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Pérez-Aragón M, Escribano R, Rivera R, Hidalgo P. Biodiversity patterns of epipelagic copepods in the South Pacific Ocean: Strengths and limitations of current data bases. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306440. [PMID: 38991030 PMCID: PMC11238982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Basin-scale patterns of biodiversity for zooplankton in the ocean may provide valuable insights for understanding the impact of climate change and global warming on the marine ecosystem. However, studies on this topic remain scarce or unavailable in vast regions of the world ocean, particularly in large regions where the amount and quality of available data are limited. In this study, we used a 27-year (1993-2019) database on species occurrence of planktonic copepods in the South Pacific, along with associated oceanographic variables, to examine their spatial patterns of biodiversity in the upper 200 m of the ocean. The aim of this study was to identify ecological regions and the environmental predictors explaining such patterns. It was found that hot and cold spots of diversity, and distinctive species assemblages were linked to major ocean currents and large regions over the basin, with increasing species richness over the subtropical areas on the East and West sides of the South Pacific. While applying the spatial models, we showed that the best environmental predictors for diversity and species composition were temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a concentration, oxygen concentration, and the residual autocorrelation. Nonetheless, the observed spatial patterns and derived environmental effects were found to be strongly influenced by sampling coverage over space and time, revealing a highly under-sampled basin. Our findings provide an assessment of copepods diversity patterns and their potential drivers for the South Pacific Ocean, but they also stress the need for strengthening the data bases of planktonic organisms, as they can act as suitable indicators of ecosystem response to climate change at basin scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pérez-Aragón
- Doctoral Program of Oceanography, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ruben Escribano
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Oceanography, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Rivera
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Hidalgo
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Oceanography, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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2
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Xu G, Wang F, Yang EJ, Lee Y, Jung J, Kang SH. Insight into the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity based on spatial variations in pelagic ciliate communities along the western Arctic Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116118. [PMID: 38325200 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The latitudinal dynamics of biodiversity has been the focus of global attention. This study is based on the latitude gradient of biodiversity in the spatial changes of pelagic ciliate communities in the western Arctic Ocean. The gradient pattern of pelagic ciliate communities across four latitudes were investigated from the water surface at 22 sampling station in the northern Bering Sea of the western Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea from August 5 to August 24, 2016. Based on multivariate analyses, the results showed that (1) the spatial patterns of pelagic ciliates represented a significant latitudinal gradient along the western Arctic Ocean; (2) the species number and abundance of pelagic ciliate communities declined from 64°N to 80°N; (3) variations in the horizontal distribution of ciliates were significantly correlated with changes in physicochemical variables, especially water temperature and Chl a; Thus it is suggested that the expected latitudinal decline of biodiversity was evident along the western Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China; Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Fayuan Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngju Lee
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
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3
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Beaugrand G. Towards an Understanding of Large-Scale Biodiversity Patterns on Land and in the Sea. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030339. [PMID: 36979031 PMCID: PMC10044889 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a recent theory named ‘macroecological theory on the arrangement of life’ (METAL). This theory is based on the concept of the ecological niche and shows that the niche-environment (including climate) interaction is fundamental to explain many phenomena observed in nature from the individual to the community level (e.g., phenology, biogeographical shifts, and community arrangement and reorganisation, gradual or abrupt). The application of the theory in climate change biology as well as individual and species ecology has been presented elsewhere. In this review, I show how METAL explains why there are more species at low than high latitudes, why the peak of biodiversity is located at mid-latitudes in the oceanic domain and at the equator in the terrestrial domain, and finally why there are more terrestrial than marine species, despite the fact that biodiversity has emerged in the oceans. I postulate that the arrangement of planetary biodiversity is mathematically constrained, a constraint we previously called ‘the great chessboard of life’, which determines the maximum number of species that may colonise a given region or domain. This theory also makes it possible to reconstruct past biodiversity and understand how biodiversity could be reorganised in the context of anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Beaugrand
- CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187 LOG, F-62930 Wimereux, France
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4
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Rogers AD, Appeltans W, Assis J, Ballance LT, Cury P, Duarte C, Favoretto F, Hynes LA, Kumagai JA, Lovelock CE, Miloslavich P, Niamir A, Obura D, O'Leary BC, Ramirez-Llodra E, Reygondeau G, Roberts C, Sadovy Y, Steeds O, Sutton T, Tittensor DP, Velarde E, Woodall L, Aburto-Oropeza O. Discovering marine biodiversity in the 21st century. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 93:23-115. [PMID: 36435592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We review the current knowledge of the biodiversity of the ocean as well as the levels of decline and threat for species and habitats. The lack of understanding of the distribution of life in the ocean is identified as a significant barrier to restoring its biodiversity and health. We explore why the science of taxonomy has failed to deliver knowledge of what species are present in the ocean, how they are distributed and how they are responding to global and regional to local anthropogenic pressures. This failure prevents nations from meeting their international commitments to conserve marine biodiversity with the results that investment in taxonomy has declined in many countries. We explore a range of new technologies and approaches for discovery of marine species and their detection and monitoring. These include: imaging methods, molecular approaches, active and passive acoustics, the use of interconnected databases and citizen science. Whilst no one method is suitable for discovering or detecting all groups of organisms many are complementary and have been combined to give a more complete picture of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. We conclude that integrated approaches represent the best way forwards for accelerating species discovery, description and biodiversity assessment. Examples of integrated taxonomic approaches are identified from terrestrial ecosystems. Such integrated taxonomic approaches require the adoption of cybertaxonomy approaches and will be boosted by new autonomous sampling platforms and development of machine-speed exchange of digital information between databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Rogers
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway; Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Ward Appeltans
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Jorge Assis
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lisa T Ballance
- Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States
| | | | - Carlos Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabio Favoretto
- Autonomous University of Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Lisa A Hynes
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy A Kumagai
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Patricia Miloslavich
- Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela & Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR), Newark, DE, United States
| | - Aidin Niamir
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Bethan C O'Leary
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway; Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Reygondeau
- Yale Center for Biodiversity Movement and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Nippon Foundation-Nereus Program, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Callum Roberts
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Sadovy
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oliver Steeds
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Sutton
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania Beach, FL, United States
| | | | - Enriqueta Velarde
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Lucy Woodall
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Esqueda-González MC, Ríos-Jara E, Galván-Villa CM, Rodríguez-Zaragoza FA. Structure of the bivalve (Mollusca) assemblage of Mazatlan bay, Mexico, and its relationship to environmental variables. COMMUNITY ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-022-00112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Latitudinal Diversity Gradient in the Changing World: Retrospectives and Perspectives. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most extensive and important biodiversity patterns on the Earth. Various studies have established that species diversity increases with higher taxa numbers from the polar to the tropics. Studies of multicellular biotas have supported the LDG patterns from land (e.g., plants, animals, forests, wetlands, grasslands, fungi, and so forth) to oceans (e.g., marine organisms from freshwater invertebrates, continental shelve, open ocean, even to the deep sea invertebrates). So far, there are several hypotheses proposed to explore the diversity patterns and mechanisms of LDG, however, there has been no consensus on the underlying causes of LDG over the past few decades. Thus, we reviewed the progress of LDG studies in recent years. Although several explanations for the LDG have been proposed, these hypotheses are only based on species richness, evolution and the ecosystems. In this review, we summarize the effects of evolution and ecology on the LDG patterns to synthesize the formation mechanisms of the general biodiversity distribution patterns. These intertwined factors from ecology and evolution in the LDG are generally due to the wider distribution of tropical areas, which hinders efforts to distinguish their relative contributions. However, the mechanisms of LDG always engaged controversies, especially in such a context that the human activity and climate change has affected the biodiversity. With the development of molecular biology, more genetic/genomic data are available to facilitate the estimation of global biodiversity patterns with regard to climate, latitude, and other factors. Given that human activity and climate change have inevitably impacted on biodiversity loss, biodiversity conservation should focus on the change in LDG pattern. Using large-scale genetic/genomic data to disentangle the diversity mechanisms and patterns of LDG, will provide insights into biodiversity conservation and management measures. Future perspectives of LDG with integrative genetic/genomic, species, evolution, and ecosystem diversity patterns, as well as the mechanisms that apply to biodiversity conservation, are discussed. It is imperative to explore integrated approaches for recognizing the causes of LDG in the context of rapid loss of diversity in a changing world.
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7
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Kerr MR, Alroy J. Marine diversity patterns in Australia are filtered through biogeography. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211534. [PMID: 34753352 PMCID: PMC8580438 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal diversity gradients are among the most striking patterns in nature. Despite a large body of work investigating both geographic and environmental drivers, biogeographical provinces have not been included in statistical models of diversity patterns. Instead, spatial studies tend to focus on species-area and local-regional relationships. Here, we investigate correlates of a latitudinal diversity pattern in Australian coastal molluscs. We use an online database of greater than 300 000 specimens and quantify diversity using four methods to account for sampling variation. Additionally, we present a biogeographic scheme using factor analysis that allows for both gradients and sharp boundaries between clusters. The factors are defined on the basis of species composition and are independent of diversity. Regardless of the measure used, diversity is not directly explained by combinations of abiotic variables. Instead, transitions between regions better explain the observed patterns. Biogeographic gradients can in turn be explained by environmental variables, suggesting that environmental controls on diversity may be indirect. Faunas within provinces are homogeneous regardless of environmental variability. Thus, transitions between provinces explain most of the variation in diversity because small-scale factors are dampened. This explanation contrasts with the species-energy hypothesis. Future work should more carefully consider biogeographic gradients when investigating diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Kerr
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - John Alroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
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8
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Moreno RA, Labra FA, Cotoras DD, Camus PA, Gutiérrez D, Aguirre L, Rozbaczylo N, Poulin E, Lagos NA, Zamorano D, Rivadeneira MM. Evolutionary drivers of the hump-shaped latitudinal gradient of benthic polychaete species richness along the Southeastern Pacific coast. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12010. [PMID: 34692242 PMCID: PMC8483006 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal diversity gradients (LDG) and their explanatory factors are among the most challenging topics in macroecology and biogeography. Despite of its apparent generality, a growing body of evidence shows that 'anomalous' LDG (i.e., inverse or hump-shaped trends) are common among marine organisms along the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) coast. Here, we evaluate the shape of the LDG of marine benthic polychaetes and its underlying causes using a dataset of 643 species inhabiting the continental shelf (<200 m depth), using latitudinal bands with a spatial resolution of 0.5°, along the SEP (3-56° S). The explanatory value of six oceanographic (Sea Surface Temperature (SST), SST range, salinity, salinity range, primary productivity and shelf area), and one macroecological proxy (median latitudinal range of species) were assessed using a random forest model. The taxonomic structure was used to estimate the degree of niche conservatism of predictor variables and to estimate latitudinal trends in phylogenetic diversity, based on three indices (phylogenetic richness (PDSES), mean pairwise distance (MPDSES), and variation of pairwise distances (VPD)). The LDG exhibits a hump-shaped trend, with a maximum peak of species richness at ca. 42° S, declining towards northern and southern areas of SEP. The latitudinal pattern was also evident in local samples controlled by sampling effort. The random forest model had a high accuracy (pseudo-r2 = 0.95) and showed that the LDG could be explained by four variables (median latitudinal range, SST, salinity, and SST range), yet the functional relationship between species richness and these predictors was variable. A significant degree of phylogenetic conservatism was detected for the median latitudinal range and SST. PDSES increased toward the southern region, whereas VPD showed the opposite trend, both statistically significant. MPDSES has the same trend as PDSES, but it is not significant. Our results reinforce the idea that the south Chile fjord area, particularly the Chiloé region, was likely the evolutionary source of new species of marine polychaetes along SEP, creating a hotspot of diversity. Therefore, in the same way as the canonical LDG shows a decline in diversity while moving away from the tropics; on this case the decline occurs while moving away from Chiloé Island. These results, coupled with a strong phylogenetic signal of the main predictor variables suggest that processes operating mainly at evolutionary timescales govern the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio A Labra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darko D Cotoras
- Entomology Department, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Patricio A Camus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dimitri Gutiérrez
- Dirección de Investigaciones Oceanográficas y de Cambio Climático, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Callao, Perú
| | - Luis Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Biología y Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos (LaBSIM), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Nicolás Rozbaczylo
- FAUNAMAR Ltda. Consultorías Medio Ambientales e Investigación Marina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto Milenio de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Zamorano
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marcelo M Rivadeneira
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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9
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Tarkington J, Zufall RA. Temperature affects the repeatability of evolution in the microbial eukaryote Tetrahymena thermophila. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13139-13152. [PMID: 34646458 PMCID: PMC8495795 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary biologists have long sought to understand what factors affect the repeatability of adaptive outcomes. To better understand the role of temperature in determining the repeatability of adaptive trajectories, we evolved populations of different genotypes of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila at low and high temperatures and followed changes in growth rate over 6,500 generations. As expected, growth rate increased with a decelerating rate for all populations; however, there were differences in the patterns of evolution at the two temperatures. The growth rates of the different genotypes tended to converge as evolution proceeded at both temperatures, but this convergence was quicker and more pronounced at the higher temperature. Additionally, over the first 4,000 generations we found greater repeatability of evolution, in terms of change in growth rate, among replicates of the same genotype at the higher temperature. Finally, we found limited evidence of trade-offs in fitness between temperatures, and an asymmetry in the correlated responses, whereby evolution in a high temperature increases growth rate at the lower temperature significantly more than the reverse. These results demonstrate the importance of temperature in determining the repeatability of evolutionary trajectories for the eukaryotic microbe Tetrahymena thermophila and may provide clues to how temperature affects evolution more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tarkington
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Rebecca A. Zufall
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
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10
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Boag TH, Gearty W, Stockey RG. Metabolic tradeoffs control biodiversity gradients through geological time. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2906-2913.e3. [PMID: 33961786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal gradient of increasing marine biodiversity from the poles to the tropics is one of the most conspicuous biological patterns in modern oceans.1-3 Low-latitude regions of the global ocean are often hotspots of animal biodiversity, yet they are set to be most critically affected by anthropogenic climate change.4 As ocean temperatures rise and deoxygenation proceeds in the coming centuries, the volume of aerobically viable habitat is predicted to decrease in these zones.5,6 In contrast to the slightly asymmetrical modern latitudinal biodiversity gradient,7 compilations of fossil occurrences indicate peaks in biodiversity may have existed much further away from the equator in the past, with transitions between climate states hypothesized to explain this trend.8-13 We combine a new compilation of fossil mollusc occurrences, paleotemperature proxies, and biogeographic data to reveal a non-monotonic relationship between temperature and diversity in the paleontological record over the last 145 million years. We derive a metabolic model that integrates the kinetic effects of temperature on biodiversity14 with the recently described Metabolic Index that calculates aerobic habitat availability based on the effect of temperature on hypoxia sensitivity.5,15,16 Although factors such as coastal habitat area and homeothermy are important,17,18 we find strong congruence between our metabolic model and our fossil and paleotemperature meta-analysis. We therefore suggest that the effects of ocean temperature on the aerobic scope of marine ectotherms is a primary driver of migrating biodiversity peaks through geologic time and will likely play a role in the restructuring of biodiversity under projected future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Boag
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - William Gearty
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Richard G Stockey
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Sigwart JD, Lindberg DR, Chen C, Sun J. Molluscan phylogenomics requires strategically selected genomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200161. [PMID: 33813889 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary diversity in molluscan body plans, and the genomic mechanisms that enable it, remains one of the great questions of evolution. The eight distinct living taxonomic classes of molluscs are each unambiguously monophyletic; however, significant controversy remains about the phylogenetic relationships among those eight branches. Molluscs are the second-largest animal phylum, with over 100 000 living species with broad biological, economic and medical interest. To date, only around 53 genome assemblies have been accessioned to NCBI GenBank covering only four of the eight living molluscan classes. Furthermore, the molluscan taxa where partial or whole-genome assemblies are available are often aberrantly fast evolving or recently derived lineages. Characteristic adaptations provide interesting targets for whole-genome projects, in animals like the scaly-foot snail or octopus, but without basal-branching lineages for comparison, the context of recently derived features cannot be assessed. The currently available genomes also create a non-optimal set of taxa for resolving deeper phylogenetic branches: they are a small sample representing a large group, and those that are available come primarily from a rarefied pool. Thoughtful selection of taxa for future projects should focus on the blank areas of the molluscan tree, which are ripe with opportunities to delve into peculiarities of genome evolution, and reveal the biology and evolutionary history of molluscs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Sigwart
- Senckenberg Research Institute, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Queen's University Belfast Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Newtownards BT22 1PF, UK.,Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong
| | - David R Lindberg
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Jin Sun
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zacaï A, Monnet C, Pohl A, Beaugrand G, Mullins G, Kroeck DM, Servais T. Truncated bimodal latitudinal diversity gradient in early Paleozoic phytoplankton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd6709. [PMID: 33827811 PMCID: PMC8026127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG)-the decline in species richness from the equator to the poles-is classically considered as the most pervasive macroecological pattern on Earth, but the timing of its establishment, its ubiquity in the geological past, and explanatory mechanisms remain uncertain. By combining empirical and modeling approaches, we show that the first representatives of marine phytoplankton exhibited an LDG from the beginning of the Cambrian, when most major phyla appeared. However, this LDG showed a single peak of diversity centered on the Southern Hemisphere, in contrast to the equatorial peak classically observed for most modern taxa. We find that this LDG most likely corresponds to a truncated bimodal gradient, which probably results from an uneven sediment preservation, smaller sampling effort, and/or lower initial diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. Variation of the documented LDG through time resulted primarily from fluctuations in annual sea-surface temperature and long-term climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Zacaï
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
- PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Monnet
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Pohl
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Grégory Beaugrand
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, UMR 8187, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - David M Kroeck
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Servais
- Evo-Eco-Paleo, UMR 8198, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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13
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Garcia-Vazquez E, Georges O, Fernandez S, Ardura A. eDNA metabarcoding of small plankton samples to detect fish larvae and their preys from Atlantic and Pacific waters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7224. [PMID: 33790382 PMCID: PMC8012656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zooplankton community inventories are the basis of fisheries management for containing fish larvae and their preys; however, the visual identification of early-stage larvae (the "missing biomass") is difficult and laborious. Here, eDNA metabarcoding was employed to detect zooplankton species of interest for fisheries from open and coastal waters. High-Throughput sequencing (HTS) from environmental samples using small water volumes has been proposed to detect species of interest whose DNA is the most abundant. We analyzed 6-L water samples taken from subtropical and tropical waters using Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene as metabarcode. In the open ocean, several commercial fish larvae and invertebrate species important in fish diet were found from metabarcodes and confirmed from individual barcoding. Comparing Atlantic, Mediterranean, Red Sea, and Pacific samples we found a lower taxonomic depth of OTU assignments in samples from tropical waters than in those from temperate ones, suggesting large gaps in reference databases for those areas; thus a higher effort of zooplankton barcoding in tropical oceans is highly recommended. This and similar simplified sampling protocols could be applied in early detection of species important for fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Garcia-Vazquez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/Julian Claveria S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Oriane Georges
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/Julian Claveria S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Fernandez
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | - Alba Ardura
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/Julian Claveria S/N, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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14
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From biggest to smallest mud dragons: size-latitude trends in a group of meiobenthic animals worldwide. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Vollstädt MGR, Albrecht J, Böhning‐Gaese K, Hemp A, Howell KM, Kettering L, Neu A, Neuschulz EL, Quitián M, Santillán VE, Töpfer T, Schleuning M, Fritz SA. Direct and plant-mediated effects of climate on bird diversity in tropical mountains. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14196-14208. [PMID: 33391710 PMCID: PMC7771156 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Although patterns of biodiversity across the globe are well studied, there is still a controversial debate about the underlying mechanisms and their generality across biogeographic scales. In particular, it is unclear to what extent diversity patterns along environmental gradients are directly driven by abiotic factors, such as climate, or indirectly mediated through biotic factors, such as resource effects on consumers. LOCATION Andes, Southern Ecuador; Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. METHODS We studied the diversity of fleshy-fruited plants and avian frugivores at the taxonomic level, that is, species richness and abundance, as well as at the level of functional traits, that is, functional richness and functional dispersion. We compared two important biodiversity hotspots in mountain systems of the Neotropics and Afrotropics. We used field data of plant and bird communities, including trait measurements of 367 plant and bird species. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled direct and indirect effects of climate and the diversity of plant communities on the diversity of bird communities. RESULTS We found significant bottom-up effects of fruit diversity on frugivore diversity at the taxonomic level. In contrast, climate was more important for patterns of functional diversity, with plant communities being mostly related to precipitation, and bird communities being most strongly related to temperature. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate the general importance of bottom-up mechanisms for the taxonomic diversity of consumers, suggesting the importance of active resource tracking. Our results also suggest that it might be difficult to identify signals of ecological fitting between functional plant and animal traits across biogeographic regions, since different species groups may respond to different climatic drivers. This decoupling between resource and consumer communities could increase under future climate change if plant and animal communities are consistently related to distinct climatic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian G. R. Vollstädt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jörg Albrecht
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Katrin Böhning‐Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant SystematicsUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Kim M. Howell
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife ConservationUniversity of Dar es SalaamDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Laura Kettering
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Alexander Neu
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Eike Lena Neuschulz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Marta Quitián
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Vinicio E. Santillán
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Till Töpfer
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonnGermany
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
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16
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Lin H, Corkrey R, Kaschner K, Garilao C, Costello MJ. Latitudinal diversity gradients for five taxonomic levels of marine fish in depth zones. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han‐Yang Lin
- Institute of Marine Science The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ross Corkrey
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture University of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | - Kristin Kaschner
- Department of Biometry and Environmental Systems Analysis University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | | | - Mark J. Costello
- School of Environment The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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17
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Wolfe K, Mumby PJ. RUbble Biodiversity Samplers: 3D‐printed coral models to standardize biodiversity censuses. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Wolfe
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
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18
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Song H, Huang S, Jia E, Dai X, Wignall PB, Dunhill AM. Flat latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17578-17583. [PMID: 32631978 PMCID: PMC7395496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918953117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is recognized as one of the most pervasive, global patterns of present-day biodiversity. However, the controlling mechanisms have proved difficult to identify because many potential drivers covary in space. The geological record presents a unique opportunity for understanding the mechanisms which drive the LDG by providing a direct window to deep-time biogeographic dynamics. Here we used a comprehensive database containing 52,318 occurrences of marine fossils to show that the shape of the LDG changed greatly during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction from showing a significant tropical peak to a flattened LDG. The flat LDG lasted for the entire Early Triassic (∼5 My) before reverting to a modern-like shape in the Middle Triassic. The environmental extremes that prevailed globally, especially the dramatic warming, likely induced selective extinction in low latitudes and accumulation of diversity in high latitudes through origination and poleward migration, which combined together account for the flat LDG of the Early Triassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China;
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enhao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Paul B Wignall
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Dunhill
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
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19
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Madin EMP, Madin JS, Harmer AMT, Barrett NS, Booth DJ, Caley MJ, Cheal AJ, Edgar GJ, Emslie MJ, Gaines SD, Sweatman HPA. Latitude and protection affect decadal trends in reef trophic structure over a continental scale. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6954-6966. [PMID: 32760504 PMCID: PMC7391320 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative roles of top-down (consumer-driven) and bottom-up (resource-driven) forcing in exploited marine ecosystems have been much debated. Examples from a variety of marine systems of exploitation-induced, top-down trophic forcing have led to a general view that human-induced predator perturbations can disrupt entire marine food webs, yet other studies that have found no such evidence provide a counterpoint. Though evidence continues to emerge, an unresolved debate exists regarding both the relative roles of top-down versus bottom-up forcing and the capacity of human exploitation to instigate top-down, community-level effects. Using time-series data for 104 reef communities spanning tropical to temperate Australia from 1992 to 2013, we aimed to quantify relationships among long-term trophic group population density trends, latitude, and exploitation status over a continental-scale biogeographic range. Specifically, we amalgamated two long-term monitoring databases of marine community dynamics to test for significant positive or negative trends in density of each of three key trophic levels (predators, herbivores, and algae) across the entire time series at each of the 104 locations. We found that trophic control tended toward bottom-up driven in tropical systems and top-down driven in temperate systems. Further, alternating long-term population trends across multiple trophic levels (a method of identifying trophic cascades), presumably due to top-down trophic forcing, occurred in roughly fifteen percent of locations where the prerequisite significant predator trends occurred. Such alternating trophic trends were significantly more likely to occur at locations with increasing predator densities over time. Within these locations, we found a marked latitudinal gradient in the prevalence of long-term, alternating trophic group trends, from rare in the tropics (<5% of cases) to relatively common in temperate areas (~45%). Lastly, the strongest trends in predator and algal density occurred in older no-take marine reserves; however, exploitation status did not affect the likelihood of alternating long-term trophic group trends occurring. Our data suggest that the type and degree of trophic forcing in this system are likely related to one or more covariates of latitude, and that ecosystem resiliency to top-down control does not universally vary in this system based on exploitation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. P. Madin
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine BiologyUniversity of Hawai'iKane'oheHIUSA
| | - Joshua S. Madin
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine BiologyUniversity of Hawai'iKane'oheHIUSA
| | - Aaron M. T. Harmer
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Natural and Computational SciencesMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Neville S. Barrett
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - David J. Booth
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - M. Julian Caley
- School of Mathematical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical FrontiersThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | - Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | | | - Steven D. Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
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20
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Wei C, Cusson M, Archambault P, Belley R, Brown T, Burd BJ, Edinger E, Kenchington E, Gilkinson K, Lawton P, Link H, Ramey‐Balci PA, Scrosati RA, Snelgrove PVR. Seafloor biodiversity of Canada's three oceans: Patterns, hotspots and potential drivers. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Lin Wei
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Mathieu Cusson
- Département des sciences fondamentales & Québec‐Océan Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Chicoutimi QC Canada
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Département de biologie & Québec‐Océan/Takuvik Université Laval Québec QC Canada
| | - Renald Belley
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Maurice Lamontagne Institute Mont‐Joli QC Canada
| | - Tanya Brown
- Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | - Brenda J. Burd
- Institute of Ocean Sciences Fisheries and Ocean Canada Sidney BC Canada
| | - Evan Edinger
- Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | - Ellen Kenchington
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography Fisheries and Ocean Canada Dartmouth NS Canada
| | - Kent Gilkinson
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre Fisheries and Ocean Canada St. John's NL Canada
| | - Peter Lawton
- Biological Station Fisheries and Oceans Canada St. Andrews NB Canada
| | - Heike Link
- Department of Maritime Systems Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research University of Rostock Rostock Germany
| | | | | | - Paul V. R. Snelgrove
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
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21
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Kaspari M, Welti EAR, Beurs KM. The nutritional geography of ants: Gradients of sodium and sugar limitation across North American grasslands. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:276-284. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaspari
- Geographical Ecology Group Department of Biology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
| | - Ellen A. R. Welti
- Geographical Ecology Group Department of Biology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
| | - Kirsten M. Beurs
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
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22
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Thawley CJ, Goldy-Brown M, McCormick GL, Graham SP, Langkilde T. Presence of an invasive species reverses latitudinal clines of multiple traits in a native species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:620-628. [PMID: 30488524 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes driving formation and maintenance of latitudinal clines has become increasingly important in light of accelerating global change. Many studies have focused on the role of abiotic factors, especially temperature, in generating clines, but biotic factors, including the introduction of non-native species, may also drive clinal variation. We assessed the impact of invasion by predatory fire ants on latitudinal clines in multiple fitness-relevant traits-morphology, physiological stress responsiveness, and antipredator behavior-in a native fence lizard. In areas invaded by fire ants, a latitudinal cline in morphology is opposite both the cline found in museum specimens from historical populations across the species' full latitudinal range and that found in current populations uninvaded by fire ants. Similarly, clines in stress-relevant hormone response to a stressor and in antipredator behavior differ significantly between the portions of the fence lizard range invaded and uninvaded by fire ants. Changes in these traits within fire ant-invaded areas are adaptive and together support increased and more effective antipredator behavior that allows escape from attacks by this invasive predator. However, these changes may mismatch lizards to the environments under which they historically evolved. This research shows that novel biotic pressures can alter latitudinal clines in multiple traits within a single species on ecological timescales. As global change intensifies, a greater understanding of novel abiotic and biotic pressures and how affected organisms adapt to them across space and time will be central to predicting and managing our changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Thawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Goldy-Brown
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Gail L McCormick
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Sean P Graham
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Physical Sciences, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas
| | - Tracy Langkilde
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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23
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Ávila SP, Melo C, Berning B, Sá N, Quartau R, Rijsdijk KF, Ramalho RS, Cordeiro R, De Sá NC, Pimentel A, Baptista L, Medeiros A, Gil A, Johnson ME. Towards a 'Sea-Level Sensitive' dynamic model: impact of island ontogeny and glacio-eustasy on global patterns of marine island biogeography. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1116-1142. [PMID: 30609249 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic model is presented to enlarge the evolutionary framework of the General Dynamic Model (GDM) and the Glacial Sensitive Model (GSM) of oceanic island biogeography from the terrestrial to the marine realm. The proposed 'Sea-Level Sensitive' dynamic model (SLS) of marine island biogeography integrates historical and ecological biogeography with patterns of glacio-eustasy, merging concepts from areas as diverse as taxonomy, biogeography, marine biology, volcanology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, palaeontology, geochronology and geomorphology. Fundamental to the SLS model is the dynamic variation of the littoral area of volcanic oceanic islands (defined as the area between the intertidal and the 50-m isobath) in response to sea-level oscillations driven by glacial-interglacial cycles. The following questions are considered by means of this revision: (i) what was the impact of (global) glacio-eustatic sea-level oscillations, particularly those of the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial episodes, on the littoral marine fauna and flora of volcanic oceanic islands? (ii) What are the main factors that explain the present littoral marine biodiversity on volcanic oceanic islands? (iii) How can differences in historical and ecological biogeography be reconciled, from a marine point of view? These questions are addressed by compiling the bathymetry of 11 Atlantic archipelagos/islands to obtain quantitative data regarding changes in the littoral area based on Pleistocene sea-level oscillations, from 150 thousand years ago (ka) to the present. Within the framework of a model sensitive to changing sea levels, we discuss the principal factors affecting the geographical range of marine species; the relationships between modes of larval development, dispersal strategies and geographical range; the relationships between times of speciation, modes of larval development, ecological zonation and geographical range; the influence of sea-surface temperatures and latitude on littoral marine species diversity; the effect of eustatic sea-level changes and their impact on the littoral marine biota; island marine species-area relationships; and finally, the physical effects of island ontogeny and its associated submarine topography and marine substrate on littoral biota. Based on the SLS dynamic model, we offer a number of predictions for tropical, subtropical and temperate volcanic oceanic islands on how rates of immigration, colonization, in-situ speciation, local disappearance, and extinction interact and affect the marine biodiversity around islands during glacials and interglacials, thus allowing future testing of the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio P Ávila
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,MPB-Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Carlos Melo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,MPB-Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Björn Berning
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen, Leonding 4060, Austria
| | - Nuno Sá
- Departamento de Ciências Tecnológicas e do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Rui Quartau
- Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Divisão de Geologia Marinha, Instituto Hidrográfico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kenneth F Rijsdijk
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo S Ramalho
- Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.,Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K
| | - Ricardo Cordeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,MPB-Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Nuno C De Sá
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Adriano Pimentel
- Centro de Informação e Vigilância Sismovulcânica dos Açores, Rua Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada, 9501-801, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Lara Baptista
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,MPB-Marine PalaeoBiogeography Working Group of the University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - António Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Artur Gil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.,Ce3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, 9501-801, Portugal
| | - Markes E Johnson
- Department of Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, U.S.A
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24
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Bigatti G, Signorelli J. Marine invertebrate biodiversity from the Argentine Sea, South Western Atlantic. Zookeys 2018:47-70. [PMID: 30386153 PMCID: PMC6205990 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.791.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The list of marine invertebrate biodiversity living in the southern tip of South America is compiled. In particular, the living invertebrate organisms, reported in the literature for the Argentine Sea, were checked and summarized covering more than 8,000 km of coastline and marine platform. After an exhaustive literature review, the available information of two centuries of scientific contributions is summarized. Thus, almost 3,100 valid species are currently recognized as living in the Argentine Sea. Part of this dataset was uploaded to the OBIS database, as a product of the Census of Marine Life-NaGISA project. A list of 3,064 valid species, grouped into 1,662 genera distributed in 808 families and 23 phyla, was assessed. The best represented taxa were Arthropoda and Mollusca, contributing approximately with the 50% of the mentioned species in the literature. Cumulative species curves were analyzed in order to estimate the percentage of marine invertebrate biodiversity that is currently known. However, no model fit to our data, showing that the recorded species represent less than 50% of the expected marine invertebrate biodiversity for the Argentine Sea. The great surface of the Argentine Marine Platform (6,581,500 km2) and the relative low effort in collecting and studying new species due to economical restrictions could explain the low fraction of described species. The training of new taxonomists, as well as, the support of projects that contribute to the knowledge of marine invertebrate biodiversity from South Western Atlantic is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Bigatti
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos, (LARBIM) IBIOMAR-CONICET. Bvd. Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos Puerto Madryn Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco Puerto Madryn Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Ecuador Universidad Espíritu Santo Guayaquil Ecuador
| | - Javier Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos, (LARBIM) IBIOMAR-CONICET. Bvd. Brown 2915 (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos Puerto Madryn Argentina
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Fletcher TL, Moss PT, Salisbury SW. The palaeoenvironment of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) portion of the Winton Formation, Queensland, Australia. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5513. [PMID: 30210941 PMCID: PMC6130253 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Winton Formation is increasingly recognised as an important source of information about the Cretaceous of Australia, and, more broadly, the palaeobiogeographic history of eastern Gondwana. With more precise dating and stratigraphic controls starting to provide temporal context to the geological and palaeontological understanding of this formation, it is timely to reassess the palaeoenvironment in which it was deposited. This new understanding helps to further differentiate the upper, most-studied portion of the formation (Cenomanian-Turonian) from the lower portions (Albian-Cenomanian), allowing a coherent picture of the ecosystem to emerge. Temperatures during the deposition of the Upper Cretaceous portion of the Winton Formation were warm, with high, seasonal rainfall, but not as extreme as the modern monsoon. The landscape was heterogeneous, a freshwater alluvial plain bestrode by low energy, meandering rivers, minor lakes and mires. Infrequent, scouring flood events were part of a multi-year cycle of drier and wetter years. The heavily vegetated flood plains supported abundant large herbivores. This was the final infilling of the great Eromanga Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L. Fletcher
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
- Department of Geography, University of Nevada—Reno, Reno, United States of America
| | - Patrick T. Moss
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven W. Salisbury
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Contrasting distribution patterns between aquatic and terrestrial Phytophthora species along a climatic gradient are linked to functional traits. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2967-2980. [PMID: 30072746 PMCID: PMC6246556 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diversity of microbial organisms is linked to global climatic gradients. The genus Phytophthora includes both aquatic and terrestrial plant pathogenic species that display a large variation of functional traits. The extent to which the physical environment (water or soil) modulates the interaction of microorganisms with climate is unknown. Here, we explored the main environmental drivers of diversity and functional trait composition of Phytophthora communities. Communities were obtained by a novel metabarcoding setup based on PacBio sequencing of river filtrates in 96 river sites along a geographical gradient. Species were classified as terrestrial or aquatic based on their phylogenetic clade. Overall, terrestrial and aquatic species showed contrasting patterns of diversity. For terrestrial species, precipitation was a stronger driver than temperature, and diversity and functional diversity decreased with decreasing temperature and precipitation. In cold and dry areas, the dominant species formed resistant structures and had a low optimum temperature. By contrast, for aquatic species, temperature and water chemistry were the strongest drivers, and diversity increased with decreasing temperature and precipitation. Within the same area, environmental filtering affected terrestrial species more strongly than aquatic species (20% versus 3% of the studied communities, respectively). Our results highlight the importance of functional traits and the physical environment in which microorganisms develop their life cycle when predicting their distribution under changing climatic conditions. Temperature and rainfall may be buffered differently by water and soil, and thus pose contrasting constrains to microbial assemblies.
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Stanley RRE, DiBacco C, Lowen B, Beiko RG, Jeffery NW, Van Wyngaarden M, Bentzen P, Brickman D, Benestan L, Bernatchez L, Johnson C, Snelgrove PVR, Wang Z, Wringe BF, Bradbury IR. A climate-associated multispecies cryptic cline in the northwest Atlantic. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq0929. [PMID: 29600272 PMCID: PMC5873842 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spatial genetic structure of most species in the open marine environment remains largely unresolved. This information gap creates uncertainty in the sustainable management, recovery, and associated resilience of marine communities and our capacity to extrapolate beyond the few species for which such information exists. We document a previously unidentified multispecies biogeographic break aligned with a steep climatic gradient and driven by seasonal temperature minima in the northwest Atlantic. The coherence of this genetic break across our five study species with contrasting life histories suggests a pervasive macroecological phenomenon. The integration of this genetic structure with habitat suitability models and climate forecasts predicts significant variation in northward distributional shifts among populations and availability of suitable habitat in future oceans. The results of our integrated approach provide new perspective on how cryptic intraspecific diversity associated with climatic variation influences species and community response to climate change beyond simple poleward shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. E. Stanley
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Claudio DiBacco
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Ben Lowen
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Robert G. Beiko
- Department of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nick W. Jeffery
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Mallory Van Wyngaarden
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 6050 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David Brickman
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Laura Benestan
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Johnson
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Paul V. R. Snelgrove
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Zeliang Wang
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Brendan F. Wringe
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Ian R. Bradbury
- Department of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5X1, Canada
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 6050 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Henkel SK, Nelson WG. Assessment of spatial patterns in benthic macrofauna of the U.S. west coast continental shelf. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2018; 45:2701-2717. [PMID: 30996510 PMCID: PMC6463525 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM We assessed whether currently described marine biogeographic boundaries apply to shelf macrofauna and which environmental drivers were most associated with species differences among regions. LOCATION Pacific coast of North America from the Strait of Juan de Fuca in Washington to the California-Mexico border. METHODS Van Veen grab samples were collected from soft sediment 28-138 m deep and sieved using 1 mm mesh. Spatial patterns of species richness, diversity, and abundance were examined in relation to latitude and environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, sediment % fines, and total organic carbon). Analyses of latitudinal distribution patterns of individual species were combined with multivariate analyses of community composition to determine biogeographic and habitat boundaries for mid-depth continental shelf macrofauna. RESULTS Species richness, diversity, and abundance significantly decreased with increasing latitude, primarily between 32 and 40° N. There were positive associations of richness, diversity (H'), and abundance with upwelling index, sediment % fines, and TOC (<2%). Temperature and DO also were significant for richness and H' but not abundance. Assessment of individual species ranges found major faunal transitions at latitudes 33-34°, 37°, 44°, and 46-47°. Major assemblage differences were found at 34.5°, and 42°. Within each latitudinal region, significantly different macrofauna communities were found in sediment with <5% fines. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The biogeographic boundaries proposed under the Marine Ecoregions of the World schema are more closely aligned with shelf fauna distributions than those developed using west coast rocky intertidal communities. However, the proposed province boundary at Cape Mendocino is not apparent in the shelf macrofauna, and a transition appears to occur closer to the Oregon-California border. Further, the shelf macrofauna indicate the Channel Islands should be a separate subregion from mainland southern California Bight. Multivariate community analyses minimizing the impact of rare species appeared more useful in determining macrofaunal community biogeographic boundaries than analysis of individual species range endpoints, which are strongly influenced by uncommon species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Henkel
- Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365,
| | - Walter G Nelson
- Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Newport OR 97365, USA
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Eukaryotic microbial richness increases with latitude and decreasing temperature in the Pacific Subarctic domain in late winter. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Edgar GJ, Alexander TJ, Lefcheck JS, Bates AE, Kininmonth SJ, Thomson RJ, Duffy JE, Costello MJ, Stuart-Smith RD. Abundance and local-scale processes contribute to multi-phyla gradients in global marine diversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700419. [PMID: 29057321 PMCID: PMC5647131 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the most enduring ecological challenges is an integrated theory explaining the latitudinal biodiversity gradient, including discrepancies observed at different spatial scales. Analysis of Reef Life Survey data for 4127 marine species at 2406 coral and rocky sites worldwide confirms that the total ecoregion richness peaks in low latitudes, near +15°N and -15°S. However, although richness at survey sites is maximal near the equator for vertebrates, it peaks at high latitudes for large mobile invertebrates. Site richness for different groups is dependent on abundance, which is in turn correlated with temperature for fishes and nutrients for macroinvertebrates. We suggest that temperature-mediated fish predation and herbivory have constrained mobile macroinvertebrate diversity at the site scale across the tropics. Conversely, at the ecoregion scale, richness responds positively to coral reef area, highlighting potentially huge global biodiversity losses with coral decline. Improved conservation outcomes require management frameworks, informed by hierarchical monitoring, that cover differing site- and regional-scale processes across diverse taxa, including attention to invertebrate species, which appear disproportionately threatened by warming seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Timothy J. Alexander
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Seestrasse 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan S. Lefcheck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062–1346, USA
| | - Amanda E. Bates
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Stuart J. Kininmonth
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
- School of Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji Islands
| | - Russell J. Thomson
- Centre for Research in Mathematics, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - J. Emmett Duffy
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network, Smithsonian Institution, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Mark J. Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rick D. Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
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Brandl SJ, Casey JM, Knowlton N, Duffy JE. Marine dock pilings foster diverse, native cryptobenthic fish assemblages across bioregions. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7069-7079. [PMID: 28904784 PMCID: PMC5587495 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic habitats are increasingly prevalent in coastal marine environments. Previous research on sessile epifauna suggests that artificial habitats act as a refuge for nonindigenous species, which results in highly homogenous communities across locations. However, vertebrate assemblages that live in association with artificial habitats are poorly understood. Here, we quantify the biodiversity of small, cryptic (henceforth “cryptobenthic”) fishes from marine dock pilings across six locations over 35° of latitude from Maine to Panama. We also compare assemblages from dock pilings to natural habitats in the two southernmost locations (Panama and Belize). Our results suggest that the biodiversity patterns of cryptobenthic fishes from dock pilings follow a Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (LDG), with average local and regional diversity declining sharply with increasing latitude. Furthermore, a strong correlation between community composition and spatial distance suggests distinct regional assemblages of cryptobenthic fishes. Cryptobenthic fish assemblages from dock pilings in Belize and Panama were less diverse and had lower densities than nearby reef habitats. However, dock pilings harbored almost exclusively native species, including two species of conservation concern absent from nearby natural habitats. Our results suggest that, in contrast to sessile epifaunal assemblages on artificial substrates, artificial marine habitats can harbor diverse, regionally characteristic assemblages of vertebrates that follow macroecological patterns that are well documented for natural habitats. We therefore posit that, although dock pilings cannot function as a replacement for natural habitats, dock pilings may provide cost‐effective means to preserve native vertebrate biodiversity, and provide a habitat that can be relatively easily monitored to track the status and trends of fish biodiversity in highly urbanized coastal marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Brandl
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network Smithsonian Institution Edgewater MD USA
| | - Jordan M Casey
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | - James Emmett Duffy
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network Smithsonian Institution Edgewater MD USA
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Lear G, Lau K, Perchec AM, Buckley HL, Case BS, Neale M, Fierer N, Leff JW, Handley KM, Lewis G. Following Rapoport's Rule: the geographic range and genome size of bacterial taxa decline at warmer latitudes. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3152-3162. [PMID: 28504344 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We sought to test whether stream bacterial communities conform to Rapoport's Rule, a pattern commonly observed for plants and animals whereby taxa exhibit decreased latitudinal range sizes closer to the equator. Using a DNA sequencing approach, we explored the biogeography of biofilm bacterial communities in 204 streams across a ∼1000 km latitudinal gradient. The range sizes of bacterial taxa were strongly correlated with latitude, decreasing closer to the equator, which coincided with a greater than fivefold increase in bacterial taxonomic richness. The relative richness and range size of bacteria were associated with spatially correlated variation in temperature and rainfall. These patterns were observed despite enormous variability in catchment environmental characteristics. Similar results were obtained when restricting the same analyses to native forest catchments, thereby controlling for spatial biases in land use. We analysed genomic data from ∼500 taxa detected in this study, for which data were available and found that bacterial communities at cooler latitudes also tended to possess greater potential metabolic potential. Collectively, these data provide the first evidence of latitudinal variation in the range size distributions of freshwater bacteria, a trend which may be determined, in part, by a trade-off between bacterial genome size and local variation in climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelvin Lau
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne-Marie Perchec
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah L Buckley
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bradley S Case
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, USA
| | - Jonathan W Leff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, USA
| | - Kim M Handley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gillian Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Boltovskoy D, Correa N. Planktonic equatorial diversity troughs: fact or artifact? Latitudinal diversity gradients in Radiolaria. Ecology 2016; 98:112-124. [PMID: 27935028 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the classical notion of an increasing biodiversity from the poles to the equator, a number of studies concluded that the diversity of marine species is highest at the middle latitudes, and decreases at the equator. Using a worldwide database critically compiled from 72 surveys (307 species, 4,807 water column and surface sediment samples), we analyzed the latitudinal gradients in species richness (LGSR) of a highly diversified group of marine holoplanktonic protists, the polycystine Radiolaria. Species richness values were corrected for uneven sample coverage and sample size, and contrasted with gradients in 11 environmental variables. Radiolarian species richness decreases from the equator to the poles both in the water column and in the surface sediments and is tightly coupled with temperature throughout the entire thermal range of marine waters. In the tropical Pacific Ocean, a conspicuous east-west gradient in diversity is also associated with temperature. Globally, diversity is negatively correlated with mean annual concentrations of nutrients (N, P, Si) and chlorophyll a. Disagreements with results reported for many other oceanic plankton may stem from the reduction of 3D distributional patterns onto 2D or 1D spaces, to the intermittent mixing of Subtropical and Subpolar species at the middle latitudes, and to a Mid-Domain Effect. The fact that radiolarian LGSR do not show this drop at the equator is partly due to methodological and database-related differences, and probably also in part a reflection of taxon-specific traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Boltovskoy
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Correa
- Servicio de Hidrografía Naval (Ministerio de Defensa) and Escuela de Ciencias del Mar (Instituto Universitario Naval), Av. Montes de Oca 2124, 1271, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Jablonski D, Huang S, Roy K, Valentine JW. Shaping the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient: New Perspectives from a Synthesis of Paleobiology and Biogeography. Am Nat 2016; 189:1-12. [PMID: 28035884 DOI: 10.1086/689739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An impediment to understanding the origin and dynamics of the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG)-the most pervasive large-scale biotic pattern on Earth-has been the tendency to focus narrowly on a single causal factor when a more synthetic, integrative approach is needed. Using marine bivalves as a model system and drawing on other systems where possible, we review paleobiologic and biogeographic support for two supposedly opposing views, that the LDG is shaped primarily by (a) local environmental factors that determine the number of species and higher taxa at a given latitude (in situ hypotheses) or (b) the entry of lineages arising elsewhere into a focal region (spatial dynamics hypotheses). Support for in situ hypotheses includes the fit of present-day diversity trends in many clades to such environmental factors as temperature and the correlation of extinction intensities in Pliocene bivalve faunas with net regional temperature changes. Support for spatial dynamics hypotheses includes the age-frequency distribution of bivalve genera across latitudes, which is consistent with an out-of-the-tropics dynamic, as are the higher species diversities in temperate southeastern Australia and southeastern Japan than in the tropical Caribbean. Thus, both in situ and spatial dynamics processes must shape the bivalve LDG and are likely to operate in other groups as well. The relative strengths of the two processes may differ among groups showing similar LDGs, but dissecting their effects will require improved methods of integrating fossil data with molecular phylogenies. We highlight several potential research directions and argue that many of the most dramatic biotic patterns, past and present, are likely to have been generated by diverse, mutually reinforcing drivers.
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Oppold AM, Pedrosa JAM, Bálint M, Diogo JB, Ilkova J, Pestana JLT, Pfenninger M. Support for the evolutionary speed hypothesis from intraspecific population genetic data in the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20152413. [PMID: 26888029 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary speed hypothesis (ESH) proposes a causal mechanism for the latitudinal diversity gradient. The central idea of the ESH is that warmer temperatures lead to shorter generation times and increased mutation rates. On an absolute time scale, both should lead to an acceleration of selection and drift. Based on the ESH, we developed predictions regarding the distribution of intraspecific genetic diversity: populations of ectothermic species with more generations per year owing to warmer ambient temperatures should be more differentiated from each other, accumulate more mutations and show evidence for increased mutation rates compared with populations in colder regions. We used the multivoltine insect species Chironomus riparius to test these predictions with cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequence data and found that populations from warmer regions are indeed significantly more differentiated and have significantly more derived haplotypes than populations from colder regions. We also found a significant correlation of the annual mean temperature with the population mutation parameter θ that serves as a proxy for the per generation mutation rate under certain assumptions. This pattern could be corroborated with two nuclear loci. Overall, our results support the ESH and indicate that the thermal regime experienced may be crucially driving the evolution of ectotherms and may thus ultimately govern their speciation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Oppold
- Molecular Ecology Group, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - João A M Pedrosa
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal Conservation Genetics Group, Senckenberg Research Institute, Gelnhausen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Miklós Bálint
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - João B Diogo
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Julia Ilkova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Markus Pfenninger
- Molecular Ecology Group, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
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Gross K, Snyder-Beattie A. A General, Synthetic Model for Predicting Biodiversity Gradients from Environmental Geometry. Am Nat 2016; 188:E85-97. [DOI: 10.1086/688171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tornabene L, Van Tassell JL, Robertson DR, Baldwin CC. Repeated invasions into the twilight zone: evolutionary origins of a novel assemblage of fishes from deep Caribbean reefs. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3662-82. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tornabene
- National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; PO Box 37012 Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - James L. Van Tassell
- Department of Ichthyology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024-5192 USA
| | - D. Ross Robertson
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Balboa Panama Unit 9100, PO Box 0948, DPO AA 34002 USA
| | - Carole C. Baldwin
- National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; PO Box 37012 Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
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Torchin ME, Miura O, Hechinger RF. Parasite species richness and intensity of interspecific interactions increase with latitude in two wide-ranging hosts. Ecology 2016; 96:3033-42. [PMID: 27070022 DOI: 10.1890/15-0518.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the latitudinal diversity gradient is a well-known and general pattern, the mechanisms structuring it remain elusive. Two key issues limit differentiating these. First, habitat type usually varies with latitude, precluding a standardized evaluation of species richness. Second, broad-scale and local factors hypothesized to shape diversity patterns covary with one another, making it difficult to tease apart independent effects. Examining communities of parasites in widely distributed hosts can eliminate some of these confounding factors. We quantified diversity and interspecific interactions for trematode parasites infecting two similar snail species across 27 degrees of latitude from 43 locations in tropical and temperate oceans. Counter to typical patterns, we found that species richness, levels of parasitism, and intensity of intraguild predation increased with latitude. Because speciation rates are precluded from driving diversity gradients in this particular system, the reversed gradients are likely due to local ecological factors, specifically, increased productivity and stability. We highlight how this system may serve as a useful tool to provide insight into what processes drive diversity gradients in general.
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Currie DJ, Francis AP, Kerr JT. Some general propositions about the study of spatial patterns of species richness. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1999.11682541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Benedetti-Cecchi L, Canepa A, Fuentes V, Tamburello L, Purcell JE, Piraino S, Roberts J, Boero F, Halpin P. Deterministic Factors Overwhelm Stochastic Environmental Fluctuations as Drivers of Jellyfish Outbreaks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141060. [PMID: 26485278 PMCID: PMC4617864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish outbreaks are increasingly viewed as a deterministic response to escalating levels of environmental degradation and climate extremes. However, a comprehensive understanding of the influence of deterministic drivers and stochastic environmental variations favouring population renewal processes has remained elusive. This study quantifies the deterministic and stochastic components of environmental change that lead to outbreaks of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca in the Mediterranen Sea. Using data of jellyfish abundance collected at 241 sites along the Catalan coast from 2007 to 2010 we: (1) tested hypotheses about the influence of time-varying and spatial predictors of jellyfish outbreaks; (2) evaluated the relative importance of stochastic vs. deterministic forcing of outbreaks through the environmental bootstrap method; and (3) quantified return times of extreme events. Outbreaks were common in May and June and less likely in other summer months, which resulted in a negative relationship between outbreaks and SST. Cross- and along-shore advection by geostrophic flow were important concentrating forces of jellyfish, but most outbreaks occurred in the proximity of two canyons in the northern part of the study area. This result supported the recent hypothesis that canyons can funnel P. noctiluca blooms towards shore during upwelling. This can be a general, yet unappreciated mechanism leading to outbreaks of holoplanktonic jellyfish species. The environmental bootstrap indicated that stochastic environmental fluctuations have negligible effects on return times of outbreaks. Our analysis emphasized the importance of deterministic processes leading to jellyfish outbreaks compared to the stochastic component of environmental variation. A better understanding of how environmental drivers affect demographic and population processes in jellyfish species will increase the ability to anticipate jellyfish outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Canepa
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veronica Fuentes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Tamburello
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jennifer E. Purcell
- Università del Salento, CoNISMa via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, LE, Italy
- Western Washington University, Shannon Point Marine Center, Anacortes, Washington 98221, United States of America
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Università del Salento, CoNISMa via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, LE, Italy
| | - Jason Roberts
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ferdinando Boero
- Università del Salento, CoNISMa via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, LE, Italy
- CNR-ISMAR, Genova, Italy
| | - Patrick Halpin
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Espino F, Brito A, Haroun R, Tuya F. Macroecological analysis of the fish fauna inhabiting Cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:1000-1018. [PMID: 26436373 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, patterns in the taxonomic richness and composition of the fish fauna inhabiting Cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows were described across their entire distribution range in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent Atlantic Ocean. Specifically, the study tested whether there are differences in the composition of fish assemblages between those ecoregions encompassed by the distribution range of C. nodosa, and whether these differences in composition are connected with differences in bioclimatic affinities of the fish faunas. A literature review resulted in a total of 19 studies, containing 22 fish assemblages at 18 locations. The ichthyofauna associated with C. nodosa seagrass meadows comprises 59 families and 188 species. The western Mediterranean (WM) Sea has the highest species richness (87 species). Fish assemblages from the Macaronesia-Canary Islands, the Sahelian Upwelling, South European Atlantic Shelf and the WM differ, in terms of assemblage composition, relative to other ecoregions. In contrast, the composition of the fish fauna from the central and eastern Mediterranean overlaps. There is a significant serial correlation in fish assemblage composition between adjacent ecoregions along the distribution range of C. nodosa. Dissimilarities in assemblage composition are connected with the geographical separation between locations, and the mean minimum annual seawater temperature is the environmental factor that explains most variation in fish assemblage composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Espino
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Campus de Tafira, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A Brito
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación, Unidad de Ciencias Marinas, Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - R Haroun
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Campus de Tafira, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - F Tuya
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Campus de Tafira, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Piacenza SE, Barner AK, Benkwitt CE, Boersma KS, Cerny-Chipman EB, Ingeman KE, Kindinger TL, Lee JD, Lindsley AJ, Reimer JN, Rowe JC, Shen C, Thompson KA, Thurman LL, Heppell SS. Patterns and Variation in Benthic Biodiversity in a Large Marine Ecosystem. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135135. [PMID: 26308521 PMCID: PMC4550249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is a persistent inverse relationship between latitude and species diversity across many taxa and ecosystems, deviations from this norm offer an opportunity to understand the conditions that contribute to large-scale diversity patterns. Marine systems, in particular, provide such an opportunity, as marine diversity does not always follow a strict latitudinal gradient, perhaps because several hypothesized drivers of the latitudinal diversity gradient are uncorrelated in marine systems. We used a large scale public monitoring dataset collected over an eight year period to examine benthic marine faunal biodiversity patterns for the continental shelf (55-183 m depth) and slope habitats (184-1280 m depth) off the US West Coast (47°20'N-32°40'N). We specifically asked whether marine biodiversity followed a strict latitudinal gradient, and if these latitudinal patterns varied across depth, in different benthic substrates, and over ecological time scales. Further, we subdivided our study area into three smaller regions to test whether coast-wide patterns of biodiversity held at regional scales, where local oceanographic processes tend to influence community structure and function. Overall, we found complex patterns of biodiversity on both the coast-wide and regional scales that differed by taxonomic group. Importantly, marine biodiversity was not always highest at low latitudes. We found that latitude, depth, substrate, and year were all important descriptors of fish and invertebrate diversity. Invertebrate richness and taxonomic diversity were highest at high latitudes and in deeper waters. Fish richness also increased with latitude, but exhibited a hump-shaped relationship with depth, increasing with depth up to the continental shelf break, ~200 m depth, and then decreasing in deeper waters. We found relationships between fish taxonomic and functional diversity and latitude, depth, substrate, and time at the regional scale, but not at the coast-wide scale, suggesting that coast-wide patterns can obscure important correlates at smaller scales. Our study provides insight into complex diversity patterns of the deep water soft substrate benthic ecosystems off the US West Coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Piacenza
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Allison K. Barner
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cassandra E. Benkwitt
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kate S. Boersma
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Kurt E. Ingeman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tye L. Kindinger
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Lee
- Department of Geographic Information Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Lindsley
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jessica N. Reimer
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C. Rowe
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Chenchen Shen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kevin A. Thompson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lindsey L. Thurman
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Selina S. Heppell
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Convergence, divergence, and parallelism in marine biodiversity trends: Integrating present-day and fossil data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4903-8. [PMID: 25901312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412219112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleontological data provide essential insights into the processes shaping the spatial distribution of present-day biodiversity. Here, we combine biogeographic data with the fossil record to investigate the roles of parallelism (similar diversities reached via changes from similar starting points), convergence (similar diversities reached from different starting points), and divergence in shaping the present-day latitudinal diversity gradients of marine bivalves along the two North American coasts. Although both faunas show the expected overall poleward decline in species richness, the trends differ between the coasts, and the discrepancies are not explained simply by present-day temperature differences. Instead, the fossil record indicates that both coasts have declined in overall diversity over the past 3 My, but the western Atlantic fauna suffered more severe Pliocene-Pleistocene extinction than did the eastern Pacific. Tropical western Atlantic diversity remains lower than the eastern Pacific, but warm temperate western Atlantic diversity recovered to exceed that of the temperate eastern Pacific, either through immigration or in situ origination. At the clade level, bivalve families shared by the two coasts followed a variety of paths toward today's diversities. The drivers of these lineage-level differences remain unclear, but species with broad geographic ranges during the Pliocene were more likely than geographically restricted species to persist in the temperate zone, suggesting that past differences in geographic range sizes among clades may underlie between-coast contrasts. More detailed comparative work on regional extinction intensities and selectivities, and subsequent recoveries (by in situ speciation or immigration), is needed to better understand present-day diversity patterns and model future changes.
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Tamma K, Ramakrishnan U. Higher speciation and lower extinction rates influence mammal diversity gradients in Asia. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:11. [PMID: 25648944 PMCID: PMC4333168 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the patterns and correlates of mammal diversity gradients in Asia. In this study, we examine patterns of species distributions and phylogenetic diversity in Asia and investigate if the observed diversity patterns are associated with differences in diversification rates between the tropical and non-tropical regions. We used species distribution maps and phylogenetic trees to generate species and phylogenetic diversity measures for 1° × 1° cells across mainland Asia. We constructed lineage-through-time plots and estimated diversification shift-times to examine the temporal patterns of diversifications across orders. Finally, we tested if the observed gradients in Asia could be associated with geographical differences in diversification rates across the tropical and non-tropical biomes. We estimated speciation, extinction and dispersal rates across these two regions for mammals, both globally and for Asian mammals. RESULTS Our results demonstrate strong latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of species and phylogenetic diversity with Southeast Asia and the Himalayas showing highest diversity. Importantly, our results demonstrate that differences in diversification (speciation, extinction and dispersal) rates between the tropical and the non-tropical biomes influence the observed diversity gradients globally and in Asia. For the first time, we demonstrate that Asian tropics act as both cradles and museums of mammalian diversity. CONCLUSIONS Temporal and spatial variation in diversification rates across different lineages of mammals is an important correlate of species diversity gradients observed in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Tamma
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore - 65, India.
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore - 65, India.
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Yasuhara M, Danovaro R. Temperature impacts on deep-sea biodiversity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 91:275-87. [PMID: 25523624 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is considered to be a fundamental factor controlling biodiversity in marine ecosystems, but precisely what role temperature plays in modulating diversity is still not clear. The deep ocean, lacking light and in situ photosynthetic primary production, is an ideal model system to test the effects of temperature changes on biodiversity. Here we synthesize current knowledge on temperature-diversity relationships in the deep sea. Our results from both present and past deep-sea assemblages suggest that, when a wide range of deep-sea bottom-water temperatures is considered, a unimodal relationship exists between temperature and diversity (that may be right skewed). It is possible that temperature is important only when at relatively high and low levels but does not play a major role in the intermediate temperature range. Possible mechanisms explaining the temperature-biodiversity relationship include the physiological-tolerance hypothesis, the metabolic hypothesis, island biogeography theory, or some combination of these. The possible unimodal relationship discussed here may allow us to identify tipping points at which on-going global change and deep-water warming may increase or decrease deep-sea biodiversity. Predicted changes in deep-sea temperatures due to human-induced climate change may have more adverse consequences than expected considering the sensitivity of deep-sea ecosystems to temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriaki Yasuhara
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, and Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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Cunha RL, Lima FP, Tenorio MJ, Ramos AA, Castilho R, Williams ST. Evolution at a different pace: distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagos. Syst Biol 2014; 63:971-87. [PMID: 25121824 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient oceanic archipelagos of similar geological age are expected to accrue comparable numbers of endemic lineages with identical life history strategies, especially if the islands exhibit analogous habitats. We tested this hypothesis using marine snails of the genus Conus from the Atlantic archipelagos of Cape Verde and Canary Islands. Together with Azores and Madeira, these archipelagos comprise the Macaronesia biogeographic region and differ remarkably in the diversity of this group. More than 50 endemic Conus species have been described from Cape Verde, whereas prior to this study, only two nonendemic species, including a putative species complex, were thought to occur in the Canary Islands. We combined molecular phylogenetic data and geometric morphometrics with bathymetric and paleoclimatic reconstructions to understand the contrasting diversification patterns found in these regions. Our results suggest that species diversity is even lower than previously thought in the Canary Islands, with the putative species complex corresponding to a single species, Conus guanche. One explanation for the enormous disparity in Conus diversity is that the amount of available habitat may differ, or may have differed in the past due to eustatic (global) sea level changes. Historical bathymetric data, however, indicated that sea level fluctuations since the Miocene have had a similar impact on the available habitat area in both Cape Verde and Canary archipelagos and therefore do not explain this disparity. We suggest that recurrent gene flow between the Canary Islands and West Africa, habitat losses due to intense volcanic activity in combination with unsuccessful colonization of new Conus species from more diverse regions, were all determinant in shaping diversity patterns within the Canarian archipelago. Worldwide Conus species diversity follows the well-established pattern of latitudinal increase of species richness from the poles towards the tropics. However, the eastern Atlantic revealed a striking pattern with two main peaks of Conus species richness in the subtropical area and decreasing diversities toward the tropical western African coast. A Random Forests model using 12 oceanographic variables suggested that sea surface temperature is the main determinant of Conus diversity either at continental scales (eastern Atlantic coast) or in a broader context (worldwide). Other factors such as availability of suitable habitat and reduced salinity due to the influx of large rivers in the tropical area also play an important role in shaping Conus diversity patterns in the western coast of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Cunha
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando P Lima
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel J Tenorio
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ana A Ramos
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Castilho
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne T Williams
- Centre of Marine Sciences-CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005 - 139 Faro, Portugal, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, Department CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Torre Norte, 1Planta, Universidad de Cadiz; 11510 Puerto Real; Cádiz, Spain; and Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Robertson DR, Cramer KL. Defining and dividing the greater Caribbean: insights from the biogeography of shorefishes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102918. [PMID: 25054225 PMCID: PMC4108436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Greater Caribbean biogeographic region is the high-diversity heart of the Tropical West Atlantic, one of four global centers of tropical marine biodiversity. The traditional view of the Greater Caribbean is that it is limited to the Caribbean, West Indies, southwest Gulf of Mexico and tip of Florida, and that, due to its faunal homogeneity, lacks major provincial subdivisions. In this scenario the northern 2/3 of the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern USA represent a separate temperate, "Carolinian" biogeographic region. We completed a comprehensive re-assessment of the biogeography of the Greater Caribbean by comparing the distributions of 1,559 shorefish species within 45 sections of shelf waters of the Greater Caribbean and adjacent areas. This analysis shows that that the Greater Caribbean occupies a much larger area than usually thought, extending south to at least Guyana, and north to encompass the entire Carolinian area. Rather than being homogenous, the Greater Caribbean is divided into three major provinces, each with a distinctive, primarily tropical fauna: (1) a central, tropical province comprising the West Indies, Bermuda and Central America; (2) a southern, upwelling-affected province spanning the entire continental shelf of northern South America; and (iii) a northern, subtropical province that includes all of the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and southeastern USA. This three-province pattern holds for both reef- and soft bottom fishes, indicating a general response by demersal fishes to major variation in provincial shelf environments. Such environmental differences include latitudinal variation in sea temperature, availability of major habitats (coral reefs, soft bottom shorelines, and mangroves), and nutrient additions from upwelling areas and large rivers. The three-province arrangement of the Greater Caribbean broadly resembles and has a similar environmental basis to the provincial arrangement of its sister biogeographic region, the Tropical Eastern Pacific.
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Convey P, Chown SL, Clarke A, Barnes DKA, Bokhorst S, Cummings V, Ducklow HW, Frati F, Green TGA, Gordon S, Griffiths HJ, Howard-Williams C, Huiskes AHL, Laybourn-Parry J, Lyons WB, McMinn A, Morley SA, Peck LS, Quesada A, Robinson SA, Schiaparelli S, Wall DH. The spatial structure of Antarctic biodiversity. ECOL MONOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/12-2216.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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