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Tuffs SW, Dufresne K, Rishi A, Walton NR, McCormick JK. Novel insights into the immune response to bacterial T cell superantigens. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:417-434. [PMID: 38225276 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial T cell superantigens (SAgs) are a family of microbial exotoxins that function to activate large numbers of T cells simultaneously. SAgs activate T cells by direct binding and crosslinking of the lateral regions of MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells with T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells; these interactions alter the normal TCR-peptide-MHC class II architecture to activate T cells in a manner that is independent of the antigen specificity of the TCR. SAgs have well-recognized, central roles in human diseases such as toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever through their quantitative effects on the T cell response; in addition, numerous other consequences of SAg-driven T cell activation are now being recognized, including direct roles in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, bloodstream infections, skin disease and pharyngitis. In this Review, we summarize the expanding family of bacterial SAgs and how these toxins can engage highly diverse adaptive immune receptors. We highlight recent findings regarding how SAg-driven manipulation of the adaptive immune response may operate in multiple human diseases, as well as contributing to the biology and life cycle of SAg-producing bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karine Dufresne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aanchal Rishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Walton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Tölken LA, Paulikat AD, Jachmann LH, Reder A, Salazar MG, Medina LMP, Michalik S, Völker U, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A, Hoff KJ, Lammers M, Siemens N. Reduced interleukin-18 secretion by human monocytic cells in response to infections with hyper-virulent Streptococcus pyogenes. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:26. [PMID: 38408992 PMCID: PMC10898077 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) causes a variety of diseases ranging from mild superficial infections of the throat and skin to severe invasive infections, such as necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs). Tissue passage of GAS often results in mutations within the genes encoding for control of virulence (Cov)R/S two component system leading to a hyper-virulent phenotype. Dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune sentinels specialized in antigen uptake and subsequent T cell priming. This study aimed to analyze cytokine release by DCs and other cells of monocytic origin in response to wild-type and natural covR/S mutant infections. METHODS Human primary monocyte-derived (mo)DCs were used. DC maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to infections with wild-type and covR/S mutants were assessed via flow cytometry. Global proteome changes were assessed via mass spectrometry. As a proof-of-principle, cytokine release by human primary monocytes and macrophages was determined. RESULTS In vitro infections of moDCs and other monocytic cells with natural GAS covR/S mutants resulted in reduced secretion of IL-8 and IL-18 as compared to wild-type infections. In contrast, moDC maturation remained unaffected. Inhibition of caspase-8 restored secretion of both molecules. Knock-out of streptolysin O in GAS strain with unaffected CovR/S even further elevated the IL-18 secretion by moDCs. Of 67 fully sequenced NSTI GAS isolates, 28 harbored mutations resulting in dysfunctional CovR/S. However, analyses of plasma IL-8 and IL-18 levels did not correlate with presence or absence of such mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that strains, which harbor covR/S mutations, interfere with IL-18 and IL-8 responses in monocytic cells by utilizing the caspase-8 axis. Future experiments aim to identify the underlying mechanism and consequences for NSTI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea A Tölken
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje D Paulikat
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lana H Jachmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Reder
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Katharina J Hoff
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department of Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Wu S, Yang X, Lou Y, Xiao X. MAIT cells in bacterial infectious diseases: heroes, villains, or both? Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:144-153. [PMID: 37624404 PMCID: PMC10714195 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the aggravation of bacterial drug resistance and the lag in the development of new antibiotics, it is crucial to develop novel therapeutic regimens for bacterial infectious diseases. Currently, immunotherapy is a promising regimen for the treatment of infectious diseases. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a subpopulation of innate-like T cells, are abundant in humans and can mount a rapid immune response to pathogens, thus becoming a potential target of immunotherapy for infectious diseases. At the site of infection, activated MAIT cells perform complex biological functions by secreting a variety of cytokines and cytotoxic substances. Many studies have shown that MAIT cells have immunoprotective effects because they can bridge innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to bacterial clearance, tissue repair, and homeostasis maintenance. MAIT cells also participate in cytokine storm generation, tissue fibrosis, and cancer progression, indicating that they play a role in immunopathology. In this article, we review recent studies of MAIT cells, discuss their dual roles in bacterial infectious diseases and provide some promising MAIT cell-targeting strategies for the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Wu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Xiao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Tognarelli EI, Gutiérrez-Vera C, Palacios PA, Pasten-Ferrada IA, Aguirre-Muñoz F, Cornejo DA, González PA, Carreño LJ. Natural Killer T Cell Diversity and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5737. [PMID: 38136283 PMCID: PMC10742272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs), a type of unconventional T cells, share features with NK cells and have an invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes lipid antigens loaded on CD1d molecules, a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-like protein. This interaction produces the secretion of a wide array of cytokines by these cells, including interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), allowing iNKTs to link innate with adaptive responses. Interestingly, molecules that bind CD1d have been identified that enable the modulation of these cells, highlighting their potential pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive capacities, as required in different clinical settings. In this review, we summarize key features of iNKTs and current understandings of modulatory α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) variants, a model iNKT cell activator that can shift the outcome of adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, we discuss advances in the development of strategies that modulate these cells to target pathologies that are considerable healthcare burdens. Finally, we recapitulate findings supporting a role for iNKTs in infectious diseases and tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I. Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Cristián Gutiérrez-Vera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Palacios
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Ignacio A. Pasten-Ferrada
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Fernanda Aguirre-Muñoz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniel A. Cornejo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (C.G.-V.); (P.A.P.); (I.A.P.-F.); (F.A.-M.); (D.A.C.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Wei R, Han X, Li M, Ji Y, Zhang L, Christodoulou MI, Hameed Aga NJ, Zhang C, Gao R, Liu J, Fu J, Lu G, Xiao X, Liu X, Yang PC, McInnes IB, Sun Y, Gao P, Qin C, Huang SK, Zhou Y, Xu D. The nuclear cytokine IL-37a controls lethal cytokine storms primarily via IL-1R8-independent transcriptional upregulation of PPARγ. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1428-1444. [PMID: 37891333 PMCID: PMC10687103 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storms are crucial in the development of various inflammatory diseases, including sepsis and autoimmune disorders. The immunosuppressive cytokine INTERLEUKIN (IL)-37 consists of five isoforms (IL-37a-e). We identified IL-37a as a nuclear cytokine for the first time. Compared to IL-37b, IL-37a demonstrated greater efficacy in protecting against Toll-like receptor-induced cytokine hypersecretion and lethal endotoxic shock. The full-length (FL) form of IL-37a and the N-terminal fragment, which is processed by elastase, could translocate into cell nuclei through a distinctive nuclear localization sequence (NLS)/importin nuclear transport pathway. These forms exerted their regulatory effects independent of the IL-1R8 receptor by transcriptionally upregulating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ). This process involved the recruitment of the H3K4 methyltransferase complex WDR5/MLL4/C/EBPβ and H3K4me1/2 to the enhancer/promoter of Pparg. The receptor-independent regulatory pathway of the nuclear IL-37a-PPARγ axis and receptor-dependent signaling by secreted IL-37a maintain homeostasis and are potential therapeutic targets for various inflammatory diseases, including sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfei Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biom--acromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiao Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Maria-Ioanna Christodoulou
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Tumor Immunology and Biomarkers Laboratory, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center, Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, 2404, Cyprus
| | | | - Caiyan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ran Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Jinrong Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Xiao
- Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peisong Gao
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, China.
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- State-level Regional Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen (Xiamen Children's Hospital), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Xiamen, China.
| | - Damo Xu
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Wang X, Liang M, Song P, Guan W, Shen X. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in digestive tract: Local guardians or destroyers? Immunology 2023; 170:167-179. [PMID: 37132045 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are a class of innate-like T lymphocytes mainly presenting CD8+ phenotype with a semi-invariant αβ T-cell receptor, which specifically recognises MR1-presented biosynthetic derivatives of riboflavin synthesis produced by various types of microbiomes. As innate-like T lymphocytes, MAIT can be activated by a variety of cytokines, leading to immediate immune responses to infection and tumour cues. As an organ that communicates with the external environment, the digestive tract, especially the gastrointestinal tract, contains abundant microbial populations. Communication between MAIT and local microbiomes is important for the homeostasis of mucosal immunity. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests changes in the abundance and structure of the microbial community during inflammation and tumorigenesis plays a critical role in disease progress partly through their impact on MAIT development and function. Therefore, it is essential for the understanding of MAIT response and their interaction with microbiomes in the digestive tract. Here, we summarised MAIT characteristics in the digestive tract and its alteration facing inflammation and tumour, raising that targeting MAIT can be a candidate for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjie Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Tian L, Xu J, Chen C, Lin J, Ju L, Chen L, Zhang Y, Han X, Liu L. HLA-DR + mucosal-associated invariant T cells predict poor prognosis in patients with sepsis: A prospective observational study. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13286. [PMID: 37163215 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are important in antibacterial immune responses; however, during sepsis, they are few in number and exhibit highly activated phenotypes. The relationship between MAIT cells in peripheral blood and the prognosis of sepsis is not well understood. Thus, this study aimed to examine the levels and phenotypes of MAIT cells in early sepsis, evaluate their clinical relevance, and investigate their association with patient prognosis. This prospective observational study enrolled 72 septic patients defined according to the Sepsis 3.0 criteria and 21 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Their peripheral blood samples were used to assay the expression of immune activation (CD69 and HLA-DR) and immune checkpoint (PD-1 and PD-L1) markers on MAIT cells. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II, and sequential organ failure assessment scores were recorded. Subsequently, the association between MAIT cell characteristics and clinical indicators was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation analysis, and binary logistic regression analysis with a forward stepwise approach assessed independent risk factors for 28-day mortality. We noted a decrease in the percentage of MAIT cells in the patients' peripheral blood, which exhibited an activated phenotype. Besides, HLA-DR+ MAIT cell percentage and the APACHE II score were independently associated with the 28-day mortality and, in combination, were the best indicators of mortality. Thus, the percentage of HLA-DR+ MAIT cells in early sepsis serves as a novel prognostic biomarker for predicting mortality and improves the predictive capacity of the APACHE II score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Junxian Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Physical Examination Center, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinfeng Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Linling Ju
- Nantong Institute of Liver Disease, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Nantong Institute of Liver Disease, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, China
| | - Xudong Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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8
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Ambigapathy G, Mukundan S, Nagamoto-Combs K, Combs CK, Nookala S. HLA-II-Dependent Neuroimmune Changes in Group A Streptococcal Necrotizing Fasciitis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1000. [PMID: 37623960 PMCID: PMC10459635 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, GAS) bacteria cause a spectrum of human diseases ranging from self-limiting pharyngitis and mild, uncomplicated skin infections (impetigo, erysipelas, and cellulitis) to highly morbid and rapidly invasive, life-threatening infections such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis (NF). HLA class II allelic polymorphisms are linked with differential outcomes and severity of GAS infections. The dysregulated immune response and peripheral cytokine storm elicited due to invasive GAS infections increase the risk for toxic shock and multiple organ failure in genetically susceptible individuals. We hypothesized that, while the host immune mediators regulate the immune responses against peripheral GAS infections, these interactions may simultaneously trigger neuropathology and, in some cases, induce persistent alterations in the glial phenotypes. Here, we studied the consequences of peripheral GAS skin infection on the brain in an HLA-II transgenic mouse model of GAS NF with and without treatment with an antibiotic, clindamycin (CLN). Mice expressing the human HLA-II DR3 (DR3) or the HLA-II DR4 (DR4) allele were divided into three groups: (i) uninfected controls, (ii) subcutaneously infected with a clinical GAS strain isolated from a patient with GAS NF, and (iii) GAS-infected with CLN treatment (10 mg/kg/5 days, intraperitoneal). The groups were monitored for 15 days post-infection. Skin GAS burden and lesion area, splenic and hippocampal mRNA levels of inflammatory markers, and immunohistochemical changes in hippocampal GFAP and Iba-1 immunoreactivity were assessed. Skin GAS burden and hippocampal mRNA levels of the inflammatory markers S100A8/A9, IL-1β, IL-33, inflammasome-related caspase-1 (Casp1), and NLRP6 were elevated in infected DR3 but not DR4 mice. The levels of these markers were significantly reduced following CLN treatment in DR3 mice. Although GAS was not detectable in the brain, astrocyte (GFAP) and microglia (Iba-1) activation were evident from increased GFAP and Iba-1 mRNA levels in DR3 and DR4 mice. However, CLN treatment significantly reduced GFAP mRNA levels in DR3 mice, not DR4 mice. Our data suggest a skin-brain axis during GAS NF, demonstrating that peripherally induced pathological conditions regulate neuroimmune changes and gliotic events in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Suba Nookala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (G.A.); (S.M.); (K.N.-C.); (C.K.C.)
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Brouwer S, Rivera-Hernandez T, Curren BF, Harbison-Price N, De Oliveira DMP, Jespersen MG, Davies MR, Walker MJ. Pathogenesis, epidemiology and control of Group A Streptococcus infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:431-447. [PMID: 36894668 PMCID: PMC9998027 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is exquisitely adapted to the human host, resulting in asymptomatic infection, pharyngitis, pyoderma, scarlet fever or invasive diseases, with potential for triggering post-infection immune sequelae. GAS deploys a range of virulence determinants to allow colonization, dissemination within the host and transmission, disrupting both innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Fluctuating global GAS epidemiology is characterized by the emergence of new GAS clones, often associated with the acquisition of new virulence or antimicrobial determinants that are better adapted to the infection niche or averting host immunity. The recent identification of clinical GAS isolates with reduced penicillin sensitivity and increasing macrolide resistance threatens both frontline and penicillin-adjunctive antibiotic treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a GAS research and technology road map and has outlined preferred vaccine characteristics, stimulating renewed interest in the development of safe and effective GAS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bodie F Curren
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nichaela Harbison-Price
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M P De Oliveira
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magnus G Jespersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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10
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Driver JP. Die Kämpfe únd schláchten-the struggles and battles of innate-like effector T lymphocytes with microbes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117825. [PMID: 37168859 PMCID: PMC10165076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The large majority of lymphocytes belong to the adaptive immune system, which are made up of B2 B cells and the αβ T cells; these are the effectors in an adaptive immune response. A multitudinous group of lymphoid lineage cells does not fit the conventional lymphocyte paradigm; it is the unconventional lymphocytes. Unconventional lymphocytes-here called innate/innate-like lymphocytes, include those that express rearranged antigen receptor genes and those that do not. Even though the innate/innate-like lymphocytes express rearranged, adaptive antigen-specific receptors, they behave like innate immune cells, which allows them to integrate sensory signals from the innate immune system and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector responses. Here, we review natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells-two prototypic innate-like T lymphocytes, which sense their local environment and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector cells to actuate an appropriate host response that confers immunity to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Service, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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11
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Johnson AF, Sands JS, Trivedi KM, Russell R, LaRock DL, LaRock CN. Constitutive secretion of pro-IL-18 allows keratinocytes to initiate inflammation during bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011321. [PMID: 37068092 PMCID: PMC10138833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) is a professional human pathogen that commonly infects the skin. Keratinocytes are one of the first cells to contact GAS, and by inducing inflammation, they can initiate the earliest immune responses to pathogen invasion. Here, we characterized the proinflammatory cytokine repertoire produced by primary human keratinocytes and surrogate cell lines commonly used in vitro. Infection induces several cytokines and chemokines, but keratinocytes constitutively secrete IL-18 in a form that is inert (pro-IL-18) and lacks proinflammatory activity. Canonically, IL-18 activation and secretion are coupled through a single proteolytic event that is regulated intracellularly by the inflammasome protease caspase-1 in myeloid cells. The pool of extracellular pro-IL-18 generated by keratinocytes is poised to sense extracellular proteases. It is directly processed into a mature active form by SpeB, a secreted GAS protease that is a critical virulent factor during skin infection. This mechanism contributes to the proinflammatory response against GAS, resulting in T cell activation and the secretion of IFN-γ. Under these conditions, isolates of several other major bacterial pathogens and microbiota of the skin were found to not have significant IL-18-maturing ability. These results suggest keratinocyte-secreted IL-18 is a sentinel that sounds an early alarm that is highly sensitive to GAS, yet tolerant to non-invasive members of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders F Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jenna S Sands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Keya M Trivedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Raedeen Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Doris L LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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12
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Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang X, Tang K, Zhang C, Jia X, Hu H, Liu H, Li N, Zhuang R, Jin B, Ma Y, Zhang Y. HTNV infection induces activation and deficiency of CD8+MAIT cells in HFRS patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:1-14. [PMID: 36480318 PMCID: PMC9993462 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection causes an epidemic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) mainly in Asia. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes known to play an important role in innate host defense during virus infection. However, their roles and phenotypes during HTNV infection have not yet been explored. We characterized CD8+MAIT cells from HFRS patients based on scRNA-seq data combined with flow cytometry data. We showed that HTNV infection caused the loss and activation of CD8+MAIT cells in the peripheral blood, which were correlated with disease severity. The production of granzyme B and IFN-γ from CD8+MAIT cells and the limitation of HTNV replication in endothelia cells indicated the anti-viral property of CD8+MAIT cells. In addition, in vitro infection of MAIT cells by HTNV or HTNV-exposed monocytes showed that the activation of MAIT cells was IL-18 mediated. In conclusion, this study identified, for the first time, gene expression profiles of MAIT cells, provided underlying molecular mechanisms for activation of MAIT cells during HTNV infection, and suggested a potential anti-viral role of MAIT cells in HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an university, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yan’an university, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Kang Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | | | - Haifeng Hu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi’an 710038, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi΄an 710032, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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13
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Shepherd FR, Davies K, Miners KL, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Kollnberger S, Redman JE, Grant MM, Ladell K, Price DA, McLaren JE. The superantigens SpeC and TSST-1 specifically activate TRBV12-3/12-4 + memory T cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:78. [PMID: 36670205 PMCID: PMC9854414 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe bacterial or viral infections can induce a state of immune hyperactivation that can culminate in a potentially lethal cytokine storm. The classic example is toxic shock syndrome, a life-threatening complication of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes infection, which is driven by potent toxins known as superantigens (SAgs). SAgs are thought to promote immune evasion via the promiscuous activation of T cells, which subsequently become hyporesponsive, and act by cross-linking major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells to particular β-chain variable (TRBV) regions of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs). Although some of these interactions have been defined previously, our knowledge of SAg-responsive TRBV regions is incomplete. In this study, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing TRBV12-3/12-4+ TCRs were highly responsive to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). In particular, SpeC and TSST-1 specifically induced effector cytokine production and the upregulation of multiple coinhibitory receptors among TRBV12-3/12-4+ CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells, and importantly, these biological responses were dependent on human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR. Collectively, these data provided evidence of functionally determinative and therapeutically relevant interactions between SpeC and TSST-1 and CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells expressing TRBV12-3/12-4+ TCRs, mediated via HLA-DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya R. Shepherd
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Davies
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly L. Miners
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Kollnberger
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E. Redman
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Melissa M. Grant
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A. Price
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK ,grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E. McLaren
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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14
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Abstract
Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells (MAIT) exert potent antimicrobial activity through direct recognition of metabolite-MR1 complexes and indirect activation by inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, via licensing of antigen presenting cells, MAIT cells orchestrate humoral and cellular adaptive immunity. Our recent understanding of molecular mechanisms of MAIT cell activation, and of the signals required to differentiate them in polarised subsets, pave the way for harnessing their functionality through small molecules or adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- Immunocore LTD, 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, United Kingdom.
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15
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Fresnay S, Magder L, Darton TC, Waddington CS, Blohmke CJ, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ, Sztein MB. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cells exhibit distinct functional signatures associated with protection against typhoid fever. Cell Immunol 2022; 378:104572. [PMID: 35772315 PMCID: PMC9377420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
First demonstration of cytokine-secreting MAIT cell kinetics after human challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. MAIT cell's functional signatures and association with typhoid fever protection. Predictive value of MAIT cell cytokine pattern. Lack of association between the number of cytokines expressed by MAIT cells and prevention against typhoid fever.
We have previously demonstrated that Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells secrete multiple cytokines after exposure to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever in humans. However, whether cytokine secreting MAIT cells can enhance or attenuate the clinical severity of bacterial infections remain debatable. This study characterizes human MAIT cell functions in subjects participating in a wild-type S. Typhi human challenge model. Here, we found that MAIT cells exhibit distinct functional signatures associated with protection against typhoid fever. We also observed that the cytokine patterns of MAIT cell responses, rather than the average number of cytokines expressed, are more predictive of typhoid fever outcomes. These results might enable us to objectively, based on functional parameters, identify cytokine patterns that may serve as predictive biomarkers during natural infection and vaccination.
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16
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Su B, Kong D, Yang X, Zhang T, Kuang YQ. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells: a cryptic coordinator in HIV-infected immune reconstitution. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3043-3053. [PMID: 35243649 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has largely transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic condition, approximately 10%~40% of HIV-infected individuals who receive effective ART and sustain long-term viral suppression still cannot achieve optimal immune reconstitution. These patients are called immunological non-responders, a state associated with poor clinical prognosis. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an evolutionarily conserved unconventional T cell subset defined by expression of semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes metabolites derived from the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related protein-1 (MR1). MAIT cells, which are considered to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, produce a wide range of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules upon activation through TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms, which is of major importance in defense against a variety of pathogens. In addition, MAIT cells are involved in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. The number of MAIT cells is dramatically and irreversibly decreased in the early stage of HIV infection and is not fully restored even after long-term suppressive ART. In light of the important role of MAIT cells in mucosal immunity and because microbial translocation is inversely associated with CD4+ T cell counts, we propose that MAIT cells participate in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and microbial homeostasis, thus further affecting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected individuals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Deshenyue Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
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17
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Morales-Mantilla DE, Kain B, Le D, Flores AR, Paust S, King KY. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells improve survival from sepsis by boosting immunomodulatory cells. eLife 2022; 11:74561. [PMID: 35166205 PMCID: PMC8846591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies to reduce sepsis-related mortality are urgently needed, as sepsis accounts for one in five deaths worldwide. Since hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are responsible for producing blood and immune cells, including in response to immunological stress, we explored their potential for treating sepsis. In a mouse model of Group A Streptococcus (GAS)-induced sepsis, severe immunological stress was associated with significant depletion of bone marrow HSPCs and mortality within approximately 5–7 days. We hypothesized that the inflammatory environment of GAS infection drives rapid HSPC differentiation and depletion that can be rescued by infusion of donor HSPCs. Indeed, infusion of 10,000 naïve HSPCs into GAS-infected mice resulted in rapid myelopoiesis and a 50–60% increase in overall survival. Surprisingly, mice receiving donor HSPCs displayed a similar pathogen load compared to untreated mice. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a significantly increased number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in HSPC-infused mice, which correlated with reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and restored HSPC levels. These findings suggest that HSPCs play an essential immunomodulatory role that may translate into new therapeutic strategies for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Morales-Mantilla
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Bailee Kain
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Duy Le
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Anthony R Flores
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UTHSC/McGovern Medical School, Houston, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Katherine Y King
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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18
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Anderson J, Imran S, Frost HR, Azzopardi KI, Jalali S, Novakovic B, Osowicki J, Steer AC, Licciardi PV, Pellicci DG. Immune signature of acute pharyngitis in a Streptococcus pyogenes human challenge trial. Nat Commun 2022; 13:769. [PMID: 35140232 PMCID: PMC8828729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes at least 750 million infections and more than 500,000 deaths each year. No vaccine is currently available for S. pyogenes and the use of human challenge models offer unique and exciting opportunities to interrogate the immune response to infectious diseases. Here, we use high-dimensional flow cytometric analysis and multiplex cytokine and chemokine assays to study serial blood and saliva samples collected during the early immune response in human participants following challenge with S. pyogenes. We find an immune signature of experimental human pharyngitis characterised by: 1) elevation of serum IL-1Ra, IL-6, IFN-γ, IP-10 and IL-18; 2) increases in peripheral blood innate dendritic cell and monocyte populations; 3) reduced circulation of B cells and CD4+ T cell subsets (Th1, Th17, Treg, TFH) during the acute phase; and 4) activation of unconventional T cell subsets, γδTCR + Vδ2+ T cells and MAIT cells. These findings demonstrate that S. pyogenes infection generates a robust early immune response, which may be important for host protection. Together, these data will help advance research to establish correlates of immune protection and focus the evaluation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samira Imran
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hannah R Frost
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Sedigheh Jalali
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joshua Osowicki
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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19
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Marquardt I, Jakob J, Scheibel J, Hofmann JD, Klawonn F, Neumann-Schaal M, Gerhard R, Bruder D, Jänsch L. Clostridioides difficile Toxin CDT Induces Cytotoxic Responses in Human Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:752549. [PMID: 34992584 PMCID: PMC8727052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis (CDAC) with increasing prevalence in morbidity and mortality. Severity of CDAC has been attributed to hypervirulent C. difficile strains, which in addition to toxin A and B (TcdA, TcdB) produce the binary toxin C. difficile transferase (CDT). However, the link between these toxins and host immune responses as potential drivers of immunopathology are still incompletely understood. Here, we provide first experimental evidence that C. difficile toxins efficiently activate human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Among the tested toxins, CDT and more specifically, the substrate binding and pore-forming subunit CDTb provoked significant MAIT cell activation resulting in selective MAIT cell degranulation of the lytic granule components perforin and granzyme B. CDT-induced MAIT cell responses required accessory immune cells, and we suggest monocytes as a potential CDT target cell population. Within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction, we found increased IL-18 levels following CDT stimulation and MAIT cell response was indeed partly dependent on this cytokine. Surprisingly, CDT-induced MAIT cell activation was found to be partially MR1-dependent, although bacterial-derived metabolite antigens were absent. However, the role of antigen presentation in this process was not analyzed here and needs to be validated in future studies. Thus, MR1-dependent induction of MAIT cell cytotoxicity might be instrumental for hypervirulent C. difficile to overcome cellular barriers and may contribute to pathophysiology of CDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marquardt
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Josefine Jakob
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jessica Scheibel
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Danielle Hofmann
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Metabolomics, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Farah N, Chin VK, Chong PP, Lim WF, Lim CW, Basir R, Chang SK, Lee TY. Riboflavin as a promising antimicrobial agent? A multi-perspective review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100111. [PMID: 35199072 PMCID: PMC8848291 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin demonstrates antioxidant and photosensitizing properties. Riboflavin is able to induce ROS and modulate immune response. Riboflavin possesses potent antimicrobial activity when used alone or combined with other anti-infectives. The riboflavin biosynthesis pathway serves as an ideal drug target against microbes. UVA combination with riboflavin exhibits remarkable antimicrobial effects.
Riboflavin, or more commonly known as vitamin B2, forms part of the component of vitamin B complex. Riboflavin consisting of two important cofactors, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are involved in multiple oxidative-reduction processes and energy metabolism. Besides maintaining human health, different sources reported that riboflavin can inhibit or inactivate the growth of different pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, highlighting the possible role of riboflavin as an antimicrobial agent. Moreover, riboflavin and flavins could produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to light, inducing oxidative damage in cells and tissues, and thus are excellent natural photosensitizers. Several studies have illustrated the therapeutic efficacy of photoactivated riboflavin against nosocomial infections and multidrug resistant bacterial infections as well as microbial associated biofilm infections, revealing the potential role of riboflavin as a promising antimicrobial candidate, which could serve as one of the alternatives in fighting the global crisis of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance seen in different pathogenic microbes. Riboflavin could also be involved in modulating host immune responses, which might increase the pathogen clearance from host cells and increase host defense against microbial infections. Thus, the dual effects of riboflavin on both pathogens and host immunity, reflected by its potent bactericidal effect and alleviation of inflammation in host cells further imply that riboflavin could be a potential candidate for therapeutic intervention in resolving microbial infections. Hence, this review aimed to provide some insights on the promising role of riboflavin as an antimicrobial candidate and also a host immune-modulator from a multi-perspective view as well as to discuss the application and challenges on using riboflavin in photodynamic therapy against various pathogens and microbial biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuratiqah Farah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Voon Kin Chin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, No 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wai Feng Lim
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Woei Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Horticulture, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture. South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Tze Yan Lee
- Perdana University School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology (PUScLST), Suite 9.2, 9th Floor, Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan, Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
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21
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Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) is a globally disseminated and human-adapted bacterial pathogen that causes a wide range of infections, including scarlet fever. Scarlet fever is a toxin-mediated disease characterized by the formation of an erythematous, sandpaper-like rash that typically occurs in children aged 5 to 15. This infectious disease is caused by toxins called superantigens, a family of highly potent immunomodulators. Although scarlet fever had largely declined in both prevalence and severity since the late 19th century, outbreaks have now reemerged in multiple geographical regions over the past decade. Here, we review recent findings that address the role of superantigens in promoting a fitness advantage for S. pyogenes within human populations and discuss how superantigens may be suitable targets for vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn R. Hurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (MJW); (JKM)
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (MJW); (JKM)
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22
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Wilde S, Johnson AF, LaRock CN. Playing With Fire: Proinflammatory Virulence Mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:704099. [PMID: 34295841 PMCID: PMC8290871 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.704099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus is an obligate human pathogen that is a major cause of infectious morbidity and mortality. It has a natural tropism for the oropharynx and skin, where it causes infections with excessive inflammation due to its expression of proinflammatory toxins and other virulence factors. Inflammation directly contributes to the severity of invasive infections, toxic shock syndrome, and the induction of severe post-infection autoimmune disease caused by autoreactive antibodies. This review discusses what is known about how the virulence factors of Group A Streptococcus induce inflammation and how this inflammation can promote disease. Understanding of streptococcal pathogenesis and the role of hyper-immune activation during infection may provide new therapeutic targets to treat the often-fatal outcome of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyra Wilde
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anders F Johnson
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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23
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Chen F, Han J, Tang B. Patterns of Immune Infiltration and the Key Immune-Related Genes in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection in Bioinformatics Analyses. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2857-2869. [PMID: 34211294 PMCID: PMC8242140 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s317405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune-inflammatory mechanisms contribute greatly to the complex process leading to type A aortic dissection (TAAD). This study aims to explore immune infiltration and key immune-related genes in acute TAAD. Methods ImmuCellAI algorithm was applied to analyze patterns of immune infiltration in TAAD samples and normal aortic vessel samples in the GSE153434 dataset. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Immune-related genes were obtained from overlapping DEGs of GSE153434 and immune genes of the ImmPort database. The hub genes were obtained based on the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The hub genes in TAAD were validated in the GSE52093 dataset. The correlation between the key immune-related genes and infiltrating immune cells was further analyzed. Results In the study, the abundance of macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer T cells (NKT cells), natural regulatory T cells (nTreg), T-helper 17 cells (Th17 cells) and monocytes was increased in TAAD samples, whereas that of dendritic cells (DCs), CD4 T cells, central memory T cells (Tcm), mucosa associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) and B cells was decreased. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were identified and validated in the GSE52093 dataset as the key immune-related genes. Furthermore, IL-6, CCL2 and HGF were correlated with different types of immune cells. Conclusion In conclusion, several immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, NKT cells, and nTreg may be involved in the development of TAAD. IL-6, CCL2 and HGF were identified and validated as the key immune-related genes of TAAD via bioinformatics analyses. The key immune cells and immune-related genes have the potential to be developed as targets of prevention and immunotherapy for patients with TAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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24
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Mata Forsberg M, Arasa C, van Zwol W, Uzunçayir S, Schönbichler A, Regenthal P, Schelin J, Lindkvist-Petersson K, Björkander S, Sverremark-Ekström E. Activation of human γδ T cells and NK cells by Staphylococcal enterotoxins requires both monocytes and conventional T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:597-609. [PMID: 34114693 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a1020-630rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) pose a great threat to human health due to their ability to bypass antigen presentation and activate large amounts of conventional T cells resulting in a cytokine storm potentially leading to toxic shock syndrome. Unconventional T- and NK cells are also activated by SE but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, the authors aimed to explore the underlying mechanism behind SE-mediated activation of MAIT-, γδ T-, and NK cells in vitro. CBMC or PBMC were stimulated with the toxins SEA, SEH, and TSST-1, and cytokine and cytotoxic responses were analyzed with ELISA and flow cytometry. All toxins induced a broad range of cytokines, perforin and granzyme B, although SEH was not as potent as SEA and TSST-1. SE-induced IFN-γ expression in MAIT-, γδ T-, and NK cells was clearly reduced by neutralization of IL-12, while cytotoxic compounds were not affected at all. Kinetic assays showed that unconventional T cell and NK cell-responses are secondary to the response in conventional T cells. Furthermore, co-cultures of isolated cell populations revealed that the ability of SEA to activate γδ T- and NK cells was fully dependent on the presence of both monocytes and αβ T cells. Lastly, it was found that SE provoked a reduced and delayed cytokine response in infants, particularly within the unconventional T and NK cell populations. This study provides novel insights regarding the activation of unconventional T- and NK cells by SE, which contribute to understanding the vulnerability of young children towards Staphylococcus aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mata Forsberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Arasa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Willemien van Zwol
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sibel Uzunçayir
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Schönbichler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulina Regenthal
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Howson LJ, Li J, von Borstel A, Barugahare A, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Turner SJ, Davey MS, Rossjohn J. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Effector Function Is an Intrinsic Cell Property That Can Be Augmented by the Metabolic Cofactor α-Ketoglutarate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1425-1435. [PMID: 33597151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like population of unconventional T cells that respond rapidly to microbial metabolite Ags or cytokine stimulation. Because of this reactivity and surface expression of CD45RO+, CD45RA-, and CD127+, they are described as effector memory cells. Yet, there is heterogeneity in MAIT cell effector response. It is unclear what factors control MAIT cell effector capacity, whether it is fixed or can be modified and if this differs based on whether activation is TCR dependent or independent. To address this, we have taken a systematic approach to examine human MAIT cell effector capacity across healthy individuals in response to ligand and cytokine stimulation. We demonstrate the heterogenous nature of MAIT cell effector capacity and that the ability to produce an effector response is not directly attributable to TCR clonotype or coreceptor expression. Global gene transcription analysis revealed that the MAIT cell effector capacity produced in response to TCR stimulation is associated with increased expression of the epigenetic regulator lysine demethylase 6B (KDM6B). Addition of a KDM6B inhibitor did not alter MAIT cell effector function to Ag or cytokine stimulation. However, addition of the KDM6B cofactor α-ketoglutarate greatly enhanced MAIT cell effector capacity to TCR-dependent stimulation in a partially KDM6B-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that the TCR-dependent effector response of MAIT cells is epigenetically regulated and dependent on the availability of metabolic cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Howson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Jasmine Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Adele Barugahare
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin S Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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26
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Maleki KT, Tauriainen J, García M, Kerkman PF, Christ W, Dias J, Wigren Byström J, Leeansyah E, Forsell MN, Ljunggren HG, Ahlm C, Björkström NK, Sandberg JK, Klingström J. MAIT cell activation is associated with disease severity markers in acute hantavirus infection. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100220. [PMID: 33763658 PMCID: PMC7974553 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are zoonotic RNA viruses that cause severe acute disease in humans. Infected individuals have strong inflammatory responses that likely cause immunopathology. Here, we studied the response of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in peripheral blood of individuals with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Puumala orthohantavirus, a hantavirus endemic in Europe. We show that MAIT cell levels decrease in the blood during HFRS and that residual MAIT cells are highly activated. This activation correlates with HFRS severity markers. In vitro activation of MAIT cells by hantavirus-exposed antigen-presenting cells is dependent on type I interferons (IFNs) and independent of interleukin-18 (IL-18). These findings highlight the role of type I IFNs in virus-driven MAIT cell activation and suggest a potential role of MAIT cells in the disease pathogenesis of viral infections. MAIT cells are activated in individuals with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) MAIT cell activation correlates with HFRS severity markers during hantavirus infection MAIT cell blood levels decline during acute HFRS Hantavirus-mediated MAIT cell activation is type I IFN dependent
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia T Maleki
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Tauriainen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina García
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Priscilla F Kerkman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection & Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wanda Christ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joana Dias
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Wigren Byström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection & Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mattias N Forsell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection & Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection & Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Ozkaya M, Baykan A, Cakir M, Vural C, Sunkak S, Unal E, Eken A. The number and activity of CD3 +TCR Vα7.2 +CD161 + cells are increased in children with acute rheumatic fever. Int J Cardiol 2021; 333:174-183. [PMID: 33631279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an autoimmune disease caused by group A β-hemolytic streptococci (GAS) and may develop into rheumatic heart disease (RHD). The pathogenesis of ARF and RHD involves molecular mimicry and antibody-mediated mechanisms. T cell involvement is described in various stages of the disease. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched at the mucosa and are present in the blood and may be activated by GAS. METHODS In this study, we investigated the quantity and activity of CD3+TCRVα7.2+CD161+ cells in the active and recovered ARF patients and healthy controls. Twenty newly diagnosed, 20 recovered-ARF children, and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Paque density gradient. CD4+, CD4- subsets of CD3+CD161+TCRVα7.2+ cells and IFN-γ and TNF-α production were quantified by Flow cytometry. RESULTS Acute and recovered ARF patients had significantly elevated the number of CD3+TCRVα7.2+CD161+ cells in their PB. Both CD4+ and CD4- subsets were increased. Moreover, total CD3+TCRVα7.2+CD161+ cell numbers were significantly higher in the recovered patients' PB compared with active ARF patients. In addition, CD3+TCRVα7.2+CD161+ cells in both acute and recovered patients produced significantly more IFN-γ and TNF-α. Non-MAIT total CD3+ T cell, CD4+ and CD4- T cell subsets were also increased in active and recovered ARF patients and they also produced more IFN-γ and TNF-α. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that CD3+TCRVα7.2+CD161+ cells are elevated and actively producing IFN-γ and TNF-α in acute and recovered ARF patients and may contribute to ARF pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ozkaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Baykan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Cakir
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University School of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Cagdas Vural
- Department of Pediatrics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sunkak
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Unal
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Eken
- Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
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28
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Siemens N, Snäll J, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1294:127-150. [PMID: 33079367 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are severe life-threatening and rapidly progressing infections. Beta-hemolytic streptococci, particularly S. pyogenes (group A streptococci (GAS)) but also S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE, most group G and C streptococcus), are the main causative agents of monomicrobial NSTIs and certain types, such as emm1 and emm3, are over-represented in NSTI cases. An arsenal of bacterial virulence factors contribute to disease pathogenesis, which is a complex and multifactorial process. In this chapter, we summarize data that have provided mechanistic and immuno-pathologic insight into host-pathogens interactions that contribute to tissue pathology in streptococcal NSTIs. The role of streptococcal surface associated and secreted factors contributing to the hyper-inflammatory state and immune evasion, bacterial load in the tissue and persistence strategies, including intracellular survival and biofilm formation, as well as strategies to mimic NSTIs in vitro are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Johanna Snäll
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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29
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Emerging Role for MAIT Cells in Control of Antimicrobial Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:504-516. [PMID: 33353796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to global public health as antibiotics are losing effectiveness due to rapid development of resistance. The human immune system facilitates control and clearance of resistant bacterial populations during the course of antimicrobial therapy. Here we review current knowledge of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, an arm of the immune system on the border between innate and adaptive, and their critical place in human antibacterial immunity. We propose that MAIT cells play important roles against antimicrobial-resistant infections through their capacity to directly clear multidrug-resistant bacteria and overcome mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we discuss outstanding questions pertinent to the possible advancement of host-directed therapy as an alternative intervention strategy for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
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30
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Parrot T, Gorin JB, Ponzetta A, Maleki KT, Kammann T, Emgård J, Perez-Potti A, Sekine T, Rivera-Ballesteros O, Gredmark-Russ S, Rooyackers O, Folkesson E, Eriksson LI, Norrby-Teglund A, Ljunggren HG, Björkström NK, Aleman S, Buggert M, Klingström J, Strålin K, Sandberg JK. MAIT cell activation and dynamics associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabe1670. [PMID: 32989174 PMCID: PMC7857393 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by excessive inflammation of the lower airways. The balance of protective versus pathological immune responses in COVID-19 is incompletely understood. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are antimicrobial T cells that recognize bacterial metabolites, and can also function as innate-like sensors and mediators of antiviral responses. Here, we investigated the MAIT cell compartment in COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe disease, as well as in convalescence. We show profound and preferential decline in MAIT cells in the circulation of patients with active disease paired with strong activation. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses indicated significant MAIT cell enrichment and pro-inflammatory IL-17A bias in the airways. Unsupervised analysis identified MAIT cell CD69high and CXCR3low immunotypes associated with poor clinical outcome. MAIT cell levels normalized in the convalescent phase, consistent with dynamic recruitment to the tissues and later release back into the circulation when disease is resolved. These findings indicate that MAIT cells are engaged in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and suggest their possible involvement in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Parrot
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Baptiste Gorin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kimia T Maleki
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Kammann
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Emgård
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André Perez-Potti
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Rivera-Ballesteros
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Department of Clinical Interventions and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Folkesson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Corbett AJ, Awad W, Wang H, Chen Z. Antigen Recognition by MR1-Reactive T Cells; MAIT Cells, Metabolites, and Remaining Mysteries. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32973800 PMCID: PMC7482426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize vitamin B-based antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I related-1 molecule (MR1). Both MAIT T cell receptors (TCR) and MR1 are highly conserved among mammals, suggesting an important, and conserved, immune function. For many years, the antigens they recognize were unknown. The discovery that MR1 presents vitamin B-based small molecule ligands resulted in a rapid expansion of research in this area, which has yielded information on the role of MAIT cells in immune protection, autoimmune disease and recently in homeostasis and cancer. More recently, we have begun to appreciate the diverse nature of the small molecule ligands that can bind MR1, with several less potent antigens and small molecule drugs that can bind MR1 being identified. Complementary structural information has revealed the complex nature of interactions defining antigen recognition. Additionally, we now view MAIT cells (defined here as MR1-riboflavin-Ag reactive, TRAV1-2+ cells) as one subset of a broader family of MR1-reactive T cells (MR1T cells). Despite these advances, we still lack a complete understanding of how MR1 ligands are generated, presented and recognized in vivo. The biological relevance of these MR1 ligands and the function of MR1T cells in infection and disease warrants further investigation with new tools and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176144. [PMID: 32858901 PMCID: PMC7504484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T cells, along with unconventional αβ or γδ T cells, respond to bacterial antigens to orchestrate persisting protective immune responses and generate immunological memory. Research in the past ten years accelerated our knowledge of how T cells recognize bacterial antigens and how many bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to evade host antimicrobial immune responses. Such escape mechanisms act to corrupt the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, potentially tipping the balance of host immune responses toward pathological rather than protective. This review examines the latest developments in our knowledge of how T cell immunity responds to bacterial pathogens and evaluates some of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade such T cell immunosurveillance, to promote virulence and survival in the host.
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Ioannidis M, Cerundolo V, Salio M. The Immune Modulating Properties of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1556. [PMID: 32903532 PMCID: PMC7438542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing microbial vitamin B metabolites presented by the highly conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I like molecule, MR1. The vitamin B metabolites are produced by several commensal and pathogenic bacteria and yeast, but not viruses. Nevertheless, viral infections can trigger MAIT cell activation in a TCR-independent manner, through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). MAIT cells belong to the innate like T family of cells with a memory phenotype, which allows them to rapidly release Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and in some circumstances Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10, exerting an immunomodulatory role on the ensuing immune response, akin to iNKT cells and γδ T cells. Recent studies implicate MAIT cells in a variety of inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and in cancer. In addition, through the analysis of the transcriptome of MAIT cells activated in different experimental conditions, an important function in tissue repair and control of immune homeostasis has emerged, shared with other innate-like T cells. In this review, we discuss these recent findings, focussing on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning MAIT cell activation and effector function in health and disease, which ultimately will aid in clinically harnessing this unique, not donor-restricted cell subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Ioannidis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lückel C, Picard FSR, Huber M. Tc17 biology and function: Novel concepts. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1257-1267. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lückel
- Institute for ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Felix. S. R. Picard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneUniversity of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneUniversity of Marburg Marburg Germany
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Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are striking in their abundance and their strict conservation across 150 million years of mammalian evolution, implying they must fulfill critical immunological function(s). MAIT cells are defined by their expression of a semi-invariant αβ TCR which recognizes biosynthetic derivatives of riboflavin synthesis presented on MR1. Initial studies focused on their role in detecting predominantly intracellular bacterial and mycobacterial infections. However, it is now recognized that there are several modes of MAIT cell activation and these are related to activation of distinct transcriptional programmes, each associated with distinct functional roles. In this minireview, we summarize current knowledge from human and animal studies of MAIT cell activation induced (1) in an MR1-TCR dependent manner in the context of inflammatory danger signals and associated with antibacterial host defense; (2) in an MR1-TCR independent manner by the cytokines interleukin(IL)-12/-15/-18 and type I interferon, which is associated with antiviral responses; and (3) a recently-described TCR-dependent “tissue repair” programme which is associated with accelerated wound healing in the context of commensal microbiota. Because of this capability for diverse functional responses in diverse immunological contexts, these intriguing cells now appear to be multifunctional effectors central to the interface of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S C Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Xia-Wei Zhang
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Madsen MB, Bergsten H, Norrby-Teglund A. Treatment of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: IVIG. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1294:105-125. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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