1
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Ke Q, Kroger CJ, Clark M, Tisch RM. Evolving Antibody Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624568. [PMID: 33679717 PMCID: PMC7930374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to be a T cell driven autoimmune disease resulting in reduced insulin production due to dysfunction/destruction of pancreatic β cells. Currently, there continues to be a need for immunotherapies that selectively reestablish persistent β cell-specific self-tolerance for the prevention and remission of T1D in the clinic. The utilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is one strategy to target specific immune cell populations inducing autoimmune-driven pathology. Several mAb have proven to be clinically safe and exhibit varying degrees of efficacy in modulating autoimmunity, including T1D. Traditionally, mAb therapies have been used to deplete a targeted cell population regardless of antigenic specificity. However, this treatment strategy can prove detrimental resulting in the loss of acquired protective immunity. Nondepleting mAb have also been applied to modulate the function of immune effector cells. Recent studies have begun to define novel mechanisms associated with mAb-based immunotherapy that alter the function of targeted effector cell pools. These results suggest short course mAb therapies may have persistent effects for regaining and maintaining self-tolerance. Furthermore, the flexibility to manipulate mAb properties permits the development of novel strategies to target multiple antigens and/or deliver therapeutic drugs by a single mAb molecule. Here, we discuss current and potential future therapeutic mAb treatment strategies for T1D, and T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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2
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Oulghazi S, Wegner SK, Spohn G, Müller N, Harenkamp S, Stenzinger A, Papayannopoulou T, Bonig H. Adaptive Immunity and Pathogenesis of Diabetes: Insights Provided by the α4-Integrin Deficient NOD Mouse. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122597. [PMID: 33291571 PMCID: PMC7761835 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The spontaneously diabetic “non-obese diabetic” (NOD) mouse is a faithful model of human type-1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: Given the pivotal role of α4 integrin (CD49d) in other autoimmune diseases, we generated NOD mice with α4-deficient hematopoiesis (NOD.α4-/-) to study the role of α4 integrin in T1D. Results: NOD.α4-/- mice developed islet-specific T-cells and antibodies, albeit quantitatively less than α4+ counterparts. Nevertheless, NOD.α4-/- mice were completely and life-long protected from diabetes and insulitis. Moreover, transplantation with isogeneic α4-/- bone marrow prevented progression to T1D of pre-diabetic NOD.α4+ mice despite significant pre-existing islet cell injury. Transfer of α4+/CD3+, but not α4+/CD4+ splenocytes from diabetic to NOD.α4-/- mice induced diabetes with short latency. Despite an only modest contribution of adoptively transferred α4+/CD3+ cells to peripheral blood, pancreas-infiltrating T-cells were exclusively graft derived, i.e., α4+. Microbiota of diabetes-resistant NOD.α4-/- and pre-diabetic NOD.α4+ mice were identical. Co- housed diabetic NOD.α4+ mice showed the characteristic diabetic dysbiosis, implying causality of diabetes for dysbiosis. Incidentally, NOD.α4-/- mice were protected from autoimmune sialitis. Conclusion: α4 is a potential target for primary or secondary prevention of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Oulghazi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany or (S.O.); (S.K.W.)
| | - Sarah K. Wegner
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany or (S.O.); (S.K.W.)
| | - Gabriele Spohn
- Institute Frankfurt, German Red Cross Blood Service BaWüHe, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (G.S.); (N.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Nina Müller
- Institute Frankfurt, German Red Cross Blood Service BaWüHe, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (G.S.); (N.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Sabine Harenkamp
- Institute Frankfurt, German Red Cross Blood Service BaWüHe, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (G.S.); (N.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany or (S.O.); (S.K.W.)
- Institute Frankfurt, German Red Cross Blood Service BaWüHe, Sandhofstraße 1, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (G.S.); (N.M.); (S.H.)
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6782177
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3
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Butyrate induced Tregs are capable of migration from the GALT to the pancreas to restore immunological tolerance during type-1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19120. [PMID: 33154424 PMCID: PMC7644709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by progressive loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Butyrate is a commensal microbial-derived metabolite, implicated in intestinal homeostasis and immune regulation. Here, we investigated the mechanism of diabetes remission in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice following butyrate administration. Sodium butyrate (150 mM) was administered to female NOD mice in drinking water after the onset of hyperglycemia (15-25 weeks age) and at 4 weeks of age (early-intervention group). Butyrate administration reduced the progression of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice and delayed onset of diabetes in the early-intervention group with a reduction in insulitis. Butyrate administration increased regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the colon, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and its protective effects diminished upon depletion of Tregs. Further, an increase in α4β7, CCR9, and GPR15 expressing Tregs in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) and pancreas in butyrate-treated mice suggested migration of gut-primed Tregs towards the pancreas. Finally, the adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that induced Tregs from gut-associated lymphoid tissue can migrate towards the pancreas and PLN and delay the onset of diabetes. Our results thus suggest that early administration of butyrate can restore immunological tolerance during T1D via induction of Tregs with migratory capabilities.
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4
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Baster Z, Li L, Kukkurainen S, Chen J, Pentikäinen O, Győrffy B, Hytönen VP, Zhu H, Rajfur Z, Huang C. Cyanidin-3-glucoside binds to talin and modulates colon cancer cell adhesions and 3D growth. FASEB J 2020; 34:2227-2237. [PMID: 31916632 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900945r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is a natural pigment, found in many colorful fruits and vegetables. It has many health benefits, including anti-inflammation, cancer prevention, and anti-diabetes. Although C3G is assumed to be an antioxidant, it has been reported to affect cell-matrix adhesions. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that the expression of talin1, a key regulator of integrins and cell adhesions, negatively correlated with the survival rate of colon cancer patients and that depletion of talin1 inhibited 3D spheroid growth in colon cancer cells. Interestingly, C3G bound to talin and promoted the interaction of talin with β1A-integrin. Molecular docking analysis shows that C3G binds to the interface of the talin-β-integrin complex, acting as an allosteric regulator and altering the interaction between talin and integrin. Moreover, C3G promoted colon cancer cell attachment to fibronectin. While C3G had no significant effect on colon cancer cell proliferation, it significantly inhibited 3D spheroid growth in fibrin gel assays. Since C3G has no or very low toxicity, it could be potentially used for colon cancer prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Baster
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Liqing Li
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sampo Kukkurainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FL, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Olli Pentikäinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, FL, USA
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FL, USA.,Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, FL, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Cai Huang
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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5
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Sandor AM, Jacobelli J, Friedman RS. Immune cell trafficking to the islets during type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:314-325. [PMID: 31343073 PMCID: PMC6857188 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of immune cell trafficking to the pancreatic islets during type 1 diabetes (T1D) has therapeutic potential, since targeting of T cell and B cell trafficking has been clinically effective in other autoimmune diseases. Trafficking to the islets is characterized by redundancy in adhesion molecule and chemokine usage, which has not enabled effective targeting to date. Additionally, cognate antigen is not consistently required for T cell entry into the islets throughout the progression of disease. However, myeloid cells are required to enable T cell and B cell entry into the islets, and may serve as a convergence point in the pathways controlling this process. In this review we describe current knowledge of the factors that mediate immune cell trafficking to pancreatic islets during T1D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Sandor
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Department of Biomedical ResearchNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
| | - J. Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Department of Biomedical ResearchNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
| | - R. S. Friedman
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Department of Biomedical ResearchNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
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6
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Yossipof TE, Bazak ZR, Kenigsbuch-Sredni D, Caspi RR, Kalechman Y, Sredni B. Tellurium Compounds Prevent and Reverse Type-1 Diabetes in NOD Mice by Modulating α4β7 Integrin Activity, IL-1β, and T Regulatory Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:979. [PMID: 31191514 PMCID: PMC6549385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study shows that treatment of NOD mice with either of two tellurium-based small molecules, AS101 [ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-o,o')tellurate] or SAS [octa-O-bis-(R,R)-tartarate ditellurane] could preserve β cells function and mass. These beneficial effects were reflected in decreased incidence of diabetes, improved glucose clearance, preservation of body weight, and increased survival. The normal glucose levels were associated with increased insulin levels, preservation of β cell mass and increased islet size. Importantly, this protective activity could be demonstrated when the compounds were administered either at the early pre-diabetic phase with no or initial insulitis, at the pre-diabetic stage with advanced insulitis, or even at the advanced, overtly diabetic stage. We further demonstrate that both tellurium compounds prevent migration of autoimmune lymphocytes to the pancreas, via inhibition of the α4β7 integrin activity. Indeed, the decreased migration resulted in diminished pancreatic islets damage both with respect to their size, β cell function, and caspase-3 activity, the hallmark of apoptosis. Most importantly, AS101 and SAS significantly elevated the number of T regulatory cells in the pancreas, thus potentially controlling the autoimmune process. We show that the compounds inhibit pancreatic caspase-1 activity followed by decreased levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-17 in the pancreas. These properties enable the compounds to increase the proportion of Tregs in the pancreatic lymph nodes. AS101 and SAS have been previously shown to regulate specific integrins through a unique redox mechanism. Our current results suggest that amelioration of disease in NOD mice by this unique mechanism is due to decreased infiltration of pancreatic islets combined with increased immune regulation, leading to decreased inflammation within the islets. As these tellurium compounds show remarkable lack of toxicity in clinical trials (AS101) and pre-clinical studies (SAS), they may be suitable for the treatment of type-1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Eitan Yossipof
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Safdiè AIDS and Immunology Research Center, C.A.I.R. Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ziva Roy Bazak
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Safdiè AIDS and Immunology Research Center, C.A.I.R. Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yona Kalechman
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Safdiè AIDS and Immunology Research Center, C.A.I.R. Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Benjamin Sredni
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Safdiè AIDS and Immunology Research Center, C.A.I.R. Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
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7
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T lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa: defense and tolerance. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:216-224. [PMID: 30787416 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although lymphocytes are known to circulate throughout lymphoid tissues and blood, they also establish residency in nonlymphoid organs, most prominently in barrier tissues, such as the intestines. The adaptation of T lymphocytes to intestinal environments requires constant discrimination between natural stimulation from commensal flora and food and pathogens that need to be cleared. Genetic variations that cause a defective defense or a break in tolerance along with environmental cues, such as infection or imbalances in the gut microbiota known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders via the activation of T lymphocytes in the intestines. Elucidation of the immune mechanisms that distinguish between commensal flora and pathogenic organisms may reveal therapeutic targets for the prevention or modulation of inflammatory diseases and boost the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the development and adaptation of T lymphocytes in the intestine, how these cells protect the host against pathogenic infections while tolerating food antigens and commensal microbiota, and the potential implications of targeting these cells for disease management and therapeutics.
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8
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Sandor AM, Lindsay RS, Dyjack N, Whitesell JC, Rios C, Bradley BJ, Haskins K, Serreze DV, Geurts AM, Chen YG, Seibold MA, Jacobelli J, Friedman RS. CD11c + Cells Are Gatekeepers for Lymphocyte Trafficking to Infiltrated Islets During Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:99. [PMID: 30766536 PMCID: PMC6365440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease that affects more than 19 million people with incidence increasing rapidly worldwide. For T cells to effectively drive T1D, they must first traffic to the islets and extravasate through the islet vasculature. Understanding the cues that lead to T cell entry into inflamed islets is important because diagnosed T1D patients already have established immune infiltration of their islets. Here we show that CD11c+ cells are a key mediator of T cell trafficking to infiltrated islets in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Using intravital 2-photon islet imaging we show that T cell extravasation into the islets is an extended process, with T cells arresting in the islet vasculature in close proximity to perivascular CD11c+ cells. Antigen is not required for T cell trafficking to infiltrated islets, but T cell chemokine receptor signaling is necessary. Using RNAseq, we show that islet CD11c+ cells express over 20 different chemokines that bind chemokine receptors expressed on islet T cells. One highly expressed chemokine-receptor pair is CXCL16-CXCR6. However, NOD. CXCR6-/- mice progressed normally to T1D and CXCR6 deficient T cells trafficked normally to the islets. Even with CXCR3 and CXCR6 dual deficiency, T cells trafficked to infiltrated islets. These data reinforce that chemokine receptor signaling is highly redundant for T cell trafficking to inflamed islets. Importantly, depletion of CD11c+ cells strongly inhibited T cell trafficking to infiltrated islets of NOD mice. We suggest that targeted depletion of CD11c+ cells associated with the islet vasculature may yield a therapeutic target to inhibit T cell trafficking to inflamed islets to prevent progression of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Sandor
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Robin S Lindsay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Nathan Dyjack
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer C Whitesell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Cydney Rios
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Brenda J Bradley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Max A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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9
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Yang JI, Park C, Kho I, Lee S, Suh KS, Kim TJ. Serosal Cavities Contain Two Populations of Innate-like integrin α4 highCD4 + T Cells, Integrin α4β1 +α6β1 +α4β7 - and α4β1 +α6β1 -α4β7 + Cells. Immune Netw 2017; 17:392-401. [PMID: 29302252 PMCID: PMC5746609 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.6.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported peritoneal innate-like integrin α4 (CD49d)highCD4+ T cells that provided help for B-1a cells. Here we analyzed the expression of various integrin chains on the peritoneal and pleural integrin α4highCD4+ T cells and investigated the functional heterogeneity of the subpopulations based on the integrin expression. Pleural cavity contained a lower ratio of integrin α4highCD4+ T cells to integrin α4lowCD4+ T cells than peritoneal cavity, but the pleural integrin α4highCD4+ T cells have the same characteristics of the peritoneal integrin α4highCD4+ T cells. Most of integrin α4highCD4+ T cells were integrin β1highβ7-, but a minor population of integrin α4highCD4+ T cells was integrin β1+β7+. Interestingly, the integrin α4highβ1highβ7- CD4+ T cells expressed high levels of integrin α4β1 and α6β1, whereas integrin α4highβ1+β7+ CD4+ T cells expressed high levels of integrin α4β1 and α4β7, suggesting an alternative expression of integrin α6β1 or α4β7 in combination with α4β1 in respective major and minor populations of integrin α4highCD4+ T cells. The minor population, integrin α4highβ1+β7+ CD4+ T cells, were different from the integrin α4highβ1highβ7- CD4+ T cells in that they secreted a smaller amount of Th1 cytokines upon stimulation and expressed lower levels of Th1-related chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 than the integrin α4highβ1highβ7- CD4+ T cells. In summary, the innate-like integrin α4highCD4+ T cells could be divided into 2 populations, integrin α4β1+α6β1+α4β7- and α4β1+α6β1-α4β7+ cells. The functional significance of serosal integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells needed to be investigated especially in view of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong In Yang
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Inseong Kho
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced institute of health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST) and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
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10
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Jia L, Shan K, Pan LL, Feng N, Lv Z, Sun Y, Li J, Wu C, Zhang H, Chen W, Diana J, Sun J, Chen YQ. Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313.1 Protects against Autoimmune Diabetes by Modulating Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Inducing Pancreatic Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1345. [PMID: 29097999 PMCID: PMC5654235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that indigenous Clostridium species induce colonic regulatory T cells (Tregs), and gut lymphocytes are able to migrate to pancreatic islets in an inflammatory environment. Thus, we speculate that supplementation with the well-characterized probiotics Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313.1 (CB0313.1) may induce pancreatic Tregs and consequently inhibit the diabetes incidence in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. CB0313.1 was administered daily to female NOD mice from 3 to 45 weeks of age. The control group received an equal volume of sterile water. Fasting glucose was measured twice a week. Pyrosequencing of the gut microbiota and flow cytometry of mesenteric lymph node (MLN), pancreatic lymph node (PLN), pancreatic and splenic immune cells were performed to investigate the effect of CB0313.1 treatment. Early oral administration of CB0313.1 mitigated insulitis, delayed the onset of diabetes, and improved energy metabolic dysfunction. Protection may involve increased Tregs, rebalanced Th1/Th2/Th17 cells and changes to a less proinflammatory immunological milieu in the gut, PLN, and pancreas. An increase of α4β7+ (the gut homing receptor) Tregs in the PLN suggests that the mechanism may involve increased migration of gut-primed Tregs to the pancreas. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that CB0313.1 enhanced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, enriched Clostridium-subgroups and butyrate-producing bacteria subgroups. Our results provide the basis for future clinical investigations in preventing type 1 diabetes by oral CB0313.1 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Jia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Shan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhuwu Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Renmin Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yajun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Julien Diana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1151, Institute Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scienctifique, Unité 8253, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jia Sun
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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11
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Assayag-Asherie N, Sever D, Bogdani M, Johnson P, Weiss T, Ginzberg A, Perles S, Weiss L, Sebban LE, Turley EA, Okon E, Raz I, Naor D. Can CD44 Be a Mediator of Cell Destruction? The Challenge of Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143589. [PMID: 26624007 PMCID: PMC4666674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a multi-functional receptor with multiple of isoforms engaged in modulation of cell trafficking and transmission of apoptotic signals. We have previously shown that injection of anti-CD44 antibody into NOD mice induced resistance to type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this communication we describe our efforts to understand the mechanism underlying this effect. We found that CD44-deficient NOD mice develop stronger resistance to T1D than wild-type littermates. This effect is not explained by the involvement of CD44 in cell migration, because CD44-deficient inflammatory cells surprisingly had greater invasive potential than the corresponding wild type cells, probably owing to molecular redundancy. We have previously reported and we show here again that CD44 expression and hyaluronic acid (HA, the principal ligand for CD44) accumulation are detected in pancreatic islets of diabetic NOD mice, but not of non-diabetic DBA/1 mice. Expression of CD44 on insulin-secreting β cells renders them susceptible to the autoimmune attack, and is associated with a diminution in β-cells function (e.g., less insulin production and/or insulin secretion) and possibly also with an enhanced apoptosis rate. The diabetes-supportive effect of CD44 expression on β cells was assessed by the TUNEL assay and further strengthened by functional assays exhibiting increased nitric oxide release, reduced insulin secretion after glucose stimulation and decreased insulin content in β cells. All these parameters could not be detected in CD44-deficient islets. We further suggest that HA-binding to CD44-expressing β cells is implicated in β-cell demise. Altogether, these data agree with the concept that CD44 is a receptor capable of modulating cell fate. This finding is important for other pathologies (e.g., cancer, neurodegenerative diseases) in which CD44 and HA appear to be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Assayag-Asherie
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dror Sever
- Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Pamela Johnson
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Talya Weiss
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ariel Ginzberg
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sharon Perles
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Lola Weiss
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah University Hospital Ein Kerem, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91120 Israel
| | - Lora Eshkar Sebban
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Eva A. Turley
- London Regional Cancer Center, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Itamar Raz
- Diabetes Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - David Naor
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- * E-mail:
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12
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Chien MW, Lin MH, Huang SH, Fu SH, Hsu CY, Yen BLJ, Chen JT, Chang DM, Sytwu HK. Glucosamine Modulates T Cell Differentiation through Down-regulating N-Linked Glycosylation of CD25. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29329-44. [PMID: 26468284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine has immunomodulatory effects on autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanism(s) through which glucosamine modulates different T cell subsets and diseases remain unclear. We demonstrate that glucosamine impedes Th1, Th2, and iTreg but promotes Th17 differentiation through down-regulating N-linked glycosylation of CD25 and subsequently inhibiting its downstream Stat5 signaling in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of glucosamine on T helper cell differentiation was similar to that induced by anti-IL-2 treatment, further supporting an IL-2 signaling-dependent modulation. Interestingly, excess glucose rescued this glucosamine-mediated regulation, suggesting a functional competition between glucose and glucosamine. High-dose glucosamine significantly decreased Glut1 N-glycosylation in Th1-polarized cells. This finding suggests that both down-regulated IL-2 signaling and Glut1-dependent glycolytic metabolism contribute to the inhibition of Th1 differentiation by glucosamine. Finally, glucosamine treatment inhibited Th1 cells in vivo, prolonged the survival of islet grafts in diabetic recipients, and exacerbated the severity of EAE. Taken together, our results indicate that glucosamine interferes with N-glycosylation of CD25, and thereby attenuates IL-2 downstream signaling. These effects suggest that glucosamine may be an important modulator of T cell differentiation and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chien
- From the Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Shin-Huei Fu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Chao-Yuan Hsu
- From the Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - B Lin-Ju Yen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 35053 Taiwan
| | | | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490 Taiwan and
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- From the Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology,
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13
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the major inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. There is strong evidence that an immune response in the brain is a critical component of the disease. In 1992, in a collaboration between academia and biotechnology, my colleagues and I showed that α4 integrin was the critical molecule involved in the homing of immune cells into the inflamed brain. Was it sheer luck that these results led to the development of a drug for MS?
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Meda P. Protein-mediated interactions of pancreatic islet cells. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:621249. [PMID: 24278783 PMCID: PMC3820362 DOI: 10.1155/2013/621249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans collectively form the endocrine pancreas, the organ that is soley responsible for insulin secretion in mammals, and which plays a prominent role in the control of circulating glucose and metabolism. Normal function of these islets implies the coordination of different types of endocrine cells, noticeably of the beta cells which produce insulin. Given that an appropriate secretion of this hormone is vital to the organism, a number of mechanisms have been selected during evolution, which now converge to coordinate beta cell functions. Among these, several mechanisms depend on different families of integral membrane proteins, which ensure direct (cadherins, N-CAM, occludin, and claudins) and paracrine communications (pannexins) between beta cells, and between these cells and the other islet cell types. Also, other proteins (integrins) provide communication of the different islet cell types with the materials that form the islet basal laminae and extracellular matrix. Here, we review what is known about these proteins and their signaling in pancreatic β -cells, with particular emphasis on the signaling provided by Cx36, given that this is the integral membrane protein involved in cell-to-cell communication, which has so far been mostly investigated for effects on beta cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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15
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Li CR, Baaten BJG, Bradley LM. Harnessing memory adaptive regulatory T cells to control autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. J Mol Cell Biol 2011; 4:38-47. [PMID: 22116888 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjr040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets. There is an immediate need to restore both β-cell function and immune tolerance to control disease progression and ultimately cure T1D. Currently, there is no effective treatment strategy to restore glucose regulation in patients with T1D. FoxP3-expressing CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potential candidates to control autoimmunity because they play a central role in maintaining self-tolerance. However, deficiencies in either naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) themselves and/or their ability to control pathogenic effector T cells have been associated with T1D. Here, we hypothesize that nTregs can be replaced by FoxP3(+) adaptive Tregs (aTregs), which are uniquely equipped to combat autoreactivity in T1D. Unlike nTregs, aTregs are stable and provide long-lived protection. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of aTregs and their potential for use as an immunological intervention to treat T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rui Li
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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Cassani B, Villablanca EJ, De Calisto J, Wang S, Mora JR. Vitamin A and immune regulation: role of retinoic acid in gut-associated dendritic cell education, immune protection and tolerance. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:63-76. [PMID: 22120429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A (VA) metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) plays a key role in mucosal immune responses. RA is produced by gut-associated dendritic cells (DC) and is required for generating gut-tropic lymphocytes and IgA-antibody-secreting cells (IgA-ASC). Moreover, RA modulates Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (T(REG)) and Th17 effector T cell differentiation. Thus, although RA could be used as an effective "mucosal adjuvant" in vaccines, it also appears to be required for establishing intestinal immune tolerance. Here we discuss the roles proposed for RA in shaping intestinal immune responses and tolerance at the gut mucosal interface. We also focus on recent data exploring the mechanisms by which gut-associated DC acquire RA-producing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cassani
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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17
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Li CR, Deiro MF, Godebu E, Bradley LM. IL-7 uniquely maintains FoxP3(+) adaptive Treg cells that reverse diabetes in NOD mice via integrin-β7-dependent localization. J Autoimmun 2011; 37:217-27. [PMID: 21745722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops as a consequence of a progressive autoimmune response that destroys insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets. Because of their role(s) in controlling immune responses, considerable effort has been directed toward resolving whether regulatory T cells (Tregs) offer a clinical treatment to restore tolerance in T1D. We previously reported that in vitro-induced adaptive Treg cells (aTregs) can reverse T1D and persist as protective memory cells in the NOD mouse model. In the current study, we investigated mechanisms that regulate aTregs. We found that these FoxP3(+) aTregs expressed high levels of the IL-7 receptor, IL-7Rα, without the high affinity receptor for IL-2, CD25, which is found on natural Treg cells (nTregs). IL-7Rα expression was mirrored by the dependency of aTregs on IL-7 for persistence. IL-10 and TGF-β, effector cytokines of aTregs, were not essential for their maintenance at the level of systemic antibody blocking. Nevertheless, IL-10 modulated cytokine production by aTregs and TGF-β was critical for protection. aTregs were found to infiltrate islets and the expression of integrin-β7 was required for their localization in the pancreas. Furthermore, blocking aTreg entry into the pancreas prevented their control of diabetogenic effector T cells, implying the need for local control of the autoimmune response. The distinct homeostatic regulation of aTregs independently of a response to IL-2, which is defective in T1D patients, suggests that these cells represent a translatable candidate to control the autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rui Li
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Hall SW, Cooke A. Autoimmunity and inflammation: murine models and translational studies. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:377-89. [PMID: 21688192 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, constitute an important and growing public health burden. However, in many cases our understanding of disease biology is limited and available therapies vary greatly in their efficacy and safety. Animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have provided valuable tools to researchers investigating their aetiology, pathology, and novel therapeutic strategies. Although such models vary in the degree to which they reflect human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and caution is required in the extrapolation of animal data to the clinical setting, therapeutic approaches first evaluated in established animal models, including collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and the nonobese diabetic mouse, have successfully progressed to clinical investigation and practice. Similarly, these models have proven useful in providing support for basic hypotheses regarding the underlying causes and pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we review selected murine models of autoimmunity and inflammation and efforts to translate findings from these models into both basic insights into disease biology and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Hall
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK.
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19
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Cantor J, Slepak M, Ege N, Chang JT, Ginsberg MH. Loss of T cell CD98 H chain specifically ablates T cell clonal expansion and protects from autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:851-60. [PMID: 21670318 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CD98 H chain (4F2 Ag, Slc3a2) was discovered as a lymphocyte-activation Ag. Deletion of CD98 H chain in B cells leads to complete failure of B cell proliferation, plasma cell formation, and Ab secretion. In this study, we examined the role of T cell CD98 in cell-mediated immunity and autoimmune disease pathogenesis by specifically deleting it in murine T cells. Deletion of T cell CD98 prevented experimental autoimmune diabetes associated with dramatically reduced T cell clonal expansion. Nevertheless, initial T cell homing to pancreatic islets was unimpaired. In sharp contrast to B cells, CD98-null T cells showed only modestly impaired Ag-driven proliferation and nearly normal homeostatic proliferation. Furthermore, these cells were activated by Ag, leading to cytokine production (CD4) and efficient cytolytic killing of targets (CD8). The integrin-binding domain of CD98 was necessary and sufficient for full clonal expansion, pointing to a role for adhesive signaling in T cell proliferation and autoimmune disease. When we expanded CD98-null T cells in vitro, they adoptively transferred diabetes, establishing that impaired clonal expansion was responsible for protection from disease. Thus, the integrin-binding domain of CD98 is required for Ag-driven T cell clonal expansion in the pathogenesis of an autoimmune disease and may represent a useful therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cantor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0726, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Integrin-β7 (ITGB7) mRNA is detected in multiple myeloma (MM) cells and its presence is correlated with MAF gene activation. Although the involvement of several integrin family members in MM-stoma cell interaction is well documented, the specific biologic functions regulated by integrin-β7 in MM are largely unknown. Clinically, we have correlated integrin-β7 expression in MM with poor survival outcomes post autologous stem cell transplantation and postsalvage therapy with bortezomib. Functionally, we have found that shRNA-mediated silencing of ITGB7 reduces MM-cell adhesion to extra-cellular matrix elements (fibronectin, E-cadherin) and reverses cell-adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) sensitizing them to bortezomib and melphalan. In addition, ITGB7 silencing abrogated MM-cell transwell migration in response to SDF1α gradients, reduced vessel density in xenografted tumors, and altered MM cells in vivo homing into the BM. Mechanistically, ITGB7 knockdown inhibited focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src phosphorylation, Rac1 activation, and SUMOylation, reduced VEGF production in MM-BM stem cell cocultures and attenuated p65-NF-κB activity. Our findings support a role for integrin-β7 in MM-cell adhesion, migration, and BM homing, and pave the way for a novel therapeutic approach targeting this molecule.
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21
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Lee AS, Gibson DL, Zhang Y, Sham HP, Vallance BA, Dutz JP. Gut barrier disruption by an enteric bacterial pathogen accelerates insulitis in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2010; 53:741-8. [PMID: 20012858 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increased exposure to enteric microbes as a result of intestinal barrier disruption is thought to contribute to the development of several intestinal inflammatory diseases; however, it less clear whether such exposure modulates the development of extra-intestinal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The goal of this study was to examine the potential role of pathogenic enteric microbes and intestinal barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Using NOD mice, we assessed: (1) intrinsic barrier function in mice at different ages by measuring serum levels of FITC-labelled dextran; and (2) the impact on insulitis development of infection by strains of an enteric bacterial pathogen (Citrobacter rodentium) either capable (wild-type) or incapable (lacking Escherichia coli secreted protein F virulence factor owing to deletion of the gene [DeltaespF]) of causing intestinal epithelial barrier disruption. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that prediabetic (12-week-old) NOD mice display increased intestinal permeability compared with non-obese diabetes-resistant and C57BL/6 mice. We also found that young (4-week-old) NOD mice infected with wild-type C. rodentium exhibited accelerated development of insulitis in concert with infection-induced barrier disruption. In contrast, insulitis development was not altered in NOD mice infected with the non-barrier-disrupting DeltaespF strain. Moreover, C. rodentium-infected NOD mice demonstrated increased activation and proliferation of pancreatic-draining lymph node T cells, including diabetogenic CD8(+) T cells, compared with uninfected NOD mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This is the first demonstration that a loss of intestinal barrier integrity caused by an enteric bacterial pathogen results in the activation of diabetogenic CD8(+) T cells and modulates insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Lindå H, von Heijne A, Major EO, Ryschkewitsch C, Berg J, Olsson T, Martin C. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab monotherapy. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1081-7. [PMID: 19741229 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0810316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by infection with human polyomavirus JC virus in a patient with multiple sclerosis who was treated with natalizumab. The first PML symptoms appeared after 14 monthly infusions of the drug. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a presumed multiple sclerosis lesion, and JC virus DNA was not detected on polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay of cerebrospinal fluid. The patient's symptoms worsened, and the diagnosis of PML was established with a more sensitive quantitative PCR assay after 16 infusions of natalizumab. Plasma exchange was used to accelerate clearance of natalizumab. Approximately 3 weeks after plasma exchange, an immune-reconstitution inflammatory syndrome appeared. JC virus DNA was no longer detectable on quantitative PCR assay, and the patient's symptoms improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lindå
- Neurology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter In't Veld
- Department of Pathology, Brussels Free University, Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Li YYY, Perez HD, Zollner TM. Fatalities in natalizumab treatment--a 'no go' for leukocyte recirculation approaches? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 10:489-99. [PMID: 16848686 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.4.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Natalizumab (Tysabri), Biogen Idec/Elan) is a humanised neutralising antibody directed against alpha4 integrin expressed by leukocytes. Although it is an effective therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), the serious adverse effect of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) resulted in its voluntary withdrawal from the market by Biogen Idec/Elan in February 2005. This has raised debates on whether PML was caused by blocking leukocyte trafficking-mediated immune suppression or by other effects through targeting alpha4 integrin per se. The authors propose that natalizumab-associated PML is a target-specific side effect predominantly due to the combination of: i) blocking leukocyte trafficking to peripheral organs resulting in reduced immune surveillance; ii) mobilisation of PML-causative JC virus-carrying bone marrow precursor cells and splenic marginal zone B cells; and iii) migration of these cells to sites of inflammation such as the brain. Therefore, combination of these effects is, so far, specific for the target alpha4 integrin and should not occur in general when interfering with other targets involved in leukocyte trafficking.
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25
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Hänninen A, Nurmela R, Maksimow M, Heino J, Jalkanen S, Kurts C. Islet beta-cell-specific T cells can use different homing mechanisms to infiltrate and destroy pancreatic islets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:240-50. [PMID: 17200197 PMCID: PMC1762684 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ infiltration by T cells depends on the adhesion molecules expressed in these sites and on homing receptors expressed by the T cells. Here, we have studied which form of priming can enable T cells to home to pancreatic islets. To this end, we have used transgenic mice expressing the model autoantigen ovalbumin in pancreatic islets and transgenic ovalbumin-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. We demonstrate that these T cells were imprinted with homing receptor patterns characteristic for the site of priming, such as alpha4beta7 integrin for mucosal antigen delivery or functionally active alpha4beta1 integrin for islet autoantigens. The adhesion molecules corresponding to these receptors were found to be constitutively expressed in islets, enabling T cells bearing these receptors to infiltrate the islets and to cause diabetes. Disease was prevented only by blockade of the endothelial adhesion molecule, ligand of homing receptors with which the T cells were imprinted. Thus, different priming locations induced different homing mechanisms, allowing T cells to target the islets. This may contribute to the susceptibility of islets to T-cell-mediated attack. Furthermore, it may pertain to the design of adhesion-modulating therapies alone or in combination with external autoantigen administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Hänninen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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26
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Kummer C, Ginsberg MH. New approaches to blockade of alpha4-integrins, proven therapeutic targets in chronic inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1460-8. [PMID: 16870156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The recruitment of leukocytes into tissue is a pivotal step in inflammation. alpha4-Integrins are adhesion receptors on circulating leukocytes that mediate attachment to the endothelium and facilitate their migration into the inflamed tissue. This multistep process is mediated by the interaction of alpha4-integrins with their counter receptors VCAM-1 and MadCAM-1 that are expressed on endothelial cells. alpha4-Integrins act as both adhesive and signaling receptors. Paxillin, a signaling adaptor molecule, binds directly to the alpha4 cytoplasmic tail and its binding is important for cell migration. Blocking the adhesive functions of alpha4-integrins has been shown to be an effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, but also carries the risk of defects in development, hematopoiesis and immune surveillance. Interfering with alpha4 signaling by inhibiting the alpha4-paxillin interaction decreases alpha4-mediated cell migration and adhesion to VCAM-1 and MadCAM under shear flow. These in vitro effects are accompanied by a selective impairment of leukocyte migration into inflammatory sites when the alpha4-paxillin interaction is blocked in vivo. Thus, blockade of alpha4-integrin signaling may offer a novel strategy for interfering with the functions of these receptors in pathological events while sparing important physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kummer
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0726, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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27
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Sapone A, de Magistris L, Pietzak M, Clemente MG, Tripathi A, Cucca F, Lampis R, Kryszak D, Cartenì M, Generoso M, Iafusco D, Prisco F, Laghi F, Riegler G, Carratu R, Counts D, Fasano A. Zonulin upregulation is associated with increased gut permeability in subjects with type 1 diabetes and their relatives. Diabetes 2006; 55:1443-9. [PMID: 16644703 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zonulin, a protein that modulates intestinal permeability, is upregulated in several autoimmune diseases and is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes in the BB/Wor animal model of the disease. To verify the association between serum zonulin levels and in vivo intestinal permeability in patients with type 1 diabetes, both parameters were investigated in different stages of the autoimmune process. Forty-two percent (141 of 339) of the patients had abnormal serum zonulin levels, as compared with age-matched control subjects. The increased zonulin levels correlated with increased intestinal permeability in vivo and changes in claudin-1, claudin-2, and myosin IXB genes expression, while no changes were detected in ZO1 and occludin genes expression. When tested in serum samples collected during the pre-type 1 diabetes phase, elevated serum zonulin was detected in 70% of subjects and preceded by 3.5 +/- 0.9 years the onset of the disease in those patients who went on to develop type 1 diabetes. Combined, these results suggest that zonulin upregulation is associated with increased intestinal permeability in a subgroup of type 1 diabetic patients. Zonulin upregulation seems to precede the onset of the disease, providing a possible link between increased intestinal permeability, environmental exposure to non-self antigens, and the development of autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sapone
- Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Room 345, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Calcinaro F, Dionisi S, Marinaro M, Candeloro P, Bonato V, Marzotti S, Corneli RB, Ferretti E, Gulino A, Grasso F, De Simone C, Di Mario U, Falorni A, Boirivant M, Dotta F. Oral probiotic administration induces interleukin-10 production and prevents spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1565-75. [PMID: 15986236 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent observations suggest the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in the pathogenesis of islet autoimmunity. Thus, the modulation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue may represent a means to affect the natural history of the disease. Oral administration of probiotic bacteria can modulate local and systemic immune responses; consequently, we investigated the effects of oral administration of the probiotic compound VSL#3 on the occurrence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. METHODS VSL#3 was administered to female NOD mice three times a week starting from 4 weeks of age. A control group received PBS. Whole blood glucose was measured twice a week. IFN-gamma and IL-10 production/expression was evaluated by ELISA in culture supernatants of mononuclear cells isolated from Peyer's patches and the spleen, and by real-time PCR in the pancreas. Insulitis was characterised by immunohistochemistry and histomorphometric studies. RESULTS Early oral administration of VSL#3 prevented diabetes development in NOD mice. Protected mice showed reduced insulitis and a decreased rate of beta cell destruction. Prevention was associated with an increased production of IL-10 from Peyer's patches and the spleen and with increased IL-10 expression in the pancreas, where IL-10-positive islet-infiltrating mononuclear cells were detected. The protective effect of VSL#3 was transferable to irradiated mice receiving diabetogenic cells and splenocytes from VSL#3-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Orally administered VSL#3 prevents autoimmune diabetes and induces immunomodulation by a reduction in insulitis severity. Our results provide a sound rationale for future clinical trials of the primary prevention of type 1 diabetes by oral VSL#3 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Calcinaro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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Steinman L. Blocking adhesion molecules as therapy for multiple sclerosis: natalizumab. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:510-8. [PMID: 15931259 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunologists have long hypothesized that particular 'molecular addresses' govern lymphocyte entry to a given organ. In 1992, alpha4beta1 integrin was identified as the key molecule involved in homing to inflamed regions of the brain. An antibody to alpha4beta1integrin blocked paralysis in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, and the humanized monoclonal antibody natalizumab, which binds alpha4beta1 integrin, reduced relapses 66% in clinical trials in multiple sclerosis. Three months after its expedited approval by the FDA, natalizumab was removed from the market after two cases of deadly progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy were reported among the few thousand patients who had taken this drug in those clinical trials.
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Ninova D, Dean PG, Stegall MD. Immunomodulation through inhibition of multiple adhesion molecules generates resistance to autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2005; 23:201-9. [PMID: 15501391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of simultaneous blockade of adhesion molecules on the development of long-term resistance to type 1 diabetes was investigated in an adoptive transfer model in NOD mice. Splenocytes isolated from acutely diabetic NOD mice injected into NOD-scid mice caused diabetes at 43 +/- 5.0 days. Treatment with anti-alpha4-integrin monoclonal antibody (mAb) delayed the onset of insulitis and significantly delayed hyperglycemia to 66 +/- 5.8 days. Combination treatment with anti-alpha4-integrin and anti-LFA-1 mAbs delayed the onset of diabetes to >100 days (p<0.0001). Combination-treated mice were subjected to a second challenge with diabetogenic splenocytes after 85 days of normoglycemia. Without additional mAb treatment they developed hyperglycemia after significant delay (72 +/- 8.1 days post-reinoculation). Splenocytes from combination-treated mice transferred protection from diabetes to naive NOD-scid mice when co-transferred with diabetogenic splenocytes. The long-surviving mice showed periislet infiltration with CD62L+ cells, which were not seen in the insulitis developing in control animals. These findings suggest that adhesion molecule blockade does not prevent homing and may affect effector cell action through activation of immunoregulatory suppressor cells, leading to protection against development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Ninova
- Transplantation Immunology Research Laboratory, Division of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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31
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Watts T, Berti I, Sapone A, Gerarduzzi T, Not T, Zielke R, Fasano A. Role of the intestinal tight junction modulator zonulin in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes in BB diabetic-prone rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2916-21. [PMID: 15710870 PMCID: PMC549484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500178102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal permeability has been observed in numerous human autoimmune diseases, including type-1 diabetes (T1D) and its' animal model, the BB-wor diabetic prone rat. We have recently described zonulin, a protein that regulates intercellular tight junctions. The objective of this study was to establish whether zonulin-dependent increased intestinal permeability plays a role in the pathogenesis of T1D. In the BB diabetic-prone rat model of T1D, intestinal intraluminal zonulin levels were elevated 35-fold compared to control BB diabetic-resistant rats. Zonulin up-regulation was coincident with decreased small intestinal transepithelial electrical resistance, and was followed by the production of autoantibodies against pancreatic beta cells, which preceded the onset of clinically evident T1D by approximately 25 days. In those diabetic prone rats that did not progress to diabetes, both intraluminal zonulin and transepithelial electrical resistance were similar to those detected in diabetic-resistant animal controls. Blockade of the zonulin receptor reduced the cumulative incidence of T1D by 70%, despite the persistence of intraluminal zonulin up-regulation. Moreover, treatment responders did not seroconvert to islet cell antibodies. Combined together, these findings suggest that the zonulin-induced loss in small intestinal barrier function is involved in the pathogenesis of T1D in the BB diabetic-prone animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammara Watts
- Mucosal Biology Research Center and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, and Division of Pediatric Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Geutskens SB, Nikolic T, Dardenne M, Leenen PJM, Savino W. Defective up-regulation of CD49d in final maturation of NOD mouse macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3465-76. [PMID: 15517611 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are potent regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity. They play a central role in the development of autoimmune diabetes and are among the first cells to appear in peri-islet infiltrates of NOD mice that spontaneously develop diabetes. Since efficient adhesion and migration are crucial for proper macrophage trafficking, we examined the migration and fibronectin (FN) adhesion capacity of NOD macrophages, as well as the regulation and expression of the FN receptors alpha4beta1 and alpha5beta1. When compared to macrophages from control strains, resident NOD macrophages showed a reduced ability to adhere to and migrate on FN, a delayed clearance following peritoneal inflammation, and substantially lower expression levels of the alpha4beta1 integrin alpha chain, CD49d. NOD bone marrow-derived macrophages were specifically defective in the LPS-induced increase in CD49d expression. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 negatively regulated macrophage CD49d expression and strongly suppressed its expression in NOD macrophages. The data presented herein indicate that the LPS-activated signaling cascade plays a critical role in CD49d expression of macrophages. Mature NOD macrophages are characterized by decreased CD49d expression and show defective CD49d-mediated adhesion to FN.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is increasing evidence implicating intestinal immune responses to dietary proteins in the pathogenesis of type 1 autoimmune diabetes (T1D). Here we investigated the association between intestinal pathology and dietary factors in T1D by examining the mucosal architecture in the BB rat model. METHODS BB control (BBc) and diabetes prone (BBdp) rats were fed either a diabetes retardant hydrolysed casein based diet or one of two cereal based diets that promote the development of diabetes. Intestinal architecture was assessed in the jejunum by microdissection, histology, and immunohistology, and by measuring peroxidase activity and brush border invertase levels. RESULTS Enteropathy was present in BBdp rats soon after weaning, as assessed by increases in crypt length and in the proliferative activity of crypt epithelial cells in the jejunum, and this remained constant until 120 days of age. There was also a decrease in invertase activity, as well as increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, increased levels of mucosal peroxidase activity, and infiltration of the mucosa by CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Equivalent enteropathy was present at all times in BBdp rats and was not influenced by the nature of the diet or by thymectomy at three weeks at age, procedures which prevent the development of diabetes. CONCLUSION Enteropathy is a consistent feature in the diabetes prone BB rat but it precedes the onset of insulitis and appears to be due to mechanisms distinct from those which cause diabetes. The beneficial effects of the diabetes retardant hydrolysed casein diet on diabetes are not due to an effect on intestinal architecture per se but mucosal damage may be necessary for the development of autoreactivity in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Graham
- Department of Immunology and Bacteriology, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, Scotland, UK
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34
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Geutskens SB, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Dardenne M, Savino W. Fibronectin receptor defects in NOD mouse leucocytes: possible consequences for type 1 diabetes. Scand J Immunol 2004; 60:30-8. [PMID: 15238071 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Integrins of the very late antigen (VLA) family mediate leucocyte traffic to lymphoid organs under physiological conditions and in chronic inflammatory situations such as autoimmunity. Accordingly, the current thinking is of a positive correlation between VLA expression and capability of the generation of autoimmunity. Herein we discuss recent findings on the defective expression of integrin-type fibronectin receptors alpha4beta1 (VLA-4) and alpha5beta1 (VLA-5) in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a murine model of autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. As compared with normal animals, NOD thymocytes (including the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells) exhibit a decrease in the membrane expression of alpha5beta1, resulting in a functional impairment of fibronectin-mediated interactions, including cell migration. Interestingly, thymocytes that are trapped within the giant perivascular spaces seen in NOD thymus are consistently alpha5beta1 negative, suggesting that the progressive arrest of mature cells can be related to the alpha5beta1 defect. Peripheral T cells also exhibit decreased alpha5beta1 membrane expression and impaired fibronectin-driven migration. Additionally, we observed a defect in alpha4beta1 fibronectin receptor expression in NOD macrophages. Peritoneal, bone marrow-derived-precursor, as well as thymic macrophages of NOD mice showed an impaired upregulation of alpha4-integrin chain expression, dependent on the level of macrophage maturation. Overall these data lead to the notion that NOD leucocytes bear distinct fibronectin receptor-mediated cell migration defects, which may be involved in the pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology of the autoimmune events seen in NOD mice. Further studies will be helpful to define whether or not this concept can be applied for other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Geutskens
- Hôpital Necker CNRS UMR-8147, Université Paris V, 161 rue de Sevres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Auricchio R, Paparo F, Maglio M, Franzese A, Lombardi F, Valerio G, Nardone G, Percopo S, Greco L, Troncone R. In vitro-deranged intestinal immune response to gliadin in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53:1680-3. [PMID: 15220190 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary gluten has been associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes. We have evaluated inflammation and the mucosal immune response to gliadin in the jejunum of patients with type 1 diabetes. Small intestinal biopsies from 17 children with type 1 diabetes without serological markers of celiac disease and from 50 age-matched control subjects were examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, biopsies from 12 type 1 diabetic patients and 8 control subjects were cultured with gliadin or ovalbumin peptic-tryptic digest and examined for epithelial infiltration and lamina propria T-cell activation. The density of intraepithelial CD3(+) and gammadelta(+) cells and of lamina propria CD25(+) mononuclear cells was higher in jejunal biopsies from type 1 diabetic patients versus control subjects. In the patients' biopsies cultured with peptic-tryptic gliadin, there was epithelial infiltration by CD3(+) cells, a significant increase in lamina propria CD25(+) and CD80(+) cells and enhanced expression of lamina propria CD54 and crypt HLA-DR. No such phenomena were observed in control subjects, even those with celiac disease-associated HLA haplotypes. In conclusion, signs of mucosal inflammation were present in jejunal biopsies from type 1 diabetic patients, and organ culture studies indicate a deranged mucosal immune response to gliadin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Auricchio
- Department of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Ley K, Kansas GS. Selectins in T-cell recruitment to non-lymphoid tissues and sites of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:325-35. [PMID: 15122198 DOI: 10.1038/nri1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Abstract
Crohn's disease involves persistent recruitment of leukocytes into gut tissue, coupled with dysregulated activation of specific immune cell function. Adhesion molecules expressed by circulating leukocytes, such as alpha 4 integrin, mediate their attachment to vascular endothelial cells lining blood vessels within the intestine and facilitate their migration into the tissue. Through interactions with extracellular matrix molecules, adhesion molecules then support immune cell activation and survival within the intestinal wall. Agents that interfere with these adhesive interactions hold great potential for suppressing the cycle of leukocyte infiltration and activation, and thereby, for ameliorating chronic inflammation. This article will discuss clinical data for a humanized monoclonal antibody against alpha 4 integrin, natalizumab, which is the first alpha 4 integrin antagonist in a new class of biotechnology agents referred to as selective adhesion molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Sandborn
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Westerholm-Ormio M, Vaarala O, Pihkala P, Ilonen J, Savilahti E. Immunologic activity in the small intestinal mucosa of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2003; 52:2287-95. [PMID: 12941768 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of gut immune system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. However, few studies have been performed on the gut mucosa from patients with type 1 diabetes. Thus, we characterized the stage of immune activation in jejunal biopsy samples from 31 children with type 1 diabetes by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR. We found enhanced expressions of HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by immunohistochemistry even on structurally normal intestine of patients with type 1 diabetes and no signs of celiac disease. In addition, the densities of IL-1 alpha- and IL-4-positive cells detected by immunohistochemistry and IL-4 mRNA-expressing cells evaluated by in situ hybridization were increased in the lamina propria in patients with type 1 diabetes and normal mucosa. Instead, the densities of IL-2, gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive cells, the density of IFN-gamma mRNA positive cells, and the amounts of IFN-gamma mRNA detected by RT-PCR correlated with the degree of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our study supports the hypothesis that a link exists between the gut immune system and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Westerholm-Ormio
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Xu B, Wagner N, Pham LN, Magno V, Shan Z, Butcher EC, Michie SA. Lymphocyte homing to bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is mediated by L-selectin/PNAd, alpha4beta1 integrin/VCAM-1, and LFA-1 adhesion pathways. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1255-67. [PMID: 12756264 PMCID: PMC2193791 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20010685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) participates in airway immune responses. However, little is known about the lymphocyte-endothelial adhesion cascades that recruit lymphocytes from blood into BALT. We show that high endothelial venules (HEVs) in BALT express substantial levels of VCAM-1, in marked contrast to HEVs in other secondary lymphoid tissues. BALT HEVs also express the L-selectin ligand PNAd. Anti-L-selectin, anti-PNAd, and anti-LFA-1 mAbs almost completely block the homing of B and T lymphocytes into BALT, whereas anti-alpha4 integrin and anti-VCAM-1 mAbs inhibit homing by nearly 40%. alpha4beta7 integrin and MAdCAM-1 are not involved. Importantly, we found that mAbs against alpha4 integrin and VCAM-1 significantly block the migration of total T cells (80% memory phenotype) but not naive T and B cells to BALT. These results suggest that an adhesion cascade, which includes L-selectin/PNAd, alpha4beta1 integrin/VCAM-1, and LFA-1, targets specific lymphocyte subsets to BALT. This high level of involvement of alpha4beta1 integrin/VCAM-1 is unique among secondary lymphoid tissues, and may help unify lymphocyte migration pathways and immune responses in BALT and other bronchopulmonary tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Xu
- Dept. of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA.
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Kunkel EJ, Kim CH, Lazarus NH, Vierra MA, Soler D, Bowman EP, Butcher EC. CCR10 expression is a common feature of circulating and mucosal epithelial tissue IgA Ab-secreting cells. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1001-10. [PMID: 12671049 PMCID: PMC152588 DOI: 10.1172/jci17244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2002] [Accepted: 01/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of IgA-dependent immunity between mucosal sites has important implications for mucosal immunoprotection and vaccine development. Epithelial cells in diverse gastrointestinal and nonintestinal mucosal tissues express the chemokine MEC/CCL28. Here we demonstrate that CCR10, a receptor for MEC, is selectively expressed by IgA Ab-secreting cells (large s/cIgA(+)CD38(hi)CD19(int/-)CD20(-)), including circulating IgA(+) plasmablasts and almost all IgA(+) plasma cells in the salivary gland, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, and tonsils. Few T cells in any mucosal tissue examined express CCR10. Moreover, tonsil IgA plasmablasts migrate to MEC, consistent with the selectivity of CCR10 expression. In contrast, CCR9, whose ligand TECK/CCL25 is predominantly restricted to the small intestine and thymus, is expressed by a fraction of IgA Ab-secreting cells and almost all T cells in the small intestine, but by only a small percentage of plasma cells and plasmablasts in other sites. These results point to a unifying role for CCR10 and its mucosal epithelial ligand MEC in the migration of circulating IgA plasmablasts and, together with other tissue-specific homing mechanisms, provides a mechanistic basis for the specific dissemination of IgA Ab-secreting cells after local immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Kunkel
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Hänninen A, Hamilton-Williams E, Kurts C. Development of new strategies to prevent type 1 diabetes: the role of animal models. Ann Med 2003; 35:546-63. [PMID: 14708966 DOI: 10.1080/07853890310014597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an immune-mediated disease typically preceded by a long preclinical stage during which a growing number of islet-cell-specific autoantibodies appear in the serum. Although antigen-specific T lymphocytes and cytokines rather than these autoantibodies are the likely executors of beta-cell-destruction, these autoantibodies reflect the existence of autoimmunity that targets islet beta-cells. Abrogation of this autoimmunity during the preclinical stage would be the key to the prevention of type 1 diabetes. However, the quest of protecting islet-cells from the immune attack requires detailed knowledge of mechanisms that control islet-inflammation and beta-cell-destruction, and of mechanisms that control immune tolerance to peripheral self-antigens in general. This knowledge can only be obtained through further innovative research in experimental animal models. In this review, we will first examine how research in non-obese diabetic mice has already led to promising new strategies of diabetes prevention now being tested in human clinical trials. Thereafter, we will discuss how recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that control immune response to peripheral self-antigens such as beta-cell antigens may help to develop even more selective and effective strategies to prevent diabetes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Hänninen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Turku University, Finland,
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Dahlén E, Dawe K, Ohlsson L, Hall H, Hedse K, Annersten K, Aström M, Gross DJ, Hedlund G. Linomide inhibits insulitis and modulates cytokine production in pancreatic islets in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:17-30. [PMID: 12538031 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linomide is an immunomodulator which has been shown to potently inhibit autoimmunity in several animal models for human autoimmune diseases, including type I diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. In this study, we investigate the basis for Linomide's protective effects in the NOD mouse by immunohistochemical and RT-PCR analysis of the phenotype and cytokine expression by cells infiltrating the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Linomide treatment was found to reduce the infiltration of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DC) and MHC class II(+) cells into the islets, but did not reduce macrophage (MPhi) infiltration. This was seen following Linomide treatment at 3-5, 4-8 and 14-24 weeks of age and thus appears to be independent of the stage of the autoreactive process and the extent of insulitis. The reduced insulitis may be due to reduced expression of adhesion molecules since decreased numbers of islet-associated blood vessels expressing CD106 and MAdCAM-1 were detected following Linomide treatment. Furthermore, short term Linomide treatment (3 or 7 days), which did not alter the number of infiltrating cells, was found to inhibit the production of TNF-alpha which is known to induce the expression of CD106 and MAdCAM-1. These results suggest that the reduced insulitis observed in Linomide-treated animals is secondary to a functional modulation of infiltrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dahlén
- Active Biotech Research AB, Box 724, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden
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Aspord C, Czerkinsky C, Durand A, Stefanutti A, Thivolet C. alpha4 integrins and L-selectin differently orchestrate T-cell activity during diabetes prevention following oral administration of CTB-insulin. J Autoimmun 2002; 19:223-32. [PMID: 12473243 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2002.0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of insulin conjugated to the B chain of cholera toxin (CTB-insulin) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice results in diabetes prevention. We investigated the respective contributions of L-selectin (CD62L) and alpha4-integrin pathways during CTB-driven tolerance. Purified CD62L+CD4+ cells from CTB-insulin fed mice significantly reduced the capacity of diabetogenic T cells to transfer diabetes in syngeneic recipients. In vivo antibody blockade of fed animals during adoptive co-transfer experiments indicated that both CD62L and alpha4-integrins pathways were necessary to develop a protective response after oral tolerance induction. In contrast, when antibodies were given to recipient mice, only CD62L was critical for the protection. In vitro stimulated CD62L+CD4+ cells from the spleen of fed animals secreted lower amounts of IL-4 and IL-10 but comparable levels of TGFbeta than CD62L-cells. A reduced IFN-gamma production between the two cell subsets was specifically observed in CTB-insulin fed mice. Furthermore, antibody treatments induced changes in T-cell migration to the spleen, mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes. The protective effect was also associated with migration of regulatory T cells into pancreatic islets. Taken together, our results suggest that L-selectin and alpha4-integrin have distinct but complementary roles in the generation and function of regulatory CD4+ T cells following CTB-insulin administration.
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Piraino PS, Yednock TA, Freedman SB, Messersmith EK, Pleiss MA, Vandevert C, Thorsett ED, Karlik SJ. Prolonged reversal of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis using a small molecule inhibitor of alpha4 integrin. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 131:147-59. [PMID: 12458046 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CNS leukocytic invasion in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) depends on alpha4beta1 integrin/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) interactions. A small molecule inhibitor of alpha4beta1 integrin (CT301) was administered to guinea pigs in the chronic phase (>d40) of EAE for 10, 20, 30 or 40 days. CT301 elicited a rapid, significant improvement in the clinical and pathological scores that was maintained throughout the treatment period. A progressive loss of cells in the spinal cord of treated animals confirmed the resolution of inflammation associated with clinical recovery. Therefore, prolonged inhibition of alpha4beta1 integrin caused a sustained reversal of disease pathology in chronic EAE and may be similarly useful in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Piraino
- Department of Physiology, London Health Sciences Center, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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45
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Abstract
Celiac disease is a permanent intolerance to dietary gluten. Its well known features are abdominal symptoms, malabsorption of nutrients, and small-bowel mucosal inflammation with villous atrophy, which recover on a gluten-free diet. Diagnosis is challenging in that patients often suffer from subtle, if any, symptoms. The risk of clinically silent celiac disease is increased in various autoimmune conditions. The endocrinologist, especially, should maintain high suspicion and alertness to celiac disease, which is to be found in 2-5% of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or autoimmune thyroid disease. Patients with multiple endocrine disorders, Addison's disease, alopecia, or hypophysitis may also have concomitant celiac disease. Similar heredity and proneness to autoimmune conditions are considered to be explanations for these associations. A gluten-free diet is essential to prevent celiac complications such as anemia, osteoporosis, and infertility. The diet may also be beneficial in the treatment of the underlying endocrinological disease; prolonged gluten exposure may even contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. The diagnosis of celiac disease requires endoscopic biopsy, but serological screening with antiendomysial and antitissue transglutaminase antibody assays is an easy method for preliminary case finding. Celiac disease will be increasingly detected provided the close association with autoimmune endocrinological diseases is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Collin
- Department of Medicine, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
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Abstract
Accumulating data suggest that the gut immune system plays a role in the development of autoimmune diabetes: (1) Diet modifies the incidence of autoimmune diabetes and the phenotype of the islet-infiltrating T cells in the animal models of human type 1 diabetes; (2) gut-associated homing receptor beta7-integrin is found on the islet-infiltrating T cells in both human type 1 diabetes and in the animal models of autoimmune diabetes; (3) mesenterial lymphocytes from young NOD mice are able to transfer diabetes to healthy recipients; (4) autoantigen feeding modifies the disease development in the animal models (prevents or accelerates autoimmune diabetes). In humans, a link between the gut immune system and type 1 diabetes has also been suggested. Early introduction of cow milk formulas in infancy may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. We have demonstrated that primary immunization to a beta cell-specific autoantigen, insulin, occurs in the gut by exposure to cow milk formulas, which contain immunogenic bovine insulin. The induced antibody and T cell responses to bovine insulin cross-react with human insulin. In children at genetic risk who developed beta cell autoimmunity, bovine insulin-binding antibodies increased during follow-up in contrast to autoantibody-negative children. This suggests that insulin-specific immune response induced by dietary insulin may not be controlled in children prone to beta cell autoimmunity. The gut immune system has a key role in controlling insulin-specific immunity induced by dietary insulin. Indeed, indications for aberrant function of the gut immune system have been reported in type 1 diabetes, such as intestinal immune activation and increased intestinal permeability. Research on the gut immune system in human type 1 diabetes is needed to reveal the role of oral immunity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Vaarala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Biomedicum, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
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Friedline RH, Wong CP, Steeber DA, Tedder TF, Tisch R. L-selectin is not required for T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2659-66. [PMID: 11884430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Administration of anti-L-selectin (CD62L) mAb to neonatal nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice mediates long term protection against the development of insulitis and overt diabetes. These results suggested that CD62L has a key role in the general function of beta cell-specific T cells. To further examine the role of CD62L in the development of type 1 diabetes, NOD mice lacking CD62L were established. The onset and frequency of overt diabetes were equivalent among CD62L(+/+), CD62L(+/-), and CD62L(-/-) NOD littermates. Furthermore, patterns of T cell activation, migration, and beta cell-specific reactivity were similar in NOD mice of all three genotypes. Adoptive transfer experiments with CD62L(-/-) CD4(+) T cells prepared from BDC2.5 TCR transgenic mice revealed no apparent defects in migration to pancreatic lymph nodes, proliferation in response to beta cell Ag, or induction of diabetes in NOD.scid recipients. In conclusion, CD62L expression is not essential for the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- L-Selectin/biosynthesis
- L-Selectin/genetics
- L-Selectin/physiology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/cytology
- Pancreas/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall H Friedline
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Spence S, Vetter C, Hagmann WK, Van Riper G, Williams H, Mumford RA, Lanza TJ, Lin LS, Schmidt JA. Effects of VLA-4 antagonists in rat whole embryo culture. TERATOLOGY 2002; 65:26-37. [PMID: 11835229 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological antagonism of VLA-4 (Very Late Antigen 4, alpha(4)beta(1) integrin) has become an attractive target for the treatment of predominantly eosinophil mediated disease states such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Gene knockouts of the alpha(4)-integrin subunit of VLA-4 or its cell surface ligand, VCAM-1, however, have been shown to result in embryo-lethality in homozygous null mice due to defects in chorio-allantoic or epi-myocardial fusion. Although gene knockout phenotypes are not always manifested by pharmacological antagonism, those studies suggested that VLA-4 antagonists might cause embryo-lethality or drug-induced malformations. METHODS To test these concepts, early neurulating rat embryos were cultured by the methods of New ('78) after intra-coelomic microinjection of a VLA-4 blocking antibody or in the presence of small molecule VLA-4 antagonists. RESULTS Defects in chorio-allantoic fusion were induced after microinjection of VLA4 blocking antibody and after continuous exposure to small molecule antagonists. In a minority of affected embryos chorio-allantoic fusion was completely blocked whereas the majority of affected embryos had only superficial chorio-allantoic fusion and the allantois was enlarged and edematous. Although the allantoic mesoderm covered the trophoblasts of the chorionic plate and contained blood vessels there was only minimal invasion of the trophoblasts by the allantoic mesoderm. The lowest observed effect level generally correlated with the IC(approximately 95), as determined in 90% plasma. DISCUSSION Based on these data, VLA-4 antagonism might represent a significant risk to the developing embryo/fetus. In vitro exposure, however, is "constant" and does not take into account the elimination phase of these xenobiotics in vivo. Given the high concentrations required to elicit an effect, therapeutic blood levels in vivo may be several fold lower than those that affect the conceptus, depending on the tissue penetration of the compound and the route of administration. VLA-4 also exists in a range of conformations and activation states in vivo and the gene KOs and present studies do not define whether these developmental processes are dependent upon a particular activation state of VLA-4. Therefore, state-selective antagonists may have an improved embryonic safety profile. Additional studies will be required to determine potential effects of VLA-4 antagonists on embryo/fetal development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Spence
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, Merck Research Labs, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Kommajosyula S, Reddy S, Nitschke K, Kanwar JR, Karanam M, Krissansen GW. Leukocytes infiltrating the pancreatic islets of nonobese diabetic mice are transformed into inactive exiles by combinational anti‐cell adhesion therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.4.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Kommajosyula
- Department of Molecular Medicine and University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shiva Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristina Nitschke
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jagat R. Kanwar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Muralidhar Karanam
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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50
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Stafford EA, Rose NR. Newer insights into the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 19:501-33. [PMID: 11129113 DOI: 10.3109/08830180009088510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), produced in the mouse by immunization with murine thyroglobulin plus complete Freund's adjuvant, represents a valuable model for studying the pathogenesis of human chronic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis. A major issue requiring clarification is the difference between benign autoimmunity, characterized solely by production of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, and pathogenic autoimmunity where injury occurs to the thyroid cells. In this article, we describe the role of two key cytokines, IL12 and IFNgamma, in modifying the pathogenic immune response. EAT, defined by cellular infiltration of the thyroid and the development of thyroglobulin-specific autoantibodies, is a dynamic process. Consequently, a cytokine may exert a different effect at different times during the disease process. For purposes of discussion, we propose that there are three stages in the development of EAT: priming; initiation; and progression. Administration of anti-IL12 during the priming stage and initiation dramatically decreases disease and lowers autoantibody levels. In contrast, injection of recombinant IL12 after disease was established significantly decreases the severity of disease and reduces autoantibody levels. Unlike IL-12, IFNgamma was not essential for the priming of EAT. However, the severity of disease in the anti-IFNgamma-treated initiation- and progression-treated animals was higher than in controls, implying a regulatory role for IFNgamma. These findings emphasize that EAT involves a complex array of pathogenic mechanisms. The balance of cytokines produced during the early phase of the autoimmune reaction probably determines the progression from a harmless autoimmune response to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stafford
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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