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Noctor G, Cohen M, Trémulot L, Châtel-Innocenti G, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A. Glutathione: a key modulator of plant defence and metabolism through multiple mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4549-4572. [PMID: 38676714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Redox reactions are fundamental to energy conversion in living cells, and also determine and tune responses to the environment. Within this context, the tripeptide glutathione plays numerous roles. As an important antioxidant, glutathione confers redox stability on the cell and also acts as an interface between signalling pathways and metabolic reactions that fuel growth and development. It also contributes to the assembly of cell components, biosynthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites, inactivation of potentially deleterious compounds, and control of hormonal signalling intensity. The multiplicity of these roles probably explains why glutathione status has been implicated in influencing plant responses to many different conditions. In particular, there is now a considerable body of evidence showing that glutathione is a crucial player in governing the outcome of biotic stresses. This review provides an overview of glutathione synthesis, transport, degradation, and redox turnover in plants. It examines the expression of genes associated with these processes during pathogen challenge and related conditions, and considers the diversity of mechanisms by which glutathione can influence protein function and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Mathias Cohen
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lug Trémulot
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Gilles Châtel-Innocenti
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Christopher A, Sarkar D, Shetty K. Elicitation of Stress-Induced Phenolic Metabolites for Antimicrobial Applications against Foodborne Human Bacterial Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:109. [PMID: 33498658 PMCID: PMC7910900 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne bacterial pathogens in consumed foods are major food safety concerns worldwide, leading to serious illness and even death. An exciting strategy is to use novel phenolic compounds against bacterial pathogens based on recruiting the inducible metabolic responses of plant endogenous protective defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Such stress-inducible phenolic metabolites have high potential to reduce bacterial contamination, and particularly improve safety of plant foods. The stimulation of plant protective response by inducing biosynthesis of stress-inducible phenolics with antimicrobial properties is among the safe and effective strategies that can be targeted for plant food safety and human gut health benefits. Metabolically driven elicitation with physical, chemical, and microbial elicitors has shown significant improvement in the biosynthesis of phenolic metabolites with antimicrobial properties in food and medicinal plants. Using the above rationale, this review focuses on current advances and relevance of metabolically driven elicitation strategies to enhance antimicrobial phenolics in plant food models for bacterial-linked food safety applications. Additionally, the specific objective of this review is to explore the potential role of redox-linked pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) regulation for enhancing biosynthesis of stress-inducible antibacterial phenolics in elicited plants, which are relevant for wider food safety and human health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kalidas Shetty
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (A.C.); (D.S.)
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3
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Deciphering the involvement of glutathione in phytohormone signaling pathways to mitigate stress in planta. THE NUCLEUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-019-00288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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4
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Benevenuto RF, Seldal T, Hegland SJ, Rodriguez-Saona C, Kawash J, Polashock J. Transcriptional profiling of methyl jasmonate-induced defense responses in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:70. [PMID: 30755189 PMCID: PMC6373060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is one of the most abundant wild berries in the Northern European ecosystems. This species plays an important ecological role as a food source for many vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. It is also well-recognized for its bioactive compounds, particularly substances involved in natural defenses against herbivory. These defenses are known to be initiated by leaf damage (e.g. chewing by insects) and mediated by activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. This pathway can be activated by exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the volatile derivative of JA, which is often used to stimulate plant defense responses in studies of plant-herbivore interactions at ecological, biochemical, and molecular organismal levels. As a proxy for herbivore damage, wild V. myrtillus plants were treated in the field with MeJA and changes in gene expression were compared to untreated plants. RESULTS The de novo transcriptome assembly consisted of 231,887 unigenes. Nearly 71% of the unigenes were annotated in at least one of the databases interrogated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), between MeJA-treated and untreated control bilberry plants were identified using DESeq. A total of 3590 DEGs were identified between the treated and control plants, with 2013 DEGs upregulated and 1577 downregulated. The majority of the DEGs identified were associated with primary and secondary metabolism pathways in plants. DEGs associated with growth (e.g. those encoding photosynthesis-related components) and reproduction (e.g. flowering control genes) were frequently down-regulated while those associated with defense (e.g. encoding enzymes involved in biosynthesis of flavonoids, lignin compounds, and deterrent/repellent volatile organic compounds) were up-regulated in the MeJA treated plants. CONCLUSIONS Ecological studies are often limited by controlled conditions to reduce the impact of environmental effects. The results from this study support the hypothesis that bilberry plants, growing in natural conditions, shift resources from growth and reproduction to defenses while in a MeJA-induced state, as when under insect attack. This study highlights the occurrence of this trade-off at the transcriptional level in a realistic field scenario and supports published field observations wherein plant growth is retarded and defenses are upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fonseca Benevenuto
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Tarald Seldal
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Stein Joar Hegland
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Saona
- Rutgers, Department of Entomology, Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, The State University of New Jersey, Chatsworth, NJ USA
| | - Joseph Kawash
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Chatsworth, NJ USA
| | - James Polashock
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Lab, Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Chatsworth, NJ USA
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5
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Boro P, Sultana A, Mandal K, Chattopadhyay S. Transcriptomic changes under stress conditions with special reference to glutathione contents. THE NUCLEUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-018-0256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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6
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Kumar D, Chattopadhyay S. Glutathione modulates the expression of heat shock proteins via the transcription factors BZIP10 and MYB21 in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3729-3743. [PMID: 29722824 PMCID: PMC6022672 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of glutathione (GSH) in combating environmental stress in plants has long been known. Previous reports have pointed to the involvement of GSH in inducing various heat shock proteins (HSPs), but the molecular mechanism is yet to be explored. Here, we investigate how GSH induces the expression of important HSP genes in Arabidopsis. Expression of HSP genes BiP3, HSP70B, and HSP90.1 was positively regulated by GSH, and a promoter activation assay suggested a role for GSH in their induction. Lower expression of BiP3 and HSP70B in the GSH-fed Atmyb21 mutant and of HSP90.1 in the GSH-fed Atbzip10 mutant, in comparison with GSH-fed Col-0, revealed a role for GSH in activating their promoters through the transcription factors MYB21 and BZIP10. Co-transfection of transcription factor mutant protoplasts with transcription factor constructs and HSP promoters confirmed the results. Comparative proteomics also revealed proteins whose expression was controlled by MYB21 and BZIP10 in response to GSH feeding. A co-immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated a role for GSH in modulating the level of interaction of glutathione-S-transferase with HSP70. Collectively, our results demonstrate a role for GSH in activating the promoters of BiP3 and HSP70B via MYB21 and of HSP90.1 via BZIP10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Plant Biology Laboratory, CSIR – Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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7
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Lilley CJ, Maqbool A, Wu D, Yusup HB, Jones LM, Birch PRJ, Banfield MJ, Urwin PE, Eves-van den Akker S. Effector gene birth in plant parasitic nematodes: Neofunctionalization of a housekeeping glutathione synthetase gene. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007310. [PMID: 29641602 PMCID: PMC5919673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens and parasites are a major threat to global food security. Plant parasitism has arisen four times independently within the phylum Nematoda, resulting in at least one parasite of every major food crop in the world. Some species within the most economically important order (Tylenchida) secrete proteins termed effectors into their host during infection to re-programme host development and immunity. The precise detail of how nematodes evolve new effectors is not clear. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of a novel effector gene family. We show that during the evolution of plant parasitism in the Tylenchida, the housekeeping glutathione synthetase (GS) gene was extensively replicated. New GS paralogues acquired multiple dorsal gland promoter elements, altered spatial expression to the secretory dorsal gland, altered temporal expression to primarily parasitic stages, and gained a signal peptide for secretion. The gene products are delivered into the host plant cell during infection, giving rise to "GS-like effectors". Remarkably, by solving the structure of GS-like effectors we show that during this process they have also diversified in biochemical activity, and likely represent the founding members of a novel class of GS-like enzyme. Our results demonstrate the re-purposing of an endogenous housekeeping gene to form a family of effectors with modified functions. We anticipate that our discovery will be a blueprint to understand the evolution of other plant-parasitic nematode effectors, and the foundation to uncover a novel enzymatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Lilley
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Duqing Wu
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazijah B. Yusup
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Jones
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Banfield
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. Urwin
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Eves-van den Akker
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Wu F, Hanzawa Y. A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses. J Vis Exp 2018:57258. [PMID: 29443089 PMCID: PMC5908699 DOI: 10.3791/57258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. Therefore, it is important to establish an efficient transient gene expression system in soybean. Here, we report a simple protocol for the preparation of soybean protoplasts and its application for transient functional analyses. We found that young unifoliate leaves from soybean seedlings resulted in large quantities of high quality protoplasts. By optimizing a PEG-calcium-mediated transformation method, we achieved high transformation efficiency using soybean unifoliate protoplasts. This system provides an efficient and versatile model for examination of complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live soybean cells and may help to better understand diverse cellular, developmental and physiological processes of legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Wu
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge
| | - Yoshie Hanzawa
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge;
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9
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Johnson MT, Campbell SA, Barrett SC. Evolutionary Interactions Between Plant Reproduction and Defense Against Herbivores. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc T.J. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6 Canada;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 Canada; ,
| | - Stuart A. Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 Canada; ,
| | - Spencer C.H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 Canada; ,
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Datta R, Kumar D, Sultana A, Hazra S, Bhattacharyya D, Chattopadhyay S. Glutathione Regulates 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Transcription via WRKY33 and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase by Modulating Messenger RNA Stability to Induce Ethylene Synthesis during Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2963-81. [PMID: 26463088 PMCID: PMC4677924 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a fundamental role in plant defense-signaling network. Recently, we have established the involvement of GSH with ethylene (ET) to combat environmental stress. However, the mechanism of GSH-ET interplay still remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that GSH induces ET biosynthesis by modulating the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations of its key enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO). Transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants with enhanced GSH content (AtECS) exhibited remarkable up-regulation of ACS2, ACS6, and ACO1 at transcript as well as protein levels, while they were down-regulated in the GSH-depleted phytoalexin deficient2-1 (pad2-1) mutant. We further observed that GSH induced ACS2 and ACS6 transcription in a WRKY33-dependent manner, while ACO1 transcription remained unaffected. On the other hand, the messenger RNA stability for ACO1 was found to be increased by GSH, which explains our above observations. In addition, we also identified the ACO1 protein to be a subject for S-glutathionylation, which is consistent with our in silico data. However, S-glutathionylation of ACS2 and ACS6 proteins was not detected. Further, the AtECS plants exhibited resistance to necrotrophic infection and salt stress, while the pad2-1 mutant was sensitive. Exogenously applied GSH could improve stress tolerance in wild-type plants but not in the ET-signaling mutant ethylene insensitive2-1, indicating that GSH-mediated resistance to these stresses occurs via an ET-mediated pathway. Together, our investigation reveals a dual-level regulation of ET biosynthesis by GSH during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Datta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Asma Sultana
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Saptarshi Hazra
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Dipto Bhattacharyya
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
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11
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Cheng MC, Ko K, Chang WL, Kuo WC, Chen GH, Lin TP. Increased glutathione contributes to stress tolerance and global translational changes in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:926-939. [PMID: 26213235 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although glutathione is well known for its reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging function and plays a protective role in biotic stress, its regulatory function in abiotic stress still remains to be elucidated. Our previous study showed that exogenously applied reduced glutathione (GSH) could improve abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Here, we report that endogenously increased GSH also conferred tolerance to drought and salt stress in Arabidopsis. Moreover, both exogenous and endogenous GSH delayed senescence and flowering time. Polysomal profiling results showed that global translation was enhanced after GSH treatment and by the induced increase of GSH level by salt stress. By performing transcriptomic analyses of steady-state and polysome-bound mRNAs in GSH-treated plants, we reveal that GSH has a substantial impact on translation. Translational changes induced by GSH treatment target numerous hormones and stress signaling molecules, which might contribute to the enhanced stress tolerance in GSH-treated plants. Our translatome analysis also revealed that abscisic acid (ABA), auxin and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, as well as signaling genes, were activated during GSH treatment, which has not been reported in previously published transcriptomic data. Together, our data suggest that the increased glutathione level results in stress tolerance and global translational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ko Ko
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ling Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Kuo
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hong Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Piao Lin
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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12
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Datta R, Chattopadhyay S. Changes in the proteome of pad2-1, a glutathione depleted Arabidopsis mutant, during Pseudomonas syringae infection. J Proteomics 2015; 126:82-93. [PMID: 26032221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of glutathione (GSH) in plant defense against pathogen invasion is an established fact. However, the molecular mechanism conferring this tolerance remains to be explored. Here, proteomic analysis of pad2-1, an Arabidopsis thaliana GSH-depleted mutant, in response to Pseudomonas syringae infection has been performed to explore the intricate position of GSH in defense against biotrophic pathogens. The pad2-1 mutant displayed severe susceptibility to P. syringae infection compared to the wild-type (Col-0) thus re-establishing a fundamental role of GSH in defense. Apart from general up-accumulation of energy metabolism-related protein-species in both infected Col-0 and pad2-1, several crucial defense-related protein-species were identified to be differentially accumulated. Leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase (LRR-RK) and nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat resistance protein (NBS-LRR), known to play a pioneering role against pathogen attack, were only weakly up-accumulated in pad2-1 after infection. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators like MYB-P1 and glycine-rich repeat RNA-binding protein (GRP) and several other stress-related protein-species like heat shock protein 17 (HSP17) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also identified to be differentially regulated in pad2-1 and Col-0 in response to infection. Together, the present investigation reveals that the optimum GSH-level is essential for the efficient activation of plant defense signaling cascades thus conferring resistance to pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Datta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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13
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Kumar D, Datta R, Hazra S, Sultana A, Mukhopadhyay R, Chattopadhyay S. Transcriptomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana mutant pad2.1 in response to combined cold and osmotic stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122690. [PMID: 25822199 PMCID: PMC4379064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of glutathione (GSH) in stress tolerance, defense response and antioxidant signaling is an established fact. In this study transcriptome analysis of pad2.1, an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, after combined osmotic and cold stress treatment has been performed to explore the intricate position of GSH in the stress and defense signaling network in planta. Microarray data revealed the differential regulation of about 1674 genes in pad2.1 amongst which 973 and 701 were significantly up- and down-regulated respectively. Gene enrichment, functional pathway analysis by DAVID and MapMan analysis identified various stress and defense related genes viz. members of heat shock protein family, peptidyl prolyl isomerase (PPIase), thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX2), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), NBS-LRR type resistance protein etc. as down-regulated. The expression pattern of the above mentioned stress and defense related genes and APETALA were also validated by comparative proteomic analysis of combined stress treated Col-0 and pad2.1. Functional annotation noted down-regulation of UDP-glycosyl transferase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase 8, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (CAD4), ACC synthase and ACC oxidase which are the important enzymes of phenylpropanoid, lignin and ethylene (ET) biosynthetic pathway respectively. Since the only difference between Col-0 (Wild type) and pad2.1 is the content of GSH, so, this study suggested that in addition to its association with specific stress responsive genes and proteins, GSH provides tolerance to plants by its involvement with phenylpropanoid, lignin and ET biosynthesis under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Riddhi Datta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Saptarshi Hazra
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Asma Sultana
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Ria Mukhopadhyay
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- * E-mail:
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14
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Involvement of thiol-based mechanisms in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1479-96. [PMID: 25676896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing knowledge has been recently gained regarding the redox regulation of plant developmental stages. SCOPE OF VIEW The current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of glutathione, glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in plant development is reviewed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The control of the thiol redox status is mainly ensured by glutathione (GSH), a cysteine-containing tripeptide and by reductases sharing redox-active cysteines, glutaredoxins (GRXs) and thioredoxins (TRXs). Indeed, thiol groups present in many regulatory proteins and metabolic enzymes are prone to oxidation, ultimately leading to post-translational modifications such as disulfide bond formation or glutathionylation. This review focuses on the involvement of GSH, GRXs and TRXs in plant development. Recent studies showed that the proper functioning of root and shoot apical meristems depends on glutathione content and redox status, which regulate, among others, cell cycle and hormone-related processes. A critical role of GRXs in the formation of floral organs has been uncovered, likely through the redox regulation of TGA transcription factor activity. TRXs fulfill many functions in plant development via the regulation of embryo formation, the control of cell-to-cell communication, the mobilization of seed reserves, the biogenesis of chloroplastic structures, the metabolism of carbon and the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis. This review also highlights the tight relationships between thiols, hormones and carbon metabolism, allowing a proper development of plants in relation with the varying environment and the energy availability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSH, GRXs and TRXs play key roles during the whole plant developmental cycle via their antioxidant functions and the redox-regulation of signaling pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Hacham Y, Koussevitzky S, Kirma M, Amir R. Glutathione application affects the transcript profile of genes in Arabidopsis seedling. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1444-51. [PMID: 25077999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide thiol compound has multiple functions in plants. Recent works suggested that GSH plays a regulatory role in signaling in plants as part of their adaptation to stress. To better understand the role of GSH as a regulatory molecule, 14 days old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were treated with 5mM of GSH for 4h. Changes in gene expression patterns were studied by cDNA microarray analysis. The expression of 453 genes was significantly changed compared to the untreated control, of which 261 genes were up-regulated and 192 genes were down-regulated. Genes from several groups were affected, including those of sulfur metabolism, degradation and synthesis of macromolecules and transcription factors. Up-regulation of genes involved in responses to biotic stresses, or in jasmonate or salicylic acid synthesis and their signaling, suggests that GSH triggers genes that help protect the plants during stresses. In addition, GSH down regulated genes involved in plant growth and development, like those involved in cell wall synthesis and its extension, and genes associated with auxin and cytokinins response, which are related to growth and development of the plants. The results suggest that GSH might have a role in response to biotic stress by initiating defense responses and modifying plants' growth and development in an effort to tune their sessile lifestyle of plants to environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel
| | - Shai Koussevitzky
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel
| | - Menny Kirma
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel; Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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Ghanta S, Datta R, Bhattacharyya D, Sinha R, Kumar D, Hazra S, Mazumdar AB, Chattopadhyay S. Multistep involvement of glutathione with salicylic acid and ethylene to combat environmental stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:940-50. [PMID: 24913051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of glutathione (GSH) in plant defense is an established fact. However, the association of GSH with other established signaling molecules within the defense signaling network remains to be evaluated. Previously we have shown that GSH is involved in defense signaling network likely through NPR1-dependent salicylic acid (SA)-mediated pathway. In this study, to gain further insight, we developed chloroplast-targeted gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) overexpressed transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (NtGp line) and constructed a forward subtracted cDNA (suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH)) library using NtGp line as a tester. Interestingly, in addition to SA-related transcripts like pathogenesis-related protein 1a (PR1a) and SAR8.2 m/2l, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACC oxidase), a key enzyme of ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, was identified in the SSH library. Besides, transcription factors like WRKY transcription factor 3 (WRKY3), WRKY1 and ethylene responsive factor 4 (ERF4), associated with SA and ET respectively, were also identified thus suggesting an interplay of GSH with ET and SA. Furthermore, proteomic profiling of NtGp line, performed by employing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), corroborated with the transcriptomic profile and several defense-related proteins like serine/threonine protein kinase, and heat shock 70 protein (HSP70) were identified with increased accumulation. Fascinatingly, induction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACC synthase) was also noted thus demonstrating the active involvement of GSH with ET. Protein gel blot analysis confirmed the enhanced accumulation of ACC oxidase in NtGp line. Together, our data revealed that GSH is involved in the synergistic multiple steps crosstalk through ET as well as SA to combat environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Ghanta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Riddhi Datta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Dipto Bhattacharyya
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Ragini Sinha
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Saptarshi Hazra
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Aparupa Bose Mazumdar
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Frendo P, Baldacci-Cresp F, Benyamina SM, Puppo A. Glutathione and plant response to the biotic environment. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:724-730. [PMID: 23912161 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant molecule in plants. It is involved in regulating plant development and responses to the abiotic and biotic environment. In recent years, numerous reports have clarified the molecular processes involving GSH in plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we summarize recent studies, highlighting the roles of GSH in interactions between plants and microbes, whether pathogenic or beneficial to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Frendo
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRA UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRA UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Sofiane M Benyamina
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRA UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRA UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Han Y, Neukermans J, Marquez-Garcia B, Queval G, Foyer CH. Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:454-84. [PMID: 21777251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants cannot survive without glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) or γ-glutamylcysteine-containing homologues. The reasons why this small molecule is indispensable are not fully understood, but it can be inferred that glutathione has functions in plant development that cannot be performed by other thiols or antioxidants. The known functions of glutathione include roles in biosynthetic pathways, detoxification, antioxidant biochemistry and redox homeostasis. Glutathione can interact in multiple ways with proteins through thiol-disulphide exchange and related processes. Its strategic position between oxidants such as reactive oxygen species and cellular reductants makes the glutathione system perfectly configured for signalling functions. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in understanding glutathione synthesis, degradation and transport, particularly in relation to cellular redox homeostasis and related signalling under optimal and stress conditions. Here we outline the key recent advances and discuss how alterations in glutathione status, such as those observed during stress, may participate in signal transduction cascades. The discussion highlights some of the issues surrounding the regulation of glutathione contents, the control of glutathione redox potential, and how the functions of glutathione and other thiols are integrated to fine-tune photorespiratory and respiratory metabolism and to modulate phytohormone signalling pathways through appropriate modification of sensitive protein cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, Orsay cedex, France.
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19
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Dao TTH, Linthorst HJM, Verpoorte R. Chalcone synthase and its functions in plant resistance. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2011; 10:397-412. [PMID: 21909286 PMCID: PMC3148432 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-011-9211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Besides being part of the plant developmental program the CHS gene expression is induced in plants under stress conditions such as UV light, bacterial or fungal infection. CHS expression causes accumulation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid phytoalexins and is involved in the salicylic acid defense pathway. This review will discuss CHS and its function in plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. T. H. Dao
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Traditional Pharmacy Department, Hanoi Pharmacy University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H. J. M. Linthorst
- Section Plant Cell Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. Verpoorte
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Louime C, Lu J, Onokpise O, Vasanthaiah HKN, Kambiranda D, Basha SM, Yun HK. Resistance to Elsinoë ampelina and expression of related resistant genes in Vitis rotundifolia Michx. grapes. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3473-88. [PMID: 21747689 PMCID: PMC3131573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12063473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) are considered as excellent genetic resources for grape breeding programs as they are known for their hardiness and resistance to pests and diseases. However, contrary to popular belief, our study indicated that not all muscadine cultivars are resistant to anthracnose disease. In order to identify a source of genetic tolerance towards anthracnose among muscadine cultivars, a series of in-situ and ex-situ experiments were conducted through strict and sensitive screening processes. Two consecutive years of field evaluation of 54 grape cultivars showed various levels of anthracnose incidence among the cultivars between a scale of 0 (tolerant) to 5 (highly-susceptible). Resistance bioassay by inoculation of different spore densities of Elsinoë ampelina on 40 cultivars presented similar results and was consistent with those obtained from the field test. A real-time PCR analysis was conducted to investigate differences of gene expression between susceptible and tolerant cultivars and to confirm results by phenotypic identification. Expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase, stilbene synthase, polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein, chitinase and lipid transfer-protein was only detected in tolerant cultivars. Resistant muscadine cultivars identified in this study could be excellent candidates for grape disease resistance breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Louime
- College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.); (O.O.); (H.K.N.V.); (D.K.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jiang Lu
- College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.); (O.O.); (H.K.N.V.); (D.K.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Oghenekome Onokpise
- College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.); (O.O.); (H.K.N.V.); (D.K.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Hemanth K. N. Vasanthaiah
- College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.); (O.O.); (H.K.N.V.); (D.K.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Devaiah Kambiranda
- College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.); (O.O.); (H.K.N.V.); (D.K.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Sheikh M. Basha
- College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA; E-Mails: (J.L.); (O.O.); (H.K.N.V.); (D.K.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Hae Keun Yun
- National Horticultural Research Institute, Fruit research Division, Rural Development Administration, 475 Imok-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 440-706, Korea; E-Mail:
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21
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Ghanta S, Chattopadhyay S. Glutathione as a signaling molecule: another challenge to pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:783-8. [PMID: 21969955 PMCID: PMC3218473 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.6.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants harbor a variety of signaling molecules which are members of a vast array of signaling networks in maintaining their physiological balance. The well known members up till now are salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), abscissic acid (ABA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are employed by plants for their adaptation to various environmental stresses in order to survive. GSH is gradually gaining importance and becoming a molecule of interest to a number of researchers especially in relation to plant defense to pathogens. Although the role of GSH in plant defense has long been known, a dearth of information still exists regarding the mechanism underlying this defense response. This review highlights on the progress made in the cross-communication of GSH with other established signaling molecules through which GSH acts in abating biotic stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Ghanta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Ghanta S, Bhattacharyya D, Sinha R, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay S. Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing γ-ECS exhibits biotic stress tolerance likely through NPR1-dependent salicylic acid-mediated pathway. PLANTA 2011; 233:895-910. [PMID: 21234598 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The elaborate networks and the crosstalk of established signaling molecules like salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) play key role in plant defense response. To obtain further insight into the mechanism through which GSH is involved in this crosstalk to mitigate biotic stress, transgenic Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing Lycopersicon esculentum gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (LeECS) gene (NtGB lines) were generated with enhanced level of GSH in comparison with wild-type plants exhibiting resistance to pathogenesis as well. The expression levels of non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1)-dependent genes like pathogenesis-related gene 1 (NtPR1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (NtMAPKK), glutamine synthetase (NtGLS) were significantly enhanced along with NtNPR1. However, the expression levels of NPR1-independent genes like NtPR2, NtPR5 and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family protein (NtSDRLP) were either insignificant or were downregulated. Additionally, increase in expression of thioredoxin (NtTRXh), S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (NtGSNOR1) and suppression of isochorismate synthase 1 (NtICS1) was noted. Comprehensive analysis of GSH-fed tobacco BY2 cell line in a time-dependent manner reciprocated the in planta results. Better tolerance of NtGB lines against biotrophic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci was noted as compared to necrotrophic Alternaria alternata. Through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and image analysis, 48 differentially expressed spots were identified and through identification as well as functional categorization, ten proteins were found to be SA-related. Collectively, our results suggest GSH to be a member in cross-communication with other signaling molecules in mitigating biotic stress likely through NPR1-dependent SA-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Ghanta
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics and Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700-032, India
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Noctor G, Queval G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Foyer CH. Glutathione. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0142. [PMID: 22303267 PMCID: PMC3267239 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a simple sulfur compound composed of three amino acids and the major non-protein thiol in many organisms, including plants. The functions of glutathione are manifold but notably include redox-homeostatic buffering. Glutathione status is modulated by oxidants as well as by nutritional and other factors, and can influence protein structure and activity through changes in thiol-disulfide balance. For these reasons, glutathione is a transducer that integrates environmental information into the cellular network. While the mechanistic details of this function remain to be fully elucidated, accumulating evidence points to important roles for glutathione and glutathione-dependent proteins in phytohormone signaling and in defense against biotic stress. Work in Arabidopsis is beginning to identify the processes that govern glutathione status and that link it to signaling pathways. As well as providing an overview of the components that regulate glutathione homeostasis (synthesis, degradation, transport, and redox turnover), the present discussion considers the roles of this metabolite in physiological processes such as light signaling, cell death, and defense against microbial pathogen and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Queval
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Present address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and Department of Plant Biotechnologyand Genetics, Gent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Sejir Chaouch
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Noctor G, Queval G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Foyer CH. Glutathione. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011. [PMID: 22303267 DOI: 10.1199/tab0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a simple sulfur compound composed of three amino acids and the major non-protein thiol in many organisms, including plants. The functions of glutathione are manifold but notably include redox-homeostatic buffering. Glutathione status is modulated by oxidants as well as by nutritional and other factors, and can influence protein structure and activity through changes in thiol-disulfide balance. For these reasons, glutathione is a transducer that integrates environmental information into the cellular network. While the mechanistic details of this function remain to be fully elucidated, accumulating evidence points to important roles for glutathione and glutathione-dependent proteins in phytohormone signaling and in defense against biotic stress. Work in Arabidopsis is beginning to identify the processes that govern glutathione status and that link it to signaling pathways. As well as providing an overview of the components that regulate glutathione homeostasis (synthesis, degradation, transport, and redox turnover), the present discussion considers the roles of this metabolite in physiological processes such as light signaling, cell death, and defense against microbial pathogen and herbivores.
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Abstract
Christopher John Lamb (1950-2009) made major contributions to the field of plant defense gene activation, particularly through his studies on signal transduction mechanisms. Between 1994 and 2004, he published a series of seminal papers that outlined the involvement of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, lipid transfer proteins, and aspartic proteases as critical components of local and/or systemic resistance during plant-microbe interactions. Prior to this, he had been one of the first to establish the fact that induced defense responses resulted from transcriptional activation of sets of coordinately regulated genes. Chris obtained his B.S and PhD degrees in biochemistry from the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, moving to the Botany School at the University of Oxford as a postdoctoral fellow in 1975 and to the Biochemistry Department in Oxford as a Departmental Demonstrator in 1978. He was appointed founding director of the Plant Biology Laboratory at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California in 1982, and occupied the last ten years of his life as Director of the John Innes Center, Norwich, United Kingdom. In spite of spending most of his career as a director at two of the world's most prestigious institutes, formal recognition of his achievements came late in life, with election to the Royal Society of London in 2008 and endowment of the honor of Commander of the British Empire (CBE) for his contributions to British plant science by Queen Elizabeth II in 2009. Sadly, Chris did not live to attend the official ceremony at which he would receive his CBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA.
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Foyer CH, Noctor G. Redox regulation in photosynthetic organisms: signaling, acclimation, and practical implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:861-905. [PMID: 19239350 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have multifaceted roles in the orchestration of plant gene expression and gene-product regulation. Cellular redox homeostasis is considered to be an "integrator" of information from metabolism and the environment controlling plant growth and acclimation responses, as well as cell suicide events. The different ROS forms influence gene expression in specific and sometimes antagonistic ways. Low molecular antioxidants (e.g., ascorbate, glutathione) serve not only to limit the lifetime of the ROS signals but also to participate in an extensive range of other redox signaling and regulatory functions. In contrast to the low molecular weight antioxidants, the "redox" states of components involved in photosynthesis such as plastoquinone show rapid and often transient shifts in response to changes in light and other environmental signals. Whereas both types of "redox regulation" are intimately linked through the thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, and pyridine nucleotide pools, they also act independently of each other to achieve overall energy balance between energy-producing and energy-utilizing pathways. This review focuses on current knowledge of the pathways of redox regulation, with discussion of the somewhat juxtaposed hypotheses of "oxidative damage" versus "oxidative signaling," within the wider context of physiological function, from plant cell biology to potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Agriculture Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Signaling and Integration of Defense Functions of Tocopherol, Ascorbate and Glutathione. PHOTOPROTECTION, PHOTOINHIBITION, GENE REGULATION, AND ENVIRONMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tellström V, Usadel B, Thimm O, Stitt M, Küster H, Niehaus K. The lipopolysaccharide of Sinorhizobium meliloti suppresses defense-associated gene expression in cell cultures of the host plant Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:825-37. [PMID: 17220366 PMCID: PMC1803732 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.090985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the establishment of symbiosis between Medicago truncatula and the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the microsymbiont plays an important role as a signal molecule. It has been shown in cell cultures that the LPS is able to suppress an elicitor-induced oxidative burst. To investigate the effect of S. meliloti LPS on defense-associated gene expression, a microarray experiment was performed. For evaluation of the M. truncatula microarray datasets, the software tool MapMan, which was initially developed for the visualization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) datasets, was adapted by assigning Medicago genes to the ontology originally created for Arabidopsis. This allowed functional visualization of gene expression of M. truncatula suspension-cultured cells treated with invertase as an elicitor. A gene expression pattern characteristic of a defense response was observed. Concomitant treatment of M. truncatula suspension-cultured cells with invertase and S. meliloti LPS leads to a lower level of induction of defense-associated genes compared to induction rates in cells treated with invertase alone. This suppression of defense-associated transcriptional rearrangement affects genes induced as well as repressed by elicitation and acts on transcripts connected to virtually all kinds of cellular processes. This indicates that LPS of the symbiont not only suppresses fast defense responses as the oxidative burst, but also exerts long-term influences, including transcriptional adjustment to pathogen attack. These data indicate a role for LPS during infection of the plant by its symbiotic partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Tellström
- Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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29
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Parisy V, Poinssot B, Owsianowski L, Buchala A, Glazebrook J, Mauch F. Identification of PAD2 as a gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase highlights the importance of glutathione in disease resistance of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:159-72. [PMID: 17144898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis pad2-1 mutant belongs to a series of non-allelic camalexin-deficient mutants. It was originally described as showing enhanced susceptibility to virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae and was later shown to be hyper-susceptible to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora brassicae (formerly P. porri). Surprisingly, in both pathosystems, the disease susceptibility of pad2-1 was not caused by the camalexin deficiency, suggesting additional roles of PAD2 in disease resistance. The susceptibility of pad2-1 to P. brassicae was used to map the mutation to the gene At4g23100, which encodes gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS, GSH1). GSH1 catalyzes the first committed step of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. The pad2-1 mutation caused an S to N transition at amino acid position 298 close to the active center. The conclusion that PAD2 encodes GSH1 is supported by several lines of evidence: (i) pad2-1 mutants contained only about 22% of wild-type amounts of GSH, (ii) genetic complementation of pad2-1 with wild-type GSH1 cDNA restored GSH production, accumulation of camalexin in response to P. syringae and resistance to P. brassicae and P. syringae, (iii) another GSH1 mutant, cad2-1, showed pad2-like phenotypes, and (iv) feeding of GSH to excised leaves of pad2-1 restored camalexin production and resistance to P. brassicae. Inoculation of Col-0 with P. brassicae caused a coordinated increase in the transcript abundance of GSH1 and GSH2, the gene encoding the second enzyme in GSH biosynthesis, and resulted in enhanced foliar GSH accumulation. The pad2-1 mutant showed enhanced susceptibility to additional pathogens, suggesting an important general role of GSH in disease resistance of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Parisy
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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30
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Jiang GH, Xia ZH, Zhou YL, Wan J, Li DY, Chen RS, Zhai WX, Zhu LH. Testifying the rice bacterial blight resistance gene xa5 by genetic complementation and further analyzing xa5 (Xa5) in comparison with its homolog TFIIAgamma1. Mol Genet Genomics 2006; 275:354-66. [PMID: 16614777 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recessive gene xa5 for resistance to bacterial blight resistance of rice is located on chromosome 5, and evidence based on genetic recombination has been shown to encode a small subunit of the basal transcription factor IIA (Iyer and McCouch in MPMI 17(12):1348-1354, 2004). However, xa5 has not been demonstrated by a complementation test. In this study, we introduced the dominant allele Xa5 into a homozygous xa5-line, which was developed from a cross between IRBB5 (an indica variety with xa5) and Nipponbare (a japonica variety with Xa5). Transformation of Xa5 and subsequent segregation analysis confirmed that xa5 is a V39E substitution variant of the gene for TFIIAgamma on chromosome 5 (TFIIAgamma5 or Xa5). The rice has an addition gene for TFIIAgamma exists on chromosome 1 (TFIIAgamma1). Analysis of the expression patterns of Xa5 (TFIIAgamma5)/xa5 and TFIIAgamma1 revealed that both the genes are constitutively expressed in different rice organs. However, no expression of TFIIAgamma1 could be detected in the panicle by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. To compare the structural difference between the Xa5/xa5 and TFIIAgamma1 proteins, 3-D structures were predicted using computer-aided modeling techniques. The modeled structures of Xa5 (xa5) and TFIIAgamma1 fit well with the structure of TFIIA small subunit from human, suggesting that they may all act as a small subunit of TFIIA. The E39V substitution in the xa5 protein occurs in the alpha-helix domain, a supposed conservative substitutable site, which should not affect the basal transcription function of TFIIAgamma. The structural analysis indicates that xa5 and Xa5 potentially retain their basic transcription factor function, which, in turn, may mediate the novel pathway for bacterial blight resistance and susceptibility, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Huai Jiang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
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31
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Noctor G, Foyer CH. ASCORBATE AND GLUTATHIONE: Keeping Active Oxygen Under Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 49:249-279. [PMID: 15012235 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2392] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To cope with environmental fluctuations and to prevent invasion by pathogens, plant metabolism must be flexible and dynamic. Active oxygen species, whose formation is accelerated under stress conditions, must be rapidly processed if oxidative damage is to be averted. The lifetime of active oxygen species within the cellular environment is determined by the antioxidative system, which provides crucial protection against oxidative damage. The antioxidative system comprises numerous enzymes and compounds of low molecular weight. While research into the former has benefited greatly from advances in molecular technology, the pathways by which the latter are synthesized have received comparatively little attention. The present review emphasizes the roles of ascorbate and glutathione in plant metabolism and stress tolerance. We provide a detailed account of current knowledge of the biosynthesis, compartmentation, and transport of these two important antioxidants, with emphasis on the unique insights and advances gained by molecular exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Laboratoire du Metabolisme, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de Saint Cyr, 78026 Versailles cedex, France, Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
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32
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Kaothien P, Kawaoka A, Ebinuma H, Yoshida K, Shinmyo A. Ntlim1, a PAL-box binding factor, controls promoter activity of the horseradish wound-inducible peroxidase gene. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 49:591-9. [PMID: 12081367 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015504515492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To understand molecular mechanisms underlying wound-induced expression of plant peroxidase genes, the promoter of a horseradish C2 peroxidase (prxC2) gene was analyzed. We had previously isolated a tobacco nuclear protein, Ntlim1, as a trans factor binding to a PAL-box motif of the prxC2 promoter; however, the function of the Ntlim1 trans factor and the PAL-box motif in wound-responsive expression of the prxC2 gene remains unclear. Here, we found that the prxC2 promoter without the intact PAL-box motif failed to direct a normal level of both the basal and the wound-induced expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in transgenic tobacco plants, indicating that the PAL-box motif functions as an essential cis element of the prxC2 promoter. We also found that antisense expression of Ntlim1 in transgenic plants carrying the prxC2 promoter::GUS chimeric construct decreased not only the level of the basal and the wound-induced expression of the GUS reporter gene but also the extent of wound inducibility of the prxC2 promoter itself. This result indicates that Ntlim1 is required for the basal level of prxC2 promoter activity as well as its up-regulation under wound stress. Moreover, consistent with the results obtained in planta, result from super-shift assay indicates that the Ntlim1 binds to the PAL-box motif independently of wound stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulla Kaothien
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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33
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Lindsay WP, McAlister FM, Zhu Q, He XZ, Dröge-Laser W, Hedrick S, Doerner P, Lamb C, Dixon RA. KAP-2, a protein that binds to the H-box in a bean chalcone synthase promoter, is a novel plant transcription factor with sequence identity to the large subunit of human Ku autoantigen. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 49:503-514. [PMID: 12090626 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015505316379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The KAP-2 protein that binds to the H-box (CCTACC) element in the bean CHS15 chalcone synthase promoter was purified, and internal peptide sequence used to design primers leading to the cloning of KAP-2 from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and barrel medic (Medicago truncatula). KAP-2 shares sequence similarity to the large subunit of mammalian Ku autoantigen, a protein proposed to be involved in control of DNA recombination and transcription. KAP-2 sequences were present in genomic DNA from a range of legumes, and a related protein is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recombinant KAP-2 expressed in insect cells showed the same binding specificity for the CHS15 H-box as the protein purified from bean cell extracts. In vitro transcription assays confirmed that KAP-2 stimulates transcription from a promoter harboring the H-box cis element.
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MESH Headings
- Acyltransferases/genetics
- Acyltransferases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Nuclear
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cell Line
- DNA Helicases
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Fabaceae/enzymology
- Fabaceae/genetics
- Fabaceae/microbiology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Ku Autoantigen
- Medicago/genetics
- Medicago/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Phaseolus/enzymology
- Phaseolus/genetics
- Phaseolus/microbiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sinorhizobium meliloti/growth & development
- Spodoptera/cytology
- Spodoptera/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Lindsay
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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34
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Pastori GM, Foyer CH. Common components, networks, and pathways of cross-tolerance to stress. The central role of "redox" and abscisic acid-mediated controls. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:460-8. [PMID: 12068093 PMCID: PMC1540233 DOI: 10.1104/pp.011021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Pastori
- Crop Performance and Improvement Division, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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35
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Memelink J, Kijne JW, van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R. Genetic modification of plant secondary metabolite pathways using transcriptional regulators. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 72:103-25. [PMID: 11729751 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45302-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolism is the source of many natural products with diverse applications, including pharmaceuticals, food colors, dyes and fragrances. Functions in plants include attraction of pollinating insects and protection against pests and pathogens. An important regulatory step in secondary metabolism is transcription of the biosynthetic genes. The aim of this chapter is to discuss results and opportunities concerning modification of secondary metabolism using transcriptional regulators. The transcriptional regulation of two well-studied secondary pathways, the phenylpropanoid pathway and its flavonoid branch, and the terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic pathway, are reviewed. Some examples of successful engineering of these pathways via transcriptional regulators are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Memelink
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Clusius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
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36
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Santamaria M, Thomson CJ, Read ND, Loake GJ. The promoter of a basic PR1-like gene, AtPRB1, from Arabidopsis establishes an organ-specific expression pattern and responsiveness to ethylene and methyl jasmonate. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 47:641-652. [PMID: 11725949 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012410009930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins are a key feature underlying the deployment of both pre-formed and inducible defence responses. Probably the most well characterised class are the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which are found in both basic and acidic isoforms. Here we describe the isolation and characterisation of a gene, designated AtPRB1, encoding a basic PR1-like protein from Arabidopsis. This protein showed high amino acid sequence identity with basic and acidic PR1 proteins from other plant species, for example PRB1 from Nicotiana tabacum and PR1 from Brassica napus, at 64% and 78% identity respectively. A genomic DNA fragment containing 2345 bp upstream from the putative transcriptional start site was fused to the gene encoding the luciferase (LUC) gene from Photinus pyralis in order to test for promoter activity. The resulting construct was transformed into Arabidopsis accession Col-0 and analysis of LUC activity, using an ultra-low-light imaging camera system, revealed that the AtPRB1 promoter established an exquisite organ-specific expression pattern. LUC activity was observed in flowers, stems and roots but not in leaf tissue. Superimposed upon this organ-specific expression pattern was responsiveness, in root tissue, to ethylene and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), important cues during the establishment of plant disease resistance. In contrast, AtPRB1::LUC gene expression was repressed in response to salicylic acid treatment. Analysis of a limited series of AtPRB1 5'-promoter deletion mutants, identified a number of promoter regions important for both the establishment of organ-specific expression and responsiveness to ethylene and MeJA. While AtPRB1 gene expression was not induced in response to an avirulent isolate of Peronospora parasitica in leaf tissue, this gene may contribute to horizontal resistance in other tissues and/or to MeJA- and ethylene-dependent defence responses engaged against necrotrophic pathogens in root tissue. It is anticipated that transgenic plants containing AtPRB1-based promoter::reporter constructs will provide useful tools for the future dissection of the cognate signalling networks regulating the expression of this gene.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/drug effects
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins
- Blotting, Northern
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclopentanes/pharmacology
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Ethylenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxylipins
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/drug effects
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Deletion
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santamaria
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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37
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Foyer CH, Theodoulou FL, Delrot S. The functions of inter- and intracellular glutathione transport systems in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2001; 6:486-92. [PMID: 11590068 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is one of the major redox buffers in most aerobic cells, and it has a broad spectrum of functions in plants. Recent discoveries implicate this thiol peptide in signalling and cellular homeostasis. Glutathione can sense intracellular redox status: perturbations of glutathione reduction state are transduced into changes in gene expression. This central role demands precise control of both the concentration and the reduction state of glutathione in different compartments. In addition to the regulation of glutathione biosynthesis and redox state, attention is now turning to the role of glutathione transporters.
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38
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Kawaoka A, Ebinuma H. Transcriptional control of lignin biosynthesis by tobacco LIM protein. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:1149-57. [PMID: 11430987 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex phenolic plant polymer that is essential for mechanical support, defense, and water transport in higher plants. The AC-rich motif, Pal-box is an important cis-acting element for gene expression in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. We isolated a cDNA clone (Ntlim1) encoding a Pal-box binding protein by Southwestern screening. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ntlim1 is highly similar to members of the LIM protein family that contain a zinc finger motif. Moreover, Ntlim1 had a specific DNA-binding ability and transiently activated transcription of a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene driven by the Pal-box sequence. The results of transient expression assays with tobacco cultured cells showed that fusion proteins between GFP and Ntlim1 can enter nuclei. Transgenic tobacco plants with antisense Ntlim1 showed low levels of transcripts from some key phenylpropanoid pathway genes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Furthermore, a greater than 20% reduction in lignin content was observed in transgenic tobacco with antisense Ntlim1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawaoka
- Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd, Pulp and Paper Research Laboratory, 5-21-1, Oji, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan.
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39
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Hernández JA, Talavera JM, Martínez-Gómez P, Dicenta F, Sevilla F. Response of antioxidative enzymes to plum pox virus in two apricot cultivars. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 111:313-321. [PMID: 11240915 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that activated oxygen species (AOS) may function as molecular signals in the induction of defence genes. In the present work, the response of antioxidative enzymes to the plum pox virus (PPV) was examined in two apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars, which behaved differently against PPV infection. In the inoculated resistant cultivar (Goldrich), a decrease in catalase (CAT) as well as an increase in total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities were observed. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) did not change significantly in relation to non-inoculated (control) plants. In the susceptible cultivar (Real Fino), inoculation with PPV brought about a decrease in CAT, SOD and GR, whereas a rise in APX, MDHAR and DHAR activities was found in comparison to non-inoculated (control) plants. Apricot leaves contain only CuZn-SOD isozymes, which responded differently to PPV depending on the cultivar. Goldrich leaves contained 6 SODs and both SOD 1 and SOD 2 increased in the inoculated plants. In leaves from Real Fino, 5 SODs were detected and only SOD 5 was increased in inoculated plants. The different behaviour of SODs (H2O2-generating enzymes) and APX (an H2O2-remover enzyme) in both cultivars suggests an important role for H2O2 in the response to PPV of the resistant cultivar, in which no change in APX activity was observed. This result also points to further studies in order to determine if an alternative H2O2-scavenging mechanism takes place in the resistant apricot cultivar exposed to PPV. On the other hand, the ability of the inoculated resistant cultivar to induce SOD 1 and SOD 2 as well as the important increase of DHAR seems to suggest a relationship between these activities and resistance to PPV. This is the first report about the effect of PPV infection on the antioxidative enzymes of apricot plants. It opens the way for the further studies, which are necessary for a better understanding of the role of antioxidative processes in viral infection by PPV in apricot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Hernández
- Departamento de Nutrición y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CSIC, Apartado 4195, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Mejora y Patología Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CSIC, Apartado 4195, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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40
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41
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The Role of Glutathione and Glutathione-related Enzymes in Plant-pathogen Interactions. PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47644-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Noctor G, Veljovic-Jovanovic S, Foyer CH. Peroxide processing in photosynthesis: antioxidant coupling and redox signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2000; 355:1465-75. [PMID: 11128000 PMCID: PMC1692876 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis has a high capacity for production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but the intracellular levels of this relatively weak oxidant are controlled by the antioxidant system, comprising a network of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components that notably includes reactions linked to the intracellular ascorbate and glutathione pools. Mutants and transformed plants with specific decreases in key components offer the opp ortunity to dissect the complex system that maintains redox homeostasis. Since H2O2 is a signal-transducing molecule relaying information on intracellular redox state, the pool size must be rigorously controlled within each compartment of the cell. This review focuses on compartment-specific differences in the stringency of redox coupling between ascorbate and glutathione, and the significance this may have for the flexibility of the control of gene expression that is linked to photosynthetic H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Noctor
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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43
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Loyall L, Uchida K, Braun S, Furuya M, Frohnmeyer H. Glutathione and a UV light-induced glutathione S-transferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures. THE PLANT CELL 2000; 12:1939-50. [PMID: 11041888 PMCID: PMC149131 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.12.10.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2000] [Accepted: 07/04/2000] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UV irradiation stimulates expression of the gene encoding the key enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS), which leads to the generation of protective flavonoids in parsley cell cultures. CHS transcripts increase after 3 to 4 hr, and early genes are involved in the signal transduction to the CHS promoter. By using the fluorescent differential display technique in a large-scale screening, several early UV light-induced genes were isolated. Of these, a novel glutathione S-transferase (PcGST1) is induced within 2 hr and precedes CHS expression. Overexpression of PcGST1 in transformed cell lines containing a CHS promoter/luciferase reporter (CHS-LUC) affected the onset of LUC transcription. Supplementing these cell lines with glutathione immediately stimulated CHS-LUC expression within 2 hr in dark-incubated cells and resulted in a biphasic induction profile in UV-irradiated cells. Our data indicate the involvement of glutathione and PcGST1 in early events of a UV light-dependent signal transduction pathway to CHS. In this context, the oxidative status of a cell acts as a central regulating element.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Loyall
- Biologisches Institut II/Botanik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet, D-79104 Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, Germany
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44
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Loyall L, Uchida K, Braun S, Furuya M, Frohnmeyer H. Glutathione and a UV light-induced glutathione S-transferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures. THE PLANT CELL 2000. [PMID: 11041888 DOI: 10.2307/3871204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UV irradiation stimulates expression of the gene encoding the key enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS), which leads to the generation of protective flavonoids in parsley cell cultures. CHS transcripts increase after 3 to 4 hr, and early genes are involved in the signal transduction to the CHS promoter. By using the fluorescent differential display technique in a large-scale screening, several early UV light-induced genes were isolated. Of these, a novel glutathione S-transferase (PcGST1) is induced within 2 hr and precedes CHS expression. Overexpression of PcGST1 in transformed cell lines containing a CHS promoter/luciferase reporter (CHS-LUC) affected the onset of LUC transcription. Supplementing these cell lines with glutathione immediately stimulated CHS-LUC expression within 2 hr in dark-incubated cells and resulted in a biphasic induction profile in UV-irradiated cells. Our data indicate the involvement of glutathione and PcGST1 in early events of a UV light-dependent signal transduction pathway to CHS. In this context, the oxidative status of a cell acts as a central regulating element.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Loyall
- Biologisches Institut II/Botanik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet, D-79104 Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, Germany
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45
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Kawaoka A, Kaothien P, Yoshida K, Endo S, Yamada K, Ebinuma H. Functional analysis of tobacco LIM protein Ntlim1 involved in lignin biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 22:289-301. [PMID: 10849346 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The AC-rich motif, Pal-box, is an important cis-acting element for gene expression involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. A cDNA clone (Ntlim1) encoding a Pal-box binding protein was isolated by Southwestern screening. The deduced amino acid sequence is highly similar to the members of the LIM protein family that contain a zinc finger motif. Moreover, Ntlim1 had a specific DNA binding ability and transiently activated the transcription of a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene driven by the Pal-box sequence in tobacco protoplasts. The transgenic tobacco plants with antisense Ntlim1 showed low levels of transcripts from some key phenylpropanoid pathway genes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Furthermore, a 27% reduction of lignin content was observed in the transgenic tobacco with antisense Ntlim1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawaoka
- Nippon Paper Industries Co. Ltd, Central Research Laboratory, 5-21-1, Oji, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan.
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46
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Pastori GM, Mullineaux PM, Foyer CH. Post-transcriptional regulation prevents accumulation of glutathione reductase protein and activity in the bundle sheath cells of maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:667-75. [PMID: 10712529 PMCID: PMC58901 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.3.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/1999] [Accepted: 11/05/1999] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) activity was assayed in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells of maize (Zea mays L. var H99) from plants grown at 20 degrees C, 18 degrees C, and 15 degrees C. The purity of each fraction was determined by measuring the associated activity of the compartment-specific marker enzymes, Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, respectively. GR activity and the abundance of GR protein and mRNA increased in plants grown at 15 degrees C and 18 degrees C compared with those grown at 20 degrees C. In all cases GR activity was found only in mesophyll fractions of the leaves, with no GR activity being detectable in bundle sheath extracts. Immunogold labeling with GR-specific antibodies showed that the GR protein was exclusively localized in the mesophyll cells of leaves at all growth temperatures, whereas GR transcripts (as determined by in situ hybridization techniques) were observed in both cell types. These results indicate that post-transcriptional regulation prevents GR accumulation in the bundle sheath cells of maize leaves. The resulting limitation on the capacity for regeneration of reduced glutathione in this compartment may contribute to the extreme chilling sensitivity of maize leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Pastori
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
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47
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Kalbin G, Strid Å, Frohnmeyer H. Transcriptional activation of the parsley chalcone synthase promoter in heterologous pea and yeast systems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 1999; 37:821-829. [PMID: 10580282 DOI: 10.1016/s0981-9428(99)00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction by electroporation of different parsley (Petroselinum crispum) CHS-promoter/beta-glucuronidase(GUS)-reporter constructs into pea (Pisum sativum L.) protoplasts leads to a high constitutive GUS-expression and to the loss of the light-inducibility seen in the homologous parsley protoplast system. These results indicate that Unit 1 of the parsley CHS-promoter is only partly responsible for the GUS-expression detected. Instead, additional cis-elements, which are located downstream within 100 bp from the transcriptional start site, mediate the de-repression in pea protoplasts. In contrast, in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells, the GUS expression from the heterologous CHS/GUS construct is controlled by elements between Unit 1 and -100 bp. In both pea and yeast cells, transcription factors different from those regulating UV-responsiveness in parsley, are probably mediating the constitutive expression from the heterologous construct. The results with pea protoplasts imply that protoplastation of pea leaf cells itself induces de-repression as a result of stress to the protoplasts. This notion was strengthened by the finding that mRNA levels of the endogenous chalcone synthase were drastically increased as the result of the protoplastation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kalbin
- Institutionen för kemi, Avdelningen för biokemi och biofysik, Göteborgs Universitet, P.O. Box 462, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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48
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Pasquali G, Erven AS, Ouwerkerk PB, Menke FL, Memelink J. The promoter of the strictosidine synthase gene from periwinkle confers elicitor-inducible expression in transgenic tobacco and binds nuclear factors GT-1 and GBF. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 39:1299-310. [PMID: 10380815 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006177414456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Strictosidine synthase (STR) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids. This class of secondary metabolites harbours several pharmaceutically important compounds used, among other applications, in cancer treatment. Terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis and expression of biosynthetic genes including Str1 is induced by fungal elicitors. To identify elicitor-responsive regulatory promoter elements and trans-acting factors, the single-copy Str1 gene was isolated from the subtropical plant species Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle). Str1 upstream sequences conferred elicitor-responsive expression to the beta-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter gene in transgenic tobacco plants. Main enhancer sequences within the Str1 promoter region studied were shown to be located between -339 and -145. This region and two other regions of the promoter bound the tobacco nuclear protein factor GT-1. A G-box located around position -105 bound nuclear and cloned G-box-binding factors (GBFs). A mutation that knocked out GBF binding had no measurable effect on expression, which indicates that the G-box is not essential for the elicitor responsiveness of the Str1 promoter. No obvious homologies with promoter elements identified in other elicitor-responsive genes were observed, suggesting that the Str1 gene may depend on novel regulatory mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases/genetics
- Cell Extracts/pharmacology
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Footprinting
- DNA Probes
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- G-Box Binding Factors
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Magnoliopsida/enzymology
- Magnoliopsida/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/drug effects
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Plants, Toxic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Response Elements/genetics
- Sequence Deletion
- Nicotiana/drug effects
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pasquali
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden, Netherlands
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49
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Pascuzzi P, Hamilton D, Bodily K, Arias J. Auxin-induced stress potentiates trans-activation by a conserved plant basic/leucine-zipper factor. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:26631-7. [PMID: 9756903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.41.26631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter element activation sequence-1 (as-1) confers tissue-specific and signal-responsive transcription in plants. Hormone and chemical stress cues are thought to activate as-1-dependent transcription through specific basic/leucine-zipper proteins, termed TGA factors, that bind this element. We report here that a highly conserved TGA factor of tobacco, TGA1a, can selectively activate transcription in response to micromolar concentrations of auxin hormones or their analogs. This induction is chemically specific, as a range of other compounds tested at similar concentrations had little or no effect. Auxin was found to augment the trans-activation potential of TGA1a through carboxyl-terminal residues. The amino-terminal domain of TGA1a, by gain-of-function assays, was found to both constitutively activate transcription and maximize the response to auxin. Further evidence indicates that the trans-activation potential of this domain in TGA1a is repressed, under basal conditions, by carboxyl-terminal residues. Because TGA1a and endogenous TGA factors are stimulated by auxin only at concentrations that inhibited cell growth, this response is likely to involve chemical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pascuzzi
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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50
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Xiang C, Oliver DJ. Glutathione metabolic genes coordinately respond to heavy metals and jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 1998; 10:1539-50. [PMID: 9724699 PMCID: PMC144077 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.10.9.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione plays a pivotal role in protecting plants from environmental stresses, oxidative stress, xenobiotics, and some heavy metals. Arabidopsis plants treated with cadmium or copper responded by increasing transcription of the genes for glutathione synthesis, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase, as well as glutathione reductase. The response was specific for those metals whose toxicity is thought to be mitigated through phytochelatins, and other toxic and nontoxic metals did not alter mRNA levels. Feeding experiments suggested that neither oxidative stress, as results from exposure to H2O2, nor oxidized or reduced glutathione levels were responsible for activating transcription of these genes. Jasmonic acid also activated the same suite of genes, which suggests that it might be involved in the signal transduction pathway for copper and cadmium. Jasmonic acid treatment increased mRNA levels and the capacity for glutathione synthesis but did not alter the glutathione content in unstressed plants, which supports the idea that the glutathione concentration is controlled at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xiang
- Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1020, USA
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