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Shumilov K, Ni A, Garcia-Bonilla M, Celorrio M, Friess SH. Early depletion of gut microbiota shape oligodendrocyte response after traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:171. [PMID: 39010082 PMCID: PMC11251111 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
White matter injury (WMI) is thought to be a major contributor to long-term cognitive dysfunctions after traumatic brain injury (TBI). This damage occurs partly due to apoptotic death of oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OLCs) after the injury, triggered directly by the trauma or in response to degenerating axons. Recent research suggests that the gut microbiota modulates the inflammatory response through the regulation of peripheral immune cell infiltration after TBI. Additionally, T-cells directly impact OLCs differentiation and proliferation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in regulating the OLC response to WMI influencing T-cells differentiation and activation. Gut microbial depletion early after TBI chronically reduced re-myelination, acutely decreased OLCs proliferation, and was associated with increased myelin debris accumulation. Surprisingly, the absence of T-cells in gut microbiota depleted mice restored OLC proliferation and remyelination after TBI. OLCs co-cultured with T-cells derived from gut microbiota depleted mice resulted in impaired proliferation and increased expression of MHC-II compared with T cells from control-injured mice. Furthermore, MHC-II expression in OLCs appears to be linked to impaired proliferation under gut microbiota depletion and TBI conditions. Collectively our data indicates that depletion of the gut microbiota after TBI impaired remyelination, reduced OLCs proliferation with concomitantly increased OLC MHCII expression, and required the presence of T cells. This data suggests that T cells are an important mechanistic link by which the gut microbiota modulate the oligodendrocyte response and white matter recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Shumilov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Allen Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Marta Celorrio
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stuart H Friess
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, Campus Box 8028, 3rd Fl MPRB 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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2
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Shumilov K, Ni A, Garcia-Bonilla M, Celorrio M, Friess SH. Gut Microbiota Shape Oligodendrocyte Response after Traumatic Brain Injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4289147. [PMID: 38746334 PMCID: PMC11092821 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4289147/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
White matter injury (WMI) is thought to be a major contributor to long-term cognitive dysfunctions after traumatic brain injury (TBI). This damage occurs partly due to apoptotic death of oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OLCs) after the injury, triggered directly by the trauma or in response to degenerating axons. Recent research suggests that the gut microbiota modulates the inflammatory response through the modulation of peripheral immune cell infiltration after TBI. Additionally, T-cells directly impact OLCs differentiation and proliferation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in regulating the OLC response to WMI influencing T-cells differentiation and activation. Gut microbial depletion early after TBI chronically reduced re-myelination, acutely decreased OLCs proliferation, and was associated with increased myelin debris accumulation. Surprisingly, the absence of T-cells in gut microbiota depleted mice restored OLC proliferation and remyelination after TBI. OLCs co-cultured with T-cells derived from gut microbiota depleted mice resulted in impaired proliferation and increased expression of MHC-II compared with T cells from control-injured mice. Furthermore, MHC-II expression in OLCs appears to be linked to impaired proliferation under gut microbiota depletion and TBI conditions. Collectively our data indicates that depletion of the gut microbiota after TBI impaired remyelination, reduced OLCs proliferation with concomitantly increased OLC MHCII expression and required the presence of T cells. This data suggests that T cells are an important mechanistic link by which the gut microbiota modulate the oligodendrocyte response and white matter recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen Ni
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
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3
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Zhao Q, Li H, Li H, Xie F, Zhang J. Research progress of neuroinflammation-related cells in traumatic brain injury: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34009. [PMID: 37352020 PMCID: PMC10289497 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is related to chronic neurodegenerative diseases and is one of the causes of acute secondary injury after TBI. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the role of cellular mechanisms in the neuroinflammatory response after TBI. The objective of this article is to understand the involvement of cells during the TBI inflammatory response (for instance, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) and shed light on the recent progress in the stimulation and interaction of granulocytes and lymphocytes, to provide a novel approach for clinical research. We searched articles in PubMed published between 1950 and 2023, using the following keywords: TBI, neuroinflammation, inflammatory cells, neuroprotection, clinical. Articles for inclusion in this paper were finalized based on their novelty, representativeness, and relevance to the main arguments of this review. We found that the neuroinflammatory response after TBI includes the activation of glial cells, the release of inflammatory mediators in the brain, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells. These inflammatory responses not only induce secondary brain damage, but also have a role in repairing the nervous system to some extent. However, not all of the mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions have been well studied. After TBI, clinical treatment cannot simply suppress the inflammatory response, and the inflammatory phenotype of patients' needs to be defined according to their specific conditions after injury. Clinical trials of personalized inflammation regulation therapy for specific patients should be carried out in order to improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhao
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Huige Li
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
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4
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Maheshwari S, Dwyer LJ, Sîrbulescu RF. Inflammation and immunomodulation in central nervous system injury - B cells as a novel therapeutic opportunity. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106077. [PMID: 36914074 PMCID: PMC10758988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute injury to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a complex and challenging clinical need. CNS injury initiates a dynamic neuroinflammatory response, mediated by both resident and infiltrating immune cells. Following the primary injury, dysregulated inflammatory cascades have been implicated in sustaining a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, driving secondary neurodegeneration and the development of lasting neurological dysfunction. Due to the multifaceted nature of CNS injury, clinically effective therapies for conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and stroke have proven challenging to develop. No therapeutics that adequately address the chronic inflammatory component of secondary CNS injury are currently available. Recently, B lymphocytes have gained increasing appreciation for their role in maintaining immune homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses in the context of tissue injury. Here we review the neuroinflammatory response to CNS injury with particular focus on the underexplored role of B cells and summarize recent results on the use of purified B lymphocytes as a novel immunomodulatory therapeutic for tissue injury, particularly in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maheshwari
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liam J Dwyer
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Lee CYP, Chooi WH, Ng SY, Chew SY. Modulating neuroinflammation through molecular, cellular and biomaterial-based approaches to treat spinal cord injury. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10389. [PMID: 36925680 PMCID: PMC10013833 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response that is elicited after spinal cord injury contributes to both tissue damage and reparative processes. The complex and dynamic cellular and molecular changes within the spinal cord microenvironment result in a functional imbalance of immune cells and their modulatory factors. To facilitate wound healing and repair, it is necessary to manipulate the immunological pathways during neuroinflammation to achieve successful therapeutic interventions. In this review, recent advancements and fresh perspectives on the consequences of neuroinflammation after SCI and modulation of the inflammatory responses through the use of molecular-, cellular-, and biomaterial-based therapies to promote tissue regeneration and functional recovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Wai Hon Chooi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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6
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Toll A, Blanco-Hinojo L, Berge D, Martín-Subero M, Casanovas F, El-Abidi K, Perez-Solà V, Mané A. Higher lymphocyte count associated with larger hippocampal volume and fewer depressive symptoms in drug-na ïve first-episode psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 69:47-55. [PMID: 36709614 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Circulating white blood cells (leucocytes), which form the peripheral immune system, are crucial in inflammatory processes but their role in brain structural change in schizophrenia has been scarcely studied. With this study we want to determine how and which type of white blood cells are associated with hippocampal volume (as a key structure in schi- zophrenia etiopathology) in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Moreover, to determine the association between white blood cells and clinical symptomatology, including positive and negative symptoms, cognition and depression. For this purpose fifty drug-naïve FEP were included in this study. All patients underwent an assessment at baseline and at 1 year follow-up, including sociodemographic and clinical variables (substance use, DUP, PANSS, GAF and CDSS). Fasting blood samples were obtained before administering any medication at baseline. Structural T1 MRI was performed at baseline and brain volumes were quantified. In the present study, higher lymphocyte count was associated with larger right hippocampal volume at baseline in FEP drug-naive patients. Higher lymphocyte count was associated with lower depressive symptomatology measured with CDSS and Marder depressive factor from PANSS at baseline and 1-year follow -up. These results suggest that lymphocytes may have a protective effect in hippocampal volume at baseli- ne in antipsychotic naïve FEP and also, are associated with a better depressive course over follow up. These results open the door to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Toll
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Laura Blanco-Hinojo
- Fundació Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Radiology, MRI Research Unit, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Berge
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Marta Martín-Subero
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Francesc Casanovas
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Khadija El-Abidi
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Perez-Solà
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Anna Mané
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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DeMaio A, Mehrotra S, Sambamurti K, Husain S. The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:251. [PMID: 36209107 PMCID: PMC9548183 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues. The central nervous system is immune-privileged and largely protected from the circulating inflammatory pathways. However, T cell involvement and the disruption of the blood-brain barriers have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, regulatory T cells (Treg cells) dampen the inflammatory response of effector T cells. In the pathological states of many neurodegenerative disorders, the ability of Treg cells to mitigate inflammation is reduced, and a pro-inflammatory environment persists. This perspective review provides current knowledge on the roles of T cell subsets (e.g., effector T cells, Treg cells) in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases, including uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Many neurodegenerative and ocular diseases have been linked to immune dysregulation, but the cellular events and molecular mechanisms involved in such processes remain largely unknown. Moreover, the role of T cells in ocular pathologies remains poorly defined and limited literature is available in this area of research. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells appears to be a vital immunological approach to control ocular pathologies. Similarities in T cell dysfunction seen among non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases suggest that this area of research has a great potential to develop better therapeutic agents for ocular diseases and warrants further studies. Overall, this perspective review article provides significant information on the roles of T cells in numerous ocular and non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa DeMaio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA.
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8
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Hammel G, Zivkovic S, Ayazi M, Ren Y. Consequences and mechanisms of myelin debris uptake and processing by cells in the central nervous system. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104591. [PMID: 36030093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and trauma involving changes to the neuronal myelin sheath have long been a topic of great interest. One common pathological change in these diseases is the generation of myelin debris resulting from the breakdown of the myelin sheath. Myelin debris contains many inflammatory and neurotoxic factors that inhibit remyelination and make its clearance a prerequisite for healing in CNS disorders. Many professional and semiprofessional phagocytes participate in the clearance of myelin debris in the CNS. These cells use various mechanisms for the uptake of myelin debris, and each cell type produces its own unique set of pathologic consequences resulting from the debris uptake. Examining these cells' phagocytosis of myelin debris will contribute to a more complete understanding of CNS disease pathogenesis and help us conceptualize how the necessary clearance of myelin debris must be balanced with the detrimental consequences brought about by its clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hammel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Maryam Ayazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
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9
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Freyermuth-Trujillo X, Segura-Uribe JJ, Salgado-Ceballos H, Orozco-Barrios CE, Coyoy-Salgado A. Inflammation: A Target for Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172692. [PMID: 36078099 PMCID: PMC9454769 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of disability, and treatment alternatives that generate beneficial outcomes and have no side effects are urgently needed. SCI may be treatable if intervention is initiated promptly. Therefore, several treatment proposals are currently being evaluated. Inflammation is part of a complex physiological response to injury or harmful stimuli induced by mechanical, chemical, or immunological agents. Neuroinflammation is one of the principal secondary changes following SCI and plays a crucial role in modulating the pathological progression of acute and chronic SCI. This review describes the main inflammatory events occurring after SCI and discusses recently proposed potential treatments and therapeutic agents that regulate inflammation after insult in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Freyermuth-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Julia J. Segura-Uribe
- Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Orozco-Barrios
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-2498-5223
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10
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Tang X, Li Q, Huang T, Zhang H, Chen X, Ling J, Yang Y. Regenerative Role of T Cells in Nerve Repair and Functional Recovery. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923152. [PMID: 35865551 PMCID: PMC9294345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is essential in the process of nerve repair after injury. Successful modulation of the immune response is regarded as an effective approach to improving treatment outcomes. T cells play an important role in the immune response of the nervous system, and their beneficial roles in promoting regeneration have been increasingly recognized. However, the diversity of T-cell subsets also delivers both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative functions. Therefore, this review mainly discusses the beneficial impact of T-cell subsets in the repair of both peripheral nervous system and central nervous system injuries and introduces studies on various therapies based on T-cell regulation. Further discoveries in T-cell mechanisms and multifunctional biomaterials will provide novel strategies for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Ling, ; Yumin Yang,
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Ling, ; Yumin Yang,
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11
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van Olst L, Coenen L, Nieuwland JM, Rodriguez-Mogeda C, de Wit NM, Kamermans A, Middeldorp J, de Vries HE. Crossing borders in Alzheimer's disease: A T cell's perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114398. [PMID: 35780907 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting millions of people worldwide. While different immunotherapies are imminent, currently only disease-modifying medications are available and a cure is lacking. Over the past decade, immunological interfaces of the central nervous system (CNS) and their role in neurodegenerative diseases received increasing attention. Specifically, emerging evidence shows that subsets of circulating CD8+ T cells cross the brain barriers and associate with AD pathology. To gain more insight into how the adaptive immune system is involved in disease pathogenesis, we here provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of T cells to AD pathology, incorporating changes at the brain barriers. In addition, we review studies that provide translation of these findings by targeting T cells to combat AD pathology and cognitive decline. Importantly, these data show that immunological changes in AD are not confined to the CNS and that AD-associated systemic immune changes appear to affect brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Olst
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Coenen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - J M Nieuwland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - C Rodriguez-Mogeda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N M de Wit
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Kamermans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Middeldorp
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - H E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Perner C, Krüger E. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Role in Homeostasis and Immunity of Central and Peripheral Neurons. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859703. [PMID: 35572517 PMCID: PMC9092946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells are specialists for rapid transfer and translation of information. Their electrical properties relay on a precise regulation of ion levels while their communication via neurotransmitters and neuropeptides depends on a high protein and lipid turnover. The endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is fundamental to provide these necessary requirements for optimal neuronal function. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, reactive oxygen species and exogenous stimulants like infections, chemical irritants and mechanical harm can induce ER stress, often followed by an ER stress response to reinstate cellular homeostasis. Imbedded between glial-, endothelial-, stromal-, and immune cells neurons are constantly in communication and influenced by their local environment. In this review, we discuss concepts of tissue homeostasis and innate immunity in the central and peripheral nervous system with a focus on its influence on ER stress, the unfolded protein response, and implications for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Salvador AFM, Kipnis J. Immune response after central nervous system injury. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101629. [PMID: 35753867 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) affect millions of people worldwide, and they can lead to severely damaging consequences such as permanent disability and paralysis. Multiple factors can obstruct recovery after CNS injury. One of the most significant is the progressive neuronal death that follows the initial mechanical impact, leading to the loss of undamaged cells via a process termed secondary neurodegeneration. Efforts to define treatments that limit the spread of damage, while important, have been largely ineffectual owing to gaps in the mechanistic understanding that underlies the persisting neuronal cell death. Inflammation, with its influx of immune cells that occurs shortly after injury, has been associated with secondary neurodegeneration. However, the role of the immune system after CNS injury is far more complex. Studies have indicated that the immune response after CNS injury is detrimental, owing to immune cell-produced factors (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, neurotoxic glutamate) that worsen tissue damage. Our lab and others have also demonstrated the beneficial immune response that occurs after CNS injury, with the release of growth factors such as brain-derived growth factor (BDNF) and interleukin (IL-10) and the clearance of apoptotic and myelin debris by immune cells1-4. In this review, we first discuss the multifaceted roles of the immune system after CNS injury. We then speculate on how advancements in single-cell RNA technologies can dramatically change our understanding of the immune response, how the spinal cord meninges serve as an important site for hosting immunological processes critical for recovery, and how the origin of peripherally recruited immune cells impacts their function in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Francesca M Salvador
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Asthma reduces glioma formation by T cell decorin-mediated inhibition of microglia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7122. [PMID: 34880260 PMCID: PMC8654836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the reduced incidence of brain tumors in children with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and asthma, we leverage Nf1 optic pathway glioma (Nf1OPG) mice, human and mouse RNAseq data, and two different experimental asthma models. Following ovalbumin or house dust mite asthma induction at 4-6 weeks of age (WOA), Nf1OPG mouse optic nerve volumes and proliferation are decreased at 12 and 24 WOA, indicating no tumor development. This inhibition is accompanied by reduced expression of the microglia-produced optic glioma mitogen, Ccl5. Human and murine T cell transcriptome analyses reveal that inhibition of microglia Ccl5 production results from increased T cell expression of decorin, which blocks Ccl4-mediated microglia Ccl5 expression through reduced microglia NFκB signaling. Decorin or NFκB inhibitor treatment of Nf1OPG mice at 4-6 WOA inhibits tumor formation at 12 WOA, thus establishing a potential mechanistic etiology for the attenuated glioma incidence observed in children with asthma.
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15
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Geng Y, Lu Z, Guan J, van Rooijen N, Zhi Y. Microglia/Macrophages and CD4 +CD25 + T Cells Enhance the Ability of Injury-Activated Lymphocytes to Reduce Traumatic Optic Neuropathy In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687898. [PMID: 34484185 PMCID: PMC8414969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation after acute CNS injury plays a dual role. The interplay between immune cells and inflammatory mediators is critical to the outcome of injured neurons. Microglia/macrophages are the first sensors and regulators of the immune response. We previously found that the enhancement of macrophages on neuron survival does not persist in thymectomized rats. How T lymphocytes and macrophages interact and benefit neuron survival is not fully elucidated. To this point, we introduce and characterize a cell-retina co-culture model that mimics the recruitment of peripheral lymphocytes at the injury site. Three-day post-optic nerve transection (ONT) in Fischer 344 rats, transected retinas were co-cultured with either peripheral lymph node-derived lymphocytes (injury-activated) or from intact rats as the control. The injury-activated lymphocytes preserved retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and caused extensive retina microglial/macrophage infiltration. CD4+CD25+ T cells were upregulated in the injury-activated lymphocytes and increased RGC survival, suggesting that CD4+CD25+ T cells suppressed the cytotoxicity of control lymphocytes. When microglia/macrophages were depleted by clodronate, neuron loss was more extensive, the cytotoxicity of control lymphocytes on RGCs was alleviated, and the neuroprotective effect of injury-activated lymphocytes remain unchanged Cytokine detection showed an increase in IL-6 and TNF-α levels that were reduced with microglia/macrophage depletion. Our results suggest that microglial/macrophage infiltration into axotomized retinas promotes RGC survival by secreting cytokines to induce CD4+CD25+ T cells and suppress T cell-mediated RGC toxicity. These findings reveal a specific role for microglia/macrophage and CD4+CD25+ T cells in inflammation after CNS injury, thereby adding to the mechanistic basis for the development of microglial/macrophage modulation therapy for traumatic CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Geng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jitian Guan
- Department of MRI, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ye Zhi
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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16
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Jiang Q, Stone CR, Elkin K, Geng X, Ding Y. Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:101-112. [PMID: 33972464 PMCID: PMC8118752 DOI: 10.5607/en20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the preceding decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. One such advance has been an increased understanding of the multifarious crosstalk in which the nervous and immune systems engage in order to maintain homeostasis. By interrupting the immune-nervous nexus, it is thought that stroke induces change in both systems. Additionally, it has been found that both innate and adaptive immunosuppression play protective roles against the effects of stroke. The release of danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), contributing to the harmful inflammatory effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury after stroke; the Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK (TAM)/Gas6 system, however, has been shown to suppress inflammation via downstream signaling molecules that inhibit TLR signaling. Anti-inflammatory cytokines have also been found to promote neuroprotection following stroke. Additionally, adaptive immunosuppression merits further consideration as a potential endogenous protective mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent studies regarding the effects and mechanism of immunosuppression on the pathophysiology of stroke, with the hope that a better understanding of the function of both of innate and adaptive immunity in this setting will facilitate the development of effective therapies for post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Christopher R Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth Elkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA.,Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
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17
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Celorrio M, Abellanas MA, Rhodes J, Goodwin V, Moritz J, Vadivelu S, Wang L, Rodgers R, Xiao S, Anabayan I, Payne C, Perry AM, Baldridge MT, Aymerich MS, Steed A, Friess SH. Gut microbial dysbiosis after traumatic brain injury modulates the immune response and impairs neurogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:40. [PMID: 33691793 PMCID: PMC7944629 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the gut microbiota on traumatic brain injury (TBI) is presently unknown. This knowledge gap is of paramount clinical significance as TBI patients are highly susceptible to alterations in the gut microbiota by antibiotic exposure. Antibiotic-induced gut microbial dysbiosis established prior to TBI significantly worsened neuronal loss and reduced microglia activation in the injured hippocampus with concomitant changes in fear memory response. Importantly, antibiotic exposure for 1 week after TBI reduced cortical infiltration of Ly6Chigh monocytes, increased microglial pro-inflammatory markers, and decreased T lymphocyte infiltration, which persisted through 1 month post-injury. Moreover, microbial dysbiosis was associated with reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus 1 week after TBI. By 3 months after injury (11 weeks after discontinuation of the antibiotics), we observed increased microglial proliferation, increased hippocampal neuronal loss, and modulation of fear memory response. These data demonstrate that antibiotic-induced gut microbial dysbiosis after TBI impacts neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and fear memory and implicate gut microbial modulation as a potential therapeutic intervention for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Celorrio
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Miguel A Abellanas
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - James Rhodes
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Victoria Goodwin
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jennie Moritz
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Sangeetha Vadivelu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Leran Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Sophia Xiao
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ilakkia Anabayan
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Camryn Payne
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Alexandra M Perry
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Maria S Aymerich
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIMA, Programa de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ashley Steed
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Stuart H Friess
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
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18
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Gao TY, Huang FF, Xie YY, Wang WQ, Wang LD, Mu D, Cui Y, Wang B. Dynamic changes in the systemic immune responses of spinal cord injury model mice. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:382-387. [PMID: 32859802 PMCID: PMC7896203 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspinal inflammatory and immune responses are considered to play central roles in the pathological development of spinal cord injury. This study aimed to decipher the dynamics of systemic immune responses, initiated by spinal cord injury. The spinal cord in mice was completely transected at T8. Changes in the in vivo inflammatory response, between the acute and subacute stages, were observed. A rapid decrease in C-reactive protein levels, circulating leukocytes and lymphocytes, spleen-derived CD4+ interferon-γ+ T-helper cells, and inflammatory cytokines, and a marked increase in neutrophils, monocytes, and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells were observed during the acute phase. These systemic immune alterations were gradually restored to basal levels during the sub-acute phase. During the acute phase of spinal cord injury, systemic immune cells and factors showed significant inhibition; however, this inhibition was transient, and the indicators of these serious disorders gradually returned to baseline levels during the subacute phase. All experiments were performed in accordance with the institutional animal care guidelines, approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Experimental Animal Center of Drum Tower Hospital, China (approval No. 2019AE01040) on June 25, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yun Gao
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei-Fei Huang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xie
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Qing Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liu-Di Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Mu
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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19
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Peng J, Gerner ST, Yin S, Jiang Y. Gut microbiota-brain interaction: An emerging immunotherapy for traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 337:113585. [PMID: 33370556 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Individuals suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) often experience the activation of the immune system, resulting in declines in cognitive and neurological function after brain injury. Despite decades of efforts, approaches for clinically effective treatment are sparse. Evidence on the association between current therapeutic strategies and clinical outcomes after TBI is limited to poorly understood mechanisms. For decades, an increasing number of studies suggest that the gut-brain axis (GBA), a bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract, plays a critical role in systemic immune response following neurological diseases. In this review, we detail current knowledge of the immune pathologies of GBA after TBI. These processes may provide a new therapeutic target and rehabilitation strategy developed and used in clinical treatment of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Shigang Yin
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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20
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Esgalhado AJ, Reste-Ferreira D, Albino SE, Sousa A, Amaral AP, Martinho A, Oliveira IT, Verde I, Lourenço O, Fonseca AM, Cardoso EM, Arosa FA. CD45RA, CD8β, and IFNγ Are Potential Immune Biomarkers of Human Cognitive Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592656. [PMID: 33324408 PMCID: PMC7723833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that in humans the adaptive immunological system can influence cognitive functions of the brain. We have undertaken a comprehensive immunological analysis of lymphocyte and monocyte populations as well as of HLA molecules expression in a cohort of elderly volunteers (age range, 64–101) differing in their cognitive status. Hereby, we report on the identification of a novel signature in cognitively impaired elderly characterized by: (1) elevated percentages of CD8+ T effector-memory cells expressing high levels of the CD45RA phosphate receptor (Temrahi); (2) high percentages of CD8+ T cells expressing high levels of the CD8β chain (CD8βhi); (3) augmented production of IFNγ by in vitro activated CD4+ T cells. Noteworthy, CD3+CD8+ Temrahi and CD3+CD8βhi cells were associated with impaired cognition. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence showed that all volunteers studied but one were CMV positive. Finally, we show that some of these phenotypic and functional features are associated with an increased frequency of the HLA-B8 serotype, which belongs to the ancestral haplotype HLA-A1, Cw7, B8, DR3, DQ2, among cognitively impaired volunteers. To our knowledge, this is the first proof in humans linking the amount of cell surface CD45RA and CD8β chain expressed by CD8+ Temra cells, and the amount of IFNγ produced by in vitro activated CD4+ T cells, with impaired cognitive function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Esgalhado
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Débora Reste-Ferreira
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Stephanie E Albino
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sousa
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Amaral
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - António Martinho
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Coimbra Blood and Transplantation Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel T Oliveira
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Verde
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Olga Lourenço
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana M Fonseca
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elsa M Cardoso
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,IPG, Guarda Polytechnic Institute, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Fernando A Arosa
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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21
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Alves de Lima K, Rustenhoven J, Kipnis J. Meningeal Immunity and Its Function in Maintenance of the Central Nervous System in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 38:597-620. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-102319-103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmunology, albeit a relatively established discipline, has recently sparked numerous exciting findings on microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). This review addresses meningeal immunity, a less-studied aspect of neuroimmune interactions. The meninges, a triple layer of membranes—the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater—surround the CNS, encompassing the cerebrospinal fluid produced by the choroid plexus epithelium. Unlike the adjacent brain parenchyma, the meninges contain a wide repertoire of immune cells. These constitute meningeal immunity, which is primarily concerned with immune surveillance of the CNS, and—according to recent evidence—also participates in postinjury CNS recovery, chronic neurodegenerative conditions, and even higher brain function. Meningeal immunity has recently come under the spotlight owing to the characterization of meningeal lymphatic vessels draining the CNS. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of meningeal immunity and its effects on healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalil Alves de Lima
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA;,
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA;,
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA;,
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22
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Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Regulatory T Cells in Neurotropic Virus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051705. [PMID: 32131483 PMCID: PMC7084400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses infect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause acute or chronic neurologic disabilities. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a critical role for immune homeostasis, but may inhibit pathogen-specific immunity in infectious disorders. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about Treg in human CNS infections and their animal models. Besides dampening pathogen-induced immunopathology, Treg have the ability to facilitate protective responses by supporting effector T cell trafficking to the infection site and the development of resident memory T cells. Moreover, Treg can reduce virus replication by inducing apoptosis of infected macrophages and attenuate neurotoxic astrogliosis and pro-inflammatory microglial responses. By contrast, detrimental effects of Treg are caused by suppression of antiviral immunity, allowing for virus persistence and latency. Opposing disease outcomes following Treg manipulation in different models might be attributed to differences in technique and timing of intervention, infection route, genetic background, and the host’s age. In addition, mouse models of virus-induced demyelination revealed that Treg are able to reduce autoimmunity and immune-mediated CNS damage in a disease phase-dependent manner. Understanding the unique properties of Treg and their complex interplay with effector cells represents a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic approaches in neurotropic virus infections.
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23
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Sabin KZ, Echeverri K. The role of the immune system during regeneration of the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 7. [PMID: 32864529 DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2019.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system damage in mammals leads to neuronal cell death, axonal degeneration, and formation of a glial scar resulting in functional and behavioral defects. Other vertebrates, like fish and salamanders, have retained the ability to functionally regenerate after central nervous system injury. To date research from many research organisms has led to a more concise understanding of the response of local neural cells to injury. However, it has become clear that non-neural cells of the immune system play an important role in determining the tissue response to injury. In this review we briefly consider the mammalian response to injury compared to organisms with the natural ability to regenerate. We then discuss similarities and differences in how cells of the innate and adaptive immune system respond and contribute to tissue repair in various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Sabin
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology & Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - K Echeverri
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology & Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
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24
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Kustrimovic N, Marino F, Cosentino M. Peripheral Immunity, Immunoaging and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3719-3753. [PMID: 30306855 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009161048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder among elderly population, characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. To date, exact cause remains unknown and the mechanism of neurons death uncertain. It is typically considered as a disease of central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, numerous evidence has been accumulated in several past years testifying undoubtedly about the principal role of neuroinflammation in progression of PD. Neuroinflammation is mainly associated with presence of activated microglia in brain and elevated levels of cytokine levels in CNS. Nevertheless, active participation of immune system as well has been noted, such as, elevated levels of cytokine levels in blood, the presence of auto antibodies, and the infiltration of T cell in CNS. Moreover, infiltration and reactivation of those T cells could exacerbate neuroinflammation to greater neurotoxic levels. Hence, peripheral inflammation is able to prime microglia into pro-inflammatory phenotype, which can trigger stronger response in CNS further perpetuating the on-going neurodegenerative process. In the present review, the interplay between neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune response in the pathobiology of PD will be discussed. First of all, an overview of regulation of microglial activation and neuroinflammation is summarized and discussed. Afterwards, we try to collectively analyze changes that occurs in peripheral immune system of PD patients, suggesting that these peripheral immune challenges can exacerbate the process of neuroinflammation and hence the symptoms of the disease. In the end, we summarize some of proposed immunotherapies for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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25
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Shahbaz SK, Sadeghi M, Koushki K, Penson PE, Sahebkar A. Regulatory T cells: Possible mediators for the anti-inflammatory action of statins. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104469. [PMID: 31577918 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Statins beside their main effect on reducing the progression of cardiovascular disease through pharmacological inhibition of the endogenous cholesterol synthesis, have additional pleiotropic effects including antiinflammatory effects mediated through the induction of suppressor regulatory T cells (Tregs). Statin-induced expansion of Tregs reduces chronic inflammation and may have beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases. However, statins could represent a double-edged sword in immunomodulation. Drugs that act by increasing the concentration of Tregs could enhance the risk of cancers, particularly in the elderly and may have adverse effects in neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases. In the present paper, we review the experimental studies that evaluate the effects of statins on Treg cells in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and we discuss potential therapeutic applications of statins in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadije Koushki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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26
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When encephalitogenic T cells collaborate with microglia in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:704-717. [PMID: 31527807 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells mediate critical inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the CNS in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, activated microglia, border-associated macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages in the CNS can encounter T cells that have infiltrated the brain parenchyma from the circulation. Although microglia and T cells both contribute to normal CNS development and homeostasis, evidence suggests that the meeting of activated microglia and macrophages with encephalitogenic T cells exacerbates their capacity to inflict injury. This crosstalk involves many cell-surface molecules, cytokines and neurotoxic factors. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms and consequences of T cell-microglia interactions as identified with in vitro experiments and animal models, and discuss the challenges that arise when translating this preclinical knowledge to MS in humans. We also consider therapeutic approaches to MS of which the mechanisms involve prevention or modulation of T cell and microglia responses and their interactions.
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27
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Lauranzano E, Campo E, Rasile M, Molteni R, Pizzocri M, Passoni L, Bello L, Pozzi D, Pardi R, Matteoli M, Ruiz-Moreno A. A Microfluidic Human Model of Blood-Brain Barrier Employing Primary Human Astrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800335. [PMID: 32648668 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is the most important biological barrier between vascular districts and central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, which maintains brain homeostasis, protects the CNS from pathogens penetration, and mediates neuroimmune communication. T lymphocytes migration across the blood-brain barrier is heavily affected in different brain diseases, representing a major target for novel drug development. In vitro models of NVU could represent a primary tool to investigate the molecular events occurring at this interface. To move toward the establishment of personalized therapies, a patient-related NVU-model is set, incorporating human primary astrocytes integrated into a microfluidic platform. The model is morphologically and functionally characterized, proving to be an advantageous tool to investigate human T lymphocytes transmigration and thus the efficacy of potential novel drugs affecting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Lauranzano
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Elena Campo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Marco Rasile
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Leukocyte Biology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzocri
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Lorena Passoni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bello
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Leukocyte Biology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Ana Ruiz-Moreno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
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28
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Javidi E, Magnus T. Autoimmunity After Ischemic Stroke and Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:686. [PMID: 31001280 PMCID: PMC6454865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sterile inflammation occurs after both stroke subtypes and contributes to neuronal injury and damage to the blood-brain barrier with release of brain antigens and a potential induction of autoimmune responses that escape central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. In stroke patients, the detection of T cells and antibodies specific to neuronal antigens suggests a role of humoral adaptive immunity. In experimental models stroke leads to a significant increase of autoreactive T and B cells to CNS antigens. Lesion volume and functional outcome in stroke patients and murine stroke models are connected to antigen-specific responses to brain proteins. In patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) a range of antibodies against brain proteins can be detected in serum samples. In this review, we will summarize the role of autoimmunity in post-lesional conditions and discuss the role of B and T cells and their potential neuroprotective or detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Javidi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Kassi AAY, Mahavadi AK, Clavijo A, Caliz D, Lee SW, Ahmed AI, Yokobori S, Hu Z, Spurlock MS, Wasserman JM, Rivera KN, Nodal S, Powell HR, Di L, Torres R, Leung LY, Rubiano AM, Bullock RM, Gajavelli S. Enduring Neuroprotective Effect of Subacute Neural Stem Cell Transplantation After Penetrating TBI. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1097. [PMID: 30719019 PMCID: PMC6348935 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the largest cause of death and disability of persons under 45 years old, worldwide. Independent of the distribution, outcomes such as disability are associated with huge societal costs. The heterogeneity of TBI and its complicated biological response have helped clarify the limitations of current pharmacological approaches to TBI management. Five decades of effort have made some strides in reducing TBI mortality but little progress has been made to mitigate TBI-induced disability. Lessons learned from the failure of numerous randomized clinical trials and the inability to scale up results from single center clinical trials with neuroprotective agents led to the formation of organizations such as the Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials (NETT) Network, and international collaborative comparative effectiveness research (CER) to re-orient TBI clinical research. With initiatives such as TRACK-TBI, generating rich and comprehensive human datasets with demographic, clinical, genomic, proteomic, imaging, and detailed outcome data across multiple time points has become the focus of the field in the United States (US). In addition, government institutions such as the US Department of Defense are investing in groups such as Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT), a multicenter, pre-clinical drug-screening consortium to address the barriers in translation. The consensus from such efforts including “The Lancet Neurology Commission” and current literature is that unmitigated cell death processes, incomplete debris clearance, aberrant neurotoxic immune, and glia cell response induce progressive tissue loss and spatiotemporal magnification of primary TBI. Our analysis suggests that the focus of neuroprotection research needs to shift from protecting dying and injured neurons at acute time points to modulating the aberrant glial response in sub-acute and chronic time points. One unexpected agent with neuroprotective properties that shows promise is transplantation of neural stem cells. In this review we present (i) a short survey of TBI epidemiology and summary of current care, (ii) findings of past neuroprotective clinical trials and possible reasons for failure based upon insights from human and preclinical TBI pathophysiology studies, including our group's inflammation-centered approach, (iii) the unmet need of TBI and unproven treatments and lastly, (iv) present evidence to support the rationale for sub-acute neural stem cell therapy to mediate enduring neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelia A Y Kassi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anil K Mahavadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Angelica Clavijo
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Daniela Caliz
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie W Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Aminul I Ahmed
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Markus S Spurlock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joseph M Wasserman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Karla N Rivera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Samuel Nodal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Henry R Powell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Long Di
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rolando Torres
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lai Yee Leung
- Branch of Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andres Mariano Rubiano
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Ross M Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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30
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Palumbo ML, Di Rosso ME, Simon EH, Gonzalez Murano MR, Genaro AM. Altered interferon-γ expression in lymphocytes as a potential peripheral marker of chronic stress-induced cognitive deficit. Cytokine 2018; 107:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Schetters STT, Gomez-Nicola D, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Van Kooyk Y. Neuroinflammation: Microglia and T Cells Get Ready to Tango. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1905. [PMID: 29422891 PMCID: PMC5788906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many paradigms concerning central nervous system (CNS) immunology have been challenged and shifted, including the discovery of CNS-draining lymphatic vessels, the origin and functional diversity of microglia, the impact of T cells on CNS immunological homeostasis and the role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. In parallel, antigen presentation outside the CNS has revealed the vital role of antigen-presenting cells in maintaining tolerance toward self-proteins, thwarting auto-immunity. Here, we review recent findings that unite these shifted paradigms of microglial functioning, antigen presentation, and CNS-directed T cell activation, focusing on common neurodegenerative diseases. It provides an important update on CNS adaptive immunity, novel targets, and a concept of the microglia T-cell equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette Van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Zhenbao Pill reduces the percentage of Treg cells by inducing HSP27 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:818-824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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33
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Wang C, Wang Q, Lou Y, Xu J, Feng Z, Chen Y, Tang Q, Zheng G, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Tian N, Zhou Y, Xu H, Zhang X. Salidroside attenuates neuroinflammation and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury through microglia polarization regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1148-1166. [PMID: 29148269 PMCID: PMC5783886 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disease; however, few drugs have been proved to treat SCI effectively. Neuroinflammation is the major pathogenesis of SCI secondary injury and considered to be the therapeutic target of SCI. Salidroside (Sal) has been reported to exert anti‐inflammatory effects in airway, adipose and myocardial tissue; however, the role of Sal in SCI therapeutics has not been clarified. In this study, we showed that Sal could improve the functional recovery of spinal cord in rats as revealed by increased BBB locomotor rating scale, angle of incline, and decreased cavity of spinal cord injury and apoptosis of neurons in vivo. Immunofluorescence double staining of microglia marker and M1/M2 marker demonstrated that Sal could suppress M1 microglia polarization and activate M2 microglia polarization in vivo. To verify how Sal exerts its effects on microglia polarization and neuron protection, we performed the mechanism study in vitro in microglia cell line BV‐2 and neuron cell line PC12. The results showed that Sal prevents apoptosis of PC12 cells in coculture with LPS‐induced M1 BV‐2 microglia, also the inflammatory secretion phenotype of M1 BV‐2 microglia was suppressed by Sal, and further studies demonstrated that autophagic flux regulation through AMPK/mTOR pathway was involved in Sal regulated microglia polarization after SCI. Overall, our study illustrated that Sal could promote spinal cord injury functional recovery in rats, and the mechanism may relate to its microglia polarization modulation through AMPK‐/mTOR‐mediated autophagic flux stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiting Lou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zengjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China.,Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, China
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34
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Minter MR, Hinterleitner R, Meisel M, Zhang C, Leone V, Zhang X, Oyler-Castrillo P, Zhang X, Musch MW, Shen X, Jabri B, Chang EB, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Antibiotic-induced perturbations in microbial diversity during post-natal development alters amyloid pathology in an aged APP SWE/PS1 ΔE9 murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10411. [PMID: 28874832 PMCID: PMC5585265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the commensal microbiome regulates host immunity and influences brain function; findings that have ramifications for neurodegenerative diseases. In the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we previously reported that perturbations in microbial diversity induced by life-long combinatorial antibiotic (ABX) selection pressure in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of amyloidosis is commensurate with reductions in amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque pathology and plaque-localised gliosis. Considering microbiota-host interactions, specifically during early post-natal development, are critical for immune- and neuro-development we now examine the impact of microbial community perturbations induced by acute ABX exposure exclusively during this period in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. We show that early post-natal (P) ABX treatment (P14-P21) results in long-term alterations of gut microbial genera (predominantly Lachnospiraceae and S24-7) and reduction in brain Aβ deposition in aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. These mice exhibit elevated levels of blood- and brain-resident Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells and display an alteration in the inflammatory milieu of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we confirm that plaque-localised microglia and astrocytes are reduced in ABX-exposed mice. These findings suggest that ABX-induced microbial diversity perturbations during post-natal stages of development coincide with altered host immunity mechanisms and amyloidosis in a murine model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Xulun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark W Musch
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xunuo Shen
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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35
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Filiano AJ, Gadani SP, Kipnis J. How and why do T cells and their derived cytokines affect the injured and healthy brain? Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:375-384. [PMID: 28446786 PMCID: PMC5823005 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of adaptive immunity provides enhanced defence against specific pathogens, as well as homeostatic immune surveillance of all tissues. Despite being 'immune privileged', the CNS uses the assistance of the immune system in physiological and pathological states. In this Opinion article, we discuss the influence of adaptive immunity on recovery after CNS injury and on cognitive and social brain function. We further extend a hypothesis that the pro-social effects of interferon-regulated genes were initially exploited by pathogens to increase host-host transmission, and that these genes were later recycled by the host to form part of an immune defence programme. In this way, the evolution of adaptive immunity may reflect a host-pathogen 'arms race'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Filiano
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Sachin P Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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36
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Duffy SS, Keating BA, Perera CJ, Moalem-Taylor G. The role of regulatory T cells in nervous system pathologies. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:951-968. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Duffy
- School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales UNSW; Sydney Australia
| | - Brooke A. Keating
- School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales UNSW; Sydney Australia
| | - Chamini J. Perera
- School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales UNSW; Sydney Australia
| | - Gila Moalem-Taylor
- School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales UNSW; Sydney Australia
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Lumniczky K, Szatmári T, Sáfrány G. Ionizing Radiation-Induced Immune and Inflammatory Reactions in the Brain. Front Immunol 2017; 8:517. [PMID: 28529513 PMCID: PMC5418235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced late brain injury consisting of vascular abnormalities, demyelination, white matter necrosis, and cognitive impairment has been described in patients subjected to cranial radiotherapy for brain tumors. Accumulating evidence suggests that various degrees of cognitive deficit can develop after much lower doses of ionizing radiation, as well. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these alterations are not elucidated so far. A permanent deficit in neurogenesis, chronic microvascular alterations, and blood–brain barrier dysfunctionality are considered among the main causative factors. Chronic neuroinflammation and altered immune reactions in the brain, which are inherent complications of brain irradiation, have also been directly implicated in the development of cognitive decline after radiation. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview on radiation-induced immune alterations and inflammatory reactions in the brain and summarizes how these processes can influence cognitive performance. The available data on the risk of low-dose radiation exposure in the development of cognitive impairment and the underlying mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- Division of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Division of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Division of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
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Simon DW, McGeachy M, Bayır H, Clark RS, Loane DJ, Kochanek PM. The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:171-191. [PMID: 28186177 PMCID: PMC5675525 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 'silent epidemic' of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been placed in the spotlight as a result of clinical investigations and popular press coverage of athletes and veterans with single or repetitive head injuries. Neuroinflammation can cause acute secondary injury after TBI, and has been linked to chronic neurodegenerative diseases; however, anti-inflammatory agents have failed to improve TBI outcomes in clinical trials. In this Review, we therefore propose a new framework of targeted immunomodulation after TBI for future exploration. Our framework incorporates factors such as the time from injury, mechanism of injury, and secondary insults in considering potential treatment options. Structuring our discussion around the dynamics of the immune response to TBI - from initial triggers to chronic neuroinflammation - we consider the ability of soluble and cellular inflammatory mediators to promote repair and regeneration versus secondary injury and neurodegeneration. We summarize both animal model and human studies, with clinical data explicitly defined throughout this Review. Recent advances in neuroimmunology and TBI-responsive neuroinflammation are incorporated, including concepts of inflammasomes, mechanisms of microglial polarization, and glymphatic clearance. Moreover, we highlight findings that could offer novel therapeutic targets for translational and clinical research, assimilate evidence from other brain injury models, and identify outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W. Simon
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mandy McGeachy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert S.B. Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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39
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Wu Y, Lin YH, Shi LL, Yao ZF, Xie XM, Jiang ZS, Tang J, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Temporal kinetics of CD8 + CD28 + and CD8 + CD28 - T lymphocytes in the injured rat spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1666-1676. [PMID: 27898179 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the temporal changes of cytotoxic CD8+ CD28+ and regulatory CD8+ CD28- T-cell subsets in the lesion microenvironment after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats, by combination of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry (FCM). In the sham-opened spinal cord, few CD8+ T cells were found. After SCI, the CD8+ T cells were detected at one day post-injury (dpi), then markedly increased and were significantly higher at 3, 7, and 14 dpi compared with one dpi (p < 0.01), the highest being seven dpi. In CD8+ T cells, more than 90% were CD28+ , and there were only small part of CD28- ( < 10%). After 14 days, the infiltrated CD8+ T cells were significantly decreased, and few could be found in good condition at 21 and 28 dpi. Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining showed that the percentages of apoptotic/necrotic CD8+ cells at 14 dpi and 21 dpi were significantly higher than those of the other early time-points (p < 0.01). These results indicate that CD8+ T cells could rapidly infiltrate into the injured spinal cords and survive two weeks, however, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were dominant. Therefore, two weeks after injury might be the "time window" for treating SCI by prolonging survival times and increasing the fraction of CD8+ regulatory T-cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Lin
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Feng Yao
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Song Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
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40
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Monahan R, Stein A, Gibbs K, Bank M, Bloom O. Circulating T cell subsets are altered in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Immunol Res 2016; 63:3-10. [PMID: 26440591 PMCID: PMC4648984 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces changes in the immune system, both acutely and chronically. To better understand changes in the chronic phase of SCI, we performed a prospective, observational study in a research institute and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
of an academic medical center to examine immune system parameters, including peripheral immune cell populations, in individuals with chronic SCI as compared to uninjured individuals. Here, we describe the relative frequencies of T cell populations in individuals with chronic SCI as compared to uninjured individuals. We show that the frequency of CD3+ and CD3+ CD4+ T cells are decreased in individuals with chronic SCI, although activated (HLA-DR+) CD4+ T cells are elevated in chronic SCI. We also examined regulatory T cells (Tregs), defined as CD3+ CD4+ CD25+ CD127lo and CCR4+, HLA-DR+ or CCR4+ HLA-DR+. To our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that CCR4+, HLA-DR+ or CCR4+ HLA-DR+ Tregs are expanded in individuals with SCI. These data support additional functional studies of T cells isolated from individuals with chronic SCI, where alterations in T cell homeostasis may contribute to immune dysfunction, such as immunity against infections or the persistence of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Monahan
- Lab of Neuroimmunology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Adam Stein
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ SOM, 1554 Northern Blvd, 4th Floor, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Katie Gibbs
- Lab of Neuroimmunology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ SOM, 1554 Northern Blvd, 4th Floor, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Matthew Bank
- Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ona Bloom
- Lab of Neuroimmunology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ SOM, 1554 Northern Blvd, 4th Floor, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ SOM, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Neuroimmunologists seek to understand the interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system, both under homeostatic conditions and in diseases. Unanswered questions include those relating to the diversity and specificity of the meningeal T cell repertoire; the routes taken by immune cells that patrol the meninges under healthy conditions and invade the parenchyma during pathology; the opposing effects (beneficial or detrimental) of these cells on CNS function; the role of immune cells after CNS injury; and the evolutionary link between the two systems, resulting in their tight interaction and interdependence. This Review summarizes the current standing of and challenging questions related to interactions between adaptive immunity and the CNS and considers the possible directions in which these aspects of neuroimmunology will be heading over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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42
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Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9476020. [PMID: 27418745 PMCID: PMC4935915 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9476020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in a life-disrupting series of deleterious interconnected mechanisms encompassed by the primary and secondary injury. These events are mediated by the upregulation of genes with roles in inflammation, transcription, and signaling proteins. In particular, cytokines and growth factors are signaling proteins that have important roles in the pathophysiology of SCI. The balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of these molecules plays a critical role in the progression and outcome of the lesion. The excessive inflammatory Th1 and Th17 phenotypes observed after SCI tilt the scale towards a proinflammatory environment, which exacerbates the deleterious mechanisms present after the injury. These mechanisms include the disruption of the spinal cord blood barrier, edema and ion imbalance, in particular intracellular calcium and sodium concentrations, glutamate excitotoxicity, free radicals, and the inflammatory response contributing to the neurodegenerative process which is characterized by demyelination and apoptosis of neuronal tissue.
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43
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Central Nervous System-Peripheral Immune System Dialogue in Neurological Disorders: Possible Application of Neuroimmunology in Urology. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20:S8-14. [PMID: 27230462 PMCID: PMC4895905 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1632614.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous concepts of immune-privileged sites obscured the role of peripheral immune cells in neurological disorders and excluded the consideration of the potential benefits of immunotherapy. Recently, however, numerous studies have demonstrated that the blood–brain barrier in the central nervous system is an educational barrier rather than an absolute barrier to peripheral immune cells. Emerging knowledge of immune-privileged sites suggests that peripheral immune cells can infiltrate these sites via educative gates and that crosstalk can occur between infiltrating immune cells and the central nervous system parenchyma. This concept can be expanded to the testis, which has long been considered an immune-privileged site, and to neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Thus, we propose that the relationship between peripheral immune cells, the brain, and the urologic system should be considered as an additional possible mechanism in urologic diseases, and that immunotherapy might be an alternative therapeutic strategy in treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
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44
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Liesz A, Kleinschnitz C. Regulatory T Cells in Post-stroke Immune Homeostasis. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:313-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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45
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Ley K. 2015 Russell Ross Memorial Lecture in Vascular Biology: Protective Autoimmunity in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:429-38. [PMID: 26821946 PMCID: PMC4970520 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is accompanied by an autoimmune response against apolipoprotein B-100, the core protein of low-density lipoprotein, which manifests as CD4 T cell and antibody responses. To assess the role of the autoimmune response in atherosclerosis, the nature of the CD4 T cell response against apolipoprotein B-100 was studied with and without vaccination with major histocompatibility complex-II-restricted apolipoprotein B-100 peptides. The immunologic basis of autoimmunity in atherosclerosis is discussed in the framework of theories of adaptive immunity. Older vaccination approaches are also discussed. Vaccinating Apoe(-/-) mice with major histocompatibility complex-II-restricted apolipoprotein B-100 peptides reduces atheroma burden in the aorta by ≈40%. The protective mechanism likely includes secretion of interleukin-10. Protective autoimmunity limits atherosclerosis in mice and suggests potential for developing preventative and therapeutic vaccines for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology and Department of Bioengineering, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
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46
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Ellwardt E, Walsh JT, Kipnis J, Zipp F. Understanding the Role of T Cells in CNS Homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:154-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Hu JG, Shi LL, Chen YJ, Xie XM, Zhang N, Zhu AY, Jiang ZS, Feng YF, Zhang C, Xi J, Lü HZ. Differential effects of myelin basic protein-activated Th1 and Th2 cells on the local immune microenvironment of injured spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2016; 277:190-201. [PMID: 26772636 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) activated T cells (MBP-T) play an important role in the damage and repair process of the central nervous system (CNS). However, whether these cells play a beneficial or detrimental role is still a matter of debate. Although some studies showed that MBP-T cells are mainly helper T (Th) cells, their subtypes are still not very clear. One possible explanation for MBP-T immunization leading to conflicting results may be the different subtypes of T cells are responsible for distinct effects. In this study, the Th1 and Th2 type MBP-T cells (MBP-Th1 and -Th2) were polarized in vitro, and their effects on the local immune microenvironment and tissue repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) after adoptive immunization were investigated. In MBP-Th1 cell transferred rats, the high levels of pro-inflammatory cells (Th1 cells and M1 macrophages) and cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, -β, IL-1β) were detected in the injured spinal cord; however, the anti-inflammatory cells (Th2 cells, regulatory T cells, and M2 macrophages) and cytokines (IL-4, -10, and -13) were found in MBP-Th2 cell transferred animals. MBP-Th2 cell transfer resulted in decreased lesion volume, increased myelination of axons, and preservation of neurons. This was accompanied by significant locomotor improvement. These results indicate that MBP-Th2 adoptive transfer has beneficial effects on the injured spinal cord, in which the increased number of Th2 cells may alter the local microenvironment from one primarily populated by Th1 and M1 cells to another dominated by Th2, Treg, and M2 cells and is conducive for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Ling-Ling Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Yue-Juan Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Xiu-Mei Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - An-You Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Zheng-Song Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Feng
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Jin Xi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China.
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48
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Li M, Lin YP, Chen JL, Li H, Jiang RC, Zhang JN. Role of regulatory T cell in clinical outcome of traumatic brain injury. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:1072-8. [PMID: 25881602 PMCID: PMC4832948 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.155094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) were involved in the immunological system in central nervous system. It is defined as a subpopulation of CD4 + cells that express CD25 and transcription factor forkhead box P3. The level of circulating Treg cells increases in a variety of pathologic conditions. The purpose of this study was to uncover the role of circulating Treg cells in TBI. METHODS A clinical study was conducted in two neurosurgical intensive care units of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (Tianjin, China). Forty patients and 30 healthy controls were recruited from August 2013 to November 2013. Circulating Treg cells was detected on the follow-up period of 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after TBI. Blood sample (1 ml) was withdrawn in the morning and processed within 2 h. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the level of circulating Treg cells between TBI patients and normal controls during follow-up. TBI patients exhibited higher circulating Treg level than normal controls on the 1 st day after TBI. Treg level was decreased on the 4 th day, climbed up on the 7 th day and peaked on 14 th day after TBI. Treg cells declined to the normal level on 21 th day after TBI. The level of circulating Treg cells was significantly higher in survival TBI patients when compared to nonsurvival TBI patients. TBI patients with improved conditions exhibited significantly higher circulating Treg level when compared to those with deteriorated conditions. The circulating Treg level was correlated with neurologic recovery after TBI. A better neural recovery and lower hospital mortality were found in TBI patients with circulating Treg cells more than 4.91% in total CD4 + mononuclear cells as compared to those with circulating Treg cells less than 4.91% in total CD4 + mononuclear cells in the first 14 days. CONCLUSIONS The level of circulating Treg cells is positively correlated with clinical outcome of TBI. The level of Treg cells predicts the progress for TBI patients and may be a target in TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Ning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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49
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Baruch K, Rosenzweig N, Kertser A, Deczkowska A, Sharif AM, Spinrad A, Tsitsou-Kampeli A, Sarel A, Cahalon L, Schwartz M. Breaking immune tolerance by targeting Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells mitigates Alzheimer's disease pathology. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7967. [PMID: 26284939 PMCID: PMC4557123 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which chronic neuroinflammation contributes to disease escalation. Nevertheless, while immunosuppressive drugs have repeatedly failed in treating this disease, recruitment of myeloid cells to the CNS was shown to play a reparative role in animal models. Here we show, using the 5XFAD AD mouse model, that transient depletion of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), or pharmacological inhibition of their activity, is followed by amyloid-β plaque clearance, mitigation of the neuroinflammatory response and reversal of cognitive decline. We further show that transient Treg depletion affects the brain's choroid plexus, a selective gateway for immune cell trafficking to the CNS, and is associated with subsequent recruitment of immunoregulatory cells, including monocyte-derived macrophages and Tregs, to cerebral sites of plaque pathology. Our findings suggest targeting Treg-mediated systemic immunosuppression for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuti Baruch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Neta Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Kertser
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aleksandra Deczkowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alaa Mohammad Sharif
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Spinrad
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Afroditi Tsitsou-Kampeli
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ayelet Sarel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liora Cahalon
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Gadani SP, Walsh JT, Lukens JR, Kipnis J. Dealing with Danger in the CNS: The Response of the Immune System to Injury. Neuron 2015; 87:47-62. [PMID: 26139369 PMCID: PMC4491143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fighting pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis are prerequisites for survival. Both of these functions are upheld by the immune system, though the latter is often overlooked in the context of the CNS. The mere presence of immune cells in the CNS was long considered a hallmark of pathology, but this view has been recently challenged by studies demonstrating that immunological signaling can confer pivotal neuroprotective effects on the injured CNS. In this review, we describe the temporal sequence of immunological events that follow CNS injury. Beginning with immediate changes at the injury site, including death of neural cells and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and progressing through innate and adaptive immune responses, we describe the cascade of inflammatory mediators and the implications of their post-injury effects. We conclude by proposing a revised interpretation of immune privilege in the brain, which takes beneficial neuro-immune communications into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - James T Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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