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Singh D, Dwivedi S, Sinha H, Singh N, Trivedi PK. Mutation in shoot-to-root mobile transcription factor, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5, leads to low nicotine levels in tobacco. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133255. [PMID: 38103287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco remains one of the most commercially important crops due to the parasympathomimetic alkaloid nicotine used in cigarettes. Most genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis are expressed in root tissues; however, their light-dependent regulation has not been studied. Here, we identified the ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 homolog, NtHY5, from Nicotiana tabacum and demonstrated that NtHY5 could complement the Arabidopsis thaliana hy5 mutant at molecular, morphological and biochemical levels. We report the development of CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout mutant plants of tobacco, NtHY5CR, and show down-regulation of the nicotine and phenylpropanoid pathway genes leading to a significant reduction in nicotine and flavonol content, whereas NtHY5 overexpression (NtHY5OX) plants show the opposite effect. Grafting experiments using wild-type, NtHY5CR, and NtHY5OX indicated that NtHY5 moves from shoot-to-root to regulate nicotine biosynthesis in the root tissue. Shoot HY5, directly or through enhancing expression of the root HY5, promotes nicotine biosynthesis by binding to light-responsive G-boxes present in the NtPMT, NtQPT and NtODC promoters. We conclude that the mobility of HY5 from shoot-to-root regulates light-dependent nicotine biosynthesis. The CRISPR/Cas9-based mutants developed, in this study; with low nicotine accumulation in leaves could help people to overcome their nicotine addiction and the risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shambhavi Dwivedi
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Hiteshwari Sinha
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nivedita Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India.
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2
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Zheng J, Sun L, Wang D, He L, Du W, Guo S, Wang L. Roles of a CCR4-NOT complex component GmNOT4-1 in regulating soybean nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1172354. [PMID: 37342147 PMCID: PMC10277652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1172354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Legume-rhizobial symbiotic nitrogen fixation is the most efficient nitrogen assimilation system in the ecosystem. In the special interaction between organ-root nodules, legumes supply rhizobial carbohydrates for their proliferation, while rhizobials provide host plants with absorbable nitrogen. Nodule initiation and formation require a complex molecular dialogue between legumes and rhizobia, which involves the accurate regulation of a series of legume genes. The CCR4-NOT complex is a conserved multi-subunit complex with functions regulating gene expression in many cellular processes. However, the functions of the CCR4-NOT complex in rhizobia-host interactions remain unclear. In this study, we identified seven members of the NOT4 family in soybean and further classified them into three subgroups. Bioinformatic analysis showed that NOT4s shared relatively conserved motifs and gene structures in each subgroup, while there were significant differences between NOT4s in the different subgroups. Expression profile analysis indicated that NOT4s may be involved in nodulation in soybean, as most of them were induced by Rhizobium infection and highly expressed in nodules. We further selected GmNOT4-1 to clarify the biological function of these genes in soybean nodulation. Interestingly, we found that either GmNOT4-1 overexpression or down-regulation of GmNOT4-1 by RNAi or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing would suppress the number of nodules in soybean. Intriguingly, alterations in the expression of GmNOT4-1 repressed the expression of genes in the Nod factor signaling pathway. This research provides new insight into the function of the CCR4-NOT family in legumes and reveals GmNOT4-1 to be a potent gene for regulating symbiotic nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lili Sun
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Weijun Du
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Shujin Guo
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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3
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Domingo G, Vannini C, Bracale M, Bonfante P. Proteomics as a tool to decipher plant responses in arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions: a meta-analysis. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200108. [PMID: 36571480 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi leads to a deep reprogramming of plant metabolism, involving the regulation of several molecular mechanisms, many of which are poorly characterized. In this regard, proteomics is a powerful tool to explore changes related to plant-microbe interactions. This study provides a comprehensive proteomic meta-analysis conducted on AM-modulated proteins at local (roots) and systemic (shoots/leaves) level. The analysis was implemented by an in-depth study of root membrane-associated proteins and by a comparison with a transcriptome meta-analysis. A total of 4262 differentially abundant proteins were retrieved and, to identify the most relevant AM-regulated processes, a range of bioinformatic studies were conducted, including functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analysis. In addition to several protein transporters which are present in higher amounts in AM plants, and which are expected due to the well-known enhancement of AM-induced mineral uptake, our analysis revealed some novel traits. We detected a massive systemic reprogramming of translation with a central role played by the ribosomal translational apparatus. On one hand, these new protein-synthesis efforts well support the root cellular re-organization required by the fungal penetration, and on the other they have a systemic impact on primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Domingo
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Candida Vannini
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marcella Bracale
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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4
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Chakraborty S, Valdés-López O, Stonoha-Arther C, Ané JM. Transcription Factors Controlling the Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis: Integrating Infection, Organogenesis and the Abiotic Environment. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1326-1343. [PMID: 35552446 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legume roots engage in a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia, leading to the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Nodule development is a sophisticated process and is under the tight regulation of the plant. The symbiosis initiates with a signal exchange between the two partners, followed by the development of a new organ colonized by rhizobia. Over two decades of study have shed light on the transcriptional regulation of rhizobium-legume symbiosis. A large number of transcription factors (TFs) have been implicated in one or more stages of this symbiosis. Legumes must monitor nodule development amidst a dynamic physical environment. Some environmental factors are conducive to nodulation, whereas others are stressful. The modulation of rhizobium-legume symbiosis by the abiotic environment adds another layer of complexity and is also transcriptionally regulated. Several symbiotic TFs act as integrators between symbiosis and the response to the abiotic environment. In this review, we trace the role of various TFs involved in rhizobium-legume symbiosis along its developmental route and highlight the ones that also act as communicators between this symbiosis and the response to the abiotic environment. Finally, we discuss contemporary approaches to study TF-target interactions in plants and probe their potential utility in the field of rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, México
| | - Christina Stonoha-Arther
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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5
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Zhang C, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Li X, Lin L, Yin R. Pivotal roles of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 in regulation of plant development and fruit metabolism in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:527-540. [PMID: 35312008 PMCID: PMC9157105 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) plays critical roles in plant photomorphogenesis. Previous studies on HY5 have mainly focused on the seedling stage in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and its functions in other plant species have not been well characterized, particularly at adult stages of development. In this report, we investigated the functions of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) HY5 (SlHY5) from seedlings to adult plants with a focus on fruits. Genome-edited slhy5 mutants exhibited typical compromised photomorphogenesis in response to various light conditions. The slhy5 mutants showed reduced primary root length and secondary root number, which is associated with altered auxin signaling. SlHY5 promoted chlorophyll biosynthesis from seedling to adult stages. Notably, the promotive role of SlHY5 on chlorophyll accumulation was more pronounced on the illuminated side of green fruits than on their shaded side. Consistent with this light-dependent effect, we determined that SlHY5 protein is stabilized by light. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses in fruits revealed that SlHY5 has major functions in the regulation of metabolism, including the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and steroidal glycoalkaloids. These data demonstrate that SlHY5 performs both shared and distinct functions in relation to its Arabidopsis counterpart. The manipulation of SlHY5 represents a powerful tool to influence the two vital agricultural traits of seedling fitness and fruit quality in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Lin
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruohe Yin
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Ji H, Xiao R, Lyu X, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang Z, Deng Z, Wang Y, Wang H, Li R, Chai Q, Hao Y, Xu Q, Liao J, Wang Q, Liu Y, Tang R, Liu B, Li X. Differential light-dependent regulation of soybean nodulation by papilionoid-specific HY5 homologs. Curr Biol 2022; 32:783-795.e5. [PMID: 35081330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Legumes have evolved photosynthesis and symbiotic nitrogen fixation for the acquisition of energy and nitrogen nutrients. During the transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic growth, blue light primarily triggers photosynthesis and low soil nitrogen induces symbiotic nodulation. Whether and how darkness and blue light influence root symbiotic nodulation during this transition is unknown. Here, we show that short-term darkness promotes nodulation and that blue light inhibits nodulation through two soybean TGACG-motif-binding factors (STF1 and STF2), which are Papilionoideae-specific transcription factors and divergent orthologs of Arabidopsis ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). STF1 and STF2 negatively regulate soybean nodulation by repressing the transcription of nodule inception a (GmNINa), which is a central regulator of nodulation, in response to darkness and blue light. STF1 and STF2 are not capable of moving from the shoots to roots, and they act both locally and systemically to mediate darkness- and blue-light-regulated nodulation. We further show that cryptochromes GmCRY1s are required for nodulation in the dark and partially contribute to the blue light inhibition of nodulation. In addition, root GmCRY1s mediate blue-light-induced transcription of STF1 and STF2, and intriguingly, GmCRY1b can interact with STF1 and STF2 to stabilize the protein stability of STF1 and STF2. Our results establish that the blue light receptor GmCRY1s-STF1/2 module plays a pivotal role in integrating darkness/blue light and nodulation signals. Furthermore, our findings reveal a molecular basis by which photosensory pathways modulate nodulation and autotrophic growth through an intricate interplay facilitating seedling establishment in response to low nitrogen and light signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Renhao Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangguang Lyu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ran Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingqing Chai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongfang Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junwen Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruizhen Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Gautrat P, Laffont C, Frugier F, Ruffel S. Nitrogen Systemic Signaling: From Symbiotic Nodulation to Root Acquisition. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:392-406. [PMID: 33358560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant nutrient acquisition is tightly regulated by resource availability and metabolic needs, implying the existence of communication between roots and shoots to ensure their integration at the whole-plant level. Here, we focus on systemic signaling pathways controlling nitrogen (N) nutrition, achieved both by the root import of mineral N and, in legume plants, through atmospheric N fixation by symbiotic bacteria inside dedicated root nodules. We explore features conserved between systemic pathways repressing or enhancing symbiotic N fixation and the regulation of mineral N acquisition by roots, as well as their integration with other environmental factors, such as phosphate, light, and CO2 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gautrat
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRAe, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carole Laffont
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRAe, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRAe, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAe, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
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8
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Sen S, DasGupta M. Involvement of Arachis hypogaea Jasmonate ZIM domain/TIFY proteins in root nodule symbiosis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:307-326. [PMID: 33558946 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins are the key negative regulators of jasmonate signaling, an important integrator of plant-microbe relationships. Versatility of jasmonate signaling outcomes are maintained through the multiplicity of JAZ proteins and their definitive functionalities. How jasmonate signaling influences the legume-Rhizobium symbiotic relationship is still unclear. In Arachis hypogaea (peanut), a legume plant, one JAZ sub-family (JAZ1) gene and one TIFY sequence containing protein family member (TIFY8) gene show enhanced expression in the early stage and late stage of root nodule symbiosis (RNS) respectively. In plants, JAZ sub-family proteins belong to a larger TIFY family. Here, this study denotes the first attempt to reveal in planta interactions of downstream jasmonate signaling regulators through proteomics and mass spectrometry to find out the mode of jasmonate signaling participation in the RNS process of A. hypogaea. From 4-day old Bradyrhizobium-infected peanut roots, the JAZ1-protein complex shows its contribution towards the rhizobial entry, nodule development, autoregulation of nodulation and photo-morphogenesis during the early stage of symbiosis. From 30-day old Bradyrhizobium infected roots, the TIFY8-protein complex reveals repressor functionality of TIFY8, suppression of root jasmonate signaling, modulation of root circadian rhythm and nodule development. Cellular localization and expression level of the interaction partners during the nodulation process further substantiate the in planta interaction pairs. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the jasmonate functionality in RNS through modulation of nodule number and development, during the early stage and root circadian rhythm during the late stage of nodulation, through the protein complexes of JAZ1 and TIFY8 respectively in A. hypogaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Sen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
| | - Maitrayee DasGupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
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9
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Huai J, Jing Y, Lin R. Functional analysis of ZmCOP1 and ZmHY5 reveals conserved light signaling mechanism in maize and Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:369-379. [PMID: 32208521 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved light signaling mechanisms to optimally adapt developmental patterns to the ambient light environments. CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) are two critical components in the light signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. COP1 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets positive regulators, such as HY5, leading to their degradation in darkness. However, functional analysis of the COP1-HY5 module in maize (Zea mays) has not been reported. Here, we investigated the expression patterns and roles of the COP1 and HY5 orthologs, ZmCOP1 and ZmHY5, in regulating photomorphogenesis. These two genes have high amino acid identities with their Arabidopsis homolog and were both regulated by light. Subcellular localization assay showed that ZmCOP1 was distributed in the cytosol and ZmHY5 localized in the nucleus. Exogenous expression of ZmCOP1 rescued the physiological defects of the cop1-4 mutant, and expression of ZmHY5 complemented the long hypocotyl phenotype of the hy5-215 mutant in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays showed that ZmCOP1 interacted with ZmHY5. Our study gains insight into the conserved function and regulatory mechanism of the COP1-HY5 signaling pathway in maize and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Huai
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yanjun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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10
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Oldroyd GED, Leyser O. A plant's diet, surviving in a variable nutrient environment. Science 2020; 368:368/6486/eaba0196. [PMID: 32241923 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As primary producers, plants rely on a large aboveground surface area to collect carbon dioxide and sunlight and a large underground surface area to collect the water and mineral nutrients needed to support their growth and development. Accessibility of the essential nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil is affected by many factors that create a variable spatiotemporal landscape of their availability both at the local and global scale. Plants optimize uptake of the N and P available through modifications to their growth and development and engagement with microorganisms that facilitate their capture. The sensing of these nutrients, as well as the perception of overall nutrient status, shapes the plant's response to its nutrient environment, coordinating its development with microbial engagement to optimize N and P capture and regulate overall plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E D Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK. .,Crop Science Centre, University of Cambridge, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
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11
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Ullah I, Magdy M, Wang L, Liu M, Li X. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of TGA transcription factors in soybean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11186. [PMID: 31371739 PMCID: PMC6672012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gain of function in genes and gene families is a continuous process and is a key factor in understanding gene and genome evolution in plants. TGACG-Binding (TGA) transcription factors (TFs) have long been known for their essential roles in plant defence in Arabidopsis, but their roles in legume symbiosis are yet to be explored. Here, we identified a total of 25 TGA (named GmTGA1-GmTGA25) genes in soybean. Through phylogenetic analysis, we discovered a clade of GmTGA proteins that appear to be legume-specific. Among them, two GmTGAs were unique by possessing the autophagy sequence in their proteins, while the third one was an orphan gene in soybean. GmTGAs were structurally different from AtTGAs, and their expression patterns also differed with the dominant expression of AtTGAs and GmTGAs in aerial and underground parts, respectively. Moreover, twenty-five GmTGAs showed a strong correlation among the gene expression in roots, nodules, and root hairs. The qRT-PCR analysis results revealed that among 15 tested GmTGAs, six were induced and four were suppressed by rhizobia inoculation, while 11 of these GmTGAs were induced by high nitrate. Our findings suggested the important roles of GmTGAs in symbiotic nodulation and in response to nitrogen availability in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihteram Ullah
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mahmoud Magdy
- Key laboratory of horticulture, plant biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- School of biological and chemical engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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12
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Hao X, Zhong Y, Nï Tzmann HW, Fu X, Yan T, Shen Q, Chen M, Ma Y, Zhao J, Osbourn A, Li L, Tang K. Light-Induced Artemisinin Biosynthesis Is Regulated by the bZIP Transcription Factor AaHY5 in Artemisia annua. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1747-1760. [PMID: 31076768 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, the frontline drug against malaria, is a sesquiterpenoid extracted from Artemisia annua. Light has been proposed to play an important role in the activation of artemisinin biosynthesis. Here, we report the basic leucine zipper transcription factor (TF) AaHY5 as a key regulator of light-induced biosynthesis of artemisinin. We show that AaHY5 transcription overlaps with that of artemisinin biosynthesis genes in response to light and in A. annua tissues. Analysis of AaHY5 overexpression and RNAi-suppression lines suggests that AaHY5 is a positive regulator of the expression of artemisinin biosynthesis genes and accumulation of artemisinin. We show that AaHY5 complements the hy5 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our data further suggest that AaHY5 interacts with AaCOP1, the ubiquitin E3 ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 in A. annua. In yeast one-hybrid and transient expression assays, we demonstrate that AaHY5 acts via the TF GLANDULAR TRICHOME-SPECIFIC WRKY 1 (AaGSW1) in artemisinin regulation. In summary, we present a novel regulator of artemisinin gene expression and propose a model in which AaHY5 indirectly controls artemisinin production in response to changing light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Hao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Zhong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Nï Tzmann
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tingxiang Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jingya Zhao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ling Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
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13
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Quezada EH, García GX, Arthikala MK, Melappa G, Lara M, Nanjareddy K. Cysteine-Rich Receptor-Like Kinase Gene Family Identification in the Phaseolus Genome and Comparative Analysis of Their Expression Profiles Specific to Mycorrhizal and Rhizobial Symbiosis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010059. [PMID: 30658517 PMCID: PMC6356535 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved upstream signaling molecules that regulate several biological processes, including plant development and stress adaptation. Cysteine (C)-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are an important class of RLK that play vital roles in disease resistance and cell death in plants. Genome-wide analyses of CRK genes have been carried out in Arabidopsis and rice, while functional characterization of some CRKs has been carried out in wheat and tomato in addition to Arabidopsis. A comprehensive analysis of the CRK gene family in leguminous crops has not yet been conducted, and our understanding of their roles in symbiosis is rather limited. Here, we report the comprehensive analysis of the PhaseolusCRK gene family, including identification, sequence similarity, phylogeny, chromosomal localization, gene structures, transcript expression profiles, and in silico promoter analysis. Forty-six CRK homologs were identified and phylogenetically clustered into five groups. Expression analysis suggests that PvCRK genes are differentially expressed in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Further, transcriptomic analysis revealed that shared and unique CRK genes were upregulated during arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis. Overall, the systematic analysis of the PvCRK gene family provides valuable information for further studies on the biological roles of CRKs in various Phaseolus tissues during diverse biological processes, including Phaseolus-mycorrhiza/rhizobia symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa-Herminia Quezada
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 37684 León, Mexico.
| | - Gabriel-Xicoténcatl García
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 37684 León, Mexico.
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 37684 León, Mexico.
| | - Govindappa Melappa
- Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru 560 078, India.
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 62271 Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Kalpana Nanjareddy
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), C.P. 37684 León, Mexico.
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14
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Cai K, Yin J, Chao H, Ren Y, Jin L, Cao Y, Duanmu D, Zhang Z. A C3HC4-type RING finger protein regulates rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:878-896. [PMID: 30047576 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During the establishment of rhizobia-legume symbiosis, the cytokinin receptor LHK1 (Lotus Histidine Kinase 1) is essential for nodule formation. However, the mechanism by which cytokinin signaling regulates symbiosis remains largely unknown. In this study, an LHK1-interacting protein, LjCZF1, was identified and further characterized. LjCZF1 is a C3HC4-type RING finger protein that is highly conserved in plants. LjCZF1 specifically interacted with LHK1 in yeast two-hybrid, in vitro pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays conducted in tobacco. Phosphomimetic mutation of the potential threonine (T167D) phosphorylation site enhanced the interaction between LjCZF1 and LHK1, whereas phosphorylation mutation (T167A) eliminated this interaction. Transcript abundance of LjCZF1 was up-regulated significantly after inoculation with rhizobia. The LORE1 insertion mutant and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9-mediated knockout mutant Lotus japonicus plants demonstrated significantly reduced number of infection threads and nodules. In contrast, plants over-expressing LjCZF1 exhibited increased numbers of infection threads and nodules. Collectively, these data support the notion that LjCZF1 is a positive regulator of symbiotic nodulation, possibly through interaction with LHK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongmin Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaping Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liping Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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15
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Burman N, Bhatnagar A, Khurana JP. OsbZIP48, a HY5 Transcription Factor Ortholog, Exerts Pleiotropic Effects in Light-Regulated Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1262-1285. [PMID: 28775143 PMCID: PMC5813549 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an intricate network of sensory photoreceptors and signaling components to regulate their development. Among the light signaling components identified to date, HY5, a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, has been investigated extensively. However, most of the work on HY5 has been carried out in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a dicot. In this study, based on homology search and phylogenetic analysis, we identified three homologs of AtHY5 in monocots; however, AtHYH (HY5 homolog) homologs are absent in the monocots analyzed. Out of the three homologs identified in rice (Oryza sativa), we have functionally characterized OsbZIP48OsbZIP48 was able to complement the Athy5 mutant. OsbZIP48 protein levels are developmentally regulated in rice. Moreover, the OsbZIP48 protein does not degrade in dark-grown rice and Athy5 seedlings complemented with OsbZIP48, which is in striking contrast to AtHY5. In comparison with AtHY5, which does not cause any change in hypocotyl length when overexpressed in Arabidopsis, the overexpression of full-length OsbZIP48 in rice transgenics reduced the plant height considerably. Microarray analysis revealed that OsKO2, which encodes ent-kaurene oxidase 2 of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway, is down-regulated in OsbZIP48OE and up-regulated in OsbZIP48KD transgenics as compared with the wild type. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that OsbZIP48 binds directly to the OsKO2 promoter. The RNA interference lines and the T-DNA insertional mutant of OsbZIP48 showed seedling-lethal phenotypes despite the fact that roots were more proliferative during early stages of development in the T-DNA insertional mutant. These data provide credible evidence that OsbZIP48 performs more diverse functions in a monocot system like rice in comparison with its Arabidopsis ortholog, HY5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naini Burman
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Akanksha Bhatnagar
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi-110021, India
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16
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Gangappa SN, Botto JF. The Multifaceted Roles of HY5 in Plant Growth and Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1353-1365. [PMID: 27435853 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), a member of the bZIP transcription factor family, inhibits hypocotyl growth and lateral root development, and promotes pigment accumulation in a light-dependent manner in Arabidopsis. Recent research on its role in different processes such as hormone, nutrient, abiotic stress (abscisic acid, salt, cold), and reactive oxygen species signaling pathways clearly places HY5 at the center of a transcriptional network hub. HY5 regulates the transcription of a large number of genes by directly binding to cis-regulatory elements. Recently, HY5 has also been shown to activate its own expression under both visible and UV-B light. Moreover, HY5 acts as a signal that moves from shoot to root to promote nitrate uptake and root growth. Here, we review recent advances on HY5 research in diverse aspects of plant development and highlight still open questions that need to be addressed in the near future for a complete understanding of its function in plant signaling and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeramaiah N Gangappa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden.
| | - Javier F Botto
- IFEVA, UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Shimomura A, Naka A, Miyazaki N, Moriuchi S, Arima S, Sato S, Hirakawa H, Hayashi M, Maymon M, Hirsch AM, Suzuki A. Blue Light Perception by Both Roots and Rhizobia Inhibits Nodule Formation in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:786-796. [PMID: 27611874 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-16-0048-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In many legumes, roots that are exposed to light do not form nodules. Here, we report that blue light inhibits nodulation in Lotus japonicus roots inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti. Using RNA interference, we suppressed the expression of the phototropin and cryptochrome genes in L. japonicus hairy roots. Under blue light, plants transformed with an empty vector did not develop nodules, whereas plants exhibiting suppressed expression of cry1 and cry2 genes formed nodules. We also measured rhizobial growth to investigate whether the inhibition of nodulation could be caused by a reduced population of rhizobia in response to light. Although red light had no effect on rhizobial growth, blue light had a strong inhibitory effect. Rhizobial growth under blue light was partially restored in signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) strains in which LOV-HK/PAS- and photolyase-related genes were disrupted. Moreover, when Ljcry1A and Ljcry2B-silenced plants were inoculated with the STM strains, nodulation was additively increased. Our data show that blue light receptors in both the host plant and the symbiont have a profound effect on nodule development. The exact mechanism by which these photomorphogenetic responses function in the symbiosis needs further study, but they are clearly involved in optimizing legume nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shimomura
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Naka
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyazaki
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Sayaka Moriuchi
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Susumu Arima
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- 3 Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- 4 Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- 5 RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maskit Maymon
- 6 Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A.; and
| | - Ann M Hirsch
- 6 Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A.; and
- 7 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- 2 Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjyo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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18
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Pereira ALA, Carazzolle MF, Abe VY, de Oliveira MLP, Domingues MN, Silva JC, Cernadas RA, Benedetti CE. Identification of putative TAL effector targets of the citrus canker pathogens shows functional convergence underlying disease development and defense response. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:157. [PMID: 24564253 PMCID: PMC4028880 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors, formerly known as the AvrBs3/PthA protein family, are DNA-binding effectors broadly found in Xanthomonas spp. that transactivate host genes upon injection via the bacterial type three-secretion system. Biologically relevant targets of TAL effectors, i.e. host genes whose induction is vital to establish a compatible interaction, have been reported for xanthomonads that colonize rice and pepper; however, citrus genes modulated by the TAL effectors PthA“s” and PthC“s” of the citrus canker bacteria Xanthomonas citri (Xc) and Xanthomonas aurantifolii pathotype C (XaC), respectively, are poorly characterized. Of particular interest, XaC causes canker disease in its host lemon (Citrus aurantifolia), but triggers a defense response in sweet orange. Results Based on, 1) the TAL effector-DNA binding code, 2) gene expression data of Xc and XaC-infiltrated sweet orange leaves, and 3) citrus hypocotyls transformed with PthA2, PthA4 or PthC1, we have identified a collection of Citrus sinensis genes potentially targeted by Xc and XaC TAL effectors. Our results suggest that similar with other strains of Xanthomonas TAL effectors, PthA2 and PthA4, and PthC1 to some extent, functionally converge. In particular, towards induction of genes involved in the auxin and gibberellin synthesis and response, cell division, and defense response. We also present evidence indicating that the TAL effectors act as transcriptional repressors and that the best scoring predicted DNA targets of PthA“s” and PthC“s” in citrus promoters predominantly overlap with or localize near to TATA boxes of core promoters, supporting the idea that TAL effectors interact with the host basal transcriptional machinery to recruit the RNA pol II and start transcription. Conclusions The identification of PthA“s” and PthC“s” targets, such as the LOB (LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY) and CCNBS genes that we report here, is key for the understanding of the canker symptoms development during host susceptibility, or the defenses of sweet orange against the canker bacteria. We have narrowed down candidate targets to a few, which pointed out the host metabolic pathways explored by the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Celso E Benedetti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, R, Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
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19
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Kang H, Chu X, Wang C, Xiao A, Zhu H, Yuan S, Yang Z, Ke D, Xiao S, Hong Z, Zhang Z. A MYB coiled-coil transcription factor interacts with NSP2 and is involved in nodulation in Lotus japonicus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:837-849. [PMID: 24400899 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor complex formation is a central step in regulating gene expression. In this report, a novel MYB coiled-coil transcription factor referred to as IPN2, for Interacting Protein of NSP2, is described. The interaction between IPN2 and NSP2 was examined by protein pull-down assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Subcellular localization of proteins, gene expression and gene function were assessed in transgenic hairy roots expressing tagged recombinant proteins, promoter-reporter and RNA interference (RNAi) constructs, respectively. The GRAS domain of NSP2 and the coiled-coil domain of IPN2 were found to be responsible for the interaction between the two proteins. IPN2 had strong transcription activation activity, bound directly to the NIN gene promoter, and was localized to the nuclei of Lotus japonicus root cells. The expression of IPN2 was elevated during nodule development, coinciding with increased NSP2 gene expression during nodule organogenesis. RNAi-mediated knockdown expression of IPN2 did not affect arbuscular mycorrhizal development, but had deleterious effects on rhizobial infection and nodule formation in L. japonicus. These results demonstrate an important role of IPN2 in nodule organogenesis and place a new MYB transcription factor in the Nod signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaojie Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aifang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Songli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Danxia Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zonglie Hong
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, Program of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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20
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Domonkos A, Horvath B, Marsh JF, Halasz G, Ayaydin F, Oldroyd GED, Kalo P. The identification of novel loci required for appropriate nodule development in Medicago truncatula. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:157. [PMID: 24119289 PMCID: PMC3852326 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of functional symbiotic nodules is the result of a coordinated developmental program between legumes and rhizobial bacteria. Genetic analyses in legumes have been used to dissect the signaling processes required for establishing the legume-rhizobial endosymbiotic association. Compared to the early events of the symbiotic interaction, less attention has been paid to plant loci required for rhizobial colonization and the functioning of the nodule. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a number of new genetic loci in Medicago truncatula that are required for the development of effective nitrogen fixing nodules. RESULTS Approximately 38,000 EMS and fast neutron mutagenized Medicago truncatula seedlings were screened for defects in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutant plants impaired in nodule development and efficient nitrogen fixation were selected for further genetic and phenotypic analysis. Nine mutants completely lacking in nodule formation (Nod-) represented six complementation groups of which two novel loci have been identified. Eight mutants with ineffective nodules (Fix-) represented seven complementation groups, out of which five were new monogenic loci. The Fix- M. truncatula mutants showed symptoms of nitrogen deficiency and developed small white nodules. Microscopic analysis of Fix- nodules revealed that the mutants have defects in the release of rhizobia from infection threads, differentiation of rhizobia and maintenance of persistence of bacteria in nodule cells. Additionally, we monitored the transcriptional activity of symbiosis specific genes to define what transcriptional stage of the symbiotic process is blocked in each of the Fix- mutants. Based on the phenotypic and gene expression analysis a functional hierarchy of the FIX genes is proposed. CONCLUSIONS The new symbiotic loci of M. truncatula isolated in this study provide the foundation for further characterization of the mechanisms underpinning nodulation, in particular the later stages associated with bacterial release and nodule function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agota Domonkos
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | | | | | - Gabor Halasz
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Center, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | | | - Peter Kalo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
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21
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Volpe V, Dell'Aglio E, Giovannetti M, Ruberti C, Costa A, Genre A, Guether M, Bonfante P. An AM-induced, MYB-family gene of Lotus japonicus (LjMAMI) affects root growth in an AM-independent manner. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:442-55. [PMID: 23051146 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between legumes and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is vital to the development of sustainable plant production systems. Here, we focus on a putative MYB-like (LjMAMI) transcription factor (TF) previously reported to be highly upregulated in Lotus japonicus mycorrhizal roots. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the protein is related to a group of TFs involved in phosphate (Pi) starvation responses, the expression of which is independent of the Pi level, such as PHR1. GUS transformed plants and quantitative reverse transcription PCR revealed strong gene induction in arbusculated cells, as well as the presence of LjMAMI transcripts in lateral root primordia and root meristems, even in the absence of the fungus, and independently of Pi concentration. In agreement with its putative identification as a TF, an eGFP-LjMAMI chimera was localized to the nuclei of plant protoplasts, whereas in transgenic Lotus roots expressing the eGFP-LjMAMI fusion protein under the control of the native promoter, the protein was located in the nuclei of the arbusculated cells. Further expression analyses revealed a correlation between LjMAMI and LjPT4, a marker gene for mycorrhizal function. To elucidate the role of the LjMAMI gene in the mycorrhizal process, RNAi and overexpressing root lines were generated. All the lines retained their symbiotic capacity; however, RNAi root lines and composite plants showed an important reduction in root elongation and branching in the absence of the symbiont. The results support the involvement of the AM-responsive LjMAMI in non-symbiotic functions: i.e. root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125, Torino, Italy
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22
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Salavati A, Shafeinia A, Klubicova K, Bushehri AAS, Komatsu S. Proteomic insights into intra- and intercellular plant-bacteria symbiotic association during root nodule formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:28. [PMID: 23443347 PMCID: PMC3580959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, there have been a large number of studies done on the all aspects of legumes and bacteria which participate in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. The analysis of legume-bacteria interaction is not just a matter of numerical complexity in terms of variants of gene products that can arise from a single gene. Bacteria regulate their quorum-sensing genes to enhance their ability to induce conjugation of plasmids and symbiotic islands, and various protein secretion mechanisms; that can stimulate a collection of chain reactions including species-specific combinations of plant-secretion isoflavonoids, complicated calcium signaling pathways and autoregulation of nodulation mechanisms. Quorum-sensing systems are introduced by the intra- and intercellular organization of gene products lead to protein-protein interactions or targeting of proteins to specific cellular structures. In this study, an attempt has been made to review significant contributions related to nodule formation and development and their impacts on cell proteome for better understanding of plant-bacterium interaction mechanism at protein level. This review would not only provide new insights into the plant-bacteria symbiosis response mechanisms but would also highlights the importance of studying changes in protein abundance inside and outside of cells in response to symbiosis. Furthermore, the application to agriculture program of plant-bacteria interaction will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Salavati
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesAhwaz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Setsuko Komatsu, National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan. e-mail: ; Afshin Salavati, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahwaz 6341773637, Iran. e-mail:
| | - Alireza Shafeinia
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesAhwaz, Iran
| | - Katarina Klubicova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitra, Slovakia
| | - Ali A. S. Bushehri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of TehranKaraj, Iran
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Setsuko Komatsu, National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan. e-mail: ; Afshin Salavati, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahwaz 6341773637, Iran. e-mail:
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23
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Rose CM, Venkateshwaran M, Volkening JD, Grimsrud PA, Maeda J, Bailey DJ, Park K, Howes-Podoll M, den Os D, Yeun LH, Westphall MS, Sussman MR, Ané JM, Coon JJ. Rapid phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic changes in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:724-44. [PMID: 22683509 PMCID: PMC3434772 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic associations between legumes and rhizobia usually commence with the perception of bacterial lipochitooligosaccharides, known as Nod factors (NF), which triggers rapid cellular and molecular responses in host plants. We report here deep untargeted tandem mass spectrometry-based measurements of rapid NF-induced changes in the phosphorylation status of 13,506 phosphosites in 7739 proteins from the model legume Medicago truncatula. To place these phosphorylation changes within a biological context, quantitative phosphoproteomic and RNA measurements in wild-type plants were compared with those observed in mutants, one defective in NF perception (nfp) and one defective in downstream signal transduction events (dmi3). Our study quantified the early phosphorylation and transcription dynamics that are specifically associated with NF-signaling, confirmed a dmi3-mediated feedback loop in the pathway, and suggested "cryptic" NF-signaling pathways, some of them being also involved in the response to symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Rose
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Jeremy D. Volkening
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Paul A. Grimsrud
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Junko Maeda
- §Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Derek J. Bailey
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kwanghyun Park
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- **Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Désirée den Os
- §Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- §§Present address: Penn State Biology Department, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Li Huey Yeun
- §Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael S. Westphall
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- §Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‖Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- ‡‡Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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24
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Pislariu CI, D. Murray J, Wen J, Cosson V, Muni RRD, Wang M, A. Benedito V, Andriankaja A, Cheng X, Jerez IT, Mondy S, Zhang S, Taylor ME, Tadege M, Ratet P, Mysore KS, Chen R, Udvardi MK. A Medicago truncatula tobacco retrotransposon insertion mutant collection with defects in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1686-99. [PMID: 22679222 PMCID: PMC3425206 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A Tnt1-insertion mutant population of Medicago truncatula ecotype R108 was screened for defects in nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Primary screening of 9,300 mutant lines yielded 317 lines with putative defects in nodule development and/or nitrogen fixation. Of these, 230 lines were rescreened, and 156 lines were confirmed with defective symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutants were sorted into six distinct phenotypic categories: 72 nonnodulating mutants (Nod-), 51 mutants with totally ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix-), 17 mutants with partially ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix+/-), 27 mutants defective in nodule emergence, elongation, and nitrogen fixation (Nod+/- Fix-), one mutant with delayed and reduced nodulation but effective in nitrogen fixation (dNod+/- Fix+), and 11 supernodulating mutants (Nod++Fix+/-). A total of 2,801 flanking sequence tags were generated from the 156 symbiotic mutant lines. Analysis of flanking sequence tags revealed 14 insertion alleles of the following known symbiotic genes: NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3/CCaMK), ERF REQUIRED FOR NODULATION, and SUPERNUMERARY NODULES (SUNN). In parallel, a polymerase chain reaction-based strategy was used to identify Tnt1 insertions in known symbiotic genes, which revealed 25 additional insertion alleles in the following genes: DMI1, DMI2, DMI3, NIN, NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY1 (NSP1), NSP2, SUNN, and SICKLE. Thirty-nine Nod- lines were also screened for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis phenotypes, and 30 mutants exhibited defects in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Morphological and developmental features of several new symbiotic mutants are reported. The collection of mutants described here is a source of novel alleles of known symbiotic genes and a resource for cloning novel symbiotic genes via Tnt1 tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - JiangQi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Viviane Cosson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - RajaSekhara Reddy Duvvuru Muni
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Vagner A. Benedito
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Andry Andriankaja
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Ivone Torres Jerez
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Samuel Mondy
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Mark E. Taylor
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Million Tadege
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Rujin Chen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
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Mortier V, Holsters M, Goormachtig S. Never too many? How legumes control nodule numbers. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:245-58. [PMID: 21819415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Restricted availability of nitrogen compounds in soils is often a major limiting factor for plant growth and productivity. Legumes circumvent this problem by establishing a symbiosis with soil-borne bacteria, called rhizobia that fix nitrogen for the plant. Nitrogen fixation and nutrient exchange take place in specialized root organs, the nodules, which are formed by a coordinated and controlled process that combines bacterial infection and organ formation. Because nodule formation and nitrogen fixation are energy-consuming processes, legumes develop the minimal number of nodules required to ensure optimal growth. To this end, several mechanisms have evolved that adapt nodule formation and nitrogen fixation to the plant's needs and environmental conditions, such as nitrate availability in the soil. In this review, we give an updated view on the mechanisms that control nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mortier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Gaude N, Bortfeld S, Duensing N, Lohse M, Krajinski F. Arbuscule-containing and non-colonized cortical cells of mycorrhizal roots undergo extensive and specific reprogramming during arbuscular mycorrhizal development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:510-28. [PMID: 21978245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Most vascular plants form a mutualistic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, known as AM symbiosis. The development of AM symbiosis is an asynchronous process, and mycorrhizal roots therefore typically contain several symbiotic structures and various cell types. Hence, the use of whole-plant organs for downstream analyses can mask cell-specific variations in gene expression. To obtain insight into cell-specific reprogramming during AM symbiosis, comparative analyses of various cell types were performed using laser capture microdissection combined with microarray hybridization. Remarkably, the most prominent transcriptome changes were observed in non-arbuscule-containing cells of mycorrhizal roots, indicating a drastic reprogramming of these cells during root colonization that may be related to subsequent fungal colonization. A high proportion of transcripts regulated in arbuscule-containing cells and non-arbuscule-containing cells encode proteins involved in transport processes, transcriptional regulation and lipid metabolism, indicating that reprogramming of these processes is of particular importance for AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gaude
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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27
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Hayashi M, Saeki Y, Haga M, Harada K, Kouchi H, Umehara Y. Rj (rj) genes involved in nitrogen-fixing root nodule formation in soybean. BREEDING SCIENCE 2012; 61:544-53. [PMID: 23136493 PMCID: PMC3406786 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.61.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that formation of symbiotic root nodules in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is controlled by several host genes referred to as Rj (rj) genes, but molecular cloning of these genes has been hampered by soybean's complicated genome structure and large genome size. Progress in molecular identification of legume genes involved in root nodule symbiosis have been mostly achieved by using two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, that have relatively simple and small genomes and are capable of molecular transfection. However, recent development of resources for soybean molecular genetic research, such as genome sequencing, large EST databases, and high-density linkage maps, have enabled us to isolate several Rj genes. This progress has been achieved in connection with systematic utilization of the information obtained from molecular genetics of the model legumes. In this review, we summarize the current status of knowledge of host-controlled nodulation in soybean based on information from recent studies on Rj genes, and discuss the future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hayashi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Yuichi Saeki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Michiyo Haga
- Fukushima Prefecture Ken-chu Agriculture and Forestry Office, 1-1-1 Hayama, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8540, Japan
| | - Kyuya Harada
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kouchi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yosuke Umehara
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Heckmann AB, Sandal N, Bek AS, Madsen LH, Jurkiewicz A, Nielsen MW, Tirichine L, Stougaard J. Cytokinin induction of root nodule primordia in Lotus japonicus is regulated by a mechanism operating in the root cortex. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1385-95. [PMID: 21770769 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-11-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin plays a central role in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules following inoculation with rhizobia. We show that exogenous cytokinin induces formation of discrete and easily visible nodule primordia in Lotus japonicus roots. The expression of nodulin genes was up-regulated upon cytokinin treatment, suggesting that the genuine nodulation program was indeed activated. This offers a simple approach for dissecting the underlying mechanism. Cytokinin-induced nodule primordia formation was unperturbed in several loss-of-function mutants impaired in epidermal responses to either rhizobial infection, Nod factor application, or both. However, absence of primordia in nsp1, nsp2, and nin mutants showed the requirement for these transcriptional regulators in the cytokinin-mediated activation of the root cortex. Distinguishing the epidermal and cortical responses further, we found that external cytokinin application induced expression of the Nin::GUS reporter gene within the root cortex but not in the root epidermis. Using L. japonicus lhk1-1 and har1 mutants, we demonstrate that discrete activation of root cortical cells by cytokinin depends on the LHK1 cytokinin receptor and is subjected to HAR1-mediated autoregulation.
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Reid DE, Ferguson BJ, Hayashi S, Lin YH, Gresshoff PM. Molecular mechanisms controlling legume autoregulation of nodulation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:789-95. [PMID: 21856632 PMCID: PMC3177682 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High input costs and environmental pressures to reduce nitrogen use in agriculture have increased the competitive advantage of legume crops. The symbiotic relationship that legumes form with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria in root nodules is central to this advantage. SCOPE Understanding how legume plants maintain control of nodulation to balance the nitrogen gains with their energy needs and developmental costs will assist in increasing their productivity and relative advantage. For this reason, the regulation of nodulation has been extensively studied since the first mutants exhibiting increased nodulation were isolated almost three decades ago. CONCLUSIONS Nodulation is regulated primarily via a systemic mechanism known as the autoregulation of nodulation (AON), which is controlled by a CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase. Multiple components sharing homology with the CLAVATA signalling pathway that maintains control of the shoot apical meristem in arabidopsis have now been identified in AON. This includes the recent identification of several CLE peptides capable of activating nodule inhibition responses, a low molecular weight shoot signal and a role for CLAVATA2 in AON. Efforts are now being focused on directly identifying the interactions of these components and to identify the form that long-distance transport molecules take.
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Schnabel EL, Kassaw TK, Smith LS, Marsh JF, Oldroyd GE, Long SR, Frugoli JA. The ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 gene regulates nodule number in roots of Medicago truncatula and defines a highly conserved, uncharacterized plant gene family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:328-40. [PMID: 21742814 PMCID: PMC3165882 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.178756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes is tightly controlled by a long-distance signaling system in which nodulating roots signal to shoot tissues to suppress further nodulation. A screen for supernodulating Medicago truncatula mutants defective in this regulatory behavior yielded loss-of-function alleles of a gene designated ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 (RDN1). Grafting experiments demonstrated that RDN1 regulatory function occurs in the roots, not the shoots, and is essential for normal nodule number regulation. The RDN1 gene, Medtr5g089520, was identified by genetic mapping, transcript profiling, and phenotypic rescue by expression of the wild-type gene in rdn1 mutants. A mutation in a putative RDN1 ortholog was also identified in the supernodulating nod3 mutant of pea (Pisum sativum). RDN1 is predicted to encode a 357-amino acid protein of unknown function. The RDN1 promoter drives expression in the vascular cylinder, suggesting RDN1 may be involved in initiating, responding to, or transporting vascular signals. RDN1 is a member of a small, uncharacterized, highly conserved gene family unique to green plants, including algae, that we have named the RDN family.
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Reid DE, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM. Inoculation- and nitrate-induced CLE peptides of soybean control NARK-dependent nodule formation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:606-18. [PMID: 21198362 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic autoregulation of nodulation in legumes involves a root-derived signal (Q) that is perceived by a CLAVATA1-like leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (e.g. GmNARK). Perception of Q triggers the production of a shoot-derived inhibitor that prevents further nodule development. We have identified three candidate CLE peptide-encoding genes (GmRIC1, GmRIC2, and GmNIC1) in soybean (Glycine max) that respond to Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation or nitrate treatment. Ectopic overexpression of all three CLE peptide genes in transgenic roots inhibited nodulation in a GmNARK-dependent manner. The peptides share a high degree of amino acid similarity in a 12-amino-acid C-terminal domain, deemed to represent the functional ligand of GmNARK. GmRIC1 was expressed early (12 h) in response to Bradyrhizobium-sp.-produced nodulation factor while GmRIC2 was induced later (48 to 72 h) but was more persistent during later nodule development. Neither GmRIC1 nor GmRIC2 were induced by nitrate. In contrast, GmNIC1 was strongly induced by nitrate (2 mM) treatment but not by Bradyrhizobium sp. inoculation and, unlike the other two GmCLE peptides, functioned locally to inhibit nodulation. Grafting demonstrated a requirement for root GmNARK activity for nitrate regulation of nodulation whereas Bradyrhizobium sp.-induced regulation was contingent on GmNARK function in the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugald E Reid
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, John Hines Building, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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32
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Hervé C, Lefebvre B, Cullimore J. How many E3 ubiquitin ligase are involved in the regulation of nodulation? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:660-4. [PMID: 21543887 PMCID: PMC3172832 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.5.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In plants, as in animals, recent work has established that many developmental and defence response pathways are regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases which control the level or the activity of key proteins through ubiquitination. Nodule formation is a tightly regulated process that integrates specific signal exchange and the coordinated activation of developmental mechanisms to synchronize bacterial infection and organ development. In the last decade, the characterization of several E3 ubiquitin ligase with roles during nodulation has been reported. These are mainly RING-finger and U-Box proteins involved either in nodule organogenesis or in the infection process. In this review, we summarize the knowledge in this field and conclude that the major challenge will be the identification of the regulation and targets of these E3 ubiquitin ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hervé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594/441, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
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33
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Staehelin C, Xie ZP, Illana A, Vierheilig H. Long-distance transport of signals during symbiosis: are nodule formation and mycorrhization autoregulated in a similar way? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:372-7. [PMID: 21455020 PMCID: PMC3142418 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.3.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Legumes enter nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia), whereas most flowering plants establish symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Once first steps of symbiosis are initiated, nodule formation and mycorrhization in legumes is negatively controlled by a shoot-derived inhibitor (SDI), a phenomenon termed autoregulation. According to current views, autoregulation of nodulation and mycorrhization in legumes is regulated in a similar way. CLE peptides induced in response to rhizobial nodulation signals (Nod factors) have been proposed to represent the ascending long-distance signals to the shoot. Although not proven yet, these CLE peptides are likely perceived by leucine-rich repeat (LRR) autoregulation receptor kinases in the shoot. Autoregulation of mycorrhization in non-legumes is reminiscent to the phenomenon of "systemic acquired resistance" in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University (East Campus); Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University (East Campus); Guangzhou, China
| | - Antonio Illana
- Departamento de Microbiología de Suelos; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; CSIC; Granada, Spain
| | - Horst Vierheilig
- Departamento de Microbiología de Suelos; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; CSIC; Granada, Spain
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34
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Schnabel E, Mukherjee A, Smith L, Kassaw T, Long S, Frugoli J. The lss supernodulation mutant of Medicago truncatula reduces expression of the SUNN gene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1390-402. [PMID: 20861425 PMCID: PMC2971615 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.164889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The number of nodules that form in a legume when interacting with compatible rhizobia is regulated by the plant. We report the identification of a mutant in nodule regulation in Medicago truncatula, like sunn supernodulator (lss), which displays shoot-controlled supernodulation and short roots, similar to sunn mutants. In contrast with the sunn-1 mutant, nodulation in the lss mutant is more extensive and is less sensitive to nitrate and ethylene, resembling the sunn-4 presumed null allele phenotype. Although the lss locus maps to the SUNN region of linkage group 4 and sunn and lss do not complement each other, there is no mutation in the genomic copy of the SUNN gene or in the 15-kb surrounding region in the lss mutant. However, expression of the SUNN gene in the shoots of lss plants is greatly reduced compared with wild-type plants. Analysis of cDNA from plants heterozygous for lss indicates that lss is a cis-acting factor affecting the expression of SUNN, and documented reversion events show it to be unstable, suggesting a possible reversible DNA rearrangement or an epigenetic change in the lss mutant. Assessment of the SUNN promoter revealed low levels of cytosine methylation in the 700-bp region proximal to the predicted transcription start site in both wild-type and lss plants, indicating that promoter hypermethylation is not responsible for the suppression of SUNN expression in lss. Thus, lss represents either a distal novel locus within the mapped region affecting SUNN expression or an uncharacterized epigenetic modification at the SUNN locus.
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Mbengue M, Camut S, de Carvalho-Niebel F, Deslandes L, Froidure S, Klaus-Heisen D, Moreau S, Rivas S, Timmers T, Hervé C, Cullimore J, Lefebvre B. The Medicago truncatula E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB1 interacts with the LYK3 symbiotic receptor and negatively regulates infection and nodulation. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3474-88. [PMID: 20971894 PMCID: PMC2990133 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.075861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
LYK3 is a lysin motif receptor-like kinase of Medicago truncatula, which is essential for the establishment of the nitrogen-fixing, root nodule symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti. LYK3 is a putative receptor of S. meliloti Nod factor signals, but little is known of how it is regulated and how it transduces these symbiotic signals. In a screen for LYK3-interacting proteins, we identified M. truncatula Plant U-box protein 1 (PUB1) as an interactor of the kinase domain. In planta, both proteins are localized and interact in the plasma membrane. In M. truncatula, PUB1 is expressed specifically in symbiotic conditions, is induced by Nod factors, and shows an overlapping expression pattern with LYK3 during nodulation. Biochemical studies show that PUB1 has a U-box-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is phosphorylated by the LYK3 kinase domain. Overexpression and RNA interference studies in M. truncatula show that PUB1 is a negative regulator of the LYK3 signaling pathway leading to infection and nodulation and is important for the discrimination of rhizobia strains producing variant Nod factors. The potential role of PUB E3 ubiquitin ligases in controlling plant-microbe interactions and development through interacting with receptor-like kinases is discussed.
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36
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Ono N, Ishida K, Yamashino T, Nakanishi H, Sato S, Tabata S, Mizuno T. Genomewide characterization of the light-responsive and clock-controlled output pathways in Lotus japonicus with special emphasis of its uniqueness. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1800-1814. [PMID: 20833628 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant circadian clock in Arabidopsis thaliana, mainly taking advantage of the availability of its entire genomic sequence. It is also well understood how the clock controls the photomorphogenesis of seedlings, including the shade avoidance response, and how the clock controls the photoperiodic flowering time in the spring annual long-days herb A. thaliana. Based on this, here we attempt to shed light on these clock-controlled fundamental and physiological events in Lotus japonicus, which is a perennial temperate legume with a morphological nature quite different from Arabidopsis. In the Lotus database, we first compiled as many clock-, light-, and flowering-associated coding sequences as possible, which appear to be orthologous or homologous to the Arabidopsis counterparts. Then we focused on the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4)-mediated photomorphogenic pathway and the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-mediated photoperiodic flowering pathway. It was shown in L. japonicus that the putative LjPIF4 homologue is expressed in a manner dependent on the circadian clock, and the putative LjFT orthologue is expressed coincidentally and especially in the long-days conditions, as in the case of A. thaliana. LjFT is capable of promoting flowering in A. thaliana, whereas the function of LjPIF4 seems to be divergent to a certain extent from that of AtPIF4. These results are discussed with emphasis on the intriguing differences between these model plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Ono
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Yoshida C, Funayama-Noguchi S, Kawaguchi M. plenty, a novel hypernodulation mutant in Lotus japonicus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1425-35. [PMID: 20732950 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation in nodules that contain symbiotic rhizobial bacteria enables legumes to thrive in nitrogen-poor soils. However, this symbiosis is energy consuming. Therefore, legumes strictly control nodulation at both local and systemic levels. Mutants deficient in such controls exhibit a range of phenotypes from non-nodulation to hypernodulation. Here, we isolated a novel hypernodulation mutant from the M(2) progeny derived from Lotus japonicus MG-20 seeds mutagenized by irradiation with a carbon ion beam. We named the mutant 'plenty' because it formed more nodules than the wild-type MG-20. The nodulation zone in the plenty mutant was wider than that in the wild type, but not as enhanced as those in other previously reported hypernodulation mutants such as har1, klv or tml of L. japonicus. Unlike these hypernodulation mutants, the plenty mutant developed nodules of the same size as MG-20. Overall, the plenty mutant exhibited a unique phenotype of moderate hypernodulation. However, a biomass assay indicated that this unique pattern of hypernodulation was a hindrance to host plant growth. The plenty mutant displayed some tolerance to external nitrates and a normal triple response to ethylene. Grafting experiments demonstrated that the root of plenty was responsible for its hypernodulation phenotype. Genetic mapping indicated that the PLENTY gene was located on chromosome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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38
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Kouchi H, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Hayashi M, Hakoyama T, Nakagawa T, Umehara Y, Suganuma N, Kawaguchi M. How many peas in a pod? Legume genes responsible for mutualistic symbioses underground. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1381-97. [PMID: 20660226 PMCID: PMC2938637 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria is the most prominent plant-microbe endosymbiotic system and, together with mycorrhizal fungi, has critical importance in agriculture. The introduction of two model legume species, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, has enabled us to identify a number of host legume genes required for symbiosis. A total of 26 genes have so far been cloned from various symbiotic mutants of these model legumes, which are involved in recognition of rhizobial nodulation signals, early symbiotic signaling cascades, infection and nodulation processes, and regulation of nitrogen fixation. These accomplishments during the past decade provide important clues to understanding not only the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-microbe endosymbiotic associations but also the evolutionary aspects of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria. In this review we survey recent progress in molecular genetic studies using these model legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kouchi
- Department of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
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39
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Ferguson BJ, Indrasumunar A, Hayashi S, Lin MH, Lin YH, Reid DE, Gresshoff PM. Molecular analysis of legume nodule development and autoregulation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:61-76. [PMID: 20074141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are highly important food, feed and biofuel crops. With few exceptions, they can enter into an intricate symbiotic relationship with specific soil bacteria called rhizobia. This interaction results in the formation of a new root organ called the nodule in which the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms of nitrogen that are useable by the plant. The plant tightly controls the number of nodules it forms, via a complex root-to-shoot-to-root signaling loop called autoregulation of nodulation (AON). This regulatory process involves peptide hormones, receptor kinases and small metabolites. Using modern genetic and genomic techniques, many of the components required for nodule formation and AON have now been isolated. This review addresses these recent findings, presents detailed models of the nodulation and AON processes, and identifies gaps in our understanding of these process that have yet to be fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Weller JL, Hecht V, Vander Schoor JK, Davidson SE, Ross JJ. Light regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis in pea is mediated through the COP1/HY5 pathway. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:800-13. [PMID: 19329557 PMCID: PMC2671700 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.063628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Light regulation of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis occurs in several species, but the signaling pathway through which this occurs has not been clearly established. We have isolated a new pea (Pisum sativum) mutant, long1, with a light-dependent elongated phenotype that is particularly pronounced in the epicotyl and first internode. The long1 mutation impairs signaling from phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors and interacts genetically with a mutation in LIP1, the pea ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana COP1. Mutant long1 seedlings show a dramatic impairment in the light regulation of active GA levels and the expression of several GA biosynthetic genes, most notably the GA catabolism gene GA2ox2. The long1 mutant carries a nonsense mutation in a gene orthologous to the ASTRAY gene from Lotus japonicus, a divergent ortholog of the Arabidopsis bZIP transcription factor gene HY5. Our results show that LONG1 has a central role in mediating the effects of light on GA biosynthesis in pea and demonstrate the importance of this regulation for appropriate photomorphogenic development. By contrast, LONG1 has no effect on GA responsiveness, implying that interactions between LONG1 and GA signaling are not a significant component of the molecular framework for light-GA interactions in pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Weller
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Omrane S, Ferrarini A, D'Apuzzo E, Rogato A, Delledonne M, Chiurazzi M. Symbiotic competence in Lotus japonicus is affected by plant nitrogen status: transcriptomic identification of genes affected by a new signalling pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:380-394. [PMID: 19500268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In leguminous plants, symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation performances and N environmental conditions are linked because nodule initiation, development and functioning are greatly influenced by the amount of available N sources. We demonstrate here that N supply also controls, beforehand, the competence of leguminous plants to perform the nodulation program. Lotus japonicus plants preincubated for 10 d in high-N conditions, and then transferred to low N before the Mesorhizobium loti inoculation, had reduced nodulation. This phenotype was maintained for at least 6 d and a complete reacquisition of the symbiotic competence was observed only after 9 d. The time-course analysis of the change of the symbiotic phenotype was analysed by transcriptomics. The differentially expressed genes identified are mostly involved in metabolic pathways. However, the transcriptional response also includes genes belonging to other functional categories such as signalling, stress response and transcriptional regulation. Some of these genes show a molecular identity and a regulation profile, that suggest a role as possible molecular links between the N-dependent plant response and the nodule organogenesis program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Omrane
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso, Via P. Castellino 131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15 Cà Vignal, I-37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrica D'Apuzzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso, Via P. Castellino 131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rogato
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso, Via P. Castellino 131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15 Cà Vignal, I-37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiurazzi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso, Via P. Castellino 131, Napoli, Italy
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Crespi M, Frugier F. De Novo Organ Formation from Differentiated Cells: Root Nodule Organogenesis. Sci Signal 2008; 1:re11. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.149re11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Vernié T, Moreau S, de Billy F, Plet J, Combier JP, Rogers C, Oldroyd G, Frugier F, Niebel A, Gamas P. EFD Is an ERF transcription factor involved in the control of nodule number and differentiation in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:2696-713. [PMID: 18978033 PMCID: PMC2590733 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.059857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating legume root nodule development are still poorly understood, and very few regulatory genes have been cloned and characterized. Here, we describe EFD (for ethylene response factor required for nodule differentiation), a gene that is upregulated during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. The EFD transcription factor belongs to the ethylene response factor (ERF) group V, which contains ERN1, 2, and 3, three ERFs involved in Nod factor signaling. The role of EFD in the regulation of nodulation was examined through the characterization of a null deletion mutant (efd-1), RNA interference, and overexpression studies. These studies revealed that EFD is a negative regulator of root nodulation and infection by Rhizobium and that EFD is required for the formation of functional nitrogen-fixing nodules. EFD appears to be involved in the plant and bacteroid differentiation processes taking place beneath the nodule meristem. We also showed that EFD activated Mt RR4, a cytokinin primary response gene that encodes a type-A response regulator. We propose that EFD induction of Mt RR4 leads to the inhibition of cytokinin signaling, with two consequences: the suppression of new nodule initiation and the activation of differentiation as cells leave the nodule meristem. Our work thus reveals a key regulator linking early and late stages of nodulation and suggests that the regulation of the cytokinin pathway is important both for nodule initiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Vernié
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 2594/441, F- 31320 Castanet Tolosan, France
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Liu H, Zhang H, Yang Y, Li G, Yang Y, Wang X, Basnayake BMVS, Li D, Song F. Functional analysis reveals pleiotropic effects of rice RING-H2 finger protein gene OsBIRF1 on regulation of growth and defense responses against abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 68:17-30. [PMID: 18496756 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RING finger proteins comprise a large family and play key roles in regulating growth/developmental processes, hormone signaling and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A rice gene, OsBIRF1, encoding a putative RING-H2 finger protein, was cloned and identified. OsBIRF1 encodes a 396 amino acid protein belonging to the ATL family characterized by a conserved RING-H2 finger domain (C-X2-C-X15-C-X1-H-X2-H-X2-C-X10-C-X2-C), a transmembrane domain at the N-terminal, a basic amino acid rich region and a characteristic GLD region. Expression of OsBIRF1 was up-regulated in rice seedlings after treatment with benzothaidiazole, salicylic acid, l-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and jasmonic acid, and was induced differentially in incompatible but not compatible interactions between rice and Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of blast disease. Transgenic tobacco plants that constitutively express OsBIRF1 exhibit enhanced disease resistance against tobacco mosaic virus and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and elevated expression levels of defense-related genes, e.g. PR-1, PR-2, PR-3 and PR-5. The OsBIRF1-overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants show increased oxidative stress tolerance to exogenous treatment with methyl viologen and H2O2, and up-regulate expression of oxidative stress-related genes. Reduced ABA sensitivity in root elongation and increased drought tolerance in seed germination were also observed in OsBIRF1 transgenic tobacco plants. Furthermore, the transgenic tobacco plants show longer roots and higher plant heights as compared with the wild-type plants, suggesting that overexpression of OsBIRF1 promote plant growth. These results demonstrate that OsBIRF1 has pleiotropic effects on growth and defense response against multiple abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Kakar K, Wandrey M, Czechowski T, Gaertner T, Scheible WR, Stitt M, Torres-Jerez I, Xiao Y, Redman JC, Wu HC, Cheung F, Town CD, Udvardi MK. A community resource for high-throughput quantitative RT-PCR analysis of transcription factor gene expression in Medicago truncatula. PLANT METHODS 2008; 4:18. [PMID: 18611268 PMCID: PMC2490690 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicago truncatula is a model legume species that is currently the focus of an international genome sequencing effort. Although several different oligonucleotide and cDNA arrays have been produced for genome-wide transcript analysis of this species, intrinsic limitations in the sensitivity of hybridization-based technologies mean that transcripts of genes expressed at low-levels cannot be measured accurately with these tools. Amongst such genes are many encoding transcription factors (TFs), which are arguably the most important class of regulatory proteins. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the most sensitive method currently available for transcript quantification, and one that can be scaled up to analyze transcripts of thousands of genes in parallel. Thus, qRT-PCR is an ideal method to tackle the problem of TF transcript quantification in Medicago and other plants. RESULTS We established a bioinformatics pipeline to identify putative TF genes in Medicago truncatula and to design gene-specific oligonucleotide primers for qRT-PCR analysis of TF transcripts. We validated the efficacy and gene-specificity of over 1000 TF primer pairs and utilized these to identify sets of organ-enhanced TF genes that may play important roles in organ development or differentiation in this species. This community resource will be developed further as more genome sequence becomes available, with the ultimate goal of producing validated, gene-specific primers for all Medicago TF genes. CONCLUSION High-throughput qRT-PCR using a 384-well plate format enables rapid, flexible, and sensitive quantification of all predicted Medicago transcription factor mRNAs. This resource has been utilized recently by several groups in Europe, Australia, and the USA, and we expect that it will become the 'gold-standard' for TF transcript profiling in Medicago truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klementina Kakar
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maren Wandrey
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tomasz Czechowski
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tanja Gaertner
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ivone Torres-Jerez
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yongli Xiao
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Julia C Redman
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Hank C Wu
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Foo Cheung
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Christopher D Town
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
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Song YH, Yoo CM, Hong AP, Kim SH, Jeong HJ, Shin SY, Kim HJ, Yun DJ, Lim CO, Bahk JD, Lee SY, Nagao RT, Key JL, Hong JC. DNA-binding study identifies C-box and hybrid C/G-box or C/A-box motifs as high-affinity binding sites for STF1 and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:1862-77. [PMID: 18287490 PMCID: PMC2287355 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) is a bZIP (basic leucine zipper) transcription factor that activates photomorphogenesis and root development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Previously, STF1 (soybean [Glycine max] TGACG-motif binding factor 1), a homologous legume protein with a RING-finger motif and a bZIP domain, was reported in soybean. To investigate the role of STF1, the phenotypes of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing STF1 and HY5 were compared. In addition, the DNA-binding properties of STF1 and HY5 were extensively studied using random binding site selection and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Overexpression of STF1 in the hy5 mutant of Arabidopsis restored wild-type photomorphogenic and root development phenotypes of short hypocotyl, accumulation of chlorophyll, and root gravitropism with partial restoration of anthocyanin accumulation. This supports that STF1 is a homolog of HY5 with a role in light and hormone signaling. The DNA-binding properties of STF1 and HY5 are shown to be similar to each other in recognizing many ACGT-containing elements with a consensus sequence motif of 5'-(G/A)(G/A) TGACGT(C/G/A)(A/T/G)-3'. The motif represents a characteristically strong preference for flanking sequence to TGACGT and a larger sequence than the sequences recognized by the G-box binding factor and TGA protein families. The finding of C-box, hybrid C/G-, and C/A-boxes as high-affinity binding sites over the G-box and parameters associated with HY5 recognition define the criteria of HY5/STF1 protein-DNA interaction in the promoter regions. This study helps to predict the precise in vivo binding sites of the HY5 protein from the vast number of putative HY5 genomic binding sites analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation on chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Song
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Environmental Biotechnology Research Center, National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Nijhawan A, Jain M, Tyagi AK, Khurana JP. Genomic survey and gene expression analysis of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor family in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18065552 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.11282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The basic leucine (Leu) zipper (bZIP) proteins compose a family of transcriptional regulators present exclusively in eukaryotes. The bZIP proteins characteristically harbor a bZIP domain composed of two structural features: a DNA-binding basic region and the Leu zipper dimerization region. They have been shown to regulate diverse plant-specific phenomena, including seed maturation and germination, floral induction and development, and photomorphogenesis, and are also involved in stress and hormone signaling. We have identified 89 bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome. Their chromosomal distribution and sequence analyses suggest that the bZIP transcription factor family has evolved via gene duplication. The phylogenetic relationship among rice bZIP domains as well as with bZIP domains from other plant bZIP factors suggests that homologous bZIP domains exist in plants. Similar intron/exon structural patterns were observed in the basic and hinge regions of their bZIP domains. Detailed sequence analysis has been done to identify additional conserved motifs outside the bZIP domain and to predict their DNA-binding site specificity as well as dimerization properties, which has helped classify them into different groups and subfamilies, respectively. Expression of bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes has been analyzed by full-length cDNA and expressed sequence tag-based expression profiling. This expression profiling was complemented by microarray analysis. The results indicate specific or coexpression patterns of rice bZIP transcription factors starting from floral transition to various stages of panicle and seed development. bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes in rice also displayed differential expression patterns in rice seedlings in response to abiotic stress and light irradiation. An effort has been made to link the structure and expression pattern of bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes in rice to their function, based on the information obtained from our analyses and earlier known results. This information will be important for functional characterization of bZIP transcription factors in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashima Nijhawan
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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48
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Nijhawan A, Jain M, Tyagi AK, Khurana JP. Genomic survey and gene expression analysis of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor family in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:333-50. [PMID: 18065552 PMCID: PMC2245831 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The basic leucine (Leu) zipper (bZIP) proteins compose a family of transcriptional regulators present exclusively in eukaryotes. The bZIP proteins characteristically harbor a bZIP domain composed of two structural features: a DNA-binding basic region and the Leu zipper dimerization region. They have been shown to regulate diverse plant-specific phenomena, including seed maturation and germination, floral induction and development, and photomorphogenesis, and are also involved in stress and hormone signaling. We have identified 89 bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome. Their chromosomal distribution and sequence analyses suggest that the bZIP transcription factor family has evolved via gene duplication. The phylogenetic relationship among rice bZIP domains as well as with bZIP domains from other plant bZIP factors suggests that homologous bZIP domains exist in plants. Similar intron/exon structural patterns were observed in the basic and hinge regions of their bZIP domains. Detailed sequence analysis has been done to identify additional conserved motifs outside the bZIP domain and to predict their DNA-binding site specificity as well as dimerization properties, which has helped classify them into different groups and subfamilies, respectively. Expression of bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes has been analyzed by full-length cDNA and expressed sequence tag-based expression profiling. This expression profiling was complemented by microarray analysis. The results indicate specific or coexpression patterns of rice bZIP transcription factors starting from floral transition to various stages of panicle and seed development. bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes in rice also displayed differential expression patterns in rice seedlings in response to abiotic stress and light irradiation. An effort has been made to link the structure and expression pattern of bZIP transcription factor-encoding genes in rice to their function, based on the information obtained from our analyses and earlier known results. This information will be important for functional characterization of bZIP transcription factors in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashima Nijhawan
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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van Noorden GE, Kerim T, Goffard N, Wiblin R, Pellerone FI, Rolfe BG, Mathesius U. Overlap of proteome changes in Medicago truncatula in response to auxin and Sinorhizobium meliloti. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:1115-31. [PMID: 17468210 PMCID: PMC1914185 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.099978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We used proteome analysis to identify proteins induced during nodule initiation and in response to auxin in Medicago truncatula. From previous experiments, which found a positive correlation between auxin levels and nodule numbers in the M. truncatula supernodulation mutant sunn (supernumerary nodules), we hypothesized (1) that auxin mediates protein changes during nodulation and (2) that auxin responses might differ between the wild type and the supernodulating sunn mutant during nodule initiation. Increased expression of the auxin response gene GH3:beta-glucuronidase was found during nodule initiation in M. truncatula, similar to treatment of roots with auxin. We then used difference gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry to compare proteomes of wild-type and sunn mutant roots after 24 h of treatment with Sinorhizobium meliloti, auxin, or a control. We identified 131 of 270 proteins responding to treatment with S. meliloti and/or auxin, and 39 of 89 proteins differentially displayed between the wild type and sunn. The majority of proteins changed similarly in response to auxin and S. meliloti after 24 h in both genotypes, supporting hypothesis 1. Proteins differentially accumulated between untreated wild-type and sunn roots also showed changes in auxin response, consistent with altered auxin levels in sunn. However, differences between the genotypes after S. meliloti inoculation were largely not due to differential auxin responses. The role of the identified candidate proteins in nodule initiation and the requirement for their induction by auxin could be tested in future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giel E van Noorden
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research , Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Udvardi MK, Kakar K, Wandrey M, Montanari O, Murray J, Andriankaja A, Zhang JY, Benedito V, Hofer JMI, Chueng F, Town CD. Legume transcription factors: global regulators of plant development and response to the environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:538-49. [PMID: 17556517 PMCID: PMC1914172 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.098061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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