1
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Kong W, Frouard J, Xie G, Corley MJ, Helmy E, Zhang G, Schwarzer R, Montano M, Sohn P, Roan NR, Ndhlovu LC, Gan L, Greene WC. Neuroinflammation generated by HIV-infected microglia promotes dysfunction and death of neurons in human brain organoids. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae179. [PMID: 38737767 PMCID: PMC11086946 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for individuals living with HIV, mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) continue to occur. Brain microglia form the principal target for HIV infection in the brain. It remains unknown how infection of these cells leads to neuroinflammation, neuronal dysfunction, and/or death observed in HAND. Utilizing two different inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoid models (cerebral and choroid plexus [ChP] organoids) containing microglia, we investigated the pathogenic changes associated with HIV infection. Infection of microglia was associated with a sharp increase in CCL2 and CXCL10 chemokine gene expression and the activation of many type I interferon stimulated genes (MX1, ISG15, ISG20, IFI27, IFITM3 and others). Production of the proinflammatory chemokines persisted at low levels after treatment of the cell cultures with ART, consistent with the persistence of mild HAND following clinical introduction of ART. Expression of multiple members of the S100 family of inflammatory genes sharply increased following HIV infection of microglia measured by single-cell RNA-seq. However, S100 gene expression was not limited to microglia but was also detected more broadly in uninfected stromal cells, mature and immature ChP cells, neural progenitor cells and importantly in bystander neurons suggesting propagation of the inflammatory response to bystander cells. Neurotransmitter transporter expression declined in uninfected neurons, accompanied by increased expression of genes promoting cellular senescence and cell death. Together, these studies underscore how an inflammatory response generated in HIV-infected microglia is propagated to multiple uninfected bystander cells ultimately resulting in the dysfunction and death of bystander neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Kong
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Julie Frouard
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Guorui Xie
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael J Corley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ekram Helmy
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Roland Schwarzer
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peter Sohn
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Silva MJA, Marinho RL, dos Santos PAS, dos Santos CS, Ribeiro LR, Rodrigues YC, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. The Association between CCL5/RANTES SNPs and Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection: A Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2023; 15:1958. [PMID: 37766364 PMCID: PMC10535444 DOI: 10.3390/v15091958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in genes that encode natural ligands of CCR5 (the main human HIV coreceptor), such as CCL5/RANTES, can alter the levels of secretion of these peptides. This article sought to review the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CCL5/RANTES and HIV-1 disease susceptibility. A meta-analysis was conducted through 17 articles found from January 1999 to December 2022 in the PUBMED, Science Direct, Medline, and SciELO databases. A total of three SNPs were identified and investigated under their dominant genotypic model and through a fixed-effects model. In terms of the SNP rs2107538 (G > A), in Africa and Asia, it has a protective role (OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.41-0.76; p = 0.0002, and OR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.76-1.02; p = 0.08, respectively). In terms of the SNP rs2280788 (C > G), in Europe and America, it shows a higher risk role (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.06-3.47; p = 0.03, and OR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.94-1.11; p = 0.04, respectively), but in the population of Asia, with its mutant allele, it has a protective role (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.63-0.93; p = 0.007). In terms of the SNP rs2280789 (T > C), no significant associations were found. Both SNPs rs2107538 and rs2280788 have a positive transcriptional effect on the RANTES/CCL5 gene, while SNP rs2280789 causes a decrease in gene expression levels. This study suggests that there is an association between the increased expression of CCL5/RANTES and a lower risk of AIDS. Therefore, further studies are needed to arrive at a definitive conclusion, and these results may help establish scientific bases for effective HIV/AIDS control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Master Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance (PPGEVS), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - Rebecca Lobato Marinho
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section of the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (L.R.R.); (K.V.B.L.); (L.N.G.C.L.)
| | - Pabllo Antonny Silva dos Santos
- Master and PhD Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), Department of Natural Science (DCNA/UEPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-662, PA, Brazil; (P.A.S.d.S.); (C.S.d.S.)
| | - Carolynne Silva dos Santos
- Master and PhD Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), Department of Natural Science (DCNA/UEPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-662, PA, Brazil; (P.A.S.d.S.); (C.S.d.S.)
| | - Layana Rufino Ribeiro
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section of the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (L.R.R.); (K.V.B.L.); (L.N.G.C.L.)
| | - Yan Corrêa Rodrigues
- Master Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance (PPGEVS), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil;
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section of the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (L.R.R.); (K.V.B.L.); (L.N.G.C.L.)
- Department of Natural Science (DCNA/UEPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66050-540, PA, Brazil
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section of the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (L.R.R.); (K.V.B.L.); (L.N.G.C.L.)
| | - Luana Nepomuceno Gondim Costa Lima
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section of the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (L.R.R.); (K.V.B.L.); (L.N.G.C.L.)
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Pollara J, Khanal S, Edwards RW, Hora B, Ferrari G, Haynes BF, Bradley T. Single-cell analysis of immune cell transcriptome during HIV-1 infection and therapy. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:48. [PMID: 36175869 PMCID: PMC9520965 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular immune responses are phenotypically and functionally perturbed during HIV-1 infection, with the majority of function restored upon antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite ART, residual inflammation remains that can lead to HIV-related co-morbidities and mortality, indicating that ART does not fully restore normal immune cell function. Thus, understanding the dynamics of the immune cell landscape during HIV-1 infection and ART is critical to defining cellular dysfunction that occurs during HIV-1 infection and imprints during therapy. RESULTS Here, we have applied single-cell transcriptome sequencing of peripheral blood immune cells from chronic untreated HIV-1 individuals, HIV-1-infected individuals receiving ART and HIV-1 negative individuals. We also applied single-cell transcriptome sequencing to a primary cell model of early HIV-1 infection using CD4+ T cells from healthy donors. We described changes in the transcriptome at high resolution that occurred during HIV-1 infection, and perturbations that remained during ART. We also determined transcriptional differences among T cells expressing HIV-1 transcripts that identified key regulators of HIV-1 infection that may serve as targets for future therapies to block HIV-1 infection. CONCLUSIONS This work identified key molecular pathways that are altered in immune cells during chronic HIV-1 infection that could remain despite therapy. We also identified key genes that are upregulated during early HIV-1 infection that provide insights on the mechanism of HIV-1 infection and could be targets for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - R Whitney Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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4
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Dugue R, Schnall R, Liu M, Brickman AM, Pavol M, Porra T, Gutierrez J. Uncontrolled HIV and inflammation is associated with intracranial saccular aneurysm presence. AIDS 2022; 36:991-996. [PMID: 35184070 PMCID: PMC9167221 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study biomarkers of inflammation in cerebrovascular disease, exploring modifiable and non-modifiable biochemical and clinical risk factors associated with the presence of intracranial saccular aneurysms (ISAs) in an HIV-positive cohort. DESIGN A cross-sectional community-based study was used to study blood biomarkers of inflammation as predictors of cerebrovascular disease, specifically the presence of ISAs in persons with HIV. Potential biochemical and clinical predictors of ISA presence were identified. METHODS Time of flight magnetic resonance angiography and magnetic resonance imaging data identified the presence of ISAs in an HIV-positive cohort. Quantitative assays for neuroinflammatory biomarkers were performed on plasma blood samples. Lasso regression models were used to identify neuroinflammatory biomarkers and clinical risk factors associated with ISAs. RESULTS Eight of 72 participants had radiographically identified ISAs. ISAs were more common in non-Hispanic black participants (18.5% vs. 0% presence in nonblack patients). Participants with well controlled HIV (defined as CD4+ count >200 cells/ml and undetectable viral load at time of magnetic resonance imaging) had lower odds of ISAs (odds ratio: 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.79) independent of age, sex, ethnicity and vascular risk factors. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 p, an HIV- suppressive factor detected in participant blood samples, was inversely associated with aneurysm presence. CONCLUSION Well controlled HIV is associated with fewer ISAs. The identification of non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors contributing to ISA formation may provide valuable insight to impact clinical practice and inform the pathophysiology underlying ISA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Dugue
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Schnall
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Minghua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marykay Pavol
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany Porra
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Jose Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Liu R, Yeh YHJ, Varabyou A, Collora JA, Sherrill-Mix S, Talbot CC, Mehta S, Albrecht K, Hao H, Zhang H, Pollack RA, Beg SA, Calvi RM, Hu J, Durand CM, Ambinder RF, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Chiarella J, Spudich S, Douek DC, Bushman FD, Pertea M, Ho YC. Single-cell transcriptional landscapes reveal HIV-1-driven aberrant host gene transcription as a potential therapeutic target. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/543/eaaz0802. [PMID: 32404504 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding HIV-1-host interactions can identify the cellular environment supporting HIV-1 reactivation and mechanisms of clonal expansion. We developed HIV-1 SortSeq to isolate rare HIV-1-infected cells from virally suppressed, HIV-1-infected individuals upon early latency reversal. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of HIV-1 SortSeq+ cells revealed enrichment of nonsense-mediated RNA decay and viral transcription pathways. HIV-1 SortSeq+ cells up-regulated cellular factors that can support HIV-1 transcription (IMPDH1 and JAK1) or promote cellular survival (IL2 and IKBKB). HIV-1-host RNA landscape analysis at the integration site revealed that HIV-1 drives high aberrant host gene transcription downstream, but not upstream, of the integration site through HIV-1-to-host aberrant splicing, in which HIV-1 RNA splices into the host RNA and aberrantly drives host RNA transcription. HIV-1-induced aberrant transcription was driven by the HIV-1 promoter as shown by CRISPR-dCas9-mediated HIV-1-specific activation and could be suppressed by CRISPR-dCas9-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 5' long terminal repeat. Overall, we identified cellular factors supporting HIV-1 reactivation and HIV-1-driven aberrant host gene transcription as potential therapeutic targets to disrupt HIV-1 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Yang-Hui Jimmy Yeh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Ales Varabyou
- Department of Computer Science, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jack A Collora
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - C Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sameet Mehta
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Kristen Albrecht
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Haiping Hao
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ross A Pollack
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Subul A Beg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rachela M Calvi
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Jianfei Hu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christine M Durand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Jennifer Chiarella
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mihaela Pertea
- Department of Computer Science, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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6
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Lemma M, Petkov S, Bekele Y, Petros B, Howe R, Chiodi F. Profiling of Inflammatory Proteins in Plasma of HIV-1-Infected Children Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8030024. [PMID: 32906648 PMCID: PMC7563605 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HIV-1-infected patients results in improved clinical and immunological conditions, but severe non-AIDS-related conditions still persist. Novel proteomic platforms have identified inflammatory proteins where abundance is dysregulated in adult treated patients, whereas limited data are available in treated HIV-1 infection of children. Using a proteomic plasma profiling approach comprising 92 inflammation-related molecules, we analyzed specimens from 43 vertically HIV-1-infected children receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) and matched controls in Ethiopia. The infected children were analyzed as a group and separately, according to age of treatment initiation. Proteins displaying a significantly different abundance between groups were hierarchically clustered and presented in heat maps. Random forest analysis was performed to pin-point proteins discriminating between groups; five proteins (STAMBP, CD5, TFG-α, TRANCE, AXIN1) were the strongest prediction factors for treated HIV-1 infection. TRANCE was previously linked to reduced bone mass levels in HIV-1-infected children. CCL4 chemokine, ligand to HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5, was the most critical protein for successful classification between children who initiated ART at different time points. Our data provide evidence that a dysregulated expression of proteins linked to immunological abnormalities and bone metabolism can be found in HIV-1-infected children with prolonged exposure to ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlet Lemma
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (S.P.); (Y.B.)
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
| | - Stefan Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (S.P.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yonas Bekele
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (S.P.); (Y.B.)
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (S.P.); (Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-8-52486315
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7
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Arunachalam PS, Charles TP, Joag V, Bollimpelli VS, Scott MKD, Wimmers F, Burton SL, Labranche CC, Petitdemange C, Gangadhara S, Styles TM, Quarnstrom CF, Walter KA, Ketas TJ, Legere T, Jagadeesh Reddy PB, Kasturi SP, Tsai A, Yeung BZ, Gupta S, Tomai M, Vasilakos J, Shaw GM, Kang CY, Moore JP, Subramaniam S, Khatri P, Montefiori D, Kozlowski PA, Derdeyn CA, Hunter E, Masopust D, Amara RR, Pulendran B. T cell-inducing vaccine durably prevents mucosal SHIV infection even with lower neutralizing antibody titers. Nat Med 2020; 26:932-940. [PMID: 32393800 PMCID: PMC7303014 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts toward an HIV vaccine focus on inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies, but eliciting both neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and cellular responses may be superior. Here, we immunized macaques with an HIV envelope trimer, either alone to induce nAbs, or together with a heterologous viral vector regimen to elicit nAbs and cellular immunity, including CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells. After ten vaginal challenges with autologous virus, protection was observed in both vaccine groups at 53.3% and 66.7%, respectively. A nAb titer >300 was generally associated with protection but in the heterologous viral vector + nAb group, titers <300 were sufficient. In this group, protection was durable as the animals resisted six more challenges 5 months later. Antigen stimulation of T cells in ex vivo vaginal tissue cultures triggered antiviral responses in myeloid and CD4+ T cells. We propose that cellular immune responses reduce the threshold of nAbs required to confer superior and durable protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/drug effects
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/drug effects
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Heterologous
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Mucous Membrane
- SAIDS Vaccines/pharmacology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Vagina
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tysheena P Charles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vineet Joag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Venkata S Bollimpelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madeleine K D Scott
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Florian Wimmers
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samantha L Burton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia C Labranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Korey A Walter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas J Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Traci Legere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pradeep Babu Jagadeesh Reddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pfizer, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Sudhir Pai Kasturi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Shakti Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Tomai
- 3M Corporate Research and Materials Lab, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chil-Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Rama R Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Cohn LB, da Silva IT, Valieris R, Huang AS, Lorenzi JCC, Cohen YZ, Pai JA, Butler AL, Caskey M, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. Clonal CD4 + T cells in the HIV-1 latent reservoir display a distinct gene profile upon reactivation. Nat Med 2018; 24:604-609. [PMID: 29686423 PMCID: PMC5972543 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 proviruses persist in patients. This latent reservoir is established within 48-72 h after infection, has a long half-life1,2, enables viral rebound when ART is interrupted, and is the major barrier to a cure for HIV-1 3 . Latent cells are exceedingly rare in blood (∼1 per 1 × 106 CD4+ T cells) and are typically enumerated by indirect means, such as viral outgrowth assays4,5. We report a new strategy to purify and characterize single reactivated latent cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Surface expression of viral envelope protein was used to enrich reactivated latent T cells producing HIV RNA, and single-cell analysis was performed to identify intact virus. Reactivated latent cells produce full-length viruses that are identical to those found in viral outgrowth cultures and represent clones of in vivo expanded T cells, as determined by their T cell receptor sequence. Gene-expression analysis revealed that these cells share a transcriptional profile that includes expression of genes implicated in silencing the virus. We conclude that reactivated latent T cells isolated from blood can share a gene-expression program that allows for cell division without activation of the cell death pathways that are normally triggered by HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian B Cohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Israel T da Silva
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center (CIPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Valieris
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center (CIPE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amy S Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda Z Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joy A Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison L Butler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Liao Q, Wang J, Pei Z, Xu J, Zhang X. Identification of miRNA-mRNA crosstalk in CD4 + T cells during HIV-1 infection by integrating transcriptome analyses. J Transl Med 2017; 15:41. [PMID: 28222782 PMCID: PMC5319073 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) are characterized by infection with HIV-1 more than 7–10 years, but keeping high CD4+ T cell counts and low viral load in the absence of antiretroviral treatment, while loss of CD4+ T cells and high viral load were observed in the most of HIV-1-infected individuals with chronic progressors (CPs) However, the mechanisms of different clinical outcomes in HIV-1 infection needs to be further resolved. Methods To identify microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes related to distinct clinical outcomes in HIV-1 infection, we performed the integrative transcriptome analyses in two series GSE24022 and GSE6740 by GEO2R, R, TargetScan, miRDB, and Cytoscape softwares. The functional pathways of these differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) targeting genes were further analyzed with DAVID. Results We identified that 7 and 19 DEMs in CD4+ T cells of LTNPs and CPs, respectively, compared with uninfected controls (UCs), but only miR-630 was higher in CPs than that in LTNPs. Further, 478 and 799 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the group of LTNPs and CPs, respectively, compared with UCs. Compared to CPs, four hundred and twenty-four DEGs were identified in LTNPs. Functional pathway analyses revealed that a close connection with miRNA-mRNA in HIV-1 infection that DEGs were involved in response to virus and immune system process, and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, whose DEMs or DEGs will be novel biomarkers for prediction of clinical outcomes and therapeutic targets for HIV-1. Conclusions Integrative transcriptome analyses showed that distinct transcriptional profiles in CD4+ T cells are associated with different clinical outcomes during HIV-1 infection, and we identified a circulating miR-630 with potential to predict disease progression, which is necessary to further confirm our findings in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1130-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Liao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zenglin Pei
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Noncytolytic CD8+ Cell Mediated Antiviral Response Represents a Strong Element in the Immune Response of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Long-Term Non-Progressing Rhesus Macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142086. [PMID: 26551355 PMCID: PMC4638345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of long term non progressors to maintain very low levels of HIV/SIV and a healthy state, involves various host genetic and immunological factors. CD8+ non-cytolytic antiviral response (CNAR) most likely plays an important role in this regard. In order to gain a deeper insight into this unique phenomenon, the ability of CD8+ T cells to suppress viral replication in vitro was investigated in 16 uninfected, longitudinally in 23 SIV-infected long-term non-progressing (LTNPs), and 10 SIV-infected rhesus macaques with progressing disease. An acute infection assay utilizing CD4+ cells from MHC-mismatched monkeys to avoid cytolytic responses was employed. The study has identified CNAR as a long-term stable activity that inversely correlated with plasma viral load. The activity was also detected in CD8+ cells of uninfected macaques, which indicates that CNAR is not necessarily a virus specific response but increases after SIV-infection. Physical contact between CD4+ and CD8+ cells was mainly involved in mediating viral inhibition. Loss of this activity appeared to be due to a loss of CNAR-expressing CD8+ cells as well as a reduction of CNAR-responsive CD4+ cells. In contrast, in vitro viral replication did not differ in CD4+ cells from un-infected macaques, CNAR(+) and CNAR(-) LTNPs. A role for transitional memory cells in supporting CNAR in the macaque model of AIDS was questionable. CNAR appears to represent an important part of the immune response displayed by CD8+ T cells which might be underestimated up to now.
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11
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Changes in B-Cell Counts and Percentages during Primary HIV Infection Associated with Disease Progression in HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Preliminary Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:468194. [PMID: 26436092 PMCID: PMC4575999 DOI: 10.1155/2015/468194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous anomalies in B-cell phenotypes and functions have been described in HIV-infected individuals. However, the actual relationship between B cells and disease progression remains unclear. In this study, we investigated B-cell counts/percentages during a 12-month infection period in HIV-infected individuals that eventually developed into typical progressors (TPs) or rapid progressors (RPs). We found, after 12 months of infection, the baseline B-cell counts/percentages correlated positively with CD4+ T-cell counts (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.026) and negatively with HIV viral set points (P = 0.014 and P = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high baseline B-cell counts/percentages were associated with a slow CD4-cell decline. B-cell kinetics indicated the baseline B-cell counts/percentages could be factors distinguishing between TPs and RPs. The combination of the baseline B-cell counts and percentages was associated with rapid disease progression (a 80.7% predictive value as measured by the area under the curve). These results indicate that the baseline B-cell counts/percentages might be associated with HIV disease progression.
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12
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Preedy VR, Patel VB, Al-Sabbagh M. Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 Alpha (MIP-1 alpha)/CCL3: As a Biomarker. GENERAL METHODS IN BIOMARKER RESEARCH AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 2015. [PMCID: PMC7124056 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α/CCL3) is a chemotactic chemokine secreted by macrophages. It performs various biological functions, such as recruiting inflammatory cells, wound healing, inhibition of stem cells, and maintaining effector immune response. It activates bone resorption cells and directly induces bone destruction. Cells that secrete MIP-1α/CCL3 are increased at sites of inflammation and bone resorption. MIP-1α/CCL3 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and conditions that exhibit bone resorption, such as periodontitis, multiple myeloma, Sjögren syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Biological fluids from patients with these diseases exhibit elevated levels of MIP-1α/CCL3. This finding indicates that MIP-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \alpha $$\end{document}α/CCL3 protein may have diagnostic potential for the detection of several inflammatory diseases and conditions. This chapter discusses the biological functions of MIP-1α/CCL3; describes several diseases associated with MIP-1α/CCL3, particularly periodontitis; and delineates the potential application of MIP-1α/CCL3 as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. Preedy
- grid.13097.3c0000000123226764Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vinood B. Patel
- grid.12896.340000000090468598Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Bhaskar A, Munshi M, Khan SZ, Fatima S, Arya R, Jameel S, Singh A. Measuring glutathione redox potential of HIV-1-infected macrophages. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1020-38. [PMID: 25406321 PMCID: PMC4294471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.588913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). The majority of HIV redox research relies on measuring redox stress using invasive technologies, which are unreliable and do not provide information about the contributions of subcellular compartments. A major technological leap emerges from the development of genetically encoded redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (roGFPs), which provide sensitive and compartment-specific insights into redox homeostasis. Here, we exploited a roGFP-based specific bioprobe of glutathione redox potential (EGSH; Grx1-roGFP2) and measured subcellular changes in EGSH during various phases of HIV-1 infection using U1 monocytic cells (latently infected U937 cells with HIV-1). We show that although U937 and U1 cells demonstrate significantly reduced cytosolic and mitochondrial EGSH (approximately −310 mV), active viral replication induces substantial oxidative stress (EGSH more than −240 mV). Furthermore, exposure to a physiologically relevant oxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), induces significant deviations in subcellular EGSH between U937 and U1, which distinctly modulates susceptibility to apoptosis. Using Grx1-roGFP2, we demonstrate that a marginal increase of about ∼25 mV in EGSH is sufficient to switch HIV-1 from latency to reactivation, raising the possibility of purging HIV-1 by redox modulators without triggering detrimental changes in cellular physiology. Importantly, we show that bioactive lipids synthesized by clinical drug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reactivate HIV-1 through modulation of intracellular EGSH. Finally, the expression analysis of U1 and patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated a major recalibration of cellular redox homeostatic pathways during persistence and active replication of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhaskar
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560012
| | - MohamedHusen Munshi
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560012, the Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India
| | - Sohrab Zafar Khan
- the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 67, and
| | - Sadaf Fatima
- the Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 25, India
| | - Rahul Arya
- the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 67, and
| | - Shahid Jameel
- the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 67, and
| | - Amit Singh
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560012,
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14
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Nguyen PV, Kafka JK, Ferreira VH, Roth K, Kaushic C. Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:410-27. [PMID: 24976268 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male and female reproductive tracts are complex microenvironments that have diverse functional demands. The immune system in the reproductive tract has the demanding task of providing a protective environment for a fetal allograft while simultaneously conferring protection against potential pathogens. As such, it has evolved a unique set of adaptations, primarily under the influence of sex hormones, which make it distinct from other mucosal sites. Here, we discuss the various components of the immune system that are present in both the male and female reproductive tracts, including innate soluble factors and cells and humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity under homeostatic conditions. We review the evidence showing unique phenotypic and functional characteristics of immune cells and responses in the male and female reproductive tracts that exhibit compartmentalization from systemic immunity and discuss how these features are influenced by sex hormones. We also examine the interactions among the reproductive tract, sex hormones and immune responses following HIV-1 infection. An improved understanding of the unique characteristics of the male and female reproductive tracts will provide insights into improving clinical treatments of the immunological causes of infertility and the design of prophylactic interventions for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
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15
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Ferreira VH, Kafka JK, Kaushic C. Influence of common mucosal co-factors on HIV infection in the female genital tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:543-54. [PMID: 24617528 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Women constitute almost half of HIV-infected population globally, and the female genital tract (FGT) accounts for approximately 40% of all new HIV infections worldwide. The FGT is composed of upper and lower parts, distinct in their morphological and functional characteristics. Co-factors in the genital microenvironment, such as presence of hormones, semen, and other sexually transmitted infections, can facilitate or deter HIV infection and play a critical role in determining susceptibility to HIV. In this review, we examine some of these co-factors and their potential influence. Presence of physical and chemical barriers such as epithelial tight junctions, mucus, and anti-microbial peptides can actively block and inhibit viral replication, presenting a significant deterrent to HIV. Upon exposure, HIV and other pathogens first encounter the genital epithelium: cells that express a wide repertoire of pattern recognition receptors that can recognize and directly initiate innate immune responses. These and other interactions in the genital tract can lead to direct and indirect inflammation and enhance the number of local target cells, immune activation, and microbial translocation, all of which promote HIV infection and replication. Better understanding of the dynamics of HIV transmission in the female genital tract would be invaluable for improving the design of prophylactic strategies against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Ferreira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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16
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Carbonetti S, Oliver BG, Glenn J, Stamatatos L, Sather DN. Soluble HIV-1 envelope immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer elicit cross-reactive V1V2 antibodies and low potency neutralizing antibodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86905. [PMID: 24466285 PMCID: PMC3900663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated four gp140 Envelope protein vaccine immunogens that were derived from an elite neutralizer, subject VC10042, whose plasma was able to potently neutralize a wide array of genetically distinct HIV-1 isolates. We sought to determine whether soluble Envelope proteins derived from the viruses circulating in VC10042 could be used as immunogens to elicit similar neutralizing antibody responses by vaccination. Each gp140 was tested in its trimeric and monomeric forms, and we evaluated two gp140 trimer vaccine regimens in which adjuvant was supplied at all four immunizations or at only the first two immunizations. Interestingly, all four Envelope immunogens elicited high titers of cross-reactive antibodies that recognize the variable regions V1V2 and are potentially similar to antibodies linked with a reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition in the RV144 vaccine trial. Two of the four immunogens elicited neutralizing antibody responses that neutralized a wide array of HIV-1 isolates from across genetic clades, but those responses were of very low potency. There were no significant differences in the responses elicited by trimers or monomers, nor was there a significant difference between the two adjuvant regimens. Our study identified two promising Envelope immunogens that elicited anti-V1V2 antibodies and broad, but low potency, neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carbonetti
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jolene Glenn
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, Washington, United States of America ; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - D Noah Sather
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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17
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Gadhe CG, Kothandan G, Cho SJ. Computational modeling of human coreceptor CCR5 antagonist as a HIV-1 entry inhibitor: using an integrated homology modeling, docking, and membrane molecular dynamics simulation analysis approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 31:1251-76. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.732342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Huik K, Avi R, Pauskar M, Kallas E, Jõgeda EL, Karki T, Marsh K, Des Jarlais D, Uusküla A, Lutsar I. Association between TLR3 rs3775291 and resistance to HIV among highly exposed Caucasian intravenous drug users. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:78-82. [PMID: 23962581 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TLR3 recognizes dsRNA and triggers immune responses against RNA and DNA viruses. A polymorphism in TLR3, rs3775291 (Leu412Phe), has been associated with the increased susceptibility to enteroviral myocarditis, protection against tick-borne encephalitis virus and HIV-1 infection. We investigated Caucasian intravenous drug users (IDUs) and blood donors in order to evaluate the associations between TLR3 genotypes and susceptibility to HIV infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 345 Caucasian IDUs were recruited, 50% of them were HIV positive, 89% HCV and 77% HBV positive. Based on their history of needle sharing, 20 of the HIV negative IDUs were classified as highly exposed HIV seronegatives (HESNs), 68 as non-HESNs and 85 as unexposed. The control group consisting of 497 blood donors tested negative for all three viruses. TLR3 rs3775291 were determined by using TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Assay. RESULTS The TLR3 rs3775291 T allele frequency was similar among the HIV negative and HIV positive IDUs and blood donors - 36%, 31% and 34%, respectively. The frequency of persons possessing at least one TLR3 rs3775291 T allele was significantly higher in HESNs compared with blood donors and HIV positive IDUs (80% vs. 55%; p=0.037 and 80% vs. 53%; p=0.031, respectively). In the univariate analysis, persons who possessed at least one T allele had reduced odds of being HIV seropositive (OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.09-0.90). This association remained significant (OR=0.25, 95% CI=0.07-0.87) after the adjustment for other co-variates (HCV, HBV serostatus and duration of intravenous drug use). CONCLUSIONS The TLR3 rs3775291 T allele has a protective effect against HIV infection among HESNs IDUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Huik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
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Preferential HIV infection of CCR6+ Th17 cells is associated with higher levels of virus receptor expression and lack of CCR5 ligands. J Virol 2013; 87:10843-54. [PMID: 23903844 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01838-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells are enriched in the gut mucosa and play a critical role in maintenance of the mucosal barrier and host defense against extracellular bacteria and fungal infections. During chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Th17 cells were more depleted compared to Th1 cells, even when the patients had low or undetectable viremia. To investigate the differential effects of HIV infection on Th17 and Th1 cells, a culture system was used in which CCR6(+) CD4(+) T cells were sorted from healthy human peripheral blood and activated in the presence of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-23 to drive expansion of Th17 cells while maintaining Th1 cells. HIV infection of these cultures had minimal effects on Th1 cells but caused depletion of Th17 cells. Th17 loss correlated with greater levels of virus-infected cells and cell death. In identifying cellular factors contributing to higher susceptibility of Th17 cells to HIV, we compared Th17-enriched CCR6(+) and Th17-depleted CCR6(-) CD4 T cell cultures and noted that Th17-enriched CCR6(+) cells expressed higher levels of α4β7 and bound HIV envelope in an α4β7-dependent manner. The cells also had greater expression of CD4 and CXCR4, but not CCR5, than CCR6(-) cells. Moreover, unlike Th1 cells, Th17 cells produced little CCR5 ligand, and transfection with one of the CCR5 ligands, MIP-1β (CCL4), increased their resistance against HIV. These results indicate that features unique to Th17 cells, including higher expression of HIV receptors and lack of autocrine CCR5 ligands, are associated with enhanced permissiveness of these cells to HIV.
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20
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies developed by an HIV-positive elite neutralizer exact a replication fitness cost on the contemporaneous virus. J Virol 2012; 86:12676-85. [PMID: 22973035 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01893-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1% of those infected with HIV-1 develop broad and potent serum cross-neutralizing antibody activities. It is unknown whether or not the development of such immune responses affects the replication of the contemporaneous autologous virus. Here, we defined a pathway of autologous viral escape from contemporaneous potent and broad serum neutralizing antibodies developed by an elite HIV-1-positive (HIV-1(+)) neutralizer. These antibodies potently neutralize diverse isolates from different clades and target primarily the CD4-binding site (CD4-BS) of the viral envelope glycoprotein. Viral escape required mutations in the viral envelope glycoprotein which limited the accessibility of the CD4-binding site to the autologous broadly neutralizing anti-CD4-BS antibodies but which allowed the virus to infect cells by utilizing CD4 receptors on their surface. The acquisition of neutralization resistance, however, resulted in reduced cell entry potential and slower viral replication kinetics. Our results indicate that in vivo escape from autologous broadly neutralizing antibodies exacts fitness costs to HIV-1.
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Alvarez Y, Tuen M, Nàdas A, Hioe CE. In vitro restoration of Th17 response during HIV infection with an antiretroviral drug and Th17 differentiation cytokines. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:823-34. [PMID: 22011036 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Th17 subset is preferentially depleted as compared to the Th1 subset in chronically HIV-infected patients, even after successful antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we have established an in vitro system utilizing primary human CD4 T cell cultures that recapitulates the dramatic loss of Th17 response upon HIV-1 infection that is accompanied with a less profound Th1 decrease. With this experimental system, we showed that blocking viral entry with CCR5 ligands or TAK779 reduced the infection and enhanced Th17 response but not Th1 response. Antiretroviral drug 3TC (lamivudine), given at the time of infection, completely prevented the loss of Th17 and Th1 responses but was ineffective when given after infection was already established. Only when Th17 differentiation cytokines were given along with 3TC to the cultures with established HIV infection was Th17 response fully restored and virus replication kept suppressed. Finally, a significant increase of Th17 response was achieved in peripheral lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy after treatment with Th17 differentiation cytokines. These data demonstrate the presence of CD4 T cells remaining capable of mounting Th17 response during HIV infection and indicate the potential use of immunotherapeutic modalities to supplement antiretroviral drugs for restoring Th17 response in chronically HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelina Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York
| | - Arthur Nàdas
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Catarina E. Hioe
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York
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Chronic HIV infection affects the expression of the 2 transcription factors required for CD8 T-cell differentiation into cytolytic effectors. Blood 2012; 119:4928-38. [PMID: 22490682 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-395186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells lose the capacity to control HIV infection, but the extent of the impairment of CD8 T-cell functions and the mechanisms that underlie it remain controversial. Here we report an extensive ex vivo analysis of HIV-specific CD8 T cells, covering the expression of 16 different molecules involved in CD8 function or differentiation. This approach gave remarkably homogeneous readouts in different donors and showed that CD8 dysfunction in chronic HIV infection was much more severe than described previously: some Ifng transcription was observed, but most cells lost the expression of all cytolytic molecules and Eomesodermin and T-bet by chronic infection. These results reveal a cellular mechanism explaining the dysfunction of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection, as CD8 T cells are known to maintain some functionality when either of these transcription factors is present, but to lose all cytotoxic activity when both are not expressed. Surprisingly, they also show that chronic HIV and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections have a very different impact on fundamental T-cell functions, "exhausted" lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific cells losing the capacity to secrete IFN-γ but maintaining some cytotoxic activity as granzyme B and FasL are overexpressed and, while down-regulating T-bet, up-regulating Eomesodermin expression.
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Soluble factors from T cells inhibiting X4 strains of HIV are a mixture of β chemokines and RNases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5411-6. [PMID: 22431590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202240109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-derived soluble factors that inhibit both X4 and R5 HIV are recognized as important in controlling HIV. Whereas three β chemokines, regulated-on-activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β, account for the suppression of R5 HIV by blockade of HIV entry, the major components responsible for the inhibition of X4 HIV strains have not been identified previously. We identify these factors primarily as a mixture of three β chemokines [macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and I-309] and two RNases (angiogenin and RNase 4) of lesser potency and show that in a clade B population, some correlate with clinical status and are produced by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells (chemokines, angiogenin) or only by CD8(+) T cells (RNase 4). The antiviral mechanisms of these HIV X4-suppressive factors differ from those of the previously described HIV R5-suppressive β chemokines.
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Abstract
There is an urgent need control the spread of the global HIV pandemic. A microbicide, or topical drug applied to the mucosal environment to block transmission, is a promising HIV prevention strategy. The development of a safe and efficacious microbicide requires a thorough understanding of the mucosal environment and its role in HIV transmission. Knowledge of the key events in viral infection identifies points at which the virus might be most effectively targeted by a microbicide. The cervicovaginal and rectal mucosa play an important role in the innate defense against HIV, and microbicides must not interfere with these functions. In this review, we discuss the current research on HIV microbicide development.
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Walter J, Fraga L, Orin MJ, Decker WD, Gipps T, Stek A, Aldrovandi GM. Immunomodulatory factors in cervicovaginal secretions from pregnant and non-pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:263. [PMID: 21961998 PMCID: PMC3190379 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are at an increased risk for HIV infection due to unknown biological causes. Given the strong effect of sex-hormones on the expression of immunomuodulatory factors, the central role of mucosal immunity in HIV pathogenesis and the lack of previous studies, we here tested for differences in immunomuodulatory factors in cervico-vaginal secretions between pregnant and non-pregnant women. METHODS We compared concentrations of 39 immunomodulatory factors in cervicovaginal lavages (CVL) from 21 pregnant women to those of 24 non-pregnant healthy women from the US. We used Bonferroni correction to correct for multiple testing and linear regression modeling to adjust for possible confounding by plasma cytokine concentration, cervical ectopy, total protein concentration, and other possible confounders. Cervical ectopy was determined by planimetry. Concentration of immunomodulatory factors were measured by a multiplex assay, protein concentration by the Bradford Method. RESULTS Twenty six (66%) of the 39 measured immunomodulatory factors were detectable in at least half of the CVL samples included in the study. Pregnant women had threefold lower CVL concentration of CCL22 (geometric mean: 29.6 pg/ml versus 89.7 pg/ml, p = 0.0011) than non-pregnant women. CVL CCL22 concentration additionally correlated negatively with gestational age (Spearman correlation coefficient [RS]: -0.49, p = 0.0006). These associations remained significant when corrected for multiple testing. CCL22 concentration in CVL was positively correlated with age and negatively correlated with time since last coitus and the size of cervical ectopy. However, none of these associations could explain the difference of CCL22 concentration between pregnant and non-pregnant women in this study, which remained significant in adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this study population, pregnancy is associated with reduced concentrations of CCL22 in cervicovaginal secretions. The role of CCL22 on HIV transmission should now be investigated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Walter
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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27
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Surman SL, Brown SA, Jones BG, Woodland DL, Hurwitz JL. Clearance of HIV type 1 envelope recombinant sendai virus depends on CD4+ T cells and interferon-gamma but not B cells, CD8+ T cells, or perforin. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:783-93. [PMID: 20623995 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated viral clearance is classically attributed to the CD8(+) T cell subset, but CD4(+) T cells can sometimes assume this role. One such instance was illustrated by the immunization of C57BL/6 mice with HIV-1 envelope, followed by challenge with a recombinant Sendai virus (rSeV-env) carrying a gene for secreted HIV-1 envelope protein. Vaccinated mice that lacked both B cells (microMT) and CD8(+) T cells controlled virus, but control was lost when CD4(+) T cells were depleted. To explain this activity, we questioned whether CD4(+) T cells might utilize perforin for killing of MHC class II-positive targets. We also asked if the process might depend on IFN-gamma, which can upregulate MHC expression and enhance T cell recruitment to sites of virus challenge. To address these possibilities, we vaccinated perforin-KO mice with HIV-1 envelope and challenged them with rSeV-env. We found that perforin was not required for (1) CD4(+) T cell homing to the site of virus challenge, (2) expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines (including IFN-gamma), or (3) virus clearance. To determine if IFN-gamma was required for protection, we repeated experiments in IFN-gamma-KO animals. In this case, significant protection was lost, although the CD4(+) T cells trafficked readily to the site of infection. In fact, local CD4(+) T cell numbers in vaccinated IFN-gamma- KO mice exceeded those in wild type animals. In both cases, cells were alphass TCR(+), NK-1.1(-), and CD44(+), typifying an activated CD4(+) T cell subset. Taken together, our results showed that HIV-1 envelope recombinant virus clearance was dependent on CD4(+) T cells and IFN-gamma, but occurred in the absence of B cells, CD8(+) T cells, or perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott A. Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
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Kaushic C, Ferreira VH, Kafka JK, Nazli A. HIV infection in the female genital tract: discrete influence of the local mucosal microenvironment. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:566-75. [PMID: 20384619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Women acquire HIV infections predominantly at the genital mucosa through heterosexual transmission. Therefore, the immune milieu at female genital surfaces is a critical determinant of HIV susceptibility. In this review, we recapitulate the evidence suggesting that several distinctive innate immune mechanisms in the female genital tract (FGT) serve to significantly deter or facilitate HIV-1 infection. Epithelial cells lining the FGT play a key role in forming a primary barrier to HIV entry. These cells express Toll-like receptors and other receptors that recognize and respond directly to pathogens, including HIV-1. In addition, innate biological factors produced by epithelial and other cells in the FGT have anti-HIV activity. Female sex hormones, co-infection with other pathogens and components in semen may also exacerbate or down-modulate HIV transmission. A combination of innate and adaptive immune factors and their interactions with the local microenvironment determine the outcome of HIV transmission. Improving our understanding of the female genital microenvironment will be useful in developing treatments that augment and sustain protective immune responses in the genital mucosa, such as microbicides and vaccines, and will provide greater insight into viral pathogenesis in the FGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Kaushic
- Center For Gene Therapeutics, Michael G. DeGroote Institute of Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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29
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Geonnotti AR, Bilska M, Yuan X, Ochsenbauer C, Edmonds TG, Kappes JC, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Montefiori DC. Differential inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and TZM-bl cells by endotoxin-mediated chemokine and gamma interferon production. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:279-91. [PMID: 20218881 PMCID: PMC2864054 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) is a frequent contaminant of biological specimens and is also known to be a potent inducer of beta-chemokines and other soluble factors that inhibit HIV-1 infection in vitro. Though lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to stimulate the production of soluble HIV-1 inhibitors in cultures of monocyte-derived macrophages, the ability of LPS to induce similar inhibitors in other cell types is poorly characterized. Here we show that LPS exhibits potent anti-HIV activity in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but has no detectable anti-HIV-1 activity in TZM-bl cells. The anti-HIV-1 activity of LPS in PBMCs was strongly associated with the production of beta-chemokines from CD14-positive monocytes. Culture supernatants from LPS-stimulated PBMCs exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity when added to TZM-bl cells but, in this case, the antiviral activity appeared to be related to IFN-gamma rather than to beta-chemokines. These observations indicate that LPS stimulates PBMCs to produce a complex array of soluble HIV-1 inhibitors, including beta-chemokines and IFN-gamma, that differentially inhibit HIV-1 depending on the target cell type. The results also highlight the need to use endotoxin-free specimens to avoid artifacts when assessing HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies in PBMC-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Geonnotti
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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30
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Yoshida A, Tanaka R, Kodama A, Yamamoto N, Ansari AA, Tanaka Y. Identification of HIV-1 epitopes that induce the synthesis of a R5 HIV-1 suppression factor by human CD4+ T cells isolated from HIV-1 immunized hu-PBL SCID mice. Clin Dev Immunol 2009; 12:235-42. [PMID: 16584108 PMCID: PMC2270741 DOI: 10.1080/17402520500391557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that immunization of the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (hu-PBL-SCID mice) with inactivated human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-pulsed-autologous dendritic cells (HIV-DC) elicits HIV-1-reactive CD4(+) T cells that produce an as yet to be defined novel soluble factor in vitro with anti-viral properties against CCR5 tropic (R5) HIV-1 infection. These findings led us to perform studies designed to identify the lineage of the cell that synthesizes such a factor in vivo and define the epitopes of HIV-1 protein that have specificity for the induction of such anti-viral factor. Results of our studies show that this property is a function of CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells. Human CD4(+) T cells were thus recovered from the HIV-DC-immunized hu-PBL-SCID mice and were re-stimulated in vitro by co-culture for 2 days with autologous adherent PBMC as antigen presenting cells, APC previously pulsed with inactivated HIV in IL-2-containing medium to expand HIV-1-reactive CD4(+) T cells. Aliquots of these re-stimulated CD4(+) T cells were then co-cultured with similar APC's that were previously pulsed with 10 microg/ml of a panel of HIV peptides for an additional 2 days, and their culture supernatants were examined for the production of both the R5 HIV-1 suppression factor and IFN-gamma. The data presented herein show that the HIV-1 primed CD4(+) T cells produced the R5 suppression factor in response to a wide variety of HIV-1 gag, env, pol, nef or vif peptides, depending on the donor of the CD4(+) T cells. Simultaneous production of human interferon (IFN)-gamma was observed in some cases. These results indicate that human CD4(+) T cells in PBMC of HIV-1 naive donors have a wide variety of HIV-1 epitope-specific CD4(+) T cell precursors that are capable of producing the R5 HIV-1 suppression factor upon DC-based vaccination with whole inactivated HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Marini A, Harper JM, Romerio F. An in vitro system to model the establishment and reactivation of HIV-1 latency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7713-20. [PMID: 19017960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 establishes latency primarily by infecting activated CD4(+) T cells that later return to quiescence as memory cells. Latency allows HIV-1 to evade immune responses and to persist during antiretroviral therapy, which represents an important problem in clinical practice. The lack of a valid cellular model to study HIV-1 latency has hindered advances in the understanding of its biology. In this study, we attempted to model HIV-1 latency using human primary CD4(+) T cells infected in vitro with HIV-1 after activation with Ag-loaded dendritic cells and then brought back to quiescence through a resting phase in the presence of IL-7. During the resting phase, expression of cellular activation markers disappeared and cell proliferation and viral replication ceased, but resumed following restimulation of rested cells with Ag or mAbs directed to CD3/CD28. In addition, higher cell death rates were observed in HIV-1-infected than uninfected cultures during secondary but not primary stimulation. Thus, this system may allow us to study the biology of HIV-1 latency, as well as the mechanisms of CD4(+) T cell death following HIV-1 reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marini
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kulkarni H, Agan BK, Marconi VC, O'Connell RJ, Camargo JF, He W, Delmar J, Phelps KR, Crawford G, Clark RA, Dolan MJ, Ahuja SK. CCL3L1-CCR5 genotype improves the assessment of AIDS Risk in HIV-1-infected individuals. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3165. [PMID: 18776933 PMCID: PMC2522281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether vexing clinical decision-making dilemmas can be partly addressed by recent advances in genomics is unclear. For example, when to initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during HIV-1 infection remains a clinical dilemma. This decision relies heavily on assessing AIDS risk based on the CD4+ T cell count and plasma viral load. However, the trajectories of these two laboratory markers are influenced, in part, by polymorphisms in CCR5, the major HIV coreceptor, and the gene copy number of CCL3L1, a potent CCR5 ligand and HIV-suppressive chemokine. Therefore, we determined whether accounting for both genetic and laboratory markers provided an improved means of assessing AIDS risk. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a prospective, single-site, ethnically-mixed cohort of 1,132 HIV-positive subjects, we determined the AIDS risk conveyed by the laboratory and genetic markers separately and in combination. Subjects were assigned to a low, moderate or high genetic risk group (GRG) based on variations in CCL3L1 and CCR5. The predictive value of the CCL3L1-CCR5 GRGs, as estimated by likelihood ratios, was equivalent to that of the laboratory markers. GRG status also predicted AIDS development when the laboratory markers conveyed a contrary risk. Additionally, in two separate and large groups of HIV+ subjects from a natural history cohort, the results from additive risk-scoring systems and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis revealed that the laboratory and CCL3L1-CCR5 genetic markers together provided more prognostic information than either marker alone. Furthermore, GRGs independently predicted the time interval from seroconversion to CD4+ cell count thresholds used to guide HAART initiation. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the laboratory and genetic markers captures a broader spectrum of AIDS risk than either marker alone. By tracking a unique aspect of AIDS risk distinct from that captured by the laboratory parameters, CCL3L1-CCR5 genotypes may have utility in HIV clinical management. These findings illustrate how genomic information might be applied to achieve practical benefits of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kulkarni
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O'Connell
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jose F. Camargo
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weijing He
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Judith Delmar
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Phelps
- Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - George Crawford
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Dolan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sunil K. Ahuja
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Guan Y, Abdelwahab S, Kamin-Lewis R, DeVico AL, Lewis GK. Self-protection of individual CD4+ T cells against R5 HIV-1 infection by the synthesis of anti-viral CCR5 ligands. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3481. [PMID: 18941536 PMCID: PMC2567041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that paracrine secretion of anti-viral CCR5 ligands by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells can block the infection of activated CD4+ T cells by R5 and dual-tropic isolates of HIV-1. By contrast, because CD4+ T cells can be infected by HIV-1 and at least some subsets secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands, it is possible that these ligands protect against HIV-1 via autocrine as well as paracrine pathways. Here we use a model primary CD4+ T cell response in vitro to show that individual CD4+ T cells that secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands are 'self-protected' against infection with R5 but not X4 strains of HIV-1. This protection is selective for CD4+ T cells that secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands in that activated CD4+ T cells in the same cultures remain infectable with R5 HIV-1. These data are most consistent with an autocrine pathway of protection in this system and indicate a previously unappreciated selective pressure on the emergence of viral variants and CD4+ T cell phenotypes during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Guan
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sayed Abdelwahab
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roberta Kamin-Lewis
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kaur G, Tuen M, Virland D, Cohen S, Mehra NK, Münz C, Abdelwahab S, Garzino-Demo A, Hioe CE. Antigen stimulation induces HIV envelope gp120-specific CD4(+) T cells to secrete CCR5 ligands and suppress HIV infection. Virology 2007; 369:214-25. [PMID: 17765942 PMCID: PMC2443714 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are critical for effective immune responses against HIV, but they are also the main cell type targeted by the virus. To investigate the key factors that could protect these cells from infection, we evaluated the capacity of HIV gp120-specific human CD4(+) T cells to produce chemokines that inhibit HIV and determined their contribution in suppressing infection in the cells. Antigen stimulation of the CD4(+) T cells elicited production of high amounts of CCR5 chemokines MIP-1alpha (CCL3), MIP-1beta (CCL4), and RANTES (CCL5). Production of these CCR5 ligands was more readily and reproducibly detected than that of IFN-gamma or IL-2. Importantly, in association with secretion of the CCR5 ligands, antigen stimulation made these CD4(+) T cells more resistant to CCR5-tropic HIV-1. Conversely, in the absence of antigen stimulation, the cells were readily infected by the virus, and after infection, their capacity to produce MIP-1beta and IFN-gamma rapidly declined. Thus, vaccines that trigger HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells to elicit robust and rapid production of anti-viral chemokines would be advantageous. Such responses would protect virus-specific CD4(+) T cells from HIV infection and preserve their critical functions in mounting and maintaining long-lasting immunity against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diana Virland
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Cohen
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Narinder K. Mehra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Christian Münz
- Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology and Christopher H. Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sayed Abdelwahab
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Catarina E. Hioe
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Corresponding author. VA Medical Center, 423 E. 23 St. Room 18-124 North, New York, NY 10010, phone: 212-263-6769, fax: 212-951-6321,
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35
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Lambert JS, Machado ES, Watson DC, Sill AM, Lim JK, Charurat M, Cunha SM, Afonso AO, Oliviera RH, Tanuri A, DeVico AL. Production of the HIV-suppressive chemokines CCL3/MIP-1alpha and CCL22/MDC is associated with more effective antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:935-44. [PMID: 17901800 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31812714db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain CC chemokines including ligands for the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 are associated with suppression of HIV-1 infection. Whether the release of these chemokines from lymphocytes influences treatment outcome in children receiving antiretroviral therapy is not known. METHODS A study of 175 HIV-infected children in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was conducted to compare clinical measures and HIV-suppressive chemokine release. Clinical measures including %CD4 T cells, viral loads, and antiretroviral drug-resistant mutations were obtained. Chemokine release was measured in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 135 children before or after receiving therapy. Chemokine levels were compared between subject groups stratified according to clinical measures and treatment regimen (1-2, 3-4, or no antiretrovirals) extant at the time of cell sample collection. RESULTS Mean viral loads did not vary significantly between treatment groups although there were significant differences in %CD4 T cells. Virus from children taking 3-4 antiretrovirals had significantly more drug-resistant mutations than did virus from those receiving 1-2 drugs. Among antiretroviral-treated children, there was a significant direct relationship between %CD4 T cells and MIP-1alpha/CCL3 and macrophage-derived chemokine/CCL22 production. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between viral load and MIP-1alpha production in patients receiving 3-4 antiretrovirals. Greater recovery of %CD4 T cells after therapy was associated with higher MIP-1alpha and macrophage-derived chemokine production at baseline. CONCLUSIONS The production of HIV-suppressive chemokines is associated with better outcome in children receiving antiretroviral regimens in settings where drug-resistant mutations are prevalent. Such information may provide insights for the design of treatment strategies for pediatric HIV infection under similar circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lambert
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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36
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Nilsson J, Kinloch-de-Loes S, Granath A, Sönnerborg A, Goh LE, Andersson J. Early immune activation in gut-associated and peripheral lymphoid tissue during acute HIV infection. AIDS 2007; 21:565-74. [PMID: 17314518 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3280117204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study innate and adaptive immune responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) as well as peripheral lymphoid tissue (pLT) obtained from individuals with acute HIV-1 infection syndrome. DESIGN The expression of chemokines [regulated upon activation: normal T cell expressed/secreted (RANTES), macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP) 1alpha/beta], cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, IL-2, IFN-gamma) and cytotoxic effector molecules (granzyme A, perforin) and cell marker (CD8) were analysed at the single cell level in GALT and pLT of patients experiencing acute HIV-1 infection (day -3 to 48 days from onset of acute symptoms). RESULTS Substantial pro-inflammatory immune responses (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-12) and expansion in the CD8 T-cell population were noted in both compartments compared with uninfected controls. This was associated with an early increased expression of beta-chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1alpha/beta) and granzyme, but not with an increase in the expression of perforin. The upregulation of IL-2, IL-12 and IL-4 was noted in both pLT and GALT, whereas IL-10 expression was mainly increased in GALT. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings demonstrate that there was a broad and early immune activation in GALT and pLT during acute HIV-1 infection. The relative lack of perforin expression in both GALT and pLT, however, questions the functional efficacy of the observed immune activation in generating cytotoxic T cells that were able to eliminate HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nilsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Boritz E, Rapaport EL, Campbell TB, Koeppe JR, Wilson CC. CD4+ T cell targeting of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) peptide sequences present in vivo during chronic, progressive HIV-1 disease. Virology 2006; 361:34-44. [PMID: 17169395 PMCID: PMC5058783 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously detected HIV-1 Gag-specific CD4+ T cells recognizing reference strain viral epitopes in subjects with progressive, chronic infection. To test whether these CD4+ T cells persist in vivo by failing to recognize autologous HIV-1 epitopes, we compared autologous plasma HIV-1 p24 nucleotide sequences with targeted HXB.2 strain Gag p24 CD4+ T cell epitopes in nine chronically infected, untreated subjects. In five responding subjects, 10 of 26 HXB.2 strain p24 peptides targeted by CD4+ T cells exactly matched autologous plasma viral sequences. Four subjects with plasma viral loads >100,000 copies/mL had no measurable p24-specific CD4+ T cell responses despite carrying HIV-1 strains that matched HXB.2 sequences at predicted epitopes. These results show that HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells can persist in chronic HIV-1 infection despite recognition of epitopes present in vivo. However, with high-level in vivo HIV-1 replication, CD4+ T cells targeting autologous HIV-1 may be non-responsive or absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Boritz
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA.
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38
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Lesner A, Li Y, Nitkiewicz J, Li G, Kartvelishvili A, Kartvelishvili M, Simm M. A soluble factor secreted by an HIV-1-resistant cell line blocks transcription through inactivating the DNA-binding capacity of the NF-kappa B p65/p50 dimer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2548-54. [PMID: 16081828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The identity and activity of several anti-HIV soluble factor(s) secreted by CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes have been determined; however, some of them still await definition. We have established an HIV-1-resistant, transformed CD4 T cell line that secretes HIV-1 resistance protein(s). Our studies indicate that this protein(s), called HIV-1 resistance factor (HRF), inhibits transcription of the virus by interfering with the activity of NF-kappaB. In the present report we identified the site at which HRF exerts this inhibition by evaluating a set of discrete events in NF-kappaB action. We tested the kappaB oligonucleotide binding activity in nuclei of resistant cells, nuclear translocation and binding to the HIV-1 long terminal repeat of p65 and p50 proteins from susceptible cells after exposure to HRF, and the binding of recombinant p50 to the kappaB oligonucleotide in vitro as affected by prior or simultaneous exposure to HRF. The results of this experimental schema indicate that HRF interacts with p50 after it enters the nucleus, but before its binding to DNA and that this interaction impedes the formation of an NF-kappaB-DNA complex required for the promotion of transcription. These findings suggest that HRF mediates a novel innate immune response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lesner
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10019, USA
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Abstract
Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection represents the initial stage of disease that immediately follows viral entry into the body. Primary infection is frequently accompanied by an acute retroviral syndrome with associated high levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA and the development of host immune responses. The identification of subjects during this period requires a high index of suspicion and an understanding of how to make the diagnosis, as standard HIV-1 antibody tests can initially be negative. Identifying these people provides a unique opportunity for early counseling to reduce further transmission, facilitates entry into care, and allows for further study of the immunopathogenesis of disease and the potential role of early antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Soogoor
- Division of HIV Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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40
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Lim JK, Burns JM, Lu W, DeVico AL. Multiple pathways of amino terminal processing produce two truncated variants of RANTES/CCL5. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:442-52. [PMID: 15923218 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0305161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) is expressed by macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and T cells during a wide variety of immune responses. Post-translational proteolysis is expected to play an important role in regulating such broad-based expression; however, the rates and modes of RANTES processing by primary cell systems remain poorly understood. Here, we show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) secrete RANTES as an intact molecule that is subject to three post-translational processing pathways. One occurs in the presence of serum or plasma and rapidly generates a RANTES variant lacking two N-terminal residues (3-68 RANTES). Such processing is mainly attributable to soluble CD26. A second pathway, which is evident in the absence of serum or plasma, generates 3-68 RANTES in concert with the expression of cell-surface CD26. The third pathway is unique and generates a novel variant lacking three N-terminal residues (4-68 RANTES). This variant binds CC chemokine receptor 5, exhibits reduced chemotactic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-suppressive activity compared with 1-68 and 3-68 RANTES, and is generated by an unidentified enzyme associated with monocytes and neutrophils. Overall, these results indicate that the production of RANTES by primary cells is regulated by multiple processing pathways which produce two variants with different functional properties. Such findings have important implications for understanding the immunological and HIV-suppressive activities of native RANTES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Lim
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Soogoor M, Daar ES. Primary HIV-1 infection: Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2005; 7:147-153. [PMID: 15727743 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-005-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Primary HIV-1 infection represents the time when the virus is first disseminating throughout the body and induces host immune responses. Diagnosing this stage of disease requires an understanding of who is at risk, the clinical manifestations of primary infection, and how the diagnosis is made. Identifying these individuals allows for counseling to prevent further transmission to others and the potential benefits associated with early antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, studying these individuals provides important insight into the biology of HIV-1 transmission and immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Soogoor
- Division of HIV Medicine, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1124 West Carson Street, N-24, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Norris PJ, Moffett HF, Yang OO, Kaufmann DE, Clark MJ, Addo MM, Rosenberg ES. Beyond help: direct effector functions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific CD4(+) T cells. J Virol 2004; 78:8844-51. [PMID: 15280492 PMCID: PMC479080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.16.8844-8851.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune correlates of protection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remain poorly defined, particularly the contribution of CD4(+) T cells. Here we explore the effector functions of HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells. We demonstrate HIV-1 p24-specific CD4(+)-T-cell cytolytic activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells directly ex vivo and after enrichment by antigen-specific stimulation. We further show that in a rare long-term nonprogressor, both an HIV-1-specific CD4(+)-T-cell clone and CD4(+) T cells directly ex vivo exert potent suppression of HIV-1 replication. Suppression of viral replication was dependent on cell-cell contact between the effector CD4(+) T cells and the target cells. While the antiviral effector activity of CD8(+) T cells has been well documented, these results strongly suggest that HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells are capable of directly contributing to antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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43
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DeVico AL, Gallo RC. Control of HIV-1 infection by soluble factors of the immune response. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004; 2:401-13. [PMID: 15100693 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA.
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