive modified insects (GDMIs) have been tested experimentally in the laboratory, but none has been assessed in small-scale confined field trials or in open release trials as yet. There is concern that the deliberate release of GDMIs in the environment may have possible irreversible and unintended consequences. As a proactive measure, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been requested by the European Commission to review whether its previously published guidelines for the risk assessment of genetically modified animals (EFSA, 2012 and 2013), including insects (GMIs), are adequate and sufficient for GDMIs, primarily disease vectors, agricultural pests and invasive species, for deliberate release into the environment. Under this mandate, EFSA was not requested to develop risk assessment guidelines for GDMIs. In this Scientific Opinion, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) concludes that EFSA's guidelines are adequate, but insufficient for the molecular characterisation (MC), environmental risk assessment (ERA) and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GDMIs. While the MC,ERA and PMEM of GDMIs can build on the existing risk assessment framework for GMIs that do not contain engineered gene drives, there are specific areas where further guidance is needed for GDMIs.
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Meaker GA, Hair EJ, Gorochowski TE. Advances in engineering CRISPR-Cas9 as a molecular Swiss Army knife. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020; 5:ysaa021. [PMID: 33344779 PMCID: PMC7737000 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA-guided endonuclease system CRISPR-Cas9 has been extensively modified since its discovery, allowing its capabilities to extend far beyond double-stranded cleavage to high fidelity insertions, deletions and single base edits. Such innovations have been possible due to the modular architecture of CRISPR-Cas9 and the robustness of its component parts to modifications and the fusion of new functional elements. Here, we review the broad toolkit of CRISPR-Cas9-based systems now available for diverse genome-editing tasks. We provide an overview of their core molecular structure and mechanism and distil the design principles used to engineer their diverse functionalities. We end by looking beyond the biochemistry and toward the societal and ethical challenges that these CRISPR-Cas9 systems face if their transformative capabilities are to be deployed in a safe and acceptable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Meaker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Emma J Hair
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Thomas E Gorochowski
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- BrisSynBio, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Su MP, Georgiades M, Bagi J, Kyrou K, Crisanti A, Albert JT. Assessing the acoustic behaviour of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) dsxF mutants: implications for vector control. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:507. [PMID: 33028410 PMCID: PMC7539510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Release of gene-drive mutants to suppress Anopheles mosquito reproduction is a promising method of malaria control. However, many scientific, regulatory and ethical questions remain before transgenic mosquitoes can be utilised in the field. At a behavioural level, gene-drive carrying mutants should be at least as sexually attractive as the wildtype populations they compete against, with a key element of Anopheles copulation being acoustic courtship. We analysed sound emissions and acoustic preference in a doublesex mutant previously used to collapse Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) cages. METHODS Anopheles rely on flight tones produced by the beating of their wings for acoustic mating communication. We assessed the impact of disrupting a female-specific isoform of the doublesex gene (dsxF) on the wing beat frequency (WBF; measured as flight tone) of males (XY) and females (XX) in homozygous dsxF- mutants (dsxF-/-), heterozygous dsxF- carriers (dsxF+/-) and G3 dsxF+ controls (dsxF+/+). To exclude non-genetic influences, we controlled for temperature and wing length. We used a phonotaxis assay to test the acoustic preferences of mutant and control mosquitoes. RESULTS A previous study showed an altered phenotype only for dsxF-/- females, who appear intersex, suggesting that the female-specific dsxF allele is haplosufficient. We identified significant, dose-dependent increases in the WBF of both dsxF-/- and dsxF+/- females compared to dsxF+/+ females. All female WBFs remained significantly lower than male equivalents, though. Males showed stronger phonotactic responses to the WBFs of control dsxF+/+ females than to those of dsxF+/- and dsxF-/- females. We found no evidence of phonotaxis in any female genotype. No male genotypes displayed any deviations from controls. CONCLUSIONS A prerequisite for anopheline copulation is the phonotactic attraction of males towards female flight tones within mating swarms. Reductions in mutant acoustic attractiveness diminish their mating efficiency and thus the efficacy of population control efforts. Caged population assessments may not successfully reproduce natural mating scenarios. We propose to amend existing testing protocols to better reflect competition between mutants and target populations. Our findings confirm that dsxF disruption has no effect on males; for some phenotypic traits, such as female WBFs, the effects of dsxF appear dose-dependent rather than haplosufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Su
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Marcos Georgiades
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Judit Bagi
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kyros Kyrou
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joerg T Albert
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK. .,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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36
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Li J, Aidlin Harari O, Doss A, Walling LL, Atkinson PW, Morin S, Tabashnik BE. Can CRISPR gene drive work in pest and beneficial haplodiploid species? Evol Appl 2020; 13:2392-2403. [PMID: 33005229 PMCID: PMC7513724 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene drives based on CRISPR/Cas9 have the potential to reduce the enormous harm inflicted by crop pests and insect vectors of human disease, as well as to bolster valued species. In contrast with extensive empirical and theoretical studies in diploid organisms, little is known about CRISPR gene drive in haplodiploids, despite their immense global impacts as pollinators, pests, natural enemies of pests, and invasive species in native habitats. Here, we analyze mathematical models demonstrating that, in principle, CRISPR homing gene drive can work in haplodiploids, as well as at sex-linked loci in diploids. However, relative to diploids, conditions favoring the spread of alleles deleterious to haplodiploid pests by CRISPR gene drive are narrower, the spread is slower, and resistance to the drive evolves faster. By contrast, the spread of alleles that impose little fitness cost or boost fitness was not greatly hindered in haplodiploids relative to diploids. Therefore, altering traits to minimize damage caused by harmful haplodiploids, such as interfering with transmission of plant pathogens, may be more likely to succeed than control efforts based on introducing traits that reduce pest fitness. Enhancing fitness of beneficial haplodiploids with CRISPR gene drive is also promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | | | | | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | | | - Shai Morin
- Department of EntomologyHebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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Abstract
Gene drives are genetic modifications designed to propagate in a population with high efficiency. Current gene drive strategies rely on sexual reproduction and are thought to be restricted to sexual organisms. Here, we report on a gene drive system that allows the spread of an engineered trait in populations of DNA viruses and, in particular, herpesviruses. We describe the successful transmission of a gene drive sequence between distinct strains of human cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5) and show that gene drive viruses can efficiently target and replace wildtype populations in cell culture experiments. Moreover, by targeting sequences necessary for viral replication, our results indicate that a viral gene drive can be used as a strategy to suppress a viral infection. Taken together, this work offers a proof of principle for the design of a gene drive in viruses. Current gene drive strategies are restricted to sexually reproducing species. Here the authors develop a gene drive in herpesviruses that allows the spread of an engineered trait through a viral population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Walter
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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Selvaraj P, Wenger EA, Bridenbecker D, Windbichler N, Russell JR, Gerardin J, Bever CA, Nikolov M. Vector genetics, insecticide resistance and gene drives: An agent-based modeling approach to evaluate malaria transmission and elimination. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008121. [PMID: 32797077 PMCID: PMC7449459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector control has been a key component in the fight against malaria for decades, and chemical insecticides are critical to the success of vector control programs worldwide. However, increasing resistance to insecticides threatens to undermine these efforts. Understanding the evolution and propagation of resistance is thus imperative to mitigating loss of intervention effectiveness. Additionally, accelerated research and development of new tools that can be deployed alongside existing vector control strategies is key to eradicating malaria in the near future. Methods such as gene drives that aim to genetically modify large mosquito populations in the wild to either render them refractory to malaria or impair their reproduction may prove invaluable tools. Mathematical models of gene flow in populations, which is the transfer of genetic information from one population to another through migration, can offer invaluable insight into the behavior and potential impact of gene drives as well as the spread of insecticide resistance in the wild. Here, we present the first multi-locus, agent-based model of vector genetics that accounts for mutations and a many-to-many mapping cardinality of genotypes to phenotypes to investigate gene flow, and the propagation of gene drives in Anopheline populations. This model is embedded within a large scale individual-based model of malaria transmission representative of a high burden, high transmission setting characteristic of the Sahel. Results are presented for the selection of insecticide-resistant vectors and the spread of resistance through repeated deployment of insecticide treated nets (ITNs), in addition to scenarios where gene drives act in concert with existing vector control tools such as ITNs. The roles of seasonality, spatial distribution of vector habitat and feed sites, and existing vector control in propagating alleles that confer phenotypic traits via gene drives that result in reduced transmission are explored. The ability to model a spectrum of vector species with different genotypes and phenotypes in the context of malaria transmission allows us to test deployment strategies for existing interventions that reduce the deleterious effects of resistance and allows exploration of the impact of new tools being proposed or developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Selvaraj
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Wenger
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Bridenbecker
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Windbichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Russell
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jaline Gerardin
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Caitlin A. Bever
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Milen Nikolov
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Cisnetto V, Barlow J. The development of complex and controversial innovations. Genetically modified mosquitoes for malaria eradication. RESEARCH POLICY 2020; 49:103917. [PMID: 32255861 PMCID: PMC7104890 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2019.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Using the example of mosquitoes that are genetically modified for malaria eradication through gene drive methods, a scientifically complex ‘living technology’, we show how complexity, uncertainty and risk can propel NPD processes towards a linear sequence of stages. Although the need to control risks associated with gene drive technology imposes linearity to the NPD process, there are possibilities for deviation from a structured sequence of stages. This is due to the effects of feedback loops in the wider system of evidence creation and learning at the population and governance levels, which cumulatively impact on acceptance of the innovation. The NPD and adoption processes involved in the use of gene drive technology are closely intertwined, and the endpoint for R&D and beginning of ‘mainstream’ adoption and diffusion are unclear.
When there is significant uncertainty in an innovation project, research literature suggests that strictly sequencing actions and stages may not be an appropriate mode of project management. We use a longitudinal process approach and qualitative system dynamics modelling to study the development of genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes for malaria eradication in an African country. Our data were collected in real time, from early scientific research to deployment of the first prototype mosquitoes in the field. The 'gene drive' technology for modifying the mosquitoes is highly complex and controversial due to risks associated with its characteristics as a living, self-replicating technology. We show that in this case the innovation journey is linear and highly structured, but also embedded within a wider system of adoption that displays emergent behaviour. Although the need to control risks associated with the technology imposes a linearity to the NPD process, there are possibilities for deviation from a more structured sequence of stages. This arises from the effects of feedback loops in the wider system of evidence creation and learning at the population and governance levels, which cumulatively impact on acceptance of the innovation. The NPD and adoption processes are therefore closely intertwined, meaning that the endpoint for R&D and beginning of 'mainstream' adoption and diffusion are unclear. A key challenge for those responsible for NPD and its regulation is to plan for the adoption of the technology while simultaneously conducting its scientific and technical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cisnetto
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James Barlow
- Imperial College Business School, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Mitchell HJ, Bartsch D. Regulation of GM Organisms for Invasive Species Control. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:454. [PMID: 32039172 PMCID: PMC6985037 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species can cause significant harm to the environment, agriculture, and human health, but there are often very limited tools available to control their populations. Gene drives (GD) have been proposed as a new tool which could be used to control or eliminate such species. Here, GD describes a variety of molecular biology applications which all enable the introduction of genetic elements at a higher than expected frequency. These elements can change the genotypes in target populations rapidly with consequences either for (intrinsic) fitness or host-parasite interaction, or both. Beneficial applications are foreseen for human and animal health, agriculture, or nature conservation. This rapidly developing technology is likely to have major impacts in the fight against various diseases, pests, and invasive species. The majority of GD applications involve genetic engineering and novel traits. Therefore, applicants and GMO regulators need to interact to achieve the benefits in innovation while cautiously avoiding unacceptable risks. The release into the environment may include transboundary movement and replacement of target populations, with potential impact on human/animal health and the environment. This article summarizes knowledge-based discussions to identify information gaps and analyzes scenarios for responsible introduction of GD organisms into the environment. It aims to connect the latest scientific developments with regulatory approaches and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J. Mitchell
- Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Detlef Bartsch
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Berlin, Germany
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George DR, Kuiken T, Delborne JA. Articulating 'free, prior and informed consent' (FPIC) for engineered gene drives. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191484. [PMID: 31847781 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent statements by United Nations bodies point to free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) as a potential requirement in the development of engineered gene drive applications. As a concept developed in the context of protecting Indigenous rights to self-determination in land development scenarios, FPIC would need to be extended to apply to the context of ecological editing. Without an explicit framework of application, FPIC could be interpreted as a narrowly framed process of community consultation focused on the social implications of technology, and award little formal or advisory power in decision-making to Indigenous peoples and local communities. In this paper, we argue for an articulation of FPIC that attends to issues of transparency, iterative community-scale consent, and shared power through co-development among Indigenous peoples, local communities, researchers and technology developers. In realizing a comprehensive FPIC process, researchers and developers have an opportunity to incorporate enhanced participation and social guidance mechanisms into the design, development and implementation of engineered gene drive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton R George
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Todd Kuiken
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Delborne
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Kohl PA, Brossard D, Scheufele DA, Xenos MA. Public views about editing genes in wildlife for conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:1286-1295. [PMID: 30848502 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developments in CRISPR-based gene-editing technologies have generated a growing number of proposals to edit genes in wildlife to meet conservation goals. As these proposals have attracted greater attention, controversies have emerged among scientists and stakeholder groups over potential consequences and ethical implications of gene editing. Responsible governance cannot occur without consulting broader publics, yet little effort has been made to systematically assess public understandings and beliefs in relation to this new area of applied genetic engineering. We analyzed data from a survey of U.S. adults (n = 1600), collected by YouGov, and that examined respondents' concerns about gene editing in animal and plant wildlife and how those concerns are shaped by cultural dispositions toward science and beliefs about the appropriateness of intervening in nature at the genetic level. On average, respondents perceived more risk than benefit in using these tools. Over 70% agreed that gene editing in wildlife could be "easily used for the wrong purposes." When evaluating the moral acceptability of gene editing in wildlife, respondents evaluated applications to improve survival in endangered wildlife as more morally acceptable than applications to decrease abundance in a population or eliminate a population. Belief in the authority of scientific knowledge was positively related to favorable views of the benefits, risks, and moral acceptability of editing genes in wildlife. The belief that editing genes in wildlife inappropriately intervenes in nature predicted relatively more concern about risks and moral acceptability and skepticism about benefits. Given high levels of concern and skepticism about gene editing in wildlife for conservation among the U.S. public, a take-it-slow approach to making decisions about when or whether to use these tools is advisable. Early opinions, including those uncovered in this study, are likely to be provisional. Thus, consulting the public should be an ongoing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Kohl
- Nicholson School of Communication and Media, University of Central Florida, 12405 Aquarius Agora Dr., Orlando, FL, 32816-1344, U.S.A
- Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1545 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
| | - D Brossard
- Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1545 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
| | - D A Scheufele
- Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1545 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
| | - M A Xenos
- Department of Communication Arts, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 821 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
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Barrett LG, Legros M, Kumaran N, Glassop D, Raghu S, Gardiner DM. Gene drives in plants: opportunities and challenges for weed control and engineered resilience. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191515. [PMID: 31551052 PMCID: PMC6784734 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant species, populations and communities are under threat from climate change, invasive pathogens, weeds and habitat fragmentation. Despite considerable research effort invested in genome engineering for crop improvement, the development of genetic tools for the management of wild plant populations has rarely been given detailed consideration. Gene drive systems that allow direct genetic management of plant populations via the spread of fitness-altering genetic modifications could be of great utility. However, despite the rapid development of synthetic tools and their enormous promise, little explicit consideration has been given to their application in plants and, to date, they remain untested. This article considers the potential utility of gene drives for the management of wild plant populations, and examines the factors that might influence the design, spread and efficacy of synthetic drives. To gain insight into optimal ways to design and deploy synthetic drive systems, we investigate the diversity of mechanisms underlying natural gene drives and their dynamics within plant populations and species. We also review potential approaches for engineering gene drives and discuss their potential application to plant genomes. We highlight the importance of considering the impact of plant life-history and genetic architecture on the dynamics of drive, investigate the potential for different types of resistance evolution, and touch on the ethical, regulatory and social challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G. Barrett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mathieu Legros
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Donna Glassop
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - S. Raghu
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Snow AA. Genetically Engineering Wild Mice to Combat Lyme Disease: An Ecological Perspective. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic engineering of wild populations has been proposed for reducing human diseases by altering pathogens’ hosts. For example, CRISPR-based genome editing may be used to create white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) that are resistant to the Lyme disease spirochete vectored by blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis). Toward this goal, academic researchers are developing Lyme-resistant and tick-resistant white-footed mice, which are a primary pathogen reservoir for Lyme disease in the United States. If field trials on small, experimental islands are successful, the project would scale up to the larger islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, and possibly to the mainland, most likely with a local gene drive to speed the traits’ proliferation, pending approvals from relevant constituents. Despite considerable publicity, this project has yet to be evaluated by independent professional ecologists. In the present article, I discuss key ecological and evolutionary questions that should be considered before such genetically engineered mice are released into natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Snow
- Distinguished professor emerita of arts and sciences, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Jones MS, Delborne JA, Elsensohn J, Mitchell PD, Brown ZS. Does the U.S. public support using gene drives in agriculture? And what do they want to know? SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8462. [PMID: 31535017 PMCID: PMC6739092 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene drive development is progressing more rapidly than our understanding of public values toward these technologies. We analyze a statistically representative survey (n = 1018) of U.S. adult attitudes toward agricultural gene drives. When informed about potential risks, benefits, and two previously researched applications, respondents' support/opposition depends heavily (+22%/-19%) on whether spread of drives can be limited, non-native versus native species are targeted (+12%/-9%), or the drive replaces versus suppresses target species (±2%). The one-fifth of respondents seeking out non-GMO-labeled food are more likely to oppose drives, although their support exceeds opposition for limited applications. Over 62% trust U.S. universities and the Department of Agriculture to research gene drives, with the private sector and Department of Defense viewed as more untrustworthy. Uncertain human health and ecological effects are the public's most important concerns to resolve. These findings can inform responsible innovation in gene drive development and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Jones
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jason A. Delborne
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Johanna Elsensohn
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Paul D. Mitchell
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zachary S. Brown
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Kennicutt MC, Bromwich D, Liggett D, Njåstad B, Peck L, Rintoul SR, Ritz C, Siegert MJ, Aitken A, Brooks CM, Cassano J, Chaturvedi S, Chen D, Dodds K, Golledge NR, Le Bohec C, Leppe M, Murray A, Nath PC, Raphael MN, Rogan-Finnemore M, Schroeder DM, Talley L, Travouillon T, Vaughan DG, Wang L, Weatherwax AT, Yang H, Chown SL. Sustained Antarctic Research: A 21st Century Imperative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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49
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Devos Y, Craig W, Devlin RH, Ippolito A, Leggatt RA, Romeis J, Shaw R, Svendsen C, Topping CJ. Using problem formulation for fit-for-purpose pre-market environmental risk assessments of regulated stressors. EFSA J 2019; 17:e170708. [PMID: 32626445 PMCID: PMC7055725 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.e170708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-market/prospective environmental risk assessments (ERAs) contribute to risk analyses performed to facilitate decisions about the market introduction of regulated stressors. Robust ERAs begin with an explicit problem formulation, which involves among other steps: (1) formally devising plausible pathways to harm that describe how the deployment of a regulated stressor could be harmful; (2) formulating risk hypotheses about the likelihood and severity of such events; (3) identifying the information that will be useful to test the risk hypotheses; and (4) developing a plan to acquire new data for hypothesis testing should tests with existing information be insufficient for decision-making. Here, we apply problem formulation to the assessment of possible adverse effects of RNA interference-based insecticidal genetically modified (GM) plants, GM growth hormone coho salmon, gene drive-modified mosquitoes and classical biological weed control agents on non-target organisms in a prospective manner, and of neonicotinoid insecticides on bees in a retrospective manner. In addition, specific considerations for the problem formulation for the ERA of nanomaterials and for landscape-scale population-level ERAs are given. We argue that applying problem formulation to ERA maximises the usefulness of ERA studies for decision-making, through an iterative process, because: (1) harm is defined explicitly from the start; (2) the construction of risk hypotheses is guided by policy rather than an exhaustive attempt to address any possible differences; (3) existing information is used effectively; (4) new data are collected with a clear purpose; (5) risk is characterised against well-defined criteria of hypothesis corroboration or falsification; and (6) risk assessment conclusions can be communicated clearly. However, problem formulation is still often hindered by the absence of clear policy goals and decision-making criteria (e.g. definition of protection goals and what constitutes harm) that are needed to guide the interpretation of scientific information. We therefore advocate further dialogue between risk assessors and risk managers to clarify how ERAs can address policy goals and decision-making criteria. Ideally, this dialogue should take place for all classes of regulated stressors, as this can promote alignment and consistency on the desired level of protection and maximum tolerable impacts across regulated stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Devos
- GMO Unit European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Italy
| | - Wendy Craig
- Biosafety Group International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB) Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment Agroscope Switzerland
| | - Richard Shaw
- Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI) United Kingdom
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Ecotoxicology and Chemical Risk Group United Kingdom Research and Innovation Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) United Kingdom
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Abstract
Effective science communication requires assembling scientists with knowledge relevant to decision makers, translating that knowledge into useful terms, establishing trusted two-way communication channels, evaluating the process, and refining it as needed. Communicating Science Effectively: A Research Agenda [National Research Council (2017)] surveys the scientific foundations for accomplishing these tasks, the research agenda for improving them, and the essential collaborative relations with decision makers and communication professionals. Recognizing the complexity of the science, the decisions, and the communication processes, the report calls for a systems approach. This perspective offers an approach to creating such systems by adapting scientific methods to the practical constraints of science communication. It considers staffing (are the right people involved?), internal collaboration (are they talking to one another?), and external collaboration (are they talking to other stakeholders?). It focuses on contexts where the goal of science communication is helping people to make autonomous choices rather than promoting specific behaviors (e.g., voter turnout, vaccination rates, energy consumption). The approach is illustrated with research in two domains: decisions about preventing sexual assault and responding to pandemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Fischhoff
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Institute for Politics and Strategy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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