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Liu J, Lu L, Song H, Liu S, Liu G, Lou B, Shi W. Effects of triclosan on lipid metabolism and underlying mechanisms in the cyprinid fish Squalidus argentatus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175627. [PMID: 39168348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of the disinfectant triclosan (TCS) has raised global concerns regarding its potential threat to aquatic organisms. However, the effects of TCS on lipid metabolism in fish and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of environmentally relevant levels of TCS on the lipid metabolism in the cyprinid fish Squalidus argentatus. Our results showed that the lipid metabolism in the cyprinid fish S. argentatus was perturbed by 28-day exposure to TCS, as evidenced by higher levels of lipid accumulation in both the liver and blood. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying toxicity, we evaluated oxidative stress, inflammatory status, and lipase activity in the liver. Our findings indicated increased ROS-specific fluorescence intensity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the livers of S. argentatus exposed to TCS, suggesting oxidative damage. Additionally, TCS treatment induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the liver of S. argentatus exposed to TCS, which suppressed hepatic lipase activity. Intestinal tissue morphology, inflammation, and blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels were also examined. Significant increases in goblet cell count and MDA levels were observed in the intestinal tract. After 28 days of TCS exposure, the serum LPS levels were significantly elevated. 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted to analyze the effects of TCS on the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to reveal global molecular alterations following TCS exposure. In conclusion, our results indicate that TCS may disrupt the lipid metabolism in S. argentatus by (i) inducing hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation, which suppress lipoprotein lipase activity, (ii) affecting the production of beneficial metabolites and endotoxins by dysregulating gut microbiota composition, and (iii) altering the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzheng Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Liu J, Xu F, Guo M, Song Y. Triclosan exposure causes abnormal bile acid metabolism through IL-1β-NF-κB-Fxr signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:116989. [PMID: 39260212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an eminent antibacterial agent. However, extensive usage causes potential health risks like hepatotoxicity, intestinal damage, kidney injury, etc. Existing studies suggested that TCS would disrupt bile acid (BA) enterohepatic circulation, but its toxic mechanism remains unclear. Hence, the current study established an 8-week TCS exposure model to explore its potential toxic mechanism. The results discovered 8 weeks consecutive administration of TCS induced distinct programmed cell death, inflammatory cell activation and recruitment, and excessive BA accumulation in liver. Furthermore, the expression of BA synthesis and transport associated genes were significantly dysregulated upon TCS treatment. Additional mechanism exploration revealed that Fxr inhibition induced by TCS would be the leading cause for unusual BA biosynthesis and transport. Subsequent Fxr up-stream investigation uncovered TCS exposure caused pyroptosis and its associated IL-1β would be the reason for Fxr reduction mediated by NF-κB. NF-κB blocking by dimethylaminoparthenolide ameliorated TCS induced BA disorder which confirmed the contribution of NF-κB in Fxr repression. To sum up, our findings conclud TCS-caused BA disorder is attributed to Fxr inhibition, which is regulated by the IL-1β-NF-κB signaling pathway. Hence, we suggest Fxr would be a potential target for abnormal BA stimulated by TCS and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fang Xu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mingzhu Guo
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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3
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Yamazaki M, Yamada H, Munetsuna E, Ando Y, Mizuno G, Teshigawara A, Ichikawa H, Nouchi Y, Kageyama I, Wakasugi T, Ishikawa H, Ohgami N, Suzuki K, Ohashi K. Approaches to nutritional research using organoids; fructose treatment induces epigenetic changes in liver organoids. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 131:109671. [PMID: 38768870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nutritional researches have successfully used animal models to gain new insights into nutrient action. However, comprehensive descriptions of their molecular mechanisms of action remain elusive as appropriate in vitro evaluation systems are lacking. Organoid models can mimic physiological structures and reproduce in vivo functions, making them increasingly utilized in biomedical research for a better understand physiological and pathological phenomena. Therefore, organoid modeling can be a powerful approach for to understand the molecular mechanisms of nutrient action. The present study aims to demonstrate the utility of organoids in nutritional research by further investigating the molecular mechanisms responsible for the negative effects of fructose intake using liver organoids. Here, we treated liver organoids with fructose and analyzed their gene expression profiles and DNA methylation levels. Microarray analysis demonstrated that fructose-treated organoids exhibited increased selenoprotein p (Sepp1) gene expression, whereas pyrosequencing assays revealed reduced DNA methylation levels in the Sepp1 region. These results were consistent with observations using hepatic tissues from fructose-fed rats. Conversely, no differences in Sepp1 mRNA and DNA methylation levels were observed in two-dimensional cells. These results suggest that organoids serve as an ideal in vitro model to recapitulate in vivo tissue responses and help to validate the molecular mechanisms of nutrient action compared to conventional cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirai Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan; Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Yamada
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
| | - Eiji Munetsuna
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ando
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Genki Mizuno
- Department of Medical Technology, Tokyo University of Technology School of Health Sciences, Ota, Japan
| | - Atsushi Teshigawara
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan; Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hayato Ichikawa
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yuki Nouchi
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan; Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Itsuki Kageyama
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan; Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takuya Wakasugi
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Ohgami
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koji Ohashi
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
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Ozcagli E, Kubickova B, Jacobs MN. Addressing chemically-induced obesogenic metabolic disruption: selection of chemicals for in vitro human PPARα, PPARγ transactivation, and adipogenesis test methods. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1401120. [PMID: 39040675 PMCID: PMC11260640 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1401120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Whilst western diet and sedentary lifestyles heavily contribute to the global obesity epidemic, it is likely that chemical exposure may also contribute. A substantial body of literature implicates a variety of suspected environmental chemicals in metabolic disruption and obesogenic mechanisms. Chemically induced obesogenic metabolic disruption is not yet considered in regulatory testing paradigms or regulations, but this is an internationally recognised human health regulatory development need. An early step in the development of relevant regulatory test methods is to derive appropriate minimum chemical selection lists for the target endpoint and its key mechanisms, such that the test method can be suitably optimised and validated. Independently collated and reviewed reference and proficiency chemicals relevant for the regulatory chemical universe that they are intended to serve, assist regulatory test method development and validation, particularly in relation to the OECD Test Guidelines Programme. To address obesogenic mechanisms and modes of action for chemical hazard assessment, key initiating mechanisms include molecular-level Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) α and γ agonism and the tissue/organ-level key event of perturbation of the adipogenesis process that may lead to excess white adipose tissue. Here we present a critical literature review, analysis and evaluation of chemicals suitable for the development, optimisation and validation of human PPARα and PPARγ agonism and human white adipose tissue adipogenesis test methods. The chemical lists have been derived with consideration of essential criteria needed for understanding the strengths and limitations of the test methods. With a weight of evidence approach, this has been combined with practical and applied aspects required for the integration and combination of relevant candidate test methods into test batteries, as part of an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment for metabolic disruption. The proposed proficiency and reference chemical list includes a long list of negatives and positives (20 chemicals for PPARα, 21 for PPARγ, and 11 for adipogenesis) from which a (pre-)validation proficiency chemicals list has been derived.
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5
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Weber AA, Yang X, Mennillo E, Wong S, Le S, Ashley Teo JY, Chang M, Benner CW, Ding J, Jain M, Chen S, Karin M, Tukey RH. Triclosan administration to humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 neonatal mice induces UGT1A1 through a dependence on PPARα and ATF4. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107340. [PMID: 38705390 PMCID: PMC11152660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial toxicant found in a myriad of consumer products and has been detected in human tissues, including breastmilk. We have evaluated the impact of lactational TCS on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) expression and bilirubin metabolism in humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) neonatal mice. In hUGT1 mice, expression of the hepatic UGT1A1 gene is developmentally delayed resulting in elevated total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels. We found that newborn hUGT1 mice breastfed or orally treated with TCS presented lower TSB levels along with induction of hepatic UGT1A1. Lactational and oral treatment by gavage with TCS leads to the activation of hepatic nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and stress sensor, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). When CAR-deficient hUGT1 mice (hUGT1/Car-/-) were treated with TCS, TSB levels were reduced with a robust induction of hepatic UGT1A1, leaving us to conclude that CAR is not tied to UGT1A1 induction. Alternatively, when PPARα-deficient hUGT1 mice (hUGT1/Pparα-/-) were treated with TCS, hepatic UGT1A1 was not induced. Additionally, we had previously demonstrated that TCS is a potent inducer of ATF4, a transcriptional factor linked to the integrated stress response. When ATF4 was deleted in liver of hUGT1 mice (hUGT1/Atf4ΔHep) and these mice treated with TCS, we observed superinduction of hepatic UGT1A1. Oxidative stress genes in livers of hUGT1/Atf4ΔHep treated with TCS were increased, suggesting that ATF4 protects liver from excessive oxidative stress. The increase oxidative stress may be associated with superinduction of UGT1A1. The expression of ATF4 in neonatal hUGT1 hepatic tissue may play a role in the developmental repression of UGT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Weber
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samantha Wong
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Le
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jia Ying Ashley Teo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Max Chang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher W Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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6
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Peng Y, Cui H, Shu C, Wei Z, Ni X, Liu J. Triclosan induces liver injury in long-life exposed mice via activation of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116115. [PMID: 38377781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used synthetic, with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties found in both pharmaceuticals and personal care products. More specifically, it is hepatotoxic in rodents and exhibits differential effects in mice and humans. However, the mechanisms underlying TCS-induced liver toxicity have not been elucidated. This study examined the role of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/ nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/ nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway in TCS-exposed liver toxicity by established a long-life TCS-exposed mice liver injury model. The 24 C57BL/6 pregnant mice exposed to TCS (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg) every day during the gestation and nursing period. After weaning, the male mice were left to continue administrate with TCS until 8 weeks of age. Then, mice in each group were sacrificed for investigation. Long-life exposure to TCS resulted in a reduction of body weight in growth mice. TCS exposure caused the increase of serum ALT, AST and ALP. The situation of inflammatory cell infiltration, macrophage recruitment and collagen fiber deposition in TCS-exposed mice liver tissues were performed by histological analysis including hematoxylin-eosin, Masson, Sirius red, and immunohistochemistry staining. Protein expression levels in TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway was measured through Western blot, and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation was measured using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The results showed that exposure to TCS elevated TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), enhanced NF-κB activation, and affected NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mice liver. Collectively, these findings indicate that long-life exposure to TCS-induced mice by upregulating the TLR4-Myd88-TRAF6 pathway, activating the NF-κB signaling cascade, initiating the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and ultimately leading to liver injury, including inflammation, hepatocyte pyroptosis and hepatofibrosis. Henceforth, the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway may now provide a theoretical basis and valuable therapeutic targets for overcoming TCS-induced liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Peng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - He Cui
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ziyun Wei
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiao Ni
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China; Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Laue HE, Gilmour AJ, Tirado VM, Romano ME. Conceptualizing the Role of the Microbiome as a Mediator and Modifier in Environmental Health Studies: A Scoping Review of Studies of Triclosan and the Microbiome. Curr Environ Health Rep 2024; 11:30-38. [PMID: 38217674 PMCID: PMC10922364 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-024-00428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Triclosan is an endocrine-disrupting antimicrobial additive that is suspected of contributing to antibiotic resistance and altering the microbiome. In this scoping review, we summarize what is known about the association between triclosan exposure and the microbiome using evidence from in vivo and epidemiologic studies. RECENT FINDINGS Our review includes 11 rodent studies, seven fish studies, and five human studies. Evidence from animal studies suggests that triclosan decreases the diversity of the microbiome, although only one epidemiologic study agreed. Most studies suggest that triclosan alters the microbial community beta diversity, but disagree on which taxa contributed to compositional differences. Taxa in the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria may be more influenced by triclosan than those in other phyla. Studies on triclosan and the microbiome were scarce and were inconclusive as to the effects of triclosan on the microbiome. Additional research is needed to clarify windows of heightened susceptibility of the microbiome to triclosan. We recommend guidelines for future microbiome research in environmental health to increase comparability across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Laue
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, One Medical Center Dr, WTRB 700 HB 7927, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| | - Aislinn J Gilmour
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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Liu J, Zhang L, Xu F, Zhang P, Song Y. Chronic administration of triclosan leads to liver fibrosis through hepcidin-ferroportin axis-mediated iron overload. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:144-154. [PMID: 37980003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has been manufactured as an antibacterial compound for half a century. Currently, it is widely used in various personal care products; however, its potential adverse effects raise a lot of attention. Here, we create a long-term oral administration mouse model and identify the corresponding hepatotoxicity of TCS. We discover that daily intragastric administration of 10 mg/kg TCS to mice for 12 weeks results in severe hepatic fibrosis. Further study displays that hepatic iron increased 18%, 23% and 29% upon oral TCS treatment for 4, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Accompanied by hepatic iron variation, splenic and duodenal iron are increased, which indicates systemic iron disorder. Not only excessive iron accumulated in the liver, abnormal hepatic malondialdehyde, prostaglandin synthase 2 and glutathione peroxidase 4 are pointed to ferroptosis. Additional study uncovers that hepcidin expression increases 7%, 10%, 4% in serum and 2.4-, 4.8-, and 2.3-fold on transcriptional levels upon TCS exposure for 4, 8 and 12 weeks, individually. Taken together, the mice in the TCS-treated group show disordered systemic iron homeostasis via the upregulated hepatic hepcidin-ferroportin axis. Meanwhile, both hepatic iron overload (systemic level) and hepatocyte ferroptosis (cellular level) are accused of TCS-induced liver fibrosis. Ferriprox®, an iron scavenger, significantly ameliorates TCS-induced liver fibrosis. In summary, this study confirms the impact of TCS on liver fibrosis; a critical signal pathway is also displayed. The significance of the current study is to prompt us to reevaluate the "pros and cons" of TCS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Institute of Karst Wetland Ecology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lecong Zhang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Institute of Karst Wetland Ecology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fang Xu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Institute of Karst Wetland Ecology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Institute of Karst Wetland Ecology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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9
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Zhuang J, Chen Q, Xu L, Chen X. Effects of chronic triclosan exposure on nephrotoxicity and gut microbiota dysbiosis in adult mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115866. [PMID: 38199221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum, lipophilic, and antibacterial agent, has been commonly used in cosmetics, medical devices, and household products. The toxicity of TCS has recently become a research hotspot. Emerging evidence has shown that TCS can easily migrate to humans and animals and cause adverse effects on various target organs. However, the effects of TCS exposure on nephrotoxicity and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore TCS-induced nephrotoxicity. Therefore, we establish a mouse model based on adult male mice to explore the effects of 10-week TCS exposure (50 mg/kg) on kidney. After mice were sacrificed, their blood, feces, and renal tissues were harvested for further analysis. We found that TCS treatment dramatically caused kidney structural damage, and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) expression levels, which indicated renal dysfunction. In addition, TCS exposure increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total cholesterol (TCHO) expression levels, which indicated oxidative stress and lipid metabolism changes. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of kidney tissue identified 221 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in 50 pathways, including drug metabolism-other enzymes, oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism, and inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels signaling pathways. The full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that TCS exposure altered the community of gut microbiota, which was closely related to renal function damage. The above findings provide new insights into the mechanism of TCS-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshen Zhuang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qianling Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Luyao Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xuebing Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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10
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Yu Z, Han J, Li L, Zhang Q, Chen A, Chen J, Wang K, Jin J, Li H, Chen G. Chronic triclosan exposure induce impaired glucose tolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 183:114305. [PMID: 38052405 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial compound incorporated into more than 2000 consumer products. This compound is frequently detected in the human body and causes ubiquitous contamination in the environment, thereby raising concerns about its impact on human health and environmental pollution. Here, we demonstrated that 20 weeks' exposure of TCS drove the development of glucose intolerance by inducing compositional and functional alterations in intestinal microbiota in rats. Fecal-transplantation experiments corroborated the involvement of gut microbiota in TCS-induced glucose-tolerance impairment. 16S rRNA gene-sequencing analysis of cecal contents showed that TCS disrupted the gut microbiota composition in rats and increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Cecal metabolomic analyses detected that TCS altered host metabolic pathways that are linked to host glucose and amino acid metabolism, particularly branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis. BCAA measurement confirmed the increase in serum BCAAs in rats exposed to TCS. Western blot and immunostaining results further confirmed that elevated BCAAs stimulated mTOR, a nutrient-sensing complex, and following IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, resulted in insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. These results suggested that TCS may induce glucose metabolism imbalance by regulating BCAA concentration by remodeling the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Junyong Han
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lisha Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qiufeng Zhang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ayun Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jingjun Jin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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11
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Portincasa P, Khalil M, Graziani A, Frühbeck G, Baffy G, Garruti G, Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L. Gut microbes in metabolic disturbances. Promising role for therapeutic manipulations? Eur J Intern Med 2024; 119:13-30. [PMID: 37802720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and steatotic liver disease is rapidly increasing worldwide with a huge economic burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. Several genetic and environmental factors are involved in the onset and development of metabolic disorders and related complications. A critical role also exists for the gut microbiota, a complex polymicrobial ecology at the interface of the internal and external environment. The gut microbiota contributes to food digestion and transformation, caloric intake, and immune response of the host, keeping the homeostatic control in health. Mechanisms of disease include enhanced energy extraction from the non-digestible dietary carbohydrates, increased gut permeability and translocation of bacterial metabolites which activate a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, as precursors of tangible metabolic disorders involving glucose and lipid homeostasis. The ultimate causative role of gut microbiota in this respect remains to be elucidated, as well as the therapeutic value of manipulating the gut microbiota by diet, pre- and pro- synbiotics, or fecal microbial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Annarita Graziani
- Institut AllergoSan Pharmazeutische Produkte Forschungs- und Vertriebs GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gyorgy Baffy
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
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12
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Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L, Khalil M, Garruti G, Portincasa P. Contribution of the microbiome for better phenotyping of people living with obesity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:839-870. [PMID: 37119391 PMCID: PMC10148591 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportion worldwide and in all ages. Available evidence points to a multifactorial pathogenesis involving gene predisposition and environmental factors. Gut microbiota plays a critical role as a major interface between external factors, i.e., diet, lifestyle, toxic chemicals, and internal mechanisms regulating energy and metabolic homeostasis, fat production and storage. A shift in microbiota composition is linked with overweight and obesity, with pathogenic mechanisms involving bacterial products and metabolites (mainly endocannabinoid-related mediators, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, catabolites of tryptophan, lipopolysaccharides) and subsequent alterations in gut barrier, altered metabolic homeostasis, insulin resistance and chronic, low-grade inflammation. Although animal studies point to the links between an "obesogenic" microbiota and the development of different obesity phenotypes, the translational value of these results in humans is still limited by the heterogeneity among studies, the high variation of gut microbiota over time and the lack of robust longitudinal studies adequately considering inter-individual confounders. Nevertheless, available evidence underscores the existence of several genera predisposing to obesity or, conversely, to lean and metabolically health phenotype (e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila, species from genera Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, Roseburia). Further longitudinal studies using metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics with exact characterization of confounders are needed in this field. Results must confirm that distinct genera and specific microbial-derived metabolites represent effective and precision interventions against overweight and obesity in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
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13
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He F, Zhang P, Liu J, Wang R, Kaufman RJ, Yaden BC, Karin M. ATF4 suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis by inducing SLC7A11 (xCT) to block stress-related ferroptosis. J Hepatol 2023; 79:362-377. [PMID: 36996941 PMCID: PMC11332364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer-related death, is associated with viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and alcohol-related steatohepatitis, all of which trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, hepatocyte death, inflammation, and compensatory proliferation. Using ER stress-prone MUP-uPA mice, we established that ER stress and hypernutrition cooperate to cause NASH and HCC, but the contribution of individual stress effectors, such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), to HCC and their underlying mechanisms of action remained unknown. METHODS Hepatocyte-specific ATF4-deficient MUP-uPA mice (MUP-uPA/Atf4Δhep) and control MUP-uPA/Atf4F/F mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce NASH-related HCC, and Atf4F/F and Atf4Δhep mice were injected with diethylnitrosamine to model carcinogen-induced HCC. Histological, biochemical, and RNA-sequencing analyses were performed to identify and define the role of ATF4-induced solute carrier family 7a member 11 (SLC7A11) expression in hepatocarcinogenesis. Reconstitution of SLC7A11 in ATF4-deficient primary hepatocytes and mouse livers was used to study its effects on ferroptosis and HCC development. RESULTS Hepatocyte ATF4 ablation inhibited hepatic steatosis, but increased susceptibility to ferroptosis, resulting in accelerated HCC development. Although ATF4 activates numerous genes, ferroptosis susceptibility and hepatocarcinogenesis were reversed by ectopic expression of a single ATF4 target, Slc7a11, coding for a subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT, which is needed for glutathione synthesis. A ferroptosis inhibitor also reduced liver damage and inflammation. ATF4 and SLC7A11 amounts were positively correlated in human HCC and livers of patients with NASH. CONCLUSIONS Despite ATF4 being upregulated in established HCC, it serves an important protective function in normal hepatocytes. By maintaining glutathione production, ATF4 inhibits ferroptosis-dependent inflammatory cell death, which is known to promote compensatory proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ferroptosis inhibitors or ATF4 activators may also blunt HCC onset. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with multiple aetiologies. Most HCC aetiologies cause hepatocyte stress and death, as well as subsequent inflammation, and compensatory proliferation, thereby accelerating HCCdevelopment. The contribution of individual stress effectors to HCC and their underlying mechanisms of action were heretofore unknown. This study shows that the stress-responsive transcription factor ATF4 blunts liver damage and cancer development by suppressing iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis). Although ATF4 ablation prevents hepatic steatosis, it also increases susceptibility to ferroptosis, due to decreased expression of the cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11, whose expression in human HCC and NASH correlates with ATF4. These findings reinforce the notion that benign steatosis may be protective and does not increase cancer risk unless accompanied by stress-induced liver damage. These results have important implications for prevention of liver damage and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Junlai Liu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruolei Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Yaden
- Diabetes Novel Therapies and External Innovation, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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14
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Liang Y, Li L, Zhang H, Dai Q, Xie G, Lei B, Yang Z, Cai Z. Long-term percutaneous triclosan exposure induces thyroid damage in mice: Interpretation of toxicity mechanism from metabolic and proteomic perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131532. [PMID: 37121033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antiseptic incorporated in consumer goods and personal care products that can be absorbed via the skin, raising public health concerns for its continuous detection in human biofluids and tissues. Epidemiology has associated TCS exposure with thyroid function disturbances and decreasing serum thyroid hormone (TH) levels, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we revealed hypothyroidism and histological alternation in the thyroid of mice with chronic percutaneous exposure to TCS, indicating a TCS-caused thyroid impairment. Subsequently, multi-omics approaches were performed to investigate the molecular mechanism of the thyroid in response to long-term dermal TCS exposure. We discovered that TCS interfered with the TH synthesis as indicated by the changes in the levels of the synthetic materials for TH (iodide, Tg, and H2O2) and affected TH release by the downregulation of lysosomal enzymes. The upregulation of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid, amino acid metabolism, and adenine salvage in the thyroid was also observed after TCS exposure. All these changes led to the elevation of ATP, serving as a rescue for the decreasing thyroid functions. Together, our study demonstrated TCS-induced thyroid damage and identified the interrupted pathways, providing meaningful insight into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the potential health influence of TCS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Guangdong, Zhuhai, China
| | - Leiguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Guangdong, Zhuhai, China
| | - Guangshan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Guangdong, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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15
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Chen X, Mou L, Qu J, Wu L, Liu C. Adverse effects of triclosan exposure on health and potential molecular mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163068. [PMID: 36965724 PMCID: PMC10035793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of disinfectants has grown significantly around the world. Triclosan (TCS), namely 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol or 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether, is a broad-spectrum, lipophilic, antibacterial agent that is extensively used in multifarious consumer products. Due to the widespread use and bioaccumulation, TCS is frequently detected in the environment and human biological samples. Accumulating evidence suggests that TCS is considered as a novel endocrine disruptor and may have potential unfavorable effects on human health, but studies on the toxic effect mediated by TCS exposure as well as its underlying mechanisms of action are relatively sparse. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to summarize the potential detrimental effects of TCS exposure on human reproductive health, liver function, intestinal homeostasis, kidney function, thyroid endocrine, and other tissue health, and further explore its mechanisms of action, thereby contributing to the better understanding of TCS characteristics and safety. Moreover, our work suggested the need to further investigate the biological effects of TCS exposure at the metabolic level in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Li Mou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Qu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Liling Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Changjiang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China.
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16
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Meng Z, Yan S, Sun W, Yan J, Teng M, Jia M, Tian S, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Chlorothalonil induces obesity in mice by regulating host gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism via FXR pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131310. [PMID: 37003002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the most commonly used organochlorine pesticide nowadays, chlorothalonil (CHI), is ubiquitous in a natural environment and poses many adverse effects to organisms. Unfortunately, the toxicity mechanisms of CHI have not been clarified yet. This study found that the CHI based on ADI level could induce obesity in mice. In addition, CHI could induce an imbalance in the gut microbiota of mice. Furthermore, the results of the antibiotic treatment and gut microbiota transplantation experiments showed that the CHI could induce obesity in mice in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Based on the results of targeted metabolomics and gene expression analysis, CHI could disturb the bile acids (BAs) metabolism of mice, causing the inhibition of the signal response of BAs receptor FXR and leading to glycolipid metabolism disorders in liver and epiWAT of mice. The administration of FXR agonist GW4064 and CDCA could significantly improve the CHI-induced obesity in mice. In conclusion, CHI was found to induce obesity in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and BAs metabolism via the FXR signaling pathway. This study provides evidence linking the gut microbiota and pesticides exposure with the progression of obesity, demonstrating the key role of gut microbiota in the toxic effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Sen Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Jia
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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17
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Wang R, Jia F, Zhao Z, Du L, Lu L, Xu D, He F. Dachaihu decoction inhibits hypernutrition-induced liver metastasis from colorectal cancer by maintaining the gut vascular barrier. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:98-110. [PMID: 38328407 PMCID: PMC10846307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second deadliest cancer worldwide. Metastasis to the liver, the most common metastatic site in CRC, is the leading cause of death in patients with CRC. Hyperlipidemia, which is common in patients with CRC, promotes CRC progression and metastasis. Hyperlipidemia is commonly observed in obese patients and is often induced by hypernutrition. The underlying mechanism of hypernutrition-induced hyperlipidemia in promoting CRC liver metastasis remains unclear, and there is an unmet need for effective and low-cost treatments for patients with CRC. Methods A mouse cecum orthotopic CRC model combined with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, was established to mimic liver metastasis in CRC in obese patients. The effects of Dachaihu decoction (DCHD), a traditional herbal medicine used to treat inflammation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and of the conventional prescription medicine obeticholic acid (OCA) were evaluated. HFD-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, and CRC liver metastasis were assessed, along with the histology and pathology of the liver and intestine and the expression of metabolic genes in these tissues. The effects of DCHD and OCA on HFD-induced outcomes were evaluated, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with bile acids (BAs) and DCHD were used to study the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Results HFD-mediated obesity and hyperlipidemia promoted CRC metastasis, accompanied by disruption of the gut vascular barrier (GVB) and altered bile acid (BA) metabolism. DCHD decreased HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and liver metastasis in CRC, improving overall survival. Those effects of DCHD were equivalent to or better than those of OCA. DCHD regulated the expression of genes of BA metabolism and tight junctions (TJ) to prevent HFD-induced disruption of the GVB. In HUVECs, DCHD prevented the increases in intracellular Ca2+ and accumulation of reactive oxygen species induced by primary conjugated BAs, assisting in the maintenance of redox homeostasis and preventing the downregulation of TJ proteins, thereby maintaining the integrity of the endothelial barrier. Conclusions The data provide a link between hypernutrition and GVB disruption, which contributes to high liver metastasis in patients with CRC. DCHD may represent a novel therapy in CRC, and targeting abnormal lipid metabolism could be a promising therapeutic strategy for avoiding hypernutrition-associated CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolei Wang
- The Center for Cancer Research, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengjing Jia
- The Center for Cancer Research, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenguo Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Liqing Du
- The Center for Cancer Research, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lianheng Lu
- The Center for Cancer Research, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongkui Xu
- VIP Department, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Feng He
- The Center for Cancer Research, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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18
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He J, Xue Q, Hua X, Li Q, Chen Z, Zhu C, Shi W. Association between environmental phenols and all-cause and cancer mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:33432-33437. [PMID: 36481850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To study the association between environmental phenols exposure, including benzophenone-3 (BP3) and triclosan, and all-cause mortality and cancer mortality in adults. A total of 8035 participants were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2012). Urinary BP3 and triclosan were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The associations between urinary BP3 and triclosan with cancer and all-cause mortality were explored by multivariable logistic regressions and restricted cubic splines. During an average of 7.25-year follow-up, 696 cases (8.7%) of all-cause mortality and 137 cases (1.71%) of cancer mortality occurred. The average levels of BP3 and triclosan were 12.2 and 10.3 ng/mL, respectively. Compared with the lowest quartile, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of the highest quartile was 0.64 (95% confidence interval: 0.50 to 0.81; P < 0.001) for BP3 and 0.76 (0.61 to 0.94; P = 0.011) for triclosan. However, no significant associations between urinary BP3 and triclosan and cancer mortality were observed. BP3 and triclosan exposure decreased the risk of all-cause mortality while they were not associated with cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qingfeng Xue
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Quanqing Li
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Cindy Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA
| | - Wenyu Shi
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
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19
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Bai YM, Yang F, Luo P, Xie LL, Chen JH, Guan YD, Zhou HC, Xu TF, Hao HW, Chen B, Zhao JH, Liang CL, Dai LY, Geng QS, Wang JG. Single-cell transcriptomic dissection of the cellular and molecular events underlying the triclosan-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:7. [PMID: 36814339 PMCID: PMC9945401 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol, TCS], a common antimicrobial additive in many personal care and health care products, is frequently detected in human blood and urine. Therefore, it has been considered an emerging and potentially toxic pollutant in recent years. Long-term exposure to TCS has been suggested to exert endocrine disruption effects, and promote liver fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis. This study was aimed at clarifying the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity effect of TCS at the initiation stage. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to different dosages of TCS for 2 weeks and the organ toxicity was evaluated by various measurements including complete blood count, histological analysis and TCS quantification. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was then carried out on TCS- or mock-treated mouse livers to delineate the TCS-induced hepatotoxicity. The acquired single-cell transcriptomic data were analyzed from different aspects including differential gene expression, transcription factor (TF) regulatory network, pseudotime trajectory, and cellular communication, to systematically dissect the molecular and cellular events after TCS exposure. To verify the TCS-induced liver fibrosis, the expression levels of key fibrogenic proteins were examined by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining. In addition, normal hepatocyte cell MIHA and hepatic stellate cell LX-2 were used as in vitro cell models to experimentally validate the effects of TCS by immunological, proteomic and metabolomic technologies. RESULTS We established a relatively short term TCS exposure murine model and found the TCS mainly accumulated in the liver. The scRNA-seq performed on the livers of the TCS-treated and control group profiled the gene expressions of > 76,000 cells belonging to 13 major cell types. Among these types, hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were significantly increased in TCS-treated group. We found that TCS promoted fibrosis-associated proliferation of hepatocytes, in which Gata2 and Mef2c are the key driving TFs. Our data also suggested that TCS induced the proliferation and activation of HSCs, which was experimentally verified in both liver tissue and cell model. In addition, other changes including the dysfunction and capillarization of endothelial cells, an increase of fibrotic characteristics in B plasma cells, and M2 phenotype-skewing of macrophage cells, were also deduced from the scRNA-seq analysis, and these changes are likely to contribute to the progression of liver fibrosis. Lastly, the key differential ligand-receptor pairs involved in cellular communications were identified and we confirmed the role of GAS6_AXL interaction-mediated cellular communication in promoting liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS TCS modulates the cellular activities and fates of several specific cell types (including hepatocytes, HSCs, endothelial cells, B cells, Kupffer cells and liver capsular macrophages) in the liver, and regulates the ligand-receptor interactions between these cells, thereby promoting the proliferation and activation of HSCs, leading to liver fibrosis. Overall, we provide the first comprehensive single-cell atlas of mouse livers in response to TCS and delineate the key cellular and molecular processes involved in TCS-induced hepatotoxicity and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Meng Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Piao Luo
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Lu-Lin Xie
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jun-Hui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yu-Dong Guan
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Hong-Chao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Teng-Fei Xu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Hui-Wen Hao
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Cai-Ling Liang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Ling-Yun Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Qing-Shan Geng
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Ji-Gang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523125, Guangdong, China.
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Milanović M, Đurić L, Milošević N, Milić N. Comprehensive insight into triclosan-from widespread occurrence to health outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25119-25140. [PMID: 34741734 PMCID: PMC8571676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to the variety of emerging environmental pollutant in everyday life. The special concern is paid to endocrine disrupting chemicals especially to triclosan which could interfere with normal hormonal functions. Triclosan could be found in numerous commercial products such as mouthwashes, toothpastes and disinfectants due to its antibacterial and antifungal effects. Considering the excessive use and disposal, wastewaters are recognized as the main source of triclosan in the aquatic environment. As a result of the incomplete removal, triclosan residues reach surface water and even groundwater. Triclosan has potential to accumulate in sediment and aquatic organisms. Therefore, the detectable concentrations of triclosan in various environmental and biological matrices emerged concerns about the potential toxicity. Triclosan impairs thyroid homeostasis and could be associated with neurodevelopment impairment, metabolic disorders, cardiotoxicity and the increased cancer risk. The growing resistance of the vast groups of bacteria, the evidenced toxicity on different aquatic organisms, its adverse health effects observed in vitro, in vivo as well as the available epidemiological studies suggest that further efforts to monitor triclosan toxicity at environmental levels are necessary. The safety precaution measures and full commitment to proper legislation in compliance with the environmental protection are needed in order to obtain triclosan good ecological status. This paper is an overview of the possible negative triclosan effects on human health. Sources of exposure to triclosan, methods and levels of detection in aquatic environment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Milanović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Larisa Đurić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
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21
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Optimized Antimicrobial Peptide Jelleine-I Derivative Br-J-I Inhibits Fusobacterium Nucleatum to Suppress Colorectal Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021469. [PMID: 36674985 PMCID: PMC9865857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health burden worldwide due to its high morbidity, mortality, and complex etiology. Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), a Gram-negative anaerobe found in 30% of CRC patients, promotes CRC carcinogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Effective antimicrobial treatment is an unmet need for the rising CRC burden. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a new class of antimicrobial drugs. In our previous study, we did the structure-activity study of Jelleine-I (J-I) and identified several halogenated J-I derivatives Cl-J-I, Br-J-I, and I-J-I. To determine whether those J-I derivatives can be a new therapy for bacterial-associated CRC, here we tested the antibacterial activities of these AMPs against Fn and their effects on CRC development. We found that Br-J-I showed the highest anti-Fn activity and Br-J-I may target membrane-associated FadA for Fn membrane disruption. More importantly, Fn promoted the growth of CRC cells-derived xenograft tumors. Br-J-I suppressed Fn load, colon inflammation, and Fn-induced CRC growth. Of note, Br-J-I induced better anti-CRC effects than common antibiotic metronidazole and Br-J-I sensitized the cancer-killing effect of chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil. These results suggest that Br-J-I could be considered as an adjunctive agent for CRC treatment and AMPs-based combination treatment is a new strategy for CRC in the future.
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Cai X, Ning C, Fan L, Li Y, Wang L, He H, Dong T, Cai Y, Zhang M, Lu Z, Chen C, Shi K, Ye T, Zhong R, Tian J, Li H, Li H, Zhu Y, Miao X. Triclosan is associated with breast cancer via oxidative stress and relative telomere length. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1163965. [PMID: 37213605 PMCID: PMC10197149 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1163965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Triclosan (TCS), a widely prescribed broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, is an endocrine-disrupting chemical. The relationship and biological mechanisms between TCS exposure and breast cancer (BC) are disputed. We aimed to examine the correlation between urinary TCS exposure and BC risk and estimated the mediating effects of oxidative stress and relative telomere length (RTL) in the above association. Methods This case-control study included 302 BC patients and 302 healthy individuals in Wuhan, China. We detected urinary TCS, three common oxidative stress biomarkers [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoPGF2α), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA)], and RTL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results Significant associations were observed between log-transformed urinary concentrations of TCS, 8-OHdG, HNE-MA, 8-isoPGF2α, RTL, and BC risk, with the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) being 1.58 (1.32-1.91), 3.08 (1.55-6.23), 3.39 (2.45-4.77), 3.99 (2.48-6.54), and 1.67 (1.35-2.09), respectively. Continuous TCS exposure was significantly positively correlated with RTL, HNE-MA, and 8-isoPGF2α (all p<0.05) but not with 8-OHdG (p = 0.060) after adjusting for covariates. The mediated proportions of 8-isoPGF22α and RTL in the relationship between TCS and BC risk were 12.84% and 8.95%, respectively (all p<0.001). Discussion In conclusion, our study provides epidemiological evidence to confirmed the deleterious effects of TCS on BC and indicated the mediating effect of oxidative stress and RTL on the correlation between TCS and BC risk. Moreover, exploring the contribution of TCS to BC can clarify the biological mechanisms of TCS exposure, provide new clues for the pathogenesis of BC, which is of great significance to improving public health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caibo Ning
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linyun Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zequn Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianrun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University; Research Center of Public Health, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Li, ; Haijie Li, ; Ying Zhu, ; Xiaoping Miao,
| | - Haijie Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Li, ; Haijie Li, ; Ying Zhu, ; Xiaoping Miao,
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University; Research Center of Public Health, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Li, ; Haijie Li, ; Ying Zhu, ; Xiaoping Miao,
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Li, ; Haijie Li, ; Ying Zhu, ; Xiaoping Miao,
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Liang Y, Song H, Wu Y, Gao S, Zeng X, Yu Z. Occurrence and distribution of triclosan and its transformation products in Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84787-84797. [PMID: 35789468 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The transformation products of triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) may be more persistent and toxic than their parent compound, yet their occurrence in aquatic environments is poorly understood. In this study, we identified three transformation products in sediment samples from Taihu Lake and compared their concentrations with the parent compound triclosan. Triclosan in Taihu Lake was at low level, ranging from 0.086 to 1.1 ng/L in surface water and 0.0058-8.3 ng/g in sediments. The three detected transformation products included methyl triclosan, chlorinated triclosan derivatives, and methyl chlorinated triclosan derivatives. Those transformation products constituted 0.73-87.5% of the total triclosan (total triclosan is the sum of triclosan, methyl triclosan, chlorinated triclosan derivatives, and methyl chlorinated triclosan derivatives on a molar basis), indicating that the ecological risk of transformation products should be considered in addition to the parent compound. Different transformation products had distinct spatial distributions. Chlorinated triclosan derivatives had the highest concentration in samples from the northwest region (0.016-0.21 ng/g) of the lake and were positively correlated with triclosan, which may indicate the possible transformation from triclosan to chlorinated triclosan derivatives. Methyl triclosan and methyl chlorinated triclosan derivatives were generally higher in samples from the center of the lake (0.22-0.28 ng/g for methyl triclosan and 0.017-0.021 ng/g for methyl chlorinated triclosan derivatives, respectively), indicating the possible occurrence of in situ microbial methylation of triclosan and chlorinated triclosan derivatives and the accumulation of those methylated analogues in Taihu Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Han Song
- High & New Technology Research Center, Henan Academy of Sciences, Hongzhuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver secretome. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:938-963. [PMCID: PMC9703441 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nguyen HD, Kim MS. Effects of chemical mixtures on liver function biomarkers in the Korean adult population: thresholds and molecular mechanisms for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease involved. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78555-78587. [PMID: 35696061 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of research on the effects of a mixture of chemicals on liver function biomarkers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) indices, including FSI, HIS, and FBI-4. Thus, we aimed to explore whether there is an association between chemical mixtures, including 26 chemicals found in blood and urine, liver function biomarkers, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) indices in Korean adults. The effects of exposure to chemical mixtures on liver function biomarkers and NAFLD indices were investigated using linear regression models, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) among 3669 adults. In silico toxicogenomic data-mining, we evaluated molecular mechanisms associated with NAFLD, including pathways, diseases, genes, miRNAs, and biological processes. The linear regression models showed blood or urine Hg levels were the most important factors associated with AST, ALT, GGT, FSI, and HSI levels, and significant trends were observed for these chemical quartiles (p < 0.01). The WQS index was significantly associated with ALT, GGT, FSI, and HSI. The qgcomp index also found an association between chemicals and AST, ALT, GGT, and FSI. In the BKMR model, the overall effect of the mixture was significantly related to ALT, GGT, FSI, and HSI. In silico analysis, we found mixed chemicals interacted with the CYP1A2 gene and were associated with NAFLD. Seventy-eight percent of interactions were identified as physical interactions in the CYP1A2 gene related to NAFLD. Transcription factor regulation in adipogenesis and lipid metabolic processes are fundamental molecular mechanisms that could be influenced by NAFLD-related mixed chemicals. Cutoff thresholds for chemical exposure levels associated with liver function indicators and NAFLD indices were also reported. The strongest interactions and expression of miRNAs involved in NAFLD development were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Xie P, Zhang H, Wu P, Chen Y, Cai Z. Three-Dimensional Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals Distributions of Lipids and the Drug Metabolite Associated with the Enhanced Growth of Colon Cancer Cell Spheroids Treated with Triclosan. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13667-13675. [PMID: 36170179 PMCID: PMC9558077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to explore the responses of cancer cell spheroids (CCS) after treatment of exogenous molecules has attracted growing attention. Increasing studies have utilized MSI to image the two-dimensional distributions of exogenous and endogenous molecules in planar CCS sections. However, because CCS are volumetric and heterogenous, maintaining their three-dimensional (3D) information is essential for acquiring a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment and mechanisms of action of exogenous molecules. Here, an established method of 3D MSI was applied to distinguish the distributions of triclosan sulfate and endogenous lipids in three microregions of colon CCS with an enhanced growth induced by the treatment of triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent. The results of 3D MSI showed that triclosan sulfate gradually accumulated from the periphery to the entire structure of CCS and finally localized in the core region. Spatial lipidomics analysis revealed that the upregulated phosphatidylethanolamine (fold change (FD) = 1.26, p = 0.0021), phosphatidylinositol (FD = 1.17, p = 0.0180), and phosphatidylcholine (FD = 1.22, p = 0.0178) species mainly distributed in the outer proliferative region, while the upregulated sphingomyelin (FD = 1.18, p = 0.024) species tended to distribute in the inner necrotic region. Our results suggest that a competitive mechanism between inhibiting and promoting CCS growth might be responsible for the proliferation of CCS treated with triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Song Y, Zhang C, Lei H, Qin M, Chen G, Wu F, Chen C, Cao Z, Zhang C, Wu M, Chen X, Zhang L. Characterization of triclosan-induced hepatotoxicity and triclocarban-triggered enterotoxicity in mice by multiple omics screening. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156570. [PMID: 35690209 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether, TCS) and triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichloro-carbanilide, TCC) are two antimicrobial agents commonly used for personal care products. Previous studies primarily focused on respective harmful effects of TCS and TCC. In terms of their structural similarities and differences, however, the structure-toxicity relationships on health effects of TCS and TCC exposure remain unclear. Herein, global 1H NMR-based metabolomics was employed to screen the changes of metabolic profiling in various biological matrices including liver, serum, urine, feces and intestine of mice exposed to TCS and TCC at chronic and acute dosages. Metagenomics was also applied to analyze the gut microbiota modulation by TCS and TCC exposure. Targeted MS-based metabolites quantification, histopathological examination and biological assays were subsequently conducted to supply confirmatory information on respective toxicity of TCS and TCC. We found that oral administration of TCS mainly induced significant liver injuries accompanied with inflammation and dysfunction, hepatic steatosis fatty acids and bile acids metabolism disorders; while TCC exposure caused marked intestine injuries leading to striking disruption of colonic morphology, inflammatory status and intestinal barrier integrity, intestinal bile acids metabolism and microbial community. These comparative results provide novel insights into structure-dependent mechanisms of TCS-induced hepatotoxicity and TCC-triggered enterotoxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Cui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Hehua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Mengyu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Gui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ce Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mengjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Papavasilopoulos RK, Kang S. Bibliometric Analysis: The Effects of Triclosan on Human Health. TOXICS 2022; 10:523. [PMID: 36136489 PMCID: PMC9500643 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used chemical whose effects on human health remains elusive. TCS may play a role in a variety of health issues, including endocrine dysfunction, irregular embryonic development, and immune suppression. It is possible that TCS's penetrative abilities across all body barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, may make bioaccumulation the primary driver of these issues. In addition, chronic overuse of this chemical in everyday life may further contribute to the already increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. TCS research has steadily increased since its transition from medical to commercial use over the last 50 years. However, there are some clear gaps in the depth of this research as the safety of this agent is not fully agreed upon. The Food and Drug Administration recently issued regulatory rules regarding TCS in some commercial products; however, it is still found in a variety of goods marketed as "antimicrobial" or "antibacterial". The purpose of this bibliometric study is to analyze research trends in this field and determine the amount of global attention TCS has received as to its relevancy in human health. Documenting and determining research concentration trends related to this field may outline where additional research is most necessary, as well as demonstrate the most valuable research produced and its relation to the advancement of our understanding of TCS. We found there to be a shift in research from TCS and its role in medical environments, to research based on the indirect effects of TCS through environmental contaminations, such as the propagation of antibiotic resistance. This shift was coupled with an increase in global research related to this field and identified China as a significant contributor. Although TCS has received notice, the simple fact of its continued use in so many common products, as well as the unclear understanding of its direct health impacts, reinforces the need for additional and more conclusive research before it has possible irreversible effects on our environment and health.
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Weber AA, Yang X, Mennillo E, Ding J, Watrous JD, Jain M, Chen S, Karin M, Tukey RH. Lactational delivery of Triclosan promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in newborn mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4346. [PMID: 35896521 PMCID: PMC9329322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that Triclosan (TCS), a high-volume antimicrobial additive that has been detected in human breastmilk, can be efficiently transferred by lactation to newborn mice, causing significant fatty liver (FL) during the suckling period. These findings are relevant since pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is escalating in the United States, with a limited mechanistic understanding. Lactational delivery stimulated hepatosteatosis, triglyceride accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, signs of inflammation, and liver fibrosis. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) induced by lactational TCS exposure is shown to be mediated in a PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-PPARα cascade. The administration of obeticholic acid (OCA), a potent FXR agonist, as well as activation of intestinal mucosal-regenerative gp130 signaling, led to reduced liver ATF4 expression, PPARα signaling, and DNL when neonates were exposed to TCS. It is yet to be investigated but mother to child transmission of TCS or similar toxicants may underlie the recent increases in pediatric NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Weber
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeramie D Watrous
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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30
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Jacobs MN, Kubickova B, Boshoff E. Candidate Proficiency Test Chemicals to Address Industrial Chemical Applicability Domains for in vitro Human Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:880818. [PMID: 35795225 PMCID: PMC9252529 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.880818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a key role in the metabolism of both xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals, and the activity of some CYP isoforms are susceptible to induction and/or inhibition by certain chemicals. As CYP induction/inhibition can bring about significant alterations in the level of in vivo exposure to CYP substrates and metabolites, CYP induction/inhibition data is needed for regulatory chemical toxicity hazard assessment. On the basis of available human in vivo pharmaceutical data, a draft Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline (TG) for an in vitro CYP HepaRG test method that is capable of detecting the induction of four human CYPs (CYP1A1/1A2, 2B6, and 3A4), has been developed and validated for a set of pharmaceutical proficiency chemicals. However to support TG adoption, further validation data was requested to demonstrate the ability of the test method to also accurately detect CYP induction mediated by industrial and pesticidal chemicals, together with an indication on regulatory uses of the test method. As part of "GOLIATH", a European Union Horizon-2020 funded research project on metabolic disrupting chemical testing approaches, work is underway to generate supplemental validated data for an additional set of chemicals with sufficient diversity to allow for the approval of the guideline. Here we report on the process of proficiency chemical selection based on a targeted literature review, the selection criteria and considerations required for acceptance of proficiency chemical selection for OECD TG development (i.e. structural diversity, range of activity, relevant chemical sectors, global restrictions etc). The following 13 proposed proficiency chemicals were reviewed and selected as a suitable set for use in the additional validation experiments: tebuconazole, benfuracarb, atrazine, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, perfluorooctanoic acid, bisphenol A, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, benzo-[a]-pyrene, fludioxonil, malathion, triclosan, and caffeine. Illustrations of applications of the test method in relation to endocrine disruption and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Naomi Jacobs
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kubickova
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Boshoff
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
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Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L, Portincasa P. The role of microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13768. [PMID: 35294774 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver disease worldwide. Gut microbiota can play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD since dysbiosis is associated with reduced bacterial diversity, altered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a relative abundance of alcohol-producing bacteria, or other specific genera. Changes can promote disrupted intestinal barrier and hyperpermeability, filtration of bacterial products, activation of the immune system, and pro-inflammatory changes in the intestine, in the liver, and at a systemic level. Microbiota-derived molecules can contribute to the steatogenic effects. The link between gut dysbiosis and NAFLD, however, is confused by several factors which include age, BMI, comorbidities, dietary components, and lifestyle. The role of toxic chemicals in food and water requires further studies in both gut dysbiosis and NAFLD. We can anticipate that gut microbiota manipulation will represent a potential therapeutic tool to delay or reverse the progression of NAFLD, paving the way to primary prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Huo W, Wang Y, Chen T, Cao T, Zhang Y, Shi Z, Hou S. Triclosan activates c-Jun/miR-218-1-3p/SLC35C1 signaling to regulate cell viability, migration, invasion and inflammatory response of trophoblast cells in vitro. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:470. [PMID: 35668364 PMCID: PMC9172191 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous abortion is considered as the commonest complication of pregnancy. Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent, which participates in the process of multiple human diseases, including spontaneous abortion. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of TCS on spontaneous abortion and disclose the possible regulatory mechanism in vitro. RESULTS RT-qPCR analyzed that miR-218-1-3p derived from abortion-associated factor slit guidance ligand 2 (SLIT2) was up-regulated in trophoblast cells under TCS treatment. Supported by western blot analysis, functional experiments demonstrated that miR-218-1-3p overexpression impeded the proliferation, migration and invasion while exacerbating the inflammatory response of trophoblast cells. Moreover, mechanism assays revealed that TCS modulated c-Jun production to promote MIR218-1 transcription and enhance miR-218-1-3p expression. Moreover, solute carrier family 35 member C1 (SLC35C1) was validated as a target gene of miR-218-1-3p, and miR-218-1-3p was sustained to negatively modulate SLC35C1 expression in trophoblast cells. Rescue assays validated the role of TCS/miR-218-1-3p/SLC35C1 axis in regulating the viability, migration, invasion and inflammatory response of trophoblast cells. CONCLUSIONS TCS regulated miR-218-1-3p/SLC35C1 axis to modulate the proliferation, migration, invasion and inflammatory response of trophoblast cells in vitro, which might provide novel insights for spontaneous abortion prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Huo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyue Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhouhong Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shunyu Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Nakagawa S, Hayashi A, Nukada Y, Yamane M. Comparison of toxicological effects and exposure levels between triclosan and its structurally similar chemicals using in vitro tests for read-across case study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105181. [PMID: 35526779 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Read-across based on structural and biological similarities is expected to be a promising alternative method for assessing systemic toxicity. A concrete strategy for quantitative chemical risk assessment would be to stack read-across case studies and extract key considerations from them. Thus, we developed a read-across case study by comparing the toxicological effects based on adverse outcome pathways and exposure levels of different structurally similar chemicals for a target organ. In this study, we selected the hepatotoxicity of triclosan and its structurally similar chemicals including diclosan and 1-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene. The results of in vitro toxicogenomics showed that disorders of cholesterol synthesis were commonly detected with both triclosan and diclosan. The decrease in hepatocellular cholesterol levels was similar in the cells treated with triclosan and diclosan. Furthermore, the exposure levels of triclosan and diclosan for the liver were similar. Collectively, these results suggest that triclosan and diclosan show similar toxicological effects and severity of hepatotoxicity. Considering the existing repeated dose toxicity data, our prediction results are reasonable regarding the toxicological effect and its severity. Thus, the present study demonstrated the usability of comparing toxicological effects and exposure levels using read-across for quantitative chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Nakagawa
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Akane Hayashi
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuko Nukada
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamane
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
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34
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Heindel JJ, Howard S, Agay-Shay K, Arrebola JP, Audouze K, Babin PJ, Barouki R, Bansal A, Blanc E, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Chevalier N, Choudhury M, Collier D, Connolly L, Coumoul X, Garruti G, Gilbertson M, Hoepner LA, Holloway AC, Howell G, Kassotis CD, Kay MK, Kim MJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Langouet S, Legrand A, Li Z, Le Mentec H, Lind L, Monica Lind P, Lustig RH, Martin-Chouly C, Munic Kos V, Podechard N, Roepke TA, Sargis RM, Starling A, Tomlinson CR, Touma C, Vondracek J, Vom Saal F, Blumberg B. Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115015. [PMID: 35395240 PMCID: PMC9124454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with both genetic and environmental components. The prevailing view is that obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure caused by overeating and insufficient exercise. We describe another environmental element that can alter the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure: obesogens. Obesogens are a subset of environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors affecting metabolic endpoints. The obesogen hypothesis posits that exposure to endocrine disruptors and other chemicals can alter the development and function of the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and brain, thus changing the set point for control of metabolism. Obesogens can determine how much food is needed to maintain homeostasis and thereby increase the susceptibility to obesity. The most sensitive time for obesogen action is in utero and early childhood, in part via epigenetic programming that can be transmitted to future generations. This review explores the evidence supporting the obesogen hypothesis and highlights knowledge gaps that have prevented widespread acceptance as a contributor to the obesity pandemic. Critically, the obesogen hypothesis changes the narrative from curing obesity to preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, USA.
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, USA
| | - Keren Agay-Shay
- Health and Environment Research (HER) Lab, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Juan P Arrebola
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Karine Audouze
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, Paris France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cote d'Azur, Cote d'Azur, France
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Lisa Connolly
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Lori A Hoepner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Alison C Holloway
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamilton, Ontario, CA, USA
| | - George Howell
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mathew K Kay
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Langouet
- Univ Rennes, INSERM EHESP, IRSET UMR_5S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Zhuorui Li
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Lars Lind
- Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Normand Podechard
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Il 60612, USA
| | - Anne Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Charbel Touma
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frederick Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Triclosan targeting of gut microbiome ameliorates hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-fed mice. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:341-353. [PMID: 35440769 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic use provides a promising strategy for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by regulating the gut microbiota composition. Triclosan, a widely used antibiotic, may improve gut microbiome dysbiosis associated with NAFLD through the suppression of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. However, the effects of triclosan on gut microbiota and hepatic steatosis and have not been explored in NAFLD mouse model. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for continuous 20 weeks and treated with triclosan at 400 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks from week 13. We explored the effects of triclosan on hepatic lipid accumulation and gut microbiome in HFD-fed mice by histological examination and 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing, respectively. Analysis on the composition of gut microbiota indicated that triclosan suppressed pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, including Helicobacter, Erysipelatoclostridium and Citrobacter, and increased the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, triclosan increased the relative abundance of beneficial gut microbiomes including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae, which protected against metabolic abnormality. The results of alpha-diversity and beta-diversity also showed the improvement of triclosan on bacterial diversity and richness in HFD-fed mice. Pathway analysis further confirmed that triclosan can regulate nutrient and energy metabolism through the elimination of deleterious bacteria. As a result, triclosan intervention significantly reduced lipid accumulation and alleviated hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that triclosan can alleviate liver steatosis in HFD-fed mice by targeting the gut microbiome.
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36
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The Presence of Triclosan in Human Hair Samples in Poland-A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073796. [PMID: 35409481 PMCID: PMC8998057 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an organic substance showing antibacterial action, which is commonly used in many branches of industry, including, among others, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and the food industry. TCS may penetrate into living organisms and negatively affect the health of humans and animals. The majority of previous investigations on TCS biomonitoring in humans have been performed on urine, but currently, studies on hair samples are becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate TCS concentration levels in residents of Olsztyn, a city in northeastern Poland, using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The presence of TCS was observed in 96.7% of samples tested, with concentration levels from 37.9 pg/mg to 3386.5 pg/mg. The mean concentration level of TCS in the present study was 402.6 (±803.6) pg/mg, and the median value was 103.3 pg/mg. Although there were some differences in TCS concentration levels between males and females, humans of various ages and humans with colored and natural hair had no statistically significant differences in TCS concentration levels. The obtained results have clearly indicated that people living in northeastern Poland are exposed to TCS to a large degree, and hair analysis, despite some limitations, is a suitable method for TCS biomonitoring in humans.
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The rapid transformation of triclosan in the liver reduces its effectiveness as inhibitor of hepatic energy metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 442:115987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lizunkova P, Engdahl E, Borbély G, Gennings C, Lindh C, Bornehag CG, Rüegg J. A Mixture of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Associated with Lower Birth Weight in Children Induces Adipogenesis and DNA Methylation Changes in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042320. [PMID: 35216435 PMCID: PMC8879125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are man-made compounds that alter functions of the endocrine system. Environmental mixtures of EDCs might have adverse effects on human health, even though their individual concentrations are below regulatory levels of concerns. However, studies identifying and experimentally testing adverse effects of real-life mixtures are scarce. In this study, we aimed at evaluating an epidemiologically identified EDC mixture in an experimental setting to delineate its cellular and epigenetic effects. The mixture was established using data from the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal Mother and child Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study where it was associated with lower birth weight, an early marker for prenatal metabolic programming. This mixture was then tested for its ability to change metabolic programming of human mesenchymal stem cells. In these cells, we assessed if the mixture induced adipogenesis and genome-wide DNA methylation changes. The mixture increased lipid droplet accumulation already at concentrations corresponding to levels measured in the pregnant women of the SELMA study. Furthermore, we identified differentially methylated regions in genes important for adipogenesis and thermogenesis. This study shows that a mixture reflecting human real-life exposure can induce molecular and cellular changes during development that could underlie adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Lizunkova
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Elin Engdahl
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Gábor Borbély
- The Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), 15257 Södertälje, Sweden;
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.G.); (C.-G.B.)
| | - Christian Lindh
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 22363 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.G.); (C.-G.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.L.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-73-7121592
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Hao Y, Meng L, Zhang Y, Chen A, Zhao Y, Lian K, Guo X, Wang X, Du Y, Wang X, Li X, Song L, Shi Y, Yin X, Gong M, Shi H. Effects of chronic triclosan exposure on social behaviors in adult mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127562. [PMID: 34736200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a newly identified environmental endocrine disruptor (EED) in household products, has been reported to have toxic effects on animals and humans. The effects of TCS exposure on individual social behaviors and the potential underlying mechanisms are still unknown. This study investigated the behavioral effects of 42-day exposure to TCS (0, 50, 100 mg/kg) in drinking water using the open field test (OFT), social dominance test (SDT), social interaction test (SIT), and novel object recognition task (NOR). Using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we observed the effects of TCS exposure on the gut microbiota and ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons and synapses. Behavioral results showed that chronic TCS exposure reduced the social dominance of male and female mice. TCS exposure also reduced social interaction in male mice and impaired memory formation in female mice. Analysis of the gut microbiota showed that TCS exposure increased the relative abundance of the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla in female mice. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that TCS exposure induced ultrastructural damage to hippocampal neurons and synapses. These findings suggest that TCS exposure may affect social behaviors, which may be caused by altered gut microbiota and impaired plasticity of hippocampal neurons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Li Meng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Aixin Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiangfei Guo
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Yuru Du
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Xuzi Li
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Li Song
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xi Yin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Department of Functional Region of Diagnosis, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Miao Gong
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Experimental Center for Teaching, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| | - Haishui Shi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China; Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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40
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Zhang P, Zheng L, Duan Y, Gao Y, Gao H, Mao D, Luo Y. Gut microbiota exaggerates triclosan-induced liver injury via gut-liver axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126707. [PMID: 34315018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial ingredient that has been widely incorporated in consumer products. TCS can cause hepatic damage by disturbing lipid metabolism, which is often accompanied with gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, the effects of gut microbiota on the TCS-induced liver injury are still unknown. Therefore, we constructed a mouse model based on five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to investigate the effects of dietary TCS exposure (40 ppm) on liver injury. We found that TCS treatment for 4 weeks dramatically disturbed gut microbiota homeostasis, resulting in overproduction of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and deficiency of secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA). In addition, TCS considerably increased intestinal permeability by reducing mucus excretion and expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin and claudin 4), which facilitated translocation of LPS. The LPS accumulation in blood contributed to liver injury by triggering the inflammatory response via TLR4 pathway. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of TCS-associated liver injury induced by gut microbiota via the gut-liver axis, and contributes to better interpretation of the health impact of the environmentally emerging contaminant TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Liyang Zheng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yitao Duan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuting Gao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huihui Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Daqing Mao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kamperi N, Kanara I, Kodukula K, Mavrakis AN, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Tamvakopoulos C, Vavvas DG, Zamboni RJ, Sampani K. Pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114809. [PMID: 34673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we trace links between biochemical pathways, pathogenesis, and metabolic diseases to set the stage for new therapeutic advances. Cellular and acellular microorganisms including bacteria and viruses are primary pathogenic drivers that cause disease. Missing from this statement are subcellular compartments, importantly mitochondria, which can be pathogenic by themselves, also serving as key metabolic disease intermediaries. The breakdown of food molecules provides chemical energy to power cellular processes, with mitochondria as powerhouses and ATP as the principal energy carrying molecule. Most animal cell ATP is produced by mitochondrial synthase; its central role in metabolism has been known for >80 years. Metabolic disorders involving many organ systems are prevalent in all age groups. Progressive pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of genetic mitochondrial diseases, the most common phenotypic expression of inherited metabolic disorders. Confluent genetic, metabolic, and mitochondrial axes surface in diabetes, heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and even in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis P Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David N Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalia Kamperi
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Anastasios N Mavrakis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Whitney R Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, MA, USA
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Zamboni
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroids as Tools to Study the Hepatotoxic Potential of Non-Pharmaceutical Chemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011005. [PMID: 34681664 PMCID: PMC8537720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury, including cholestasis, is an important clinical issue and economic burden for pharmaceutical industry and healthcare systems. However, human-relevant in vitro information on the ability of other types of chemicals to induce cholestatic hepatotoxicity is lacking. This work aimed at investigating the cholestatic potential of non-pharmaceutical chemicals using primary human hepatocytes cultured in 3D spheroids. Spheroid cultures were repeatedly (co-) exposed to drugs (cyclosporine-A, bosentan, macitentan) or non-pharmaceutical chemicals (paraquat, tartrazine, triclosan) and a concentrated mixture of bile acids for 4 weeks. Cell viability (adenosine triphosphate content) was checked every week and used to calculate the cholestatic index, an indicator of cholestatic liability. Microarray analysis was performed at specific time-points to verify the deregulation of genes related to cholestasis, steatosis and fibrosis. Despite the evident inter-donor variability, shorter exposures to cyclosporine-A consistently produced cholestatic index values below 0.80 with transcriptomic data partially supporting its cholestatic burden. Bosentan confirmed to be hepatotoxic, while macitentan was not toxic in the tested concentrations. Prolonged exposure to paraquat suggested fibrotic potential, while triclosan markedly deregulated genes involved in different types of hepatotoxicity. These results support the applicability of primary human hepatocyte spheroids to study hepatotoxicity of non-pharmaceutical chemicals in vitro.
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Liu J, Feng R, Wang D, Huo T, Jiang H. Triclosan-induced glycolysis drives inflammatory activation in microglia via the Akt/mTOR/HIF 1α signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112664. [PMID: 34416638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to triclosan (TCS) has been implicated in neurotoxicity including autism spectrum disorders in vivo and oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in vitro. Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying TCS-induced neurotoxicity warrants further research. In this study, we try to address the mode of action that TCS induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines by shifting metabolism to glycolysis. BV-2 cells were treated with 20 μM TCS for 24 h, and the conditional medium from TCS-induced activated microglia reduced the viability of the murine hippocampal neurons cell line HT22. Protein expression levels in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway were measured through Western blotting, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokine were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that exposure to TCS enhanced NF-κB activation, increased inflammatory cytokine expression including interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α in the BV-2 cells. The glucose consumption and lactate production in BV2 cell increased sharply after exposure to TCS for 24 h. Based on our qPCR and Western blotting results, the expression of the key glycolysis enzymes-namely hexokinase 1, pyruvate kinase M2, and lactate dehydrogenase A-increased after treatment with 20 μM TCS. Furthermore, inhibiting glycolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduced the activation of NF-κB and the mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines in the TCS-activated BV-2 microglia. The expression of the proteins of the Akt/mTOR/HIF1α pathway examined through Western blotting, which regulates glycolysis, also increased in the BV2 cells exposed to TCS. Moreover, Akt and mTOR inhibition by using LY294002 and rapamycin, respectively, blocked inflammatory cytokine overexpression induced by TCS. In conclusion, TCS can induce glycolysis and directly drive inflammatory activation in microglia; with the mediation of the Akt/mTOR/HIF1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Liu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Taoguang Huo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China.
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Kim JY, He F, Karin M. From Liver Fat to Cancer: Perils of the Western Diet. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1095. [PMID: 33806428 PMCID: PMC7961422 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer provides the prototypical example of an obesity-related cancer. The obesity epidemic gave rise to an enormous increase in the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition that affects one third of American adults. In about 20% of these individuals, simple liver steatosis (hepatosteatosis) progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterized by chronic liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. In addition to liver failure, NASH greatly increases the risk of HCC. Here we discuss the metabolic processes that control the progression from NAFLD to NASH and from NASH to HCC, with a special emphasis on the role of free-non-esterified cholesterol in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Youn Kim
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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