1
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Takahashi A. Associations of the immune system in aggression traits and the role of microglia as mediators. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110021. [PMID: 38825308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
There is an important relationship between the immune system and aggressive behavior. Aggressive encounters acutely increase the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and there are positive correlations between aggressive traits and peripheral proinflammatory cytokines. Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, which results in peripheral immune activation, decreases aggressive behavior as one of the sickness behavioral symptoms. In contrast, certain brain infections and chronic interferon treatment are associated with increased aggression. Indeed, the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the brain in aggressive behavior are bidirectional, depending on the type and dose of cytokine, target brain region, and type of aggression. Some studies have suggested that microglial activation and neuroinflammation influence intermale aggression in rodent models. In addition, pathological conditions as well as physiological levels of cytokines produced by microglia play an important role in social and aggressive behavior in adult animals. Furthermore, microglial function in early development is necessary for the establishment of the social brain and the expression of juvenile social behaviors, including play fighting. Overall, this review discusses the important link between the immune system and aggressive traits and the role of microglia as mediators of this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
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2
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Rodriguez LA, Tran MN, Garcia-Flores R, Oh S, Phillips RA, Pattie EA, Divecha HR, Kim SH, Shin JH, Lee YK, Montoya C, Jaffe AE, Collado-Torres L, Page SC, Martinowich K. TrkB-dependent regulation of molecular signaling across septal cell types. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:52. [PMID: 38263132 PMCID: PMC10805920 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The lateral septum (LS), a GABAergic structure located in the basal forebrain, is implicated in social behavior, learning, and memory. We previously demonstrated that expression of tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB) in LS neurons is required for social novelty recognition. To better understand molecular mechanisms by which TrkB signaling controls behavior, we locally knocked down TrkB in LS and used bulk RNA-sequencing to identify changes in gene expression downstream of TrkB. TrkB knockdown induces upregulation of genes associated with inflammation and immune responses, and downregulation of genes associated with synaptic signaling and plasticity. Next, we generated one of the first atlases of molecular profiles for LS cell types using single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq). We identified markers for the septum broadly, and the LS specifically, as well as for all neuronal cell types. We then investigated whether the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by TrkB knockdown map to specific LS cell types. Enrichment testing identified that downregulated DEGs are broadly expressed across neuronal clusters. Enrichment analyses of these DEGs demonstrated that downregulated genes are uniquely expressed in the LS, and associated with either synaptic plasticity or neurodevelopmental disorders. Upregulated genes are enriched in LS microglia, associated with immune response and inflammation, and linked to both neurodegenerative disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, many of these genes are implicated in regulating social behaviors. In summary, the findings implicate TrkB signaling in the LS as a critical regulator of gene networks associated with psychiatric disorders that display social deficits, including schizophrenia and autism, and with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Matthew Nguyen Tran
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Renee Garcia-Flores
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Seyun Oh
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert A Phillips
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Pattie
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Heena R Divecha
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sun Hong Kim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yong Kyu Lee
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carly Montoya
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephanie C Page
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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3
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He X, Cui J, Li H, Zhou Y, Wu X, Jiang C, Xu Z, Wang R, Xiong L. Antipyretic effects of Xiangqin Jiere granules on febrile young rats revealed by combining pharmacodynamics, metabolomics, network pharmacology, molecular biology experiments and molecular docking strategies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38197809 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2301761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Xiangqin Jiere granules (XQJRG) is a proprietary Chinese medicine treating children's colds and fevers, but its mechanism of action is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the antipyretic mechanisms of XQJRG based on pharmacodynamics, non-targeted metabolomics, network pharmacology, molecular biology experiments, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Firstly, the yeast-induced fever model was constructed in young rats to study antipyretic effect of XQJRG. Metabolomics and network pharmacology studies were performed to identify the key compounds, targets and pathways involved in the antipyretic of XQJRG. Subsequently, MetScape was used to jointly analyze targets from network pharmacology and metabolites from metabolomics. Finally, the key targets were validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the affinity and stability of key ingredient and targets were evaluated by molecular docking and MD simulation. The animal experimental results showed that after XQJRG treatment, body temperature of febrile rats was significantly reduced, 13 metabolites were significantly modulated, and pathways of differential metabolite enrichment were mainly related to amino acid and lipid metabolism. Network pharmacology results indicated that quercetin and kaempferol were the key active components of XQJRG, TNF, AKT1, IL6, IL1B and PTGS2 were core targets. ELISA confirmed that XQJRG significantly reduced the plasma concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the hypothalamic concentrations of COX-2 and PGE2. Molecular docking demonstrated that the binding energies of kaempferol to the core targets were all below -5.0 kcal/mol. MD simulation results showed that the binding free energies of TNF-kaempferol, IL6-kaempferol, IL1B-kaempferol and PTGS2-kaempferol were -87.86 kcal/mol, -70.41 kcal/mol, -69.95 kcal/mol and -106.67 kcal/mol, respectively. In conclusion, XQJRG has antipyretic effects on yeast-induced fever in young rats, and its antipyretic mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of peripheral pyrogenic cytokines release by constituents such as kaempferol, the reduction of hypothalamic fever mediator production, and the amelioration of disturbances in amino acid and lipid metabolism.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying He
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jieqiong Cui
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Huayan Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xinchen Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Chunrong Jiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhichang Xu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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4
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Piotti P, Pierantoni L, Albertini M, Pirrone F. Inflammation and Behavior Changes in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:1-16. [PMID: 37722946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Sickness is a normal response to infections or stress triggered by proinflammatory cytokines that drive local and systemic inflammatory responses. Proinflammatory cytokines act on the brain causing the so called "sickness behavior,"which is thought to improve recovery but can become maladaptive in the long term. Chronic inflammation characterizes many diseases and there is some evidence that dogs and cats experience age-associated increases in inflammation, a condition named "inflammaging." A complex and multifactorial relationship exists between these inflammatory mechanisms, pain, and psychological illness that may complicate veterinary diagnosis and affect the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Piotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università, 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pierantoni
- Veterinary Behaviour & Consulting Services at CAN Training Centre, Via Camaldolilli, 79, Naples 80128, Italy
| | - Mariangela Albertini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università, 6, Lodi 26900, Italy.
| | - Federica Pirrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università, 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
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5
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Rodriguez LA, Tran MN, Garcia-Flores R, Pattie EA, Divecha HR, Kim SH, Shin JH, Lee YK, Montoya C, Jaffe AE, Collado-Torres L, Page SC, Martinowich K. TrkB-dependent regulation of molecular signaling across septal cell types. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.547069. [PMID: 37425939 PMCID: PMC10327212 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The lateral septum (LS), a GABAergic structure located in the basal forebrain, is implicated in social behavior, learning and memory. We previously demonstrated that expression of tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB) in LS neurons is required for social novelty recognition. To better understand molecular mechanisms by which TrkB signaling controls behavior, we locally knocked down TrkB in LS and used bulk RNA-sequencing to identify changes in gene expression downstream of TrkB. TrkB knockdown induces upregulation of genes associated with inflammation and immune responses, and downregulation of genes associated with synaptic signaling and plasticity. Next, we generated one of the first atlases of molecular profiles for LS cell types using single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq). We identified markers for the septum broadly, and the LS specifically, as well as for all neuronal cell types. We then investigated whether the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by TrkB knockdown map to specific LS cell types. Enrichment testing identified that downregulated DEGs are broadly expressed across neuronal clusters. Enrichment analyses of these DEGs demonstrated that downregulated genes are uniquely expressed in the LS, and associated with either synaptic plasticity or neurodevelopmental disorders. Upregulated genes are enriched in LS microglia, associated with immune response and inflammation, and linked to both neurodegenerative disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, many of these genes are implicated in regulating social behaviors. In summary, the findings implicate TrkB signaling in the LS as a critical regulator of gene networks associated with psychiatric disorders that display social deficits, including schizophrenia and autism, and with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A. Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Matthew Nguyen Tran
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Renee Garcia-Flores
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Pattie
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Heena R. Divecha
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sun Hong Kim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yong Kyu Lee
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carly Montoya
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew E. Jaffe
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Page
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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6
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Turkheimer FE, Veronese M, Mondelli V, Cash D, Pariante CM. Sickness behaviour and depression: An updated model of peripheral-central immunity interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:202-210. [PMID: 37076054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research into mood disorders indicates that circulating immune mediators participating in the pathophysiology of chronic somatic disorders have potent influences on brain function. This paradigm has brought to the fore the use of anti-inflammatory therapies as adjunctive to standard antidepressant therapy to improve treatment efficacy, particularly in subjects that do not respond to standard medication. Such new practice requires biomarkers to tailor these new therapies to those most likely to benefit but also validated mechanisms of action describing the interaction between peripheral immunity and brain function to optimize target intervention. These mechanisms are generally studied in preclinical models that try to recapitulate the human disease, MDD, through peripherally induced sickness behaviour. In this proposal paper, after an appraisal of the data in rodent models and their adherence to the data in clinical cohorts, we put forward a modified model of periphery-brain interactions that goes beyond the currently established view of microglia cells as the drivers of depression. Instead, we suggest that, for most patients with mild levels of peripheral inflammation, brain barriers are the primary actors in the pathophysiology of the disease and in treatment resistance. We then highlight data gaps in this proposal and suggest novel lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Yang L, Huh JR, Choi GB. One messenger shared by two systems: How cytokines directly modulate neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102708. [PMID: 36947942 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted proteins that are known for their roles in the immune system. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that cytokines also work as neuromodulators in the central nervous system (CNS). Cytokines can access the CNS through multiple routes to directly impact neurons. The neuromodulatory effects of cytokines maintain the overall homeostasis of neural networks. In addition, cytokines regulate a diverse repertoire of behaviors both at a steady state and in inflammatory conditions by acting on discrete brain regions and neural networks. In this review, we discuss recent findings that provide insight into how combinatorial codes of cytokines might mediate neuro-immune communications to orchestrate functional responses of the brain to changes in immunological milieus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jun R Huh
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gloria B Choi
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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8
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Loh MK, Stickling C, Schrank S, Hanshaw M, Ritger AC, Dilosa N, Finlay J, Ferrara NC, Rosenkranz JA. Liposaccharide-induced sustained mild inflammation fragments social behavior and alters basolateral amygdala activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:647-671. [PMID: 36645464 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Conditions with sustained low-grade inflammation have high comorbidity with depression and anxiety and are associated with social withdrawal. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for affective and social behaviors and is sensitive to inflammatory challenges. Large systemic doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) initiate peripheral inflammation, increase BLA neuronal activity, and disrupt social and affective measures in rodents. However, LPS doses commonly used in behavioral studies are high enough to evoke sickness syndrome, which can confound interpretation of amygdala-associated behaviors. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The objectives of this study were to find a LPS dose that triggers mild peripheral inflammation but not observable sickness syndrome in adult male rats, to test the effects of sustained mild inflammation on BLA and social behaviors. To accomplish this, we administered single doses of LPS (0-100 μg/kg, intraperitoneally) and measured open field behavior, or repeated LPS (5 μg/kg, 3 consecutive days), and measured BLA neuronal firing, social interaction, and elevated plus maze behavior. RESULTS Repeated low-dose LPS decreased BLA neuron firing rate but increased the total number of active BLA neurons. Repeated low-dose LPS also caused early disengagement during social bouts and less anogenital investigation and an overall pattern of heightened social caution associated with reduced gain of social familiarity over the course of a social session. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence for parallel shifts in social interaction and amygdala activity caused by prolonged mild inflammation. This effect of inflammation may contribute to social symptoms associated with comorbid depression and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine K Loh
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Courtney Stickling
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sean Schrank
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, North Chicago, USA
| | - Madison Hanshaw
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexandra C Ritger
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, North Chicago, USA
| | - Naijila Dilosa
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Finlay
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicole C Ferrara
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Amiel Rosenkranz
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA. .,Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Infection, Learning, and Memory: Focus on Immune Activation and Aversive Conditioning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104898. [PMID: 36183862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the effects of immune activation primarily via lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, on hippocampal and non-hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Rodent studies have found that LPS alters both the acquisition and consolidation of aversive learning and memory, such as those evoking evolutionarily adaptive responses like fear and disgust. The inhibitory effects of LPS on the acquisition and consolidation of contextual fear memory are discussed. LPS-induced alterations in the acquisition of taste and place-related conditioned disgust memory within bottle preference tasks and taste reactivity tests (taste-related), in addition to conditioned context avoidance tasks and the anticipatory nausea paradigm (place-related), are highlighted. Further, conditioned disgust memory consolidation may also be influenced by LPS-induced effects. Growing evidence suggests a central role of immune activation, especially pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, in eliciting the effects described here. Understanding how infection-induced immune activation alters learning and memory is increasingly important as bacterial and viral infections are found to present a risk of learning and memory impairment.
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10
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Neuromodulatory effect of interleukin 1β in the dorsal raphe nucleus on individual differences in aggression. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2563-2579. [PMID: 33931727 PMCID: PMC8556414 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heightened aggressive behavior is considered as one of the central symptoms of many neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and dementia. The consequences of aggression pose a heavy burden on patients and their families and clinicians. Unfortunately, we have limited treatment options for aggression and lack mechanistic insight into the causes of aggression needed to inform new efforts in drug discovery and development. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the periphery or cerebrospinal fluid were previously reported to correlate with aggressive traits in humans. However, it is still unknown whether cytokines affect brain circuits to modulate aggression. Here, we examined the functional role of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in mediating individual differences in aggression using a resident-intruder mouse model. We found that nonaggressive mice exhibit higher levels of IL-1β in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the major source of forebrain serotonin (5-HT), compared to aggressive mice. We then examined the effect of pharmacological antagonism and viral-mediated gene knockdown of the receptors for IL-1 within the DRN and found that both treatments consistently increased aggressive behavior of male mice. Aggressive mice also exhibited higher c-Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the DRN compared to nonaggressive mice. In line with these findings, deletion of IL-1 receptor in the DRN enhanced c-Fos expression in 5-HT neurons during aggressive encounters, suggesting that modulation of 5-HT neuronal activity by IL-1β signaling in the DRN controls expression of aggressive behavior.
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11
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Devlin BA, Smith CJ, Bilbo SD. Sickness and the social brain: How the immune system regulates behavior across species. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 97:197-210. [PMID: 34915474 DOI: 10.1159/000521476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many instances of sickness critically involve the immune system. The immune system talks to the brain in a bi-directional loop. This discourse affords the immune system immense control, such that it can influence behavior and optimize recovery from illness. These behavioral responses to infection are called sickness behaviors and can manifest in many ways, including changes in mood, motivation, or energy. Fascinatingly, most of these changes are conserved across species, and most organisms demonstrate some form of sickness behaviors. One of the most interesting sickness behaviors, and not immediately obvious, is altered sociability. Here, we discuss how the immune system impacts social behavior, by examining the brain regions and immune mediators involved in this process. We first outline how social behavior changes in response to infection in various species. Next, we explore which brain regions control social behavior and their evolutionary origins. Finally, we describe which immune mediators establish the link between illness and social behavior, in the context of both normal development and infection. Overall, we hope to make clear the striking similarities between the mechanisms that facilitate changes in sociability in derived and ancestral vertebrate, as well as invertebrate, species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Devlin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline J Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Camargo A, Dalmagro AP, Wolin IAV, Kaster MP, Rodrigues ALS. The resilient phenotype elicited by ketamine against inflammatory stressors-induced depressive-like behavior is associated with NLRP3-driven signaling pathway. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 144:118-128. [PMID: 34619490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine has emerged as a prophylactic agent against depressive-like behavior induced by stress. However, the possible pro-resilience effects of ketamine against inflammatory stressors-induced depressive-like behavior and the signaling pathways associated with this response remain to be determined. Therefore, this study investigated the ability of prophylactic ketamine administration to produce a pro-resilience effect against the depressive-like behavior induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS - 0.83 mg/kg, i.p.) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α - 0.1 fg/site, i.c.v.) administration in mice. The possible contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome-driven signaling pathway to this effect was evaluated in the ventral hippocampus. A single administration of ketamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) given 1 week before the LPS or TNF-α administration prevented the depressive-like behavior induced by these inflammatory stressors in the tail suspension test (TST) and splash test (SPT). On the other hand, a lower dose of ketamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to produce a similar effect. The administration of LPS, but not TNF-α, increased the immunocontent of the microglial marker Iba-1 in the ventral hippocampus. LPS increased the immunocontent of all proteins related to NLRP3 signaling, namely ASC, NLRP3, TXNIP, cleaved caspase-1, and IL-1β in this brain region, while TNF-α only increased ASC and NLRP3 immunocontent. Ketamine administered at the dose of 5 mg/kg, but not at 1 mg/kg, prevented the increase on the immunocontent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex components and regulators induced by LPS or TNF-α administration. Collectively, these findings suggest that ketamine elicits a pro-resilient phenotype against inflammatory stressors-induced depressive-like behavior, an effect associated with the suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome-driven signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Dalmagro
- Department of Natural Sciences, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid A V Wolin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Manuella P Kaster
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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13
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Rossi VS, de Mello IM, Barki A, Giaquinto PC. The attraction trick: males in early stages of disease become more chemically attractive to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) females. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1632-1639. [PMID: 34350984 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic systems, olfaction plays an important role in acquiring information about the social environment and influences important behaviours in various contexts, including predator avoidance, foraging, aggressive and reproductive behaviour and mate selection. As the presence of diseases might modify individual odour, fish may use the variability in conspecifics' odours as an indicator of the health status and infectious load of potential mates. Here, female Nile tilapia were tested for their ability to detect infected males and discriminate between bacterial infected and uninfected individuals by means of chemical cues. Females were allowed to choose between the odours of males infected by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria and uninfected males. The findings show that female Nile tilapia initially showed a preference for infected males in terms of their first choice in a dichotomous choice test, but the total duration of time spent with the stimulus from infected males was not longer than that for the uninfected males. This may indicate that males at early stages of infection, i.e., without advanced clinical signs of infection, emit odours that allow them to enjoy the benefits of socialization when the infection is not yet detected by conspecifics. Thus, in the context of reproduction, males might attract female partners and have some chance of reproducing, before being avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Stramantinoli Rossi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Animal Behaviour/Physiology Department, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela Maria de Mello
- Laboratory of Physiology and Animal Behaviour/Physiology Department, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Assaf Barki
- Institute of Animal Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Percilia Cardoso Giaquinto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Animal Behaviour/Physiology Department, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Sustained microglial activation in the area postrema of collagen-induced arthritis mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:273. [PMID: 34715926 PMCID: PMC8556992 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Central nervous system (CNS)-mediated symptoms, such as fatigue, depression, and hyperalgesia, are common complications among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it remains unclear how the peripheral pathology of RA spreads to the brain. Accumulated evidence showing an association between serum cytokine levels and aberrant CNS function suggests that humoral factors participate in this mechanism. In contrast to the well-known early responses of microglia (CNS-resident immune cells) in the area postrema [AP; a brain region lacking a blood–brain barrier (BBB)] to experimental inflammation, microglial alterations in the AP during chronic inflammation like RA remain unclear. Therefore, to determine whether microglia in the AP can react to persistent autoimmune-arthritis conditions, we analyzed these cells in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods Microglial number and morphology were analyzed in the AP of CIA and control mice (administered Freund’s adjuvant or saline). Immunostaining for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 was performed at various disease phases: “pre-onset” [post-immunization day (PID) 21], “establishment” (PID 35), and “chronic” (PID 56 and 84). Quantitative analyses of microglial number and morphology were performed, with principal component analysis used to classify microglia. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression was analyzed by multiple fluorescent in situ hybridization and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Behavioral changes were assessed by sucrose preference test. Results Microglia in the AP significantly increased in density and exhibited changes in morphology during the establishment and chronic phases, but not the pre-onset phase. Non-subjective clustering classification of cell morphology (CIA, 1,256 cells; saline, 852 cells) showed that the proportion of highly activated microglia increased in the CIA group during establishment and chronic phases. Moreover, the density of IL-1β-positive microglia, a hallmark of functional activation, was increased in the AP. Sucrose preferences in CIA mice negatively correlated with IL-1β expression in brain regions containing the AP. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that microglia in the AP can sustain their activated state during persistent autoimmune arthritis, which suggests that chronic inflammation, such as RA, may affect microglia in brain regions lacking a BBB and have various neural consequences. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02657-x.
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15
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Brain Perivascular Macrophages Do Not Mediate Interleukin-1-Induced Sickness Behavior in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101030. [PMID: 34681254 PMCID: PMC8541198 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior, characterized by on overall reduction in behavioral activity, is commonly observed after bacterial infection. Sickness behavior can also be induced by the peripheral administration of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine released by LPS-activated macrophages. In addition to the microglia, the brain contains perivascular macrophages, which express the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1). In the present study, we assessed the role of brain perivascular macrophages in mediating IL-1β-induced sickness behavior in rats. To do so, we used intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of an IL-1β-saporin conjugate, known to eliminate IL-R1-expressing brain cells, prior to systemic or central IL-1β injection. Icv IL-1β-saporin administration resulted in a reduction in brain perivascular macrophages, without altering subsequent icv or ip IL-1β-induced reductions in food intake, locomotor activity, and social interactions. In conclusion, the present work shows that icv IL-1β-saporin administration is an efficient way to target brain perivascular macrophages, and to determine whether these cells are involved in IL-1β-induced sickness behavior.
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16
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Nidadavolu LS, Walston JD. Underlying Vulnerabilities to the Cytokine Storm and Adverse COVID-19 Outcomes in the Aging Immune System. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:e13-e18. [PMID: 32841329 PMCID: PMC7546042 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults are far more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes and mortality after contracting COVID-19. There are likely multiple age-related biological, clinical, and environmental reasons for this increased risk, all of which are exacerbated by underlying age-associated changes to the immune system as well as increased prevalence of chronic disease states in older adults. Innate immune system overactivity, termed the cytokine storm, appears to be critical in the development of the worst consequences of COVID-19 infection. Pathophysiology suggests that viral stimulation of the innate immune system, augmented by inflammatory signals sent from dying cells, ramps up into a poorly controlled outpouring of inflammatory mediators. Other aging-related changes in cells such as senescence as well as higher prevalence of chronic disease states also likely ramp up inflammatory signaling. This in turn drives downstream pathophysiological changes to pulmonary, cardiovascular, skeletal muscle, and brain tissues that drive many of the adverse health outcomes observed in older adults. This article provides an overview of the underlying etiologies of innate immune system activation and adaptive immune system dysregulation in older adults and how they potentiate the consequences of the COVID-19-related cytokine storm, and possible uses of this knowledge to develop better risk assessment and treatment monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Biology of Healthy Aging Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Biology of Healthy Aging Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Li Y, Jiang Q, Wang L. Appetite Regulation of TLR4-Induced Inflammatory Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:777997. [PMID: 34899611 PMCID: PMC8664591 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.777997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Appetite is the basis for obtaining food and maintaining normal metabolism. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important receptor expressed in the brain that induces inflammatory signaling after activation. Inflammation is considered to affect the homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems of appetite, which are dominated by hypothalamic and mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Although the pathological features of many types of inflammation are known, their physiological functions in appetite are largely unknown. This review mainly addresses several key issues, including the structures of the homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems. In addition, the mechanism by which TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling contributes to these two systems to regulate appetite is also discussed. This review will provide potential opportunities to develop new therapeutic interventions that control appetite under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lina Wang, ; Qingyan Jiang,
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lina Wang, ; Qingyan Jiang,
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18
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Smith CJ, Bilbo SD. Sickness and the Social Brain: Love in the Time of COVID. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:633664. [PMID: 33692712 PMCID: PMC7937950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a highly social species, inclusion in social networks and the presence of strong social bonds are critical to our health and well-being. Indeed, impaired social functioning is a component of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, our social networks are at risk of fracture and many are vulnerable to the negative consequences of social isolation. Importantly, infection itself leads to changes in social behavior as a component of "sickness behavior." Furthermore, as in the case of COVID-19, males and females often differ in their immunological response to infection, and, therefore, in their susceptibility to negative outcomes. In this review, we discuss the many ways in which infection changes social behavior-sometimes to the benefit of the host, and in some instances for the sake of the pathogen-in species ranging from eusocial insects to humans. We also explore the neuroimmune mechanisms by which these changes in social behavior occur. Finally, we touch upon the ways in which the social environment (group living, social isolation, etc.) shapes the immune system and its ability to respond to challenge. Throughout we emphasize how males and females differ in their response to immune activation, both behaviorally and physiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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19
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Frank MG, Baratta MV, Zhang K, Fallon IP, Pearson MA, Liu G, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Goldys EM, Maier SF. Acute stress induces the rapid and transient induction of caspase-1, gasdermin D and release of constitutive IL-1β protein in dorsal hippocampus. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:70-80. [PMID: 32750541 PMCID: PMC7544655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β plays a pivotal role in the behavioral manifestations (i.e., sickness) of the stress response. Indeed, exposure to acute and chronic stressors induces the expression of IL-1β in stress-sensitive brain regions. Thus, it is typically presumed that exposure to stressors induces the extra-cellular release of IL-1β in the brain parenchyma. However, this stress-evoked neuroimmune phenomenon has not been directly demonstrated nor has the cellular process of IL-1β release into the extracellular milieu been characterized in brain. This cellular process involves a form of inflammatory cell death, termed pyroptosis, which involves: 1) activation of caspase-1, 2) caspase-1 maturation of IL-1β, 3) caspase-1 cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD), and 4) GSDMD-induced permeability of the cell membrane through which IL-1β is released into the extracellular space. Thus, the present study examined whether stress induces the extra-cellular release of IL-1β and engages the above cellular process in mediating IL-1β release in the brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to inescapable tailshock (IS). IL-1β extra-cellular release, caspase-1 activity and cleavage of GSDMD were measured in dorsal hippocampus. We found that exposure to IS induced a transient increase in the release of IL-1β into the extracellular space immediately after termination of the stressor. IS also induced a transient increase in caspase-1 activity prior to IL-1β release, while activation of GSDMD was observed immediately after termination of the stressor. IS also increased mRNA and protein expression of the ESCRTIII protein CHMP4B, which is involved in cellular repair. The present results suggest that exposure to an acute stressor induces the hallmarks of pyroptosis in brain, which might serve as a key cellular process involved in the release of IL-1β into the extracellular milieu of the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Frank
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO;,Corresponding Author: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Campus Box 603, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA, Tel: +1-303-919-8116,
| | - Michael V. Baratta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia;,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Isabella P. Fallon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Mikayleigh A. Pearson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;,International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mark R. Hutchinson
- Adelaide Medical School & ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Ewa M. Goldys
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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20
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Wu Q, Yue J, Zhang H, Kuca K, Wu W. Anorexic responses to trichothecene deoxynivalenol and its congeners correspond to secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:103371. [PMID: 32171072 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Type B trichothecene mycotoxins comprise deoxynivalenol ("Vomitoxin", DON) and four structually related congeners: 15-acetyl- and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON and 3-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), 4-acetyl-nivalenol (fusarenon X, FX). These foodborne mycotoxins has been linked to food poisoning leading to anorexic response in human and several animal species. However, the pathophysiological basis for anorexic effect is relatively unclear. The goal of this research was to compare anorexic effect to type B trichothecenes and relate these effects to two common cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) following oral and IP exposure. Both cytokines were increased within 1-2 h in plasma and returned to basal concentrations at 6 h following exposure to DON and ADONs. FX evoked both cytokines with initial time and duration at 1-2 h and > 6 h, respectively. Elevation of TNF-α and IL-1β induced by orally exposure to NIV did not occur until 2 h and recovered to basal concentrations at 6 h. Both cytokines were elevated at 1 h and lasted more than 6 h following IP exposure to NIV. Type B trichothecenes stimulated plasma secretion of both cytokines that were consistent with reduction of food intake. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that TNF-α and IL-1β act critical roles in type B trichothecenes-induced anorexic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Jianming Yue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
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21
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Reyes-Ortega P, Ragu Varman D, Rodríguez VM, Reyes-Haro D. Anorexia induces a microglial associated pro-inflammatory environment and correlates with neurodegeneration in the prefrontal cortex of young female rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 392:112606. [PMID: 32387351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration-Induced Anorexia (DIA) is a murine model that reproduces weight loss and avoidance of food, despite its availability. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) integrates sensory inputs and updates associative learning to promote (hunger) or inhibit (satiety) food-seeking behavior. In this study we tested if anorexia induces a pro-inflammatory environment associated with microglia in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), specific subregions of the PFC involved in appetite. Our results showed that anorexia increased microglial density, promoted a de-ramified morphology and augmented the de-ramified/ramified ratio in the mPFC and OFC but not in the motor cortex. Anorexia also increased the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. This pro-inflammatory environment associated with microglia activation correlates with neuronal damage as revealed by Fluoro Jade C (FJC) and NeuN immunolabeling. We conclude that anorexia triggers a pro-inflammatory environment associated with microglia that correlates with neurodegeneration in the mPFC and OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Reyes-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla #3001. Juriquilla, Querétaro; CP 76230, México
| | - Durairaj Ragu Varman
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla #3001. Juriquilla, Querétaro; CP 76230, México; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Verónica M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurobiología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla #3001. Juriquilla, Querétaro; CP 76230, México
| | - Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla #3001. Juriquilla, Querétaro; CP 76230, México.
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22
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Abstract
Systemic infections of all types lead to a syndrome known as sickness behaviors. Changes in the behavior of febrile humans and animals formed the original basis for this concept. Body temperature is behaviorally regulated in both endotherms and ectotherms. However, infections cause other changes in body functions, including sleep disruption, anorexia, cognitive and memory deficits and disorientation. The brain mediates this entire cluster of symptoms, even though most major infections occur outside the brain. The true importance of sickness behaviors is not the numerous discoveries of symptoms that affect all of us when we get sick. Instead, the legacy of 30 years of research in sickness behaviors is that it established the physiologic importance of reciprocal communication systems between the immune system and the brain. This conceptual advance remains in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Kelley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences (ACES), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,School of Psychology and Public Health, University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Dean and Head of School of Psychology & Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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23
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Yang C, Wardenaar KJ, Bosker FJ, Li J, Schoevers RA. Inflammatory markers and treatment outcome in treatment resistant depression: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2019; 257:640-649. [PMID: 31357161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial percentage of depressed patients do not respond satisfactorily to conventional antidepressant treatment. This treatment resistant depression (TRD) may be partly related to inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. Accordingly, peripheral inflammatory markers might serve to predict treatment response with novel but still experimental forms of antidepressant treatment. METHODS A literature search on treatment of TRD and inflammatory markers was performed using the PubMed/Medline database on November 8th 2018, and 95 articles were retrieved initially, which were subsequently screened and selected only when the inclusion and exclusion criteria were met. RESULTS Ten studies were recruited. In five studies higher baseline interleukin-6 (IL-6) or C-reactive protein (CRP)/high-sensitivity-CRP (hsCRP) in blood predicted better response to medication with anti-inflammatory characteristics, such as ketamine and infliximab. One study found that higher IL-6 predicted worse response to antidepressant treatment in patients with TRD. No evidence was found for the predictive value of other inflammatory markers (e.g., Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interferon-γ). LIMITATIONS The number of available studies was limited; included studies showed considerable methodological variation and used different definitions for TRD. CONCLUSION The inflammatory markers IL-6 and CRP/hsCRP could hold promise as markers for the prediction of treatment response in TRD. Clearly, this field of research is still far from mature but it could pave the way for novel and efficacious treatments for at least the inflammatory type of TRD with more well-designed studies and more convincing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Yang
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China; University Centre of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Research School Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas J Wardenaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fokko J Bosker
- University Centre of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Research School Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Li
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- University Centre of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Research School Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Chaskiel L, Bristow AD, Bluthé RM, Dantzer R, Blomqvist A, Konsman JP. Interleukin-1 reduces food intake and body weight in rat by acting in the arcuate hypothalamus. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:560-573. [PMID: 31310797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in food intake is commonly observed after bacterial infection, a phenomenon that can be reproduced by peripheral administration of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine released by LPS-activated macrophages. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) plays a major role in food intake regulation and expresses IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) mRNA. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that IL-1R1 expressing cells in the ARH mediate IL-1β and/or LPS-induced hypophagia in the rat. To do so, we developed an IL-1β-saporin conjugate, which eliminated IL-R1-expressing neurons in the hippocampus, and micro-injected it into the ARH prior to systemic IL-1β and LPS administration. ARH IL-1β-saporin injection resulted in loss of neuropeptide Y-containing cells and attenuated hypophagia and weight loss after intraperitoneal IL-1β, but not LPS, administration. In conclusion, the present study shows that ARH NPY-containing neurons express functional IL-1R1s that mediate peripheral IL-1β-, but not LPS-, induced hypophagia. Our present and previous findings indicate that the reduction of food intake after IL-1β and LPS are mediated by different neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Chaskiel
- Psychoneuroimmunology, Nutrition and Genetics, UMR CNRS 5226-INRA 1286, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Adrian D Bristow
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Rose-Marie Bluthé
- Psychoneuroimmunology, Nutrition and Genetics, UMR CNRS 5226-INRA 1286, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 770030, USA
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Pieter Konsman
- UMR CNRS 5287 Aquitaine Institute for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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25
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Mastrodonato A, Cohensedgh O, LaGamma CT, McGowan JC, Hunsberger HC, Denny CA. Prophylactic (R,S)-ketamine selectively protects against inflammatory stressors. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112238. [PMID: 31563463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with peripheral inflammation are a particularly vulnerable population for developing depression and are also more resistant towards traditional antidepressants. This signals the need for novel drugs that can effectively treat this patient population. Recently, we have demonstrated that (R,S)-ketamine is a prophylactic against a variety of stressors, but have yet to test if it is protective against inflammatory-induced vulnerability to a stressor. Here, male 129S6/SvEv mice were administered saline or (R,S)-ketamine (30 mg/kg) 6 days before an injection of vehicle (VEH) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.83 or 1.0 mg/kg, serotypes O111:B4 or O127:B8). Twenty-four hours after LPS administration, mice were administered a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm, followed by a context re-exposure and the forced swim test (FST). In a separate cohort, we tested if (R,S)-ketamine was effective as a prophylactic against polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC), a viral mimetic. (R,S)-ketamine was effective as a prophylactic for attenuating learned fear in the O111:B4 and O127:B8 strains of LPS. (R,S)-ketamine was also effective as a prophylactic for decreasing stress-induced depressive-like behavior in the O111:B4 and O127:B8 strains of LPS. Both of these effects were limited to administration of 1.0, but not 0.83 mg/kg of the O111:B4 and O127:B8 strains of LPS. (R,S)-ketamine was not effective against either stress phenotype following PIC administration. These data suggest that prophylactic (R,S)-ketamine may protect against selective inflammation-induced stress phenotypes following an inflammatory challenge. Future studies will be necessary to determine if (R,S)-ketamine can be useful in patient populations with peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Mastrodonato
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH)/New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Omid Cohensedgh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Christina T LaGamma
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH)/New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Josephine C McGowan
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Holly C Hunsberger
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH)/New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Christine A Denny
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH)/New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, United States.
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26
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Skoie IM, Dalen I, Omdal R. Effect of Biological Treatment on Fatigue in Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Dermatol 2019; 20:493-502. [PMID: 30941636 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-019-00434-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue is frequent in patients with psoriasis. Though conventional drugs in general have no effect on fatigue, biological agents have demonstrated beneficial effects in several other chronic inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of biological drugs on fatigue in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in which anti-interleukin-12/23, anti-interleukin-23, anti-interleukin-17, or anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents were used for psoriasis vulgaris and fatigue was an outcome measure. RESULTS A total of eight randomized controlled trials fulfilled criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The studies used two fatigue reporting scales: the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue and the Short Form 36 Health Survey Vitality Subscale. Treatment by biological agents in general compared with placebo led to a significant reduction in fatigue, with a standardized mean difference of - 0.40 (95% confidence interval - 0.46 to - 0.34; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Biological drugs used for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris have a consistently small-to-moderate beneficial effect on fatigue independent of the type of drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Marie Skoie
- Department of Dermatology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ingvild Dalen
- Section of Biostatistics, Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Roald Omdal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, PO Box 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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27
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Lee CH, Giuliani F. The Role of Inflammation in Depression and Fatigue. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1696. [PMID: 31379879 PMCID: PMC6658985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and fatigue are conditions responsible for heavy global societal burden, especially in patients already suffering from chronic diseases. These symptoms have been identified by those affected as some of the most disabling symptoms which affect the quality of life and productivity of the individual. While many factors play a role in the development of depression and fatigue, both have been associated with increased inflammatory activation of the immune system affecting both the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). This is further supported by the well-described association between diseases that involve immune activation and these symptoms in autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and immune system activation in response to infections, like sepsis. Treatments for depression also support this immunopsychiatric link. Antidepressants have been shown to decrease inflammation, while higher levels of baseline inflammation predict lower treatment efficacy for most treatments. Those patients with higher initial immune activation may on the other hand be more responsive to treatments targeting immune pathways, which have been found to be effective in treating depression and fatigue in some cases. These results show strong support for the hypothesis that depression and fatigue are associated with an increased activation of the immune system which may serve as a valid target for treatment. Further studies should focus on the pathways involved in these symptoms and the development of treatments that target those pathways will help us to better understand these conditions and devise more targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lee
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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28
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Duarte-Silva E, Macedo D, Maes M, Peixoto CA. Novel insights into the mechanisms underlying depression-associated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:1-10. [PMID: 30849414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by neuroinflammation, demyelination and neuroaxonal degeneration affecting >2 million people around the world. MS is often accompanied by psychiatric comorbidities such as major depressive disorder (MDD), which presents a lifetime prevalence of around 50% in MS patients. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model extensively used to study MS. EAE mimics the autoimmune nature of MS, as well as its inflammatory and demyelinating mechanisms also presenting predictive validity. There are important similarities between EAE and MS-associated depression (MSD). The mechanisms shared by these disorders include peripheral inflammation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, lowered antioxidant defenses, increased bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation, and microglial pathology. Although the role of the immune-inflammatory system in MDD has been established in the 1990's, only few studies addressed immune pathways as a major determinant of depressive-like behavior in EAE. Therefore, in the present study we aimed at revising the current literature on EAE as an animal model to investigate the comorbidity between MS and MDD. In this regard, we revised the current literature on behavioral alterations in EAE, the possible mechanisms involved in this comorbidity and the potential and limitations of using this animal model to study depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil; Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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29
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Selles MC, Oliveira MM, Ferreira ST. Brain Inflammation Connects Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S313-S327. [PMID: 29710716 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main form of dementia in the elderly and affects greater than 47 million people worldwide. Care for AD patients poses very significant personal and economic demands on individuals and society, and the situation is expected to get even more dramatic in the coming decades unless effective treatments are found to halt the progression of the disease. Although AD is most commonly regarded as a disease of the memory, the entire brain is eventually affected by neuronal dysfunction or neurodegeneration, which brings about a host of other behavioral disturbances. AD patients often present with apathy, depression, eating and sleeping disorders, aggressive behavior, and other non-cognitive symptoms, which deeply affect not only the patient but also the caregiver's health. These symptoms are usually associated with AD pathology but are often neglected as part of disease progression due to the early and profound impact of disease on memory centers such as the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Yet, a collection of findings offers biochemical insight into mechanisms underlying non-cognitive symptoms in AD, and indicate that, at the molecular level, such symptoms share common mechanisms. Here, we review evidence indicating mechanistic links between memory loss and non-cognitive symptoms of AD. We highlight the central role of the pro-inflammatory activity of microglia in behavioral alterations in AD patients and in experimental models of the disease. We suggest that a deeper understanding of non-cognitive symptoms of AD may illuminate a new beginning in AD research, offering a fresh approach to elucidate mechanisms involved in disease progression and potentially unveiling yet unexplored therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clara Selles
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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30
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Kopec AM, Smith CJ, Bilbo SD. Neuro-Immune Mechanisms Regulating Social Behavior: Dopamine as Mediator? Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:337-348. [PMID: 30890276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Social interactions are fundamental to survival and overall health. The mechanisms underlying social behavior are complex, but we now know that immune signaling plays a fundamental role in the regulation of social interactions. Prolonged or exaggerated alterations in social behavior often accompany altered immune signaling and function in pathological states. Thus, unraveling the link between social behavior and immune signaling is a fundamental challenge, not only to advance our understanding of human health and development, but for the design of comprehensive therapeutic approaches for neural disorders. In this review, we synthesize literature demonstrating the bidirectional relationship between social behavior and immune signaling and highlight recent work linking social behavior, immune function, and dopaminergic signaling in adolescent neural and behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Kopec
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline J Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Ragu-Varman D, Macedo-Mendoza M, Labrada-Moncada FE, Reyes-Ortega P, Morales T, Martínez-Torres A, Reyes-Haro D. Anorexia increases microglial density and cytokine expression in the hippocampus of young female rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:118-125. [PMID: 30690107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia by osmotic dehydration is an adaptive response to hypernatremia and hyperosmolaemia induced by ingestion of a hypertonic solution. Dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) reproduces weight loss and avoidance of food, despite its availability. By using this model, we previously showed increased reactive astrocyte density in the rat dorsal hippocampus, suggesting a pro-inflammatory environment where microglia may play an important role. However, whether such anorexic condition increases a pro-inflammatory response is unknown. The aim of this study was to test if DIA increases microglial density in the dorsal hippocampus, as well as the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in the hippocampus of young female rats. Our results showed that DIA significantly increased microglial density in CA2-CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) but not in CA1. However, forced food restriction (FFR) only increased microglial density in the DG. Accordingly, the activated/resting microglia ratio was significantly increased in CA2-CA3 and DG, in DIA and FFR groups. Finally, western blot analysis showed increased expression of IBA1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampus of both experimental groups. We conclude that anorexia triggers increased reactive microglial density and expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β; this environment may result in hippocampal neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj Ragu-Varman
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Mayra Macedo-Mendoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Francisco Emmanuel Labrada-Moncada
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Pamela Reyes-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Teresa Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico.
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32
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López-Cruz L, Salamone JD, Correa M. Caffeine and Selective Adenosine Receptor Antagonists as New Therapeutic Tools for the Motivational Symptoms of Depression. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:526. [PMID: 29910727 PMCID: PMC5992708 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric disorders. Some of the motivational symptoms of depression, such anergia (lack of self-reported energy) and fatigue are relatively resistant to traditional treatments such as serotonin uptake inhibitors. Thus, new pharmacological targets are being investigated. Epidemiological data suggest that caffeine consumption can have an impact on aspects of depressive symptomatology. Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine antagonist for A1/A2A receptors, and has been demonstrated to modulate behavior in classical animal models of depression. Moreover, selective adenosine receptor antagonists are being assessed for their antidepressant effects in animal studies. This review focuses on how caffeine and selective adenosine antagonists can improve different aspects of depression in humans, as well as in animal models. The effects on motivational symptoms of depression such as anergia, fatigue, and psychomotor slowing receive particular attention. Thus, the ability of adenosine receptor antagonists to reverse the anergia induced by dopamine antagonism or depletion is of special interest. In conclusion, although further studies are needed, it appears that caffeine and selective adenosine receptor antagonists could be therapeutic agents for the treatment of motivational dysfunction in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Cruz
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - John D. Salamone
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Mercè Correa
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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33
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Dantzer R. Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:477-504. [PMID: 29351513 PMCID: PMC5866360 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
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34
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Perinatal inflammation and adult psychopathology: From preclinical models to humans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 77:104-114. [PMID: 28890420 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal environment plays a crucial role in brain development and determines its function through life. Epidemiological studies and clinical reports link perinatal exposure to infection and/or immune activation to various psychiatric disorders. In addition, accumulating evidence from animal models shows that perinatal inflammation can affect various behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism, anxiety and depression. Remarkably, the effects on behavior and brain function do not always depend on the type of inflammatory stimulus or the perinatal age targeted, so diverse inflammatory events can have similar consequences on the brain. Moreover, other perinatal environmental factors that affect behavior (e.g. diet and stress) also elicit inflammatory responses. Understanding the interplay between perinatal environment and inflammation on brain development is required to identify the mechanisms through which perinatal inflammation affect brain function in the adult animal. Evidence for the role of the peripheral immune system and glia on perinatal programming of behavior is discussed in this review, along with recent evidence for the role of epigenetic mechanisms affecting gene expression in the brain.
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35
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Le Thuc O, Rovère C. [Hypothalamic inflammation and energy balance deregulations: focus on chemokines.]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 210:211-225. [PMID: 28327280 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance. It especially controls food intake and both energy storage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural and nutrient-related signals and cues. Hypothalamic neurons and glial cells act jointly to orchestrate, both spatially and temporally, regulated metabolic functions of the hypothalamus. Thus, the existence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and deregulations of feeding behavior, such as involuntary weight-loss or obesity, has been suggested. Among the inflammatory mediators that could induce deregulations of hypothalamic control of the energy balance, chemokines represent interesting candidates. Indeed, chemokines, primarily known for their chemoattractant role of immune cells to the inflamed site, have also been suggested capable of neuromodulation. Thus, chemokines could disrupt cellular activity together with synthesis and/or secretion of multiple neurotransmitters/mediators that are involved in the maintenance of energy balance. Here, we relate, on one hand, recent results showing the primary role of the central chemokinergic signaling CCL2/CCR2 for metabolic and behavioral adaptation to high-grade inflammation, especially loss of appetite and weight, through its activity on hypothalamic neurons producing the orexigenic peptide Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) and, on the other hand, results that suggest that chemokines could also deregulate hypothalamic neuropeptidergic circuits to induce an opposite phenotype and eventually participate in the onset/development of obesity. In more details, we will emphasize a study recently showing, in a model of high-grade acute inflammation of LPS injection in mice, that central CCL2/CCR2 signaling is of primary importance for several aspects explaining weight loss associated with inflammation: after LPS injection, animals lose weight, reduce their food intake, increase their fat oxidation (thus energy consumption from fat storage)...These inflammation-induced metabolic and behavioral changes are reduced when central CCR2 signaling is disrupted either pharmacologically (by a specific inhibitor of CCR2) or genetically (in mice deficient for CCR2). This underlines the importance of this signaling in inflammation-related weight loss. We further determined that the LPS-induced and CCR2-mediated weight loss depends on the direct effect of CCR2 activation on MCH neurons activity. Indeed, the MCH neurons express CCR2, and the application of CCL2 on brain slices revealed that activation of CCR2 actually depolarizes MCH neurons and induces delays and/or failures of action potential emission. Furthermore, CCL2 is able to reduce KCl-evoked MCH secretion from hypothalamic explants. Taken together, these results demonstrate the role of the central CCL2/CCR2 signaling in metabolic and behavioral adaptation to inflammation. On the other hand, this first description of how the chemokinergic system can actually modulate the activity of the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance, but also some less advanced studies and some unpublished data, suggest that some other chemokines, such as CCL5, could participate in the development of the opposite phenotype, that is to say obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France - Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
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Sickness behavior in feverish children is independent of the severity of fever. An observational, multicenter study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171670. [PMID: 28278190 PMCID: PMC5344311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. OBJECTIVES Behavioral changes in a febrile child are usually considered to stem from the fever. We studied sickness behavior (SB) in terms of its clinical components and its relation to fever. METHODS This observational, multicenter study included children aged 6 months to 3 years who were either febrile (fever ≥12 hours, ≥ 39°C and ≥38°C at inclusion) or non-febrile and well. The child had to have been awake for the 2 hours preceding the consultation and cared for by the parent who brought him/her to the doctor. SB was evaluated according to 6 parameters over this 2-hour period: time spent playing, distance covered, time spent seeking comfort, time spent whining or crying, time spent in a state of irritation or of anger, most distorted facial expression. Two parameters were assessed for the 24-hour period preceding the consultation: time spent sleeping and appetite. The parent reported the degree of change in these parameters compared with the usual situation, using rating scales. RESULTS 200 febrile children (most with nonspecific upper respiratory infections) and 200 non-febrile children were included. The mean values of the 8 parameters differed significantly (p<0.001) between the 2 groups and were independent of the height of fever at inclusion in the febrile children. In the study conditions, paracetamol failed to improve SB when the child was still feverish. CONCLUSION The 8 parameters suggested that SB and fever are two independent manifestations that are activated simultaneously during an infection. This independence is in harmony with recommendations to treat the discomfort of SB and not the fever.
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Le Thuc O, Stobbe K, Cansell C, Nahon JL, Blondeau N, Rovère C. Hypothalamic Inflammation and Energy Balance Disruptions: Spotlight on Chemokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:197. [PMID: 28855891 PMCID: PMC5557773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance as it controls food intake and both energy storage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural, and nutrient-related signals and cues. Many years of research have focused on the regulation of energy balance by hypothalamic neurons, but the most recent findings suggest that neurons and glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in the hypothalamus actually orchestrate together several metabolic functions. Because glial cells have been described as mediators of inflammatory processes in the brain, the existence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and the deregulations of feeding behavior, leading to involuntary weight loss or obesity for example, has been suggested. Several inflammatory pathways that could impair the hypothalamic control of energy balance have been studied over the years such as, among others, toll-like receptors and canonical cytokines. Yet, less studied so far, chemokines also represent interesting candidates that could link the aforementioned pathways and the activity of hypothalamic neurons. Indeed, chemokines, in addition to their role in attracting immune cells to the inflamed site, have been suggested to be capable of neuromodulation. Thus, they could disrupt cellular activity together with synthesis and/or secretion of multiple neurotransmitters/mediators involved in the maintenance of energy balance. This review discusses the different inflammatory pathways that have been identified so far in the hypothalamus in the context of feeding behavior and body weight control impairments, with a particular focus on chemokines signaling that opens a new avenue in the understanding of the major role played by inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Stobbe
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Carole Rovère,
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Farooq RK, Asghar K, Kanwal S, Zulqernain A. Role of inflammatory cytokines in depression: Focus on interleukin-1β. Biomed Rep 2016; 6:15-20. [PMID: 28123701 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, major depression will become the leading cause of disability worldwide by the year 2030. Despite extensive research into the mechanisms underlying this disease, the rate, prevalence and disease burden has been on the rise, particularly in the industrialized world. Epidemiological studies have shown biological and biochemical differences in disease characteristics and treatment responses in different age groups. Notable differences have been observed in the clinical presentation, co-prevalence with other diseases, interaction with the immune system and even in the outcome. Thus, there is an increased interest in characterizing these differences, particularly in terms of contribution of different factors, including age, cytokines and immunotherapy. Research into the possible mechanisms of these interactions may reveal novel opportunities for future pharmacotherapy. The aim of the present review is to document recent literature regarding the impact of inflammatory mechanisms on the pathophysiology of the depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Asghar
- Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC), Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzina Kanwal
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, P.R. China
| | - Ali Zulqernain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab 40100, Pakistan
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Araki R, Nishida S, Hiraki Y, Li F, Matsumoto K, Yabe T. Kamikihito Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Sickness Behavior via Attenuating Neural Activation, but Not Inflammation, in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus and Central Nucleus of the Amygdala in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:289-94. [PMID: 26830488 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sickness behavior is a series of behavioral and psychological changes that develop in those stricken with cancers and inflammatory diseases. The etiological mechanism of sickness behavior is not known in detail, and consequently there are no established standard therapies. Kamikihito (KKT), a Kampo (traditional Japanese herbal) medicine composed of 14 herbs, has been used clinically to treat psychiatric dysfunction. Previously, we found that KKT ameliorated sickness behavior in mice inoculated with murine colon 26 adenocarcinoma cells. In this study, we examined the effects of KKT on bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behavior in mice. The administration of LPS caused the emotional aspects of sickness behavior, such as loss of object exploration, social interaction deficit, and depressive-like behavior. LPS also induced mRNA expression for cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and increased the number of c-Fos immunopositive cells in the hypothalamus and amygdala. KKT ameliorated the behavioral changes and reversed the increases in c-Fos immunopositive cells in the two brain regions, but did not influence the mRNA expression. These results suggest that KKT ameliorates sickness behavior via the suppression of neural activation without anti-inflammatory effects, and that KKT has the potential to treat sickness behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Araki
- Laboratory of Functional Biomolecules and Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
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Ryan KM, Griffin ÉW, Ryan KJ, Tanveer R, Vanattou-Saifoudine N, McNamee EN, Fallon E, Heffernan S, Harkin A, Connor TJ. Clenbuterol activates the central IL-1 system via the β2-adrenoceptor without provoking inflammatory response related behaviours in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:114-29. [PMID: 26928198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-acting, highly lipophilic, β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol may represent a suitable therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation as it drives an anti-inflammatory response within the CNS. However, clenbuterol is also known to increase the expression of IL-1β in the brain, a potent neuromodulator that plays a role in provoking sickness related symptoms including anxiety and depression-related behaviours. Here we demonstrate that, compared to the immunological stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250μg/kg), clenbuterol (0.5mg/kg) selectively up-regulates expression of the central IL-1 system resulting in a mild stress-like response which is accompanied by a reduction in locomotor activity and food consumption in rats. We provide further evidence that clenbuterol-induced activation of the central IL-1 system occurs in a controlled and selective manner in tandem with its negative regulators IL-1ra and IL-1RII. Furthermore, we demonstrate that peripheral β2-adrenoceptors mediate the suppression of locomotor activity and food consumption induced by clenbuterol and that these effects are not linked to the central induction of IL-1β. Moreover, despite increasing central IL-1β expression, chronic administration of clenbuterol (0.03mg/kg; twice daily for 21days) fails to induce anxiety or depressive-like behaviour in rats in contrast to reports of the ability of exogenously administered IL-1 to induce these symptoms in rodents. Overall, our findings suggest that clenbuterol or other selective β2-adrenoceptor agonists could have the potential to combat neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disorders without inducing unwanted symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Éadaoin W Griffin
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katie J Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Riffat Tanveer
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Natacha Vanattou-Saifoudine
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin N McNamee
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emer Fallon
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sheena Heffernan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thomas J Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Fritz M, Klawonn AM, Nilsson A, Singh AK, Zajdel J, Wilhelms DB, Lazarus M, Löfberg A, Jaarola M, Kugelberg UÖ, Billiar TR, Hackam DJ, Sodhi CP, Breyer MD, Jakobsson J, Schwaninger M, Schütz G, Parkitna JR, Saper CB, Blomqvist A, Engblom D. Prostaglandin-dependent modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission elicits inflammation-induced aversion in mice. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:695-705. [PMID: 26690700 DOI: 10.1172/jci83844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation causes malaise and general feelings of discomfort. This fundamental aspect of the sickness response reduces the quality of life for people suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases and is a nuisance during mild infections like common colds or the flu. To investigate how inflammation is perceived as unpleasant and causes negative affect, we used a behavioral test in which mice avoid an environment that they have learned to associate with inflammation-induced discomfort. Using a combination of cell-type–specific gene deletions, pharmacology, and chemogenetics, we found that systemic inflammation triggered aversion through MyD88-dependent activation of the brain endothelium followed by COX1-mediated cerebral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. Further, we showed that inflammation-induced PGE2 targeted EP1 receptors on striatal dopamine D1 receptor–expressing neurons and that this signaling sequence induced aversion through GABA-mediated inhibition of dopaminergic cells. Finally, we demonstrated that inflammation-induced aversion was not an indirect consequence of fever or anorexia but that it constituted an independent inflammatory symptom triggered by a unique molecular mechanism. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PGE2-mediated modulation of the dopaminergic motivational circuitry is a key mechanism underlying the negative affect induced by inflammation.
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Effects of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure during Early Gestation in Rats on Inflammation across the Maternal-Fetal-Immune Interface and Later-Life Immune Function in the Offspring. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:680-692. [PMID: 27318824 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During early brain development, microglial activation can negatively impact long-term neuroimmune and cognitive outcomes. It is well-known that significant alcohol exposure during early gestation results in a number of cognitive deficits associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Additionally, microglia are activated following high levels of alcohol exposure in rodent models of FASD. We sought to examine whether moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (70 mg/dL blood alcohol concentration) activates microglia in the fetal rat brain, and whether moderate fetal alcohol exposure has long-term negative consequences for immune function and cognitive function in the rat. We also measured inflammation within the placenta and maternal serum following moderate alcohol exposure to determine whether either could be a source of cytokine production in the fetus. One week of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure produced a sex-specific increase in cytokines and chemokines within the fetal brain. Cytokines were also increased within the placenta, regardless of the sex of the fetus, and independent of the low levels of circulating cytokines within the maternal serum. Adult offspring exposed to alcohol prenatally had exaggerated cytokine production in the brain and periphery in response to lipopolysaccharide (25 μg/kg), as well as significant memory deficits precipitated by this low-level of inflammation. Thus the immune system, including microglia, may be a key link to understanding the etiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and other unexplored cognitive or health risks associated with even low levels of fetal alcohol exposure.
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Remus JL, Dantzer R. Inflammation Models of Depression in Rodents: Relevance to Psychotropic Drug Discovery. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw028. [PMID: 27026361 PMCID: PMC5043641 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and depression are closely inter-related; inflammation induces symptoms of depression and, conversely, depressed mood and stress favor an inflammatory phenotype. The mechanisms that mediate the ability of inflammation to induce symptoms of depression are intensively studied at the preclinical level. This review discusses how it has been possible to build animal models of inflammation-induced depression based on clinical data and to explore critical mechanisms downstream of inflammation. Namely, we focus on the ability of inflammation to increase the activity of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, which leads to the production of kynurenine and downstream neuroactive metabolites. By acting on glutamatergic neurotransmission, these neuroactive metabolites play a key role in the development of depression-like behaviors. An important outcome of the preclinical research on inflammation-induced depression is the identification of potential novel targets for antidepressant treatments, which include targeting the kynurenine system and production of downstream metabolites, altering transport of kynurenine into the brain, and modulating glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Remus
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Poon DCH, Ho YS, You R, Tse HL, Chiu K, Chang RCC. PKR deficiency alters E. coli-induced sickness behaviors but does not exacerbate neuroimmune responses or bacterial load. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:212. [PMID: 26585788 PMCID: PMC4653925 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation induces neuroimmune activation, ultimately leading to sickness (e.g., fever, anorexia, motor impairments, exploratory deficits, and social withdrawal). In this study, we evaluated the role of protein kinase R (PKR), a serine-threonine kinase that can control systemic inflammation, on neuroimmune responses and sickness. Methods Wild-type (WT) PKR+/+ mice and PKR−/− mice were subcutaneously injected with live Escherichia coli (E. coli) or vehicle. Food consumption, rotarod test performance, burrowing, open field activity, object investigation, and social interaction were monitored. Plasma TNF-α and corticosterone were measured by ELISA. The percentage of neutrophils in blood was deduced from blood smears. Inflammatory gene expression (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, iNOS) in the liver and the brain (hypothalamus and hippocampus) were quantified by real-time PCR. Blood and lavage fluid (injection site) were collected for microbiological plate count and for real-time PCR of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression in the hypothalamus was also determined by real-time PCR. Results Deficiency of PKR diminished peripheral inflammatory responses following E. coli challenge. However, while the core components of sickness (anorexia and motor impairments) were similar between both strains of mice, the behavioral components of sickness (reduced burrowing, exploratory activity deficits, and social withdrawal) were only observable in PKR−/− mice but not in WT mice. Such alteration of behavioral components was unlikely to be caused by exaggerated neuroimmune activation, by an impaired host defense to the infection, or due to a dysregulated corticosterone response, because both strains of mice displayed similar neuroimmune responses, bacterial titers, and plasma corticosterone profiles throughout the course of infection. Nevertheless, the induction of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) by E. coli was delayed in PKR−/− mice relative to WT mice, suggesting that PKR deficiency may postpone the CRH response during systemic inflammation. Conclusions Taken together, our findings show that (1) loss of PKR could alter E. coli-induced sickness behaviors and (2) this was unlikely to be due to exacerbated neuroimmune activation, (3) elevated bacterial load, or (4) dysregulation in the corticosterone response. Further studies can address the role of PKR in the CRH response together with its consequence on sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chun-Hei Poon
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ran You
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hei-Long Tse
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Rm. L1-49, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Suppression of Locomotor Activity in Female C57Bl/6J Mice Treated with Interleukin-1β: Investigating a Method for the Study of Fatigue in Laboratory Animals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140678. [PMID: 26469939 PMCID: PMC4607158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a disabling symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s Disease, and is also common in patients with traumatic brain injury, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. Little is known about the neurobiology of fatigue, in part due to the lack of an approach to induce fatigue in laboratory animals. Fatigue is a common response to systemic challenge by pathogens, a response in part mediated through action of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). We investigated the behavioral responses of mice to IL-1β. Female C57Bl/6J mice of 3 ages were administered IL-1β at various doses i.p. Interleukin-1β reduced locomotor activity, and sensitivity increased with age. Further experiments were conducted with middle-aged females. Centrally administered IL-1β dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity. Using doses of IL-1β that caused suppression of locomotor activity, we measured minimal signs of sickness, such as hyperthermia, pain or anhedonia (as measured with abdominal temperature probes, pre-treatment with the analgesic buprenorphine and through sucrose preference, respectively), all of which are responses commonly reported with higher doses. We found that middle-aged orexin-/- mice showed equivalent effects of IL-1β on locomotor activity as seen in wild-type controls, suggesting that orexins are not necessary for IL-1β -induced reductions in wheel-running. Given that the availability and success of therapeutic treatments for fatigue is currently limited, we examined the effectiveness of two potential clinical treatments, modafinil and methylphenidate. We found that these treatments were variably successful in restoring locomotor activity after IL-1β administration. This provides one step toward development of a satisfactory animal model of the multidimensional experience of fatigue, a model that could allow us to determine possible pathways through which inflammation induces fatigue, and could lead to novel treatments for reversal of fatigue.
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Kongsui R, Johnson SJ, Graham BA, Nilsson M, Walker FR. A combined cumulative threshold spectra and digital reconstruction analysis reveal structural alterations of microglia within the prefrontal cortex following low-dose LPS administration. Neuroscience 2015; 310:629-40. [PMID: 26440295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sickness behaviors have become the focus of great interest in recent years as they represent a clear case of how peripheral disturbances in immune signaling can disrupt quite complex behaviors. In the current study, we were interested in examining whether we could identify any significant morphological disturbances in microglia associated with these sickness-like behaviors in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. We chose lipopolysaccharide (LPS 100 μg/kg/i.p.), to induce sickness-like behaviors as it is the most well-validated approach to do so in rodents and humans. We were particularly interested in examining changes in microglia within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as several recent neuroimaging studies have highlighted significant functional changes in this region following peripheral LPS administration. Paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue was collected from animals 24h post LPS administration and labeled immunohistochemically with an antibody directed to bind to Iba-1, a protein known to be involved in the structural remodeling of microglia. To analyze changes, we have made use of two recently described image analysis procedures. The first is known as cumulative threshold spectra (CTS) analysis. The second involves the unsupervised digital reconstruction of microglia. We undertook these complementary analysis of microglial cells in the both the pre- and infralimbic divisions of the PFC. Our results indicated that microglial soma size was significantly enlarged, while cell processes had contracted slightly following LPS administration. To our knowledge this study is to first to definitely demonstrate substantial microglial disturbances within the PFC following LPS delivered at a dose that was sufficient to induce significant sickness-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kongsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - S J Johnson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - B A Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - M Nilsson
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - F R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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47
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Schrepf A, Lutgendorf SK, Pyter LM. Pre-treatment effects of peripheral tumors on brain and behavior: neuroinflammatory mechanisms in humans and rodents. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:1-17. [PMID: 25958011 PMCID: PMC4567396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients suffer high levels of affective and cognitive disturbances, which have been attributed to diagnosis-related distress, impairment of quality of life, and side effects of primary treatment. An inflammatory microenvironment is also a feature of the vast majority of solid tumors. However, the ability of tumor-associated biological processes to affect the central nervous system (CNS) has only recently been explored in the context of symptoms of depression and cognitive disturbances. In this review, we summarize the burgeoning evidence from rodent cancer models that solid tumors alter neurobiological pathways and subsequent behavioral processes with relevance to affective and cognitive disturbances reported in human cancer populations. We consider, in parallel, the evidence from human clinical cancer research demonstrating that affective and cognitive disturbances are common in some malignancies prior to diagnosis and treatment. We further consider the underlying neurobiological pathways, including altered neuroinflammation, tryptophan metabolism, prostaglandin synthesis and associated neuroanatomical changes, that are most strongly implicated in the rodent literature and supported by analogous evidence from human cancer populations. We focus on the implications of these findings for behavioral researchers and clinicians, with particular emphasis on methodological issues and areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schrepf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Susan K Lutgendorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leah M Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health and Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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48
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Sickness: From the focus on cytokines, prostaglandins, and complement factors to the perspectives of neurons. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:30-45. [PMID: 26363665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation leads to a variety of physiological (e.g. fever) and behavioral (e.g. anorexia, immobility, social withdrawal, depressed mood, disturbed sleep) responses that are collectively known as sickness. While these phenomena have been studied for the past few decades, the neurobiological mechanisms by which sickness occurs remain unclear. In this review, we first revisit how the body senses and responds to infections and injuries by eliciting systemic inflammation. Next, we focus on how peripheral inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, prostaglandins, and activated complement factors communicate with the brain to trigger neuroinflammation and sickness. Since depression also involves inflammation, we further elaborate on the interrelationship between sickness and depression. Finally, we discuss how immune activation can modulate neurons in the brain, and suggest future perspectives to help unravel how changes in neuronal functions relate to sickness responses.
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49
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Skoie I, Ternowitz T, Jonsson G, Norheim K, Omdal R. Fatigue in psoriasis: a phenomenon to be explored. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:1196-203. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I.M. Skoie
- Department of Dermatology Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway
| | - T. Ternowitz
- Department of Dermatology Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway
| | - G. Jonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway
| | - K. Norheim
- Clinical Immunology Unit Department of Internal Medicine Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway
| | - R. Omdal
- Clinical Immunology Unit Department of Internal Medicine Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway
- Department of Clinical Science Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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50
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Abstract
Disease is a ubiquitous and powerful evolutionary force. Hosts have evolved behavioural and physiological responses to disease that are associated with increased survival. Behavioural modifications, known as 'sickness behaviours', frequently involve symptoms such as lethargy, somnolence and anorexia. Current research has demonstrated that the social environment is a potent modulator of these behaviours: when conflicting social opportunities arise, animals can decrease or entirely forgo experiencing sickness symptoms. Here, I review how different social contexts, such as the presence of mates, caring for offspring, competing for territories or maintaining social status, affect the expression of sickness behaviours. Exploiting the circumstances that promote this behavioural plasticity will provide new insights into the evolutionary ecology of social behaviours. A deeper understanding of when and how this modulation takes place may lead to better tools to treat symptoms of infection and be relevant for the development of more efficient disease control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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