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Torres-Romero I, Zhang H, Wijker RS, Clark AJ, McLeod RE, Jaggi M, Stoll HM. Hydrogen isotope fractionation is controlled by CO 2 in coccolithophore lipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318570121. [PMID: 38905238 PMCID: PMC11214045 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318570121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H) represent an important natural tracer of metabolic processes, but quantitative models of processes controlling H-fractionation in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are lacking. Here, we elucidate the underlying physiological controls of 2H/1H fractionation in algal lipids by systematically manipulating temperature, light, and CO2(aq) in continuous cultures of the haptophyte Gephyrocapsa oceanica. We analyze the hydrogen isotope fractionation in alkenones (αalkenone), a class of acyl lipids specific to this species and other haptophyte algae. We find a strong decrease in the αalkenone with increasing CO2(aq) and confirm αalkenone correlates with temperature and light. Based on the known biosynthesis pathways, we develop a cellular model of the δ2H of algal acyl lipids to evaluate processes contributing to these controls on fractionation. Simulations show that longer residence times of NADPH in the chloroplast favor a greater exchange of NADPH with 2H-richer intracellular water, increasing αalkenone. Higher chloroplast CO2(aq) and temperature shorten NADPH residence time by enhancing the carbon fixation and lipid synthesis rates. The inverse correlation of αalkenone to CO2(aq) in our cultures suggests that carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCM) do not achieve a constant saturation of CO2 at the Rubisco site, but rather that chloroplast CO2 varies with external CO2(aq). The pervasive inverse correlation of αalkenone with CO2(aq) in the modern and preindustrial ocean also suggests that natural populations may not attain a constant saturation of Rubisco with the CCM. Rather than reconstructing growth water, αalkenone may be a powerful tool to elucidate the carbon limitation of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Torres-Romero
- Climate Geology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Climate Geology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Reto S. Wijker
- Climate Geology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexander J. Clark
- Climate Geology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Rachel E. McLeod
- Climate Geology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Madalina Jaggi
- Climate Geology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Heather M. Stoll
- Climate Geology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
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2
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Maloney AE, Kopf SH, Zhang Z, McFarlin J, Nelson DB, Masterson AL, Zhang X. Large enrichments in fatty acid 2H/ 1H ratios distinguish respiration from aerobic fermentation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310771121. [PMID: 38709917 PMCID: PMC11098093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310771121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Shifts in the hydrogen stable isotopic composition (2H/1H ratio) of lipids relative to water (lipid/water 2H-fractionation) at natural abundances reflect different sources of the central cellular reductant, NADPH, in bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that lipid/water 2H-fractionation (2εfattyacid/water) can also constrain the relative importance of key NADPH pathways in eukaryotes. We used the metabolically flexible yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a microbial model for respiratory and fermentative metabolism in industry and medicine, to investigate 2εfattyacid/water. In chemostats, fatty acids from glycerol-respiring cells were >550‰ 2H-enriched compared to those from cells aerobically fermenting sugars via overflow metabolism, a hallmark feature in cancer. Faster growth decreased 2H/1H ratios, particularly in glycerol-respiring cells by 200‰. Variations in the activities and kinetic isotope effects among NADP+-reducing enzymes indicate cytosolic NADPH supply as the primary control on 2εfattyacid/water. Contributions of cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase (cIDH) to NAPDH production drive large 2H-enrichments with substrate metabolism (cIDH is absent during fermentation but contributes up to 20 percent NAPDH during respiration) and slower growth on glycerol (11 percent more NADPH from cIDH). Shifts in NADPH demand associated with cellular lipid abundance explain smaller 2εfattyacid/water variations (<30‰) with growth rate during fermentation. Consistent with these results, tests of murine liver cells had 2H-enriched lipids from slower-growing, healthy respiring cells relative to fast-growing, fermenting hepatocellular carcinoma. Our findings point to the broad potential of lipid 2H/1H ratios as a passive natural tracker of eukaryotic metabolism with applications to distinguish health and disease, complementing studies that rely on complex isotope-tracer addition methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian H. Kopf
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Zhaoyue Zhang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Jamie McFarlin
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, LaramieWY82071
| | - Daniel B. Nelson
- Department of Environmental Science— Botany, University of Basel, Basel4056, Switzerland
| | - Andrew L. Masterson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Xinning Zhang
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- High Meadow Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
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3
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Leavitt WD, Waldbauer J, Venceslau SS, Sim MS, Zhang L, Boidi FJ, Plummer S, Diaz JM, Pereira IAC, Bradley AS. Energy flux couples sulfur isotope fractionation to proteomic and metabolite profiles in Desulfovibrio vulgaris. GEOBIOLOGY 2024; 22:e12600. [PMID: 38725144 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Microbial sulfate reduction is central to the global carbon cycle and the redox evolution of Earth's surface. Tracking the activity of sulfate reducing microorganisms over space and time relies on a nuanced understanding of stable sulfur isotope fractionation in the context of the biochemical machinery of the metabolism. Here, we link the magnitude of stable sulfur isotopic fractionation to proteomic and metabolite profiles under different cellular energetic regimes. When energy availability is limited, cell-specific sulfate respiration rates and net sulfur isotope fractionation inversely covary. Beyond net S isotope fractionation values, we also quantified shifts in protein expression, abundances and isotopic composition of intracellular S metabolites, and lipid structures and lipid/water H isotope fractionation values. These coupled approaches reveal which protein abundances shift directly as a function of energy flux, those that vary minimally, and those that may vary independent of energy flux and likely do not contribute to shifts in S-isotope fractionation. By coupling the bulk S-isotope observations with quantitative proteomics, we provide novel constraints for metabolic isotope models. Together, these results lay the foundation for more predictive metabolic fractionation models, alongside interpretations of environmental sulfur and sulfate reducer lipid-H isotope data.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Leavitt
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacob Waldbauer
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sofia S Venceslau
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Min Sub Sim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lichun Zhang
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Flavia Jaquelina Boidi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sydney Plummer
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julia M Diaz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Inês A C Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexander S Bradley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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4
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Jabinski S, d. M. Rangel W, Kopáček M, Jílková V, Jansa J, Meador TB. Constraining activity and growth substrate of fungal decomposers via assimilation patterns of inorganic carbon and water into lipid biomarkers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0206523. [PMID: 38527003 PMCID: PMC11022577 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02065-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi are among the few organisms on the planet that can metabolize recalcitrant carbon (C) but are also known to access recently produced plant photosynthate. Therefore, improved quantification of growth and substrate utilization by different fungal ecotypes will help to define the rates and controls of fungal production, the cycling of soil organic matter, and thus the C storage and CO2 buffering capacity in soil ecosystems. This pure-culture study of fungal isolates combined a dual stable isotope probing (SIP) approach, together with rapid analysis by tandem pyrolysis-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the patterns of water-derived hydrogen (H) and inorganic C assimilated into lipid biomarkers of heterotrophic fungi as a function of C substrate. The water H assimilation factor (αW) and the inorganic C assimilation into C18:2 fatty acid isolated from five fungal species growing on glucose was lower (0.62% ± 0.01% and 4.7% ± 1.6%, respectively) than for species grown on glutamic acid (0.90% ± 0.02% and 7.4% ± 3.7%, respectively). Furthermore, the assimilation ratio (RIC/αW) for growth on glucose and glutamic acid can distinguish between these two metabolic modes. This dual-SIP assay thus delivers estimates of fungal activity and may help to delineate the predominant substrates that are respired among a matrix of compounds found in natural environments.IMPORTANCEFungal decomposers play important roles in food webs and nutrient cycling because they can feed on both labile and more recalcitrant forms of carbon. This study developed and applied a dual stable isotope assay (13C-dissolved inorganic carbon/2H) to improve the investigation of fungal activity in the environment. By determining the incorporation patterns of hydrogen and carbon into fungal lipids, this assay delivers estimates of fungal activity and the different metabolic pathways that they employ in ecological and environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Jabinski
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Wesley d. M. Rangel
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Marek Kopáček
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Veronika Jílková
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Praha, Czechia
| | - Travis B. Meador
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia
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5
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Silverman SN, Wijker RS, Sessions AL. Biosynthetic and catabolic pathways control amino acid δ 2H values in aerobic heterotrophs. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1338486. [PMID: 38646628 PMCID: PMC11026604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1338486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2HAA values) of amino acids in all organisms are substantially fractionated relative to growth water. In addition, they exhibit large variations within microbial biomass, animals, and human tissues, hinting at rich biochemical information encoded in such signals. In lipids, such δ2H variations are thought to primarily reflect NADPH metabolism. Analogous biochemical controls for amino acids remain largely unknown, but must be elucidated to inform the interpretation of these measurements. Here, we measured the δ2H values of amino acids from five aerobic, heterotrophic microbes grown on different carbon substrates, as well as five Escherichia coli mutant organisms with perturbed NADPH metabolisms. We observed similar δ2HAA patterns across all organisms and growth conditions, which-consistent with previous hypotheses-suggests a first-order control by biosynthetic pathways. Moreover, δ2HAA values varied systematically with the catabolic pathways activated for substrate degradation, with variations explainable by the isotopic compositions of important cellular metabolites, including pyruvate and NADPH, during growth on each substrate. As such, amino acid δ2H values may be useful for interrogating organismal physiology and metabolism in the environment, provided we can further elucidate the mechanisms underpinning these signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaelyn N. Silverman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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6
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Volke DC, Gurdo N, Milanesi R, Nikel PI. Time-resolved, deuterium-based fluxomics uncovers the hierarchy and dynamics of sugar processing by Pseudomonas putida. Metab Eng 2023; 79:159-172. [PMID: 37454792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida, a microbial host widely adopted for metabolic engineering, processes glucose through convergent peripheral pathways that ultimately yield 6-phosphogluconate. The periplasmic gluconate shunt (PGS), composed by glucose and gluconate dehydrogenases, sequentially transforms glucose into gluconate and 2-ketogluconate. Although the secretion of these organic acids by P. putida has been extensively recognized, the mechanism and spatiotemporal regulation of the PGS remained elusive thus far. To address this challenge, we adopted a dynamic 13C- and 2H-metabolic flux analysis strategy, termed D-fluxomics. D-fluxomics demonstrated that the PGS underscores a highly dynamic metabolic architecture in glucose-dependent batch cultures of P. putida, characterized by hierarchical carbon uptake by the PGS throughout the cultivation. Additionally, we show that gluconate and 2-ketogluconate accumulation and consumption can be solely explained as a result of the interplay between growth rate-coupled and decoupled metabolic fluxes. As a consequence, the formation of these acids in the PGS is inversely correlated to the bacterial growth rate-unlike the widely studied overflow metabolism of Escherichia coli and yeast. Our findings, which underline survival strategies of soil bacteria thriving in their natural environments, open new avenues for engineering P. putida towards efficient, sugar-based bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Volke
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nicolas Gurdo
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Riccardo Milanesi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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7
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Millette NC, Gast RJ, Luo JY, Moeller HV, Stamieszkin K, Andersen KH, Brownlee EF, Cohen NR, Duhamel S, Dutkiewicz S, Glibert PM, Johnson MD, Leles SG, Maloney AE, Mcmanus GB, Poulton N, Princiotta SD, Sanders RW, Wilken S. Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2023; 45:576-596. [PMID: 37483910 PMCID: PMC10361813 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Phago-mixotrophy, the combination of photoautotrophy and phagotrophy in mixoplankton, organisms that can combine both trophic strategies, have gained increasing attention over the past decade. It is now recognized that a substantial number of protistan plankton species engage in phago-mixotrophy to obtain nutrients for growth and reproduction under a range of environmental conditions. Unfortunately, our current understanding of mixoplankton in aquatic systems significantly lags behind our understanding of zooplankton and phytoplankton, limiting our ability to fully comprehend the role of mixoplankton (and phago-mixotrophy) in the plankton food web and biogeochemical cycling. Here, we put forward five research directions that we believe will lead to major advancement in the field: (i) evolution: understanding mixotrophy in the context of the evolutionary transition from phagotrophy to photoautotrophy; (ii) traits and trade-offs: identifying the key traits and trade-offs constraining mixotrophic metabolisms; (iii) biogeography: large-scale patterns of mixoplankton distribution; (iv) biogeochemistry and trophic transfer: understanding mixoplankton as conduits of nutrients and energy; and (v) in situ methods: improving the identification of in situ mixoplankton and their phago-mixotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca J Gast
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Jessica Y Luo
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 201 Forrestal Rd., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Holly V Moeller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1120 Noble Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Karen Stamieszkin
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Ken H Andersen
- Center for Ocean Life, Natl. Inst. of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Bygning 202, Kongens Lyngby 2840, Denmark
| | - Emily F Brownlee
- Department of Biology, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, 18952 E. Fisher Road, St. Mary’s City, MD 20686, USA
| | - Natalie R Cohen
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411, USA
| | - Solange Duhamel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, 1007 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02874, USA
| | - Patricia M Glibert
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 2020 Horns Point Rd, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Suzana G Leles
- Department of Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ashley E Maloney
- Geosciences Department, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - George B Mcmanus
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1080 Shennecossett Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Nicole Poulton
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr., East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Sarah D Princiotta
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, Schuylkill Campus, 200 University Drive, Schuylkill Haven, PA 17972, USA
| | - Robert W Sanders
- Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Susanne Wilken
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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8
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Baan J, Holloway-Phillips M, Nelson DB, Kahmen A. The metabolic sensitivity of hydrogen isotope fractionation differs between plant compounds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 207:113563. [PMID: 36528118 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen stable isotope analyses (δ2H) of plant derived organic compounds are a useful tool for ecological, environmental, and palaeoclimatological research. However, during organic compound synthesis, variable biosynthetic 2H-fractionation has been suggested to occur as a result of changes in plant carbon fluxes. So far, inference has been based on examining the δ2H patterns of plant compounds along environmental gradients, among plant species, and between plant organs. In an alternative approach, we used four plant species with four different types of mutations that cause impaired starch synthesis to assess whether variability in carbon metabolism affects the biosynthetic 2H-fractionation during cellulose, phytol, and acetogenic lipid synthesis. We found that mutants with impaired starch synthesis always had higher cellulose and phytol δ2H values compared to the wild type. By contrast, 2H-fractionation during acetogenic lipid biosynthesis generally did not show strong metabolic sensitivity. We rationalise these differences by considering the biosynthetic pathway of each compound and the likely source of the variable isotope fractionation. In different organic compounds, the sensitivity of variable biosynthetic 2H-fractionation to changes in C-metabolism depends on incorporation of specific H atoms from precursor molecules. As such, we determined that the similar increase in cellulose and phytol δ2H values as an effect of impaired starch synthesis most likely originates in triose-phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Baan
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Meisha Holloway-Phillips
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Wu W, Dijkstra P, Hungate BA, Shi L, Dippold MA. In situ diversity of metabolism and carbon use efficiency among soil bacteria. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3958. [PMID: 36332015 PMCID: PMC9635821 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The central carbon (C) metabolic network harvests energy to power the cell and feed biosynthesis for growth. In pure cultures, bacteria use some but not all of the network's major pathways, such as glycolysis and pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. However, how these pathways are used in microorganisms in intact soil communities is unknown. Here, we analyzed the incorporation of 13C from glucose isotopomers into phospholipid fatty acids. We showed that groups of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in an intact agricultural soil used different pathways to metabolize glucose. They also differed in C use efficiency (CUE), the efficiency with which a substrate is used for biosynthesis. Our results provide experimental evidence for diversity among microbes in the organization of their central carbon metabolic network and CUE under in situ conditions. These results have important implications for our understanding of how community composition affects soil C cycling and organic matter formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Wu
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystem, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Bruce A. Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Lingling Shi
- Key Laboratory of Economics Plants and Biotechnology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, China and East-Asia Office, Kunming, China
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michaela A. Dippold
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystem, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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10
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Holloway-Phillips M, Baan J, Nelson DB, Lehmann MM, Tcherkez G, Kahmen A. Species variation in the hydrogen isotope composition of leaf cellulose is mostly driven by isotopic variation in leaf sucrose. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2636-2651. [PMID: 35609972 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Experimental approaches to isolate drivers of variation in the carbon-bound hydrogen isotope composition (δ2 H) of plant cellulose are rare and current models are limited in their application. This is in part due to a lack in understanding of how 2 H-fractionations in carbohydrates differ between species. We analysed, for the first time, the δ2 H of leaf sucrose along with the δ2 H and δ18 O of leaf cellulose and leaf and xylem water across seven herbaceous species and a starchless mutant of tobacco. The δ2 H of sucrose explained 66% of the δ2 H variation in cellulose (R2 = 0.66), which was associated with species differences in the 2 H enrichment of sucrose above leaf water ( ε sucrose <math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01407791:media:pce14362:pce14362-math-0001" wiley:location="equation/pce14362-math-0001.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mtext>\unicode{x003B5}</mtext><mtext>sucrose</mtext></msub></mrow></math> : -126% to -192‰) rather than by variation in leaf water δ2 H itself. ε sucrose <math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01407791:media:pce14362:pce14362-math-0002" wiley:location="equation/pce14362-math-0002.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mtext>\unicode{x003B5}</mtext><mtext>sucrose</mtext></msub></mrow></math> was positively related to dark respiration (R2 = 0.27), and isotopic exchange of hydrogen in sugars was positively related to the turnover time of carbohydrates (R2 = 0.38), but only when ε sucrose <math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01407791:media:pce14362:pce14362-math-0003" wiley:location="equation/pce14362-math-0003.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">\unicode{x003B5}</mi><mtext>sucrose</mtext></msub></mrow></mrow></math> was fixed to the literature accepted value of - 171 <math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01407791:media:pce14362:pce14362-math-0004" wiley:location="equation/pce14362-math-0004.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mrow><mo>\unicode{x02212}</mo><mn>171</mn></mrow></mrow></math> ‰. No relation was found between isotopic exchange of hydrogen and oxygen, suggesting large differences in the processes shaping post-photosynthetic fractionation between elements. Our results strongly advocate that for robust applications of the leaf cellulose hydrogen isotope model, parameterization utilizing δ2 H of sugars is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jochem Baan
- Department of Environmental Science-Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- Department of Environmental Science-Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem Ecology, Stable Isotope Research Centre, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Science-Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Smith DA, Nakamoto BJ, Suess MK, Fogel ML. Central Metabolism and Growth Rate Impacts on Hydrogen and Carbon Isotope Fractionation During Amino Acid Synthesis in E. coli. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840167. [PMID: 35910622 PMCID: PMC9335129 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of amino acids from bacterial biomass is a newly emerging powerful tool for exploring central carbon metabolism pathways and fluxes. By comparing isotopic values and fractionations relative to water and growth substrate, the impact of variable flow path for metabolites through different central metabolic pathways, perturbations of these paths, and their resultant consequences on intracellular pools and resultant biomass may be elucidated. Here, we explore the effects that central carbon metabolism and growth rate can have on stable hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) compound specific isotopic values of amino acids, and whether diagnostic isotopic fingerprints are revealed by these paired analyses. We measured δ2H and δ13C in amino acids in the wild type Escherichia coli (MG1655) across a range of growth rates in chemostat cultures to address the unknown isotopic consequences as metabolic fluxes are shuffled between catabolic and anabolic metabolisms. Additionally, two E. coli knockout mutants, one with deficiency in glycolysis –pgi (LC1888) and another inhibiting the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) –zwf (LC1889), were grown on glucose and used as a comparison against the wild type E. coli (MG1655) to address the isotopic changes of amino acids produced in these perturbed metabolic pathways. Amino acid δ2H values, which collectively vary in composition by more than 400‰, are altered along with δ13C values demonstrating fundamental shifts in central metabolic pathways and/or fluxes. Within our linear discriminant analysis with a simple model organism to examine potential amino acid fingerprinting, our knockout strains and variable growth rate samples plot across a wider array of organism classification than merely within the boundaries of other bacterial data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A. Smith
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Derek A. Smith
| | - Bobby James Nakamoto
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, EDGE Institute, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Melanie K. Suess
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marilyn L. Fogel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, EDGE Institute, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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12
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Cormier M, Berard J, Bougaran G, Trueman CN, Mayor DJ, Lampitt RS, Kruger NJ, Flynn KJ, Rickaby REM. Deuterium in marine organic biomarkers: toward a new tool for quantifying aquatic mixotrophy. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:776-782. [PMID: 35133656 PMCID: PMC9310953 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The traditional separation between primary producers (autotrophs) and consumers (heterotrophs) at the base of the marine food web is being increasingly replaced by the paradigm that mixoplankton, planktonic protists with the nutritional ability to use both phago(hetero)trophy and photo(auto)trophy to access energy are widespread globally. Thus, many 'phytoplankton' eat, while 50% of 'protozooplankton' also perform photosynthesis. Mixotrophy may enhance primary production, biomass transfer to higher trophic levels and the efficiency of the biological pump to sequester atmospheric CO2 into the deep ocean. Although this view is gaining traction, science lacks a tool to quantify the relative contributions of autotrophy and heterotrophy in planktonic protists. This hinders our understanding of their impacts on carbon cycling within marine pelagic ecosystems. It has been shown that the hydrogen (H) isotopic signature of lipids is uniquely sensitive to heterotrophy relative to autotrophy in plants and bacteria. Here, we explored whether it is also sensitive to the trophic status in protists. The new understanding of H isotope signature of lipid biomarkers suggests it offers great potential as a novel tool for quantifying the prevalence of mixotrophy in diverse marine microorganisms and thus for investigating the implications of the 'mixoplankton' paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc‐André Cormier
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3ANUK
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Berard
- IFREMER, Physiology and Biotechnology of Algae (PBA) Laboratoryrue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105Nantes Cedex 344311France
| | - Gaël Bougaran
- IFREMER, Physiology and Biotechnology of Algae (PBA) Laboratoryrue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105Nantes Cedex 344311France
| | - Clive N. Trueman
- Ocean and Earth ScienceNational Oceanography Centre SouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO14 3ZHUK
| | - Daniel J. Mayor
- Ocean BiogeosciencesNational Oceanography CentreSouthamptonSO14 3ZHUK
| | | | - Nicholas J. Kruger
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Kevin J. Flynn
- Plymouth Marine LaboratoryProspect PlacePlymouthPL1 3DHUK
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13
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Chen X, Liu X, Jia H, Jin J, Kong W, Huang Y. Inverse hydrogen isotope fractionation indicates heterotrophic microbial production of long-chain n-alkyl lipids in desolate Antarctic ponds. GEOBIOLOGY 2021; 19:394-404. [PMID: 33799312 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain (>C25 ) n-alkyl lipids have long been considered biomarkers for higher plant leaf waxes and widely applied for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, recent experimental and lacustrine sediment studies suggest long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids can also be produced by aerobic microbes, probably heterotrophic microbes based on carbon isotope data. Here we show that sedimentary long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids in two desolate Antarctic ponds where vascular plants are absent in the surroundings display hydrogen isotopic values up to 300 per mil higher than those of lake water. It is the first time that such strongly inverse or reduced hydrogen isotopic fractionation of lipid biomarkers is observed in natural sediment samples. Based on recent extensive experimental data on microbial hydrogen isotopic fractionation, our data can only be explained by the predominant production of long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids from heterotrophic micro-organisms. Together with preliminary 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, our results represent the first unambiguous example of predominant heterotrophic microbial production of long-chain n-alkyl waxes in a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongzeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsong Huang
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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14
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Reconfiguration of metabolic fluxes in Pseudomonas putida as a response to sub-lethal oxidative stress. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1751-1766. [PMID: 33432138 PMCID: PMC8163872 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As a frequent inhabitant of sites polluted with toxic chemicals, the soil bacterium and plant-root colonizer Pseudomonas putida can tolerate high levels of endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress. Yet, the ultimate reason of such phenotypic property remains largely unknown. To shed light on this question, metabolic network-wide routes for NADPH generation-the metabolic currency that fuels redox-stress quenching mechanisms-were inspected when P. putida KT2440 was challenged with a sub-lethal H2O2 dose as a proxy of oxidative conditions. 13C-tracer experiments, metabolomics, and flux analysis, together with the assessment of physiological parameters and measurement of enzymatic activities, revealed a substantial flux reconfiguration in oxidative environments. In particular, periplasmic glucose processing was rerouted to cytoplasmic oxidation, and the cyclic operation of the pentose phosphate pathway led to significant NADPH-forming fluxes, exceeding biosynthetic demands by ~50%. The resulting NADPH surplus, in turn, fueled the glutathione system for H2O2 reduction. These properties not only account for the tolerance of P. putida to environmental insults-some of which end up in the formation of reactive oxygen species-but they also highlight the value of this bacterial host as a platform for environmental bioremediation and metabolic engineering.
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15
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Lengger SK, Weber Y, Taylor KWR, Kopf SH, Berstan R, Bull ID, Mayser JP, Leavitt WD, Blewett J, Pearson A, Pancost RD. Determination of the δ 2 H values of high molecular weight lipids by high-temperature gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8983. [PMID: 33068049 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The hydrogen isotopic composition of lipids (δ2 Hlipid ) is widely used in food science and as a proxy for past hydrological conditions. Determining the δ2 H values of large, well-preserved triacylglycerides and other microbial lipids, such as glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids, is thus of widespread interest but has so far not been possible due to their low volatility which prohibits analysis by traditional gas chromatography/pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/P/IRMS). METHODS We determined the δ2 H values of large, polar molecules and applied high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) methods on a modified GC/P/IRMS system. The system used a high-temperature 7-m GC column, and a glass Y-splitter for low thermal mass. Methods were validated using authentic standards of large, functionalised molecules (triacylglycerides, TGs), purified standards of GDGTs. The results were compared with δ2 H values determined by high-temperature elemental analyser/pyrolysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HTEA/P/IRMS), and subsequently applied to the analysis of GDGTs in a sample from a methane seep and a Welsh peat. RESULTS The δ2 H values of TGs agreed within error between HTGC/P/IRMS and HTEA/IRMS, with HTGC/P/IRMS showing larger errors. Archaeal lipid GDGTs with up to three cyclisations could be analysed: the δ2 H values were not significantly different between methods with standard deviations of 5 to 6 ‰. When environmental samples were analysed, the δ2 H values of isoGDGTs were 50 ‰ more negative than those of terrestrial brGDGTs. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the HTGC/P/IRMS method developed here is appropriate to determine the δ2 H values of TGs, GDGTs with up to two cyclisations, and potentially other high molecular weight compounds. The methodology will widen the current analytical window for biomarker and food light stable isotope analyses. Moreover, our initial measurements suggest that bacterial and archaeal GDGT δ2 H values can record environmental and ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine K Lengger
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Yuki Weber
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Kyle W R Taylor
- Elementar UK Ltd, Earl Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport, SK8 6PT, UK
| | - Sebastian H Kopf
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert Berstan
- Elementar UK Ltd, Earl Road, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport, SK8 6PT, UK
| | - Ian D Bull
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jan-Peter Mayser
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - William D Leavitt
- Department of Earth Science, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jerome Blewett
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Ann Pearson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Richard D Pancost
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Earth Sciences and Cabot Institute for the Environment, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RL, UK
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16
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Wu W, Meador TB, Könneke M, Elvert M, Wegener G, Hinrichs KU. Substrate-dependent incorporation of carbon and hydrogen for lipid biosynthesis by Methanosarcina barkeri. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:555-567. [PMID: 32783290 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dual stable isotope probing has been used to infer rates of microbial biomass production and modes of carbon fixation. In order to validate this approach for assessing archaeal production, the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri was grown either with H2 , acetate or methanol with D2 O and 13 C-dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Our results revealed unexpectedly low D incorporation into lipids, with the net fraction of water-derived hydrogen amounting to 0.357 ± 0.042, 0.226 ± 0.003 and 0.393 ± 0.029 for growth on H2 /CO2 , acetate and methanol respectively. The variability in net water H assimilation into lipids during the growth of M. barkeri on different substrates is possibly attributed to different Gibbs free energy yields, such that higher energy yield promoted the exchange of hydrogen between medium water and lipids. Because NADPH likely serves as the portal for H transfer, increased NADPH production and/or turnover associated with high energy yield may explain the apparent differences in net water H assimilation into lipids. The variable DIC and water H incorporation into M. barkeri lipids imply systematic, metabolic patterns of isotope incorporation and suggest that the ratio of 13 C-DIC versus D2 O assimilation in environmental samples may serve as a proxy for microbial energetics in addition to microbial production and carbon assimilation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Wu
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Travis B Meador
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Soil and Water Research Infrastructure, Ceske Budejovice, CZ-37005, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Department Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, CZ-37005, Czechia
| | - Martin Könneke
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Marcus Elvert
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Gunter Wegener
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
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