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Yang J, Li Y, Li H, Zhang H, Guo H, Zheng X, Yu XF, Wei W. HIV-1 Vpu induces neurotoxicity by promoting Caspase 3-dependent cleavage of TDP-43. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00238-y. [PMID: 39242776 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in controlling the incidence and mortality of AIDS, effective interventions for HIV-1-induced neurological damage and cognitive impairment remain elusive. In this study, we found that HIV-1 infection can induce proteolytic cleavage and aberrant aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), a pathological protein associated with various severe neurological disorders. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu was found to be responsible for the cleavage of TDP-43, as ectopic expression of Vpu alone was sufficient to induce TDP-43 cleavage, whereas HIV-1 lacking Vpu failed to cleave TDP-43. Mechanistically, the cleavage of TDP-43 at Asp89 by HIV-1 relies on Vpu-mediated activation of Caspase 3, and pharmacological inhibition of Caspase 3 activity effectively suppressed the HIV-1-induced aggregation and neurotoxicity of TDP-43. Overall, these results suggest that TDP-43 is a conserved host target of HIV-1 Vpu and provide evidence for the involvement of TDP-43 dysregulation in the neural pathogenesis of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huili Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haichen Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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2
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Richard J, Prévost J, Bourassa C, Brassard N, Boutin M, Benlarbi M, Goyette G, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Gaudette F, Chen HC, Tolbert WD, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Dubé M, Clark A, Mothes W, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Temsavir blocks the immunomodulatory activities of HIV-1 soluble gp120. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:540-552.e6. [PMID: 36958337 PMCID: PMC10198848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
While HIV-1-mediated CD4 downregulation protects infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), shed gp120 binds to CD4 on uninfected bystander CD4+ T cells, sensitizing them to ADCC mediated by HIV+ plasma. Soluble gp120-CD4 interaction on multiple immune cells also triggers a cytokine burst. The small molecule temsavir acts as an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor by preventing envelope glycoprotein (Env)-CD4 interaction and alters the overall antigenicity of Env by affecting its processing and glycosylation. Here we show that temsavir also blocks the immunomodulatory activities of shed gp120. Temsavir prevents shed gp120 from interacting with uninfected bystander CD4+ cells, protecting them from ADCC responses and preventing a cytokine burst. Mechanistically, this depends on temsavir's capacity to prevent soluble gp120-CD4 interaction, to reduce gp120 shedding, and to alter gp120 antigenicity. This suggests that the clinical benefits provided by temsavir could extend beyond blocking viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Fleur Gaudette
- Plateforme de Pharmacocinétique, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrew Clark
- ViiV Healthcare, Global Medical Affairs, Middlesex TW8 9GS, UK
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
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3
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Segura J, Ireland J, Zou Z, Roth G, Buchwald J, Shen TJ, Fischer E, Moir S, Chun TW, Sun PD. HIV-1 release requires Nef-induced caspase activation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281087. [PMID: 36780482 PMCID: PMC9925082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection remains incurable to date and there are no compounds targeted at the viral release. We show here HIV viral release is not spontaneous, rather requires caspases activation and shedding of its adhesion receptor, CD62L. Blocking the caspases activation caused virion tethering by CD62L and the release of deficient viruses. Not only productive experimental HIV infections require caspases activation for viral release, HIV release from both viremic and aviremic patient-derived CD4 T cells also require caspase activation, suggesting HIV release from cellular viral reservoirs depends on apoptotic shedding of the adhesion receptor. Further transcriptomic analysis of HIV infected CD4 T cells showed a direct contribution of HIV accessory gene Nef to apoptotic caspases activation. Current HIV cure focuses on the elimination of latent cellular HIV reservoirs that are resistant to infection-induced cell death. This has led to therapeutic strategies to stimulate T cell apoptosis in a "kick and kill" approach. Our current work has shifted the paradigm on HIV-induced apoptosis and suggests such approach would risk to induce HIV release and thus be counter-productive. Instead, our study supports targeting of viral reservoir release by inhibiting of caspases activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Segura
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanna Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhongcheng Zou
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwynne Roth
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julianna Buchwald
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Shen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fischer
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Jadaun P, Seniya C, Pal SK, Kumar S, Kumar P, Nema V, Kulkarni SS, Mukherjee A. Elucidation of Antiviral and Antioxidant Potential of C-Phycocyanin against HIV-1 Infection through In Silico and In Vitro Approaches. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101942. [PMID: 36290665 PMCID: PMC9598530 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy is the single existing therapy for patients infected with HIV; however, it has drawbacks in terms of toxicity and resistance. Thus, there is a continuous need to explore safe and efficacious anti-retroviral agents. C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a phycobiliprotein, which has been known for various biological properties; however, its effect on HIV-1 replication needs revelation. This study aimed to identify the inhibitory effects of C-PC on HIV-1 using in vitro and in silico approaches and to assess its role in the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) during HIV-1 infection. In vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of C-PC was assessed on TZM-bl cells through luciferase gene assay against four different clades of HIV-1 strains in a dose-dependent manner. Results were confirmed in PBMCs, using the HIV-1 p24 antigen assay. Strong associations between C-PC and HIV-1 proteins were observed through in silico molecular simulation-based interactions, and the in vitro mechanistic study confirmed its target by inhibition of reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes. Additionally, the generation of mitochondrial ROS was detected by the MitoSOX and DCF-DA probe through confocal microscopy. Furthermore, our results confirmed that C-PC treatment notably subdued the fluorescence in the presence of the virus, thus reduction of ROS and the activation of caspase-3/7 in HIV-1-infected cells. Overall, our study suggests C-PC as a potent and broad in vitro antiviral and antioxidant agent against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Jadaun
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (A.M.)
| | | | | | - Sanjit Kumar
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, TN, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, UP, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India
| | | | - Anupam Mukherjee
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (A.M.)
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5
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From pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis to PANoptosis: A mechanistic compendium of programmed cell death pathways. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4641-4657. [PMID: 34504660 PMCID: PMC8405902 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis are the most genetically well-defined programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, and they are intricately involved in both homeostasis and disease. Although the identification of key initiators, effectors and executioners in each of these three PCD pathways has historically delineated them as distinct, growing evidence has highlighted extensive crosstalk among them. These observations have led to the establishment of the concept of PANoptosis, defined as an inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by the PANoptosome complex with key features of pyroptosis, apoptosis and/or necroptosis that cannot be accounted for by any of these PCD pathways alone. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the research history of pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis. We then examine the intricate crosstalk among these PCD pathways to discuss the current evidence for PANoptosis. We also detail the molecular evidence for the assembly of the PANoptosome complex, a molecular scaffold for contemporaneous engagement of key molecules from pyroptosis, apoptosis, and/or necroptosis. PANoptosis is now known to be critically involved in many diseases, including infection, sterile inflammation and cancer, and future discovery of novel PANoptotic components will continue to broaden our understanding of the fundamental processes of cell death and inform the development of new therapeutics.
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6
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Bystander CD4 T-cell death is inhibited by broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies only at levels blocking cell-to-cell viral transmission. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101098. [PMID: 34418431 PMCID: PMC8446805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of CD4+ T cells during HIV infection of lymphoid tissues involves both the apoptotic death of activated and productively infected CD4 T cells and the pyroptotic death of large numbers of resting and abortively infected bystander CD4 T cells. HIV spreads both through cellular release of virions and cell-to-cell transmission involving the formation of virological synapses. Cell-to-cell transmission results in high-level transfer of large quantities of virions to the target cell exceeding that achieved with cell-free virions. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bNAbs) binding to HIV envelope protein capably block cell-free virus spread, and when added at higher concentrations can also interdict cell-to-cell transmission. Exploiting these distinct dose–response differences, we now show that four different bNAbs block the pyroptotic death of bystander cells, but only when added at concentrations sufficient to block cell-to-cell transmission. These findings further support the conclusion that HIV killing of abortively infected bystander CD4 T cells requires cell-to-cell transfer of virions. As bNAbs attract more interest as potential therapeutics, it will be important to consider the higher concentrations of these antibodies required to block the inflammatory death of bystander CD4 T cells.
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7
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Gruevska A, Moragrega ÁB, Cossarizza A, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: Relevance for HIV-Infected Patients under Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020410. [PMID: 33669403 PMCID: PMC7920460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to medical advances over the past few decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, once a devastatingly mortal pandemic, has become a manageable chronic condition. However, available antiretroviral treatments (cART) cannot fully restore immune health and, consequently, a number of inflammation-associated and/or immunodeficiency complications have manifested themselves in treated HIV-infected patients. Among these chronic, non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-related conditions, liver disease is one of the deadliest, proving to be fatal for 15–17% of these individuals. Aside from the presence of liver-related comorbidities, including metabolic disturbances and co-infections, HIV itself and the adverse effects of cART are the main factors that contribute to hepatic cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Among the molecular mechanisms that are activated in the liver during HIV infection, apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes stands out as a key pathogenic player. In this review, we will discuss the evidence and potential mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by HIV, HIV-encoded proteins, or cART. Some antiretroviral drugs, especially the older generation, can induce apoptosis of hepatic cells, which occurs through a variety of mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), all of which ultimately lead to caspase activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gruevska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ángela B. Moragrega
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-396-4167; Fax: +34-96-398-3879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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8
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Le Hingrat Q, Sereti I, Landay AL, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4 + T-Cell Depletion in Lentiviral Infection. A Critical Review of the Dynamics of the CD4 + T Cells in SIV and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695674. [PMID: 34367156 PMCID: PMC8336601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is pathognomonic for AIDS in both HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. It occurs early, is massive at mucosal sites, and is not entirely reverted by antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly if initiated when T-cell functions are compromised. HIV/SIV infect and kill activated CCR5-expressing memory and effector CD4+ T-cells from the intestinal lamina propria. Acute CD4+ T-cell depletion is substantial in progressive, nonprogressive and controlled infections. Clinical outcome is predicted by the mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery during chronic infection, with no recovery occurring in rapid progressors, and partial, transient recovery, the degree of which depends on the virus control, in normal and long-term progressors. The nonprogressive infection of African nonhuman primate SIV hosts is characterized by partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration, despite high viral replication. Complete, albeit very slow, recovery of mucosal CD4+ T-cells occurs in controllers. Early ART does not prevent acute mucosal CD4+ T-cell depletion, yet it greatly improves their restoration, sometimes to preinfection levels. Comparative studies of the different models of SIV infection support a critical role of immune activation/inflammation (IA/INFL), in addition to viral replication, in CD4+ T-cell depletion, with immune restoration occurring only when these parameters are kept at bay. CD4+ T-cell depletion is persistent, and the recovery is very slow, even when both the virus and IA/INFL are completely controlled. Nevertheless, partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery is sufficient for a healthy life in natural hosts. Cell death and loss of CD4+ T-cell subsets critical for gut health contribute to mucosal inflammation and enteropathy, which weaken the mucosal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, a major driver of IA/INFL. In turn, IA/INFL trigger CD4+ T-cells to become either viral targets or apoptotic, fueling their loss. CD4+ T-cell depletion also drives opportunistic infections, cancers, and comorbidities. It is thus critical to preserve CD4+ T cells (through early ART) during HIV/SIV infection. Even in early-treated subjects, residual IA/INFL can persist, preventing/delaying CD4+ T-cell restoration. New therapeutic strategies limiting mucosal pathology, microbial translocation and IA/INFL, to improve CD4+ T-cell recovery and the overall HIV prognosis are needed, and SIV models are extensively used to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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The V2 loop of HIV gp120 delivers costimulatory signals to CD4 + T cells through Integrin α 4β 7 and promotes cellular activation and infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32566-32573. [PMID: 33288704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011501117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute HIV infection is characterized by rapid viral seeding of immunologic inductive sites in the gut followed by the severe depletion of gut CD4+ T cells. Trafficking of α4β7-expressing lymphocytes to the gut is mediated by MAdCAM, the natural ligand of α4β7 that is expressed on gut endothelial cells. MAdCAM signaling through α4β7 costimulates CD4+ T cells and promotes HIV replication. Similar to MAdCAM, the V2 domain of the gp120 HIV envelope protein binds to α4β7 In this study, we report that gp120 V2 shares with MAdCAM the capacity to signal through α4β7 resulting in CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation. As with MAdCAM-mediated costimulation, cellular activation induced by gp120 V2 is inhibited by anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). It is also inhibited by anti-V2 domain antibodies including nonneutralizing mAbs that recognize an epitope in V2 that has been linked to reduced risk of acquisition in the RV144 vaccine trial. The capacity of the V2 domain of gp120 to mediate signaling through α4β7 likely impacts early events in HIV infection. The capacity of nonneutralizing V2 antibodies to block this activity reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism whereby such antibodies might impact HIV transmission and pathogenesis.
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10
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Mann JFS, Pankrac J, Klein K, McKay PF, King DFL, Gibson R, Wijewardhana CN, Pawa R, Meyerowitz J, Gao Y, Canaday DH, Avino M, Poon AFY, Foster C, Fidler S, Shattock RJ, Arts EJ. A targeted reactivation of latent HIV-1 using an activator vector in patient samples from acute infection. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102853. [PMID: 32654992 PMCID: PMC7502668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During combined anti-retroviral treatment, a latent HIV reservoir persists within resting memory CD4 T cells that initiates viral recrudescence upon treatment interruption. Strategies for HIV-1 cure have largely focused on latency reversing agents (LRAs) capable of reactivating and eliminating this viral reservoir. Previously investigated LRAs have largely failed to achieve a robust latency reversal sufficient for reduction of latent HIV pool or the potential of virus-free remission in the absence of treatment. METHODS We utilize a polyvalent virus-like particle (VLP) formulation called Activator Vector (ACT-VEC) to 'shock' provirus into transcriptional activity. Ex vivo co-culture experiments were used to evaluate the efficacy of ACT-VEC in relation to other LRAs in individuals diagnosed and treated during the acute stage of infection. IFN-γ ELISpot, qRT-PCR and Illumina MiSeq were used to evaluate antigenicity, latency reversal, and diversity of induced virus respectively. FINDINGS Using samples from HIV+ patients diagnosed and treated at acute/early infection, we demonstrate that ACT-VEC can reverse latency in HIV infected CD4 T cells to a greater extent than other major recall antigens as stimuli or even mitogens such as PMA/Iono. Furthermore, ACT-VEC activates more latent HIV-1 than clinically tested HDAC inhibitors or protein kinase C agonists. INTERPRETATION Taken together, these results show that ACT-VEC can induce HIV reactivation from latently infected CD4 T cells collected from participants on first line combined antiretroviral therapy for at least two years after being diagnosed and treated at acute/early stage of infection. These findings could provide guidance to possible targeted cure strategies and treatments. FUNDING NIH and CIHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Joshua Pankrac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Deborah F L King
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Richard Gibson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Chanuka N Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Rahul Pawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Mariano Avino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Art F Y Poon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Caroline Foster
- The 900 Clinic, Jefferies Wing, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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11
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Abbink P, Mercado NB, Nkolola JP, Peterson RL, Tuyishime H, McMahan K, Moseley ET, Borducchi EN, Chandrashekar A, Bondzie EA, Agarwal A, Belli AJ, Reimann KA, Keele BF, Geleziunas R, Lewis MG, Barouch DH. Lack of therapeutic efficacy of an antibody to α 4β 7 in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques. Science 2019; 365:1029-1033. [PMID: 31488689 PMCID: PMC6768629 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustained virologic control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a major goal of the HIV-1 cure field. A recent study reported that administration of an antibody against α4β7 induced durable virologic control after ART discontinuation in 100% of rhesus macaques infected with an attenuated strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) containing a stop codon in nef We performed similar studies in 50 rhesus macaques infected with wild-type, pathogenic SIVmac251. In animals that initiated ART during either acute or chronic infection, anti-α4β7 antibody infusion had no detectable effect on the viral reservoir or viral rebound after ART discontinuation. These data demonstrate that anti-α4β7 antibody administration did not provide therapeutic efficacy in the model of pathogenic SIVmac251 infection of rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rebecca L Peterson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hubert Tuyishime
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edward T Moseley
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Esther A Bondzie
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arshi Agarwal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron J Belli
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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12
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Di Mascio M, Lifson JD, Srinivasula S, Kim I, DeGrange P, Keele BF, Belli AJ, Reimann KA, Wang Y, Proschan M, Lane HC, Fauci AS. Evaluation of an antibody to α4β7 in the control of SIVmac239-nef-stop infection. Science 2019; 365:1025-1029. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav6695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with short-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and partially overlapping infusions of antibody to integrin α4β7 was reported to induce durable posttreatment viral suppression. In an attempt to replicate those observations, we treated macaques infected with the same virus and with the same ART and monoclonal antibody (mAb) regimens (anti-α4β7 versus control mAb). Sequencing demonstrated that the virus used was actually SIVmac239-nef-stop, not wild-type SIVmac239. A positive correlation was found at 2 weeks after infection between the frequency of repair of attenuated Nef-STOP virus to pathogenic Nef-OPEN and plasma SIV RNA levels. Levels of plasma viremia before the first antibody infusion and preinfection levels of α4β7hi CD4+ T cells, but not treatment with antibody to α4β7 , correlated with levels of viral replication upon discontinuation of all treatments. Follow-up plasma viremia, peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts, and lymph node and rectal tissue viral load were not significantly different between anti-α4β7 and control mAb groups.
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13
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Mozhgani SH, Zarei Ghobadi M, Behnam Rad M, Farzanehpour M, Behzadian F. Reconnaissance of the candidate genes involved in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus and targeted by antiretroviral therapy. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2134-2141. [PMID: 31317550 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression levels of many genes change after treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects by antiretroviral drugs. High-throughput analysis of tremendous datasets led to the discovery of genes that are implicated in the treatment pathways. In this study, we performed a gene-enrichment analysis after determining the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between untreated HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects and also between treated HIV-positive subjects with antiretroviral therapy (ART; who receiving nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based ART) and untreated HIV-positive cases in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), adipose, and muscle tissues. In sum, the genes that activate inflammatory, immune response, proliferation, metabolism, and viral involvement pathways have different expression patterns in the untreated HIV-positive subjects and treated HIV-positive cases. Moreover, the expression levels of the genes including ACLY, ALDH18A1, HADHA, and YARS in the PBMCs tissue and HBEGF, PKN3, DEGS2, and EDN3 in the fat tissue were found to be different in the HIV-infected patients, which can be considered as new biomarkers for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Behnam Rad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Farzanehpour
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farida Behzadian
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Cellular Determinants of HIV Persistence on Antiretroviral Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1075:213-239. [PMID: 30030795 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The era of antiretroviral therapy has made HIV-1 infection a manageable chronic disease for those with access to treatment. Despite treatment, virus persists in tissue reservoirs seeded with long-lived infected cells that are resistant to cell death and immune recognition. Which cells contribute to this reservoir and which factors determine their persistence are central questions that need to be answered to achieve viral eradication. In this chapter, we describe how cell susceptibility to infection, resistance to cell death, and immune-mediated killing as well as natural cell life span and turnover potential are central components that allow persistence of different lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets that were recently identified as key players in harboring latent and actively replicating virus. The relative contribution of these subsets to persistence of viral reservoir is described, and the open questions are highlighted.
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15
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Laforge M, Silvestre R, Rodrigues V, Garibal J, Campillo-Gimenez L, Mouhamad S, Monceaux V, Cumont MC, Rabezanahary H, Pruvost A, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Hurtrel B, Silvestri G, Senik A, Estaquier J. The anti-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH prevents AIDS disease progression in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1627-1640. [PMID: 29553486 DOI: 10.1172/jci95127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been proposed as a key mechanism responsible for CD4+ T cell depletion and immune dysfunction during HIV infection. We demonstrated that Q-VD-OPH, a caspase inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous and activation-induced death of T cells from SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). When administered during the acute phase of infection, Q-VD-OPH was associated with (a) reduced levels of T cell death, (b) preservation of CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in lymphoid organs and in the gut, (c) maintenance of memory CD4+ T cells, and (d) increased specific CD4+ T cell response associated with the expression of cytotoxic molecules. Although therapy was limited to the acute phase of infection, Q-VD-OPH-treated RMs showed lower levels of both viral load and cell-associated SIV DNA as compared with control SIV-infected RMs throughout the chronic phase of infection, and prevented the development of AIDS. Overall, our data demonstrate that Q-VD-OPH injection in SIV-infected RMs may represent an adjunctive therapeutic agent to control HIV infection and delaying disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Garibal
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Monceaux
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Alain Pruvost
- CEA, iBiTecS, SPI, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Hurtrel
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Senik
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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16
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HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein stimulates viral transcription and increases the infectivity of the progeny virus through the manipulation of cellular machinery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9487. [PMID: 28842659 PMCID: PMC5573355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, large amounts of progeny viral particles, including infectious virus and a large proportion of defective viral particles, are produced. Despite of the critical role of the infectious viruses in infection and pathogenesis in vivo, whether and how those defective viral particles, especially the virus-associated envelope glycoprotein (vEnv), would impact viral infection remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of vEnv on HIV-infected T cells and demonstrated that the vEnv was able to stimulate HIV transcription in HIV-infected cells, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from HIV patients. This vEnv-mediated HIV transcription activation is mediated primarily through the interaction between vEnv and CD4/coreceptors (CCR5 or CXCR4). Through transcriptome analysis, we found that numerous cellular gene products involved in various signaling pathways were modulated by vEnv. Among them, we have further identified a cellular microRNA miR181A2, which is downregulated upon vEnv treatment, resulting in increased HIV LTR histone H3 acetylation and HIV transcription. Furthermore, we also found a vEnv-modulated cellular histone deacetylase, HDAC10, whose downregulation is associated with the increased infectivity of progeny viruses. Altogether, these findings provide evidence of the important role vEnv plays in modulating cellular environments and facilitating HIV expression and infection.
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17
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Tugizov S. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated disruption of mucosal barriers and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS disease. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1159276. [PMID: 27583187 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1159276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral, intestinal and genital mucosal epithelia have a barrier function to prevent paracellular penetration by viral, bacterial and other pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight and adherens junctions of mucosal epithelia. HIV-associated disruption of epithelial junctions may also facilitate paracellular penetration and dissemination of other viral pathogens. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Orofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Syncytial apoptosis signaling network induced by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex: an overview. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1846. [PMID: 26247731 PMCID: PMC4558497 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is associated with a progressive decrease in CD4 T-cell numbers and the consequent collapse of host immune defenses. The major pathogenic mechanism of AIDS is the massive apoptotic destruction of the immunocompetent cells, including uninfected cells. The latter process, also known as by-stander killing, operates by various mechanisms one of which involves the formation of syncytia which undergo cell death by following a complex pathway. We present here a detailed and curated map of the syncytial apoptosis signaling network, aimed at simplifying the whole mechanism that we have characterized at the molecular level in the last 15 years. The map was created using Systems Biology Graphical Notation language with the help of CellDesigner software and encompasses 36 components (proteins/genes) and 54 interactions. The simplification of this complex network paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to eradicate HIV-1 infection. Agents that induce the selective death of HIV-1-elicited syncytia might lead to the elimination of viral reservoirs and hence constitute an important complement to current antiretroviral therapies.
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19
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Impaired Focal Adhesion Kinase-Grb2 Interaction during Elevated Activity in Hippocampal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15659-69. [PMID: 26184168 PMCID: PMC4519918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory/inhibitory imbalances are implicated in many neurological disorders. Previously, we showed that chronically elevated network activity induces vulnerability in neurons due to loss of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in response to the impairment of the serine/threonine kinase, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (Erk1/2) activation. However, how phosphorylation of Erk1/2 decreases during elevated neuronal activity was unknown. Here I show the pErk1/2 decrease induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), an A-type potassium channel inhibitor can be blocked by a broad-spectrum matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, FN-439. Surface expression levels of integrin β1 dramatically decrease when neurons are challenged by chronically elevated activity, which is reversed by FN-439. Treatment with 4-AP induces degradation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), the mediator of integrin signaling. As a result, interactions between FAK and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), the adaptor protein that mediates Erk1/2 activation by integrin, are severely impaired. Together, these data suggest the loss of integrin signaling during elevated activity causes vulnerability in neurons.
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20
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Demberg T, Mohanram V, Musich T, Brocca-Cofano E, McKinnon KM, Venzon D, Robert-Guroff M. Loss of marginal zone B-cells in SHIVSF162P4 challenged rhesus macaques despite control of viremia to low or undetectable levels in chronic infection. Virology 2015; 484:323-333. [PMID: 26151223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells generate T-independent antibody responses to pathogens before T-dependent antibodies arise in germinal centers. They have been identified in cynomolgus monkeys and monitored during acute SIV infection, yet have not been well-studied in rhesus macaques. Here we characterized rhesus macaque MZ B cells, present in secondary lymphoid tissue but not peripheral blood, as CD19(+), CD20(+), CD21(hi), IgM(+), CD22(+), CD38(+), BTLA(+), CD40(+), CCR6(+) and BCL-2(+). Compared to healthy macaques, SHIVSF162P4-infected animals showed decreased total B cells and MZ B cells and increased MZ B cell Ki-67 expression early in chronic infection. These changes persisted in late chronic infection, despite viremia reductions to low or undetectable levels. Expression levels of additional phenotypic markers and RNA PCR array analyses were in concert with continued low-level activation and diminished function of MZ B cells. We conclude that MZ B-cell dysregulation and dysfunction associated with SIV/HIV infection are not readily reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thomas Musich
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Katherine M McKinnon
- FACS Core, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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21
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Hegedus A, Kavanagh Williamson M, Huthoff H. HIV-1 pathogenicity and virion production are dependent on the metabolic phenotype of activated CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology 2014; 11:98. [PMID: 25421745 PMCID: PMC4252996 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1, like all viruses, is entirely dependent on the host cell for providing the metabolic resources for completion of the viral replication cycle and the production of virions. It is well established that HIV-1 replicates efficiently in activated CD4+ T cells, whereas resting CD4+ T cells are refractory to infection with HIV-1. A hallmark of T cell activation is the upregulation of glycolysis to meet the biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs of cell proliferation and the execution of effector functions by the secretion of cytokines. To date, it has remained unknown if HIV-1 requires the high glycolytic activity of activated T cells to support its replication. RESULTS We report that in primary CD4+ T cells, the flux through the glycolytic pathway is increased upon infection with HIV-1. This increase in glycolytic activity does not occur in T cell lines when infected with HIV-1. By providing cells with galactose instead of glucose, the former being a poor substrate for glycolysis, we monitored the effect of preventing glycolysis in CD4+ T cells on virus replication cycle and cell fate. We observed that HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells cultured in galactose have a survival advantage over those cultured in glucose and this coincides with reduced caspase 3 activation and apoptosis in cultures with galactose. T cell lines do not recapitulate this difference in cell death. Finally, we demonstrate that virion production is dependent on glycolysis as cultures containing galactose yield reduced amounts of HIV-1 virions compared with cultures containing glucose. CONCLUSIONS The replication of HIV-1 in primary CD4+ T cells causes an increase in glycolytic flux of the cell. Glycolysis is particularly required for virion production and additionally increases the sensitivity of the infected cell to virus-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hegedus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Maia Kavanagh Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Hendrik Huthoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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22
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Bernier A, Cleret-Buhot A, Zhang Y, Goulet JP, Monteiro P, Gosselin A, DaFonseca S, Wacleche VS, Jenabian MA, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Ancuta P. Transcriptional profiling reveals molecular signatures associated with HIV permissiveness in Th1Th17 cells and identifies peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as an intrinsic negative regulator of viral replication. Retrovirology 2013; 10:160. [PMID: 24359430 PMCID: PMC3898812 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that primary Th1Th17 cells are highly permissive to HIV-1, whereas Th1 cells are relatively resistant. Molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain unknown. RESULTS Exposure to replication competent and single-round VSV-G pseudotyped HIV strains provide evidence that superior HIV replication in Th1Th17 vs. Th1 cells was regulated by mechanisms located at entry and post-entry levels. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling identified transcripts upregulated (n = 264) and downregulated (n = 235) in Th1Th17 vs. Th1 cells (p-value < 0.05; fold change cut-off 1.3). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed pathways enriched in Th1Th17 (nuclear receptors, trafficking, p38/MAPK, NF-κB, p53/Ras, IL-23) vs. Th1 cells (proteasome, interferon α/β). Differentially expressed genes were classified into biological categories using Gene Ontology. Th1Th17 cells expressed typical Th17 markers (IL-17A/F, IL-22, CCL20, RORC, IL-26, IL-23R, CCR6) and transcripts functionally linked to regulating cell trafficking (CEACAM1, MCAM), activation (CD28, CD40LG, TNFSF13B, TNFSF25, PTPN13, MAP3K4, LTB, CTSH), transcription (PPARγ, RUNX1, ATF5, ARNTL), apoptosis (FASLG), and HIV infection (CXCR6, FURIN). Differential expression of CXCR6, PPARγ, ARNTL, PTPN13, MAP3K4, CTSH, SERPINB6, PTK2, and ISG20 was validated by RT-PCR, flow cytometry and/or confocal microscopy. The nuclear receptor PPARγ was preferentially expressed by Th1Th17 cells. PPARγ RNA interference significantly increased HIV replication at levels post-entry and prior HIV-DNA integration. Finally, the activation of PPARγ pathway via the agonist Rosiglitazone induced the nuclear translocation of PPARγ and a robust inhibition of viral replication. CONCLUSIONS Thus, transcriptional profiling in Th1Th17 vs. Th1 cells demonstrated that HIV permissiveness is associated with a superior state of cellular activation and limited antiviral properties and identified PPARγ as an intrinsic negative regulator of viral replication. Therefore, triggering PPARγ pathway via non-toxic agonists may contribute to limiting covert HIV replication and disease progression during antiretroviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bernier
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Goulet
- Faculty of Medicine, CARTaGENE, Université de Montréal, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ste Justine Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sandrina DaFonseca
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Centre, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, room R09.416, Montréal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
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Walker TN, Cimakasky LM, Coleman EM, Madison MN, Hildreth JE. Antibody against integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 inhibits HIV type 1 infection in primary cells through caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:371-83. [PMID: 22697794 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection induces formation of a virological synapse wherein CD4, chemokine receptors, and cell-adhesion molecules such as lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) form localized domains on the cell surface. Studies show that LFA-1 on the surface of HIV-1 particles retains its adhesion function and enhances virus attachment to susceptible cells by binding its counterreceptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). This virus-cell interaction augments virus infectivity by facilitating binding and entry events. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction by a monoclonal antibody leads to decreased virus production and spread in association with increased apoptosis of HIV-infected primary T cells. The data indicate that the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction may limit apoptosis in HIV-1-infected T cells. This phenomenon appears similar to anoikis wherein epithelial cells are protected from apoptosis conferred by ligand-bound integrins. These results have implications for further understanding HIV pathogenesis and replication in peripheral compartments and lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N. Walker
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Ebony M. Coleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - M. Nia Madison
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E.K. Hildreth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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24
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The role of thiamine in HIV infection. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 17:e221-7. [PMID: 23274124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with HIV have a high prevalence of thiamine deficiency. Genetic studies have provided the opportunity to determine which proteins link thiamine to HIV pathology, i.e., renin-angiotensin system, poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase 1, Sp1 promoter gene, transcription factor p53, apoptotic factor caspase 3, and glycogen synthetase kinase 3β. Thiamine also affects HIV through non-genomic factors, i.e., matrix metalloproteinase, vascular endothelial growth factor, heme oxygenase 1, the prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 2, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. In conclusion, thiamine may benefit HIV patients, but further investigation of the role of thiamine in HIV infection is needed.
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25
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An HIVgp41 vaccine protects CD4 central memory T cells in SHIV-infected macaques. Vaccine 2012; 30:6883-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The virological synapse (VS) is a tight adhesive junction between an HIV-infected cell and an uninfected target cell, across which virus can be efficiently transferred from cell to cell in the absence of cell-cell fusion. The VS has been postulated to resemble, in its morphology, the well-studied immunological synapse (IS). This review article discusses the structural similarities between IS and VS and the shared T cell receptor (TCR) signaling components that are found in the VS. However, the IS and the VS display distinct kinetics in disassembly and intracellular signaling events, possibly leading to different biological outcomes. Hence, HIV-1 exploits molecular components of IS and TCR signaling machinery to trigger unique changes in cellular morphology, migration, and activation that facilitate its transmission and cell-to-cell spread.
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Abstract
Chronic HIV infection, which is primarily characterized by the progressive depletion of total CD4(+) T cells, also causes persistent inflammation and immune activation. This is followed by profound changes in cellular and tissue microenvironments that often lead to prolonged immune dysfunction. The global nature of this immune dysfunction suggests that factors that are involved in immune cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and maturation are all affected. Of particular interest is the transcriptional factor Foxo3a that regulates a number of genes that are critical in the development and the maintenance of T and B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Alterations in the microenvironment mediated by HIV infection cause significant increase in the transcriptional activity of Foxo3a; this has major impact on T cell and B cell immunity. In fact, recent findings from HIV infected individuals highlight three important points: (1) the alteration of Foxo3a signaling during HIV infection deregulates innate and adaptive immune responses; (2) Foxo3a-mediated effects are reversible and could be restored by interfering with the Foxo3a pathway; and (3) down-regulation of Foxo3a transcriptional activity in elite controllers (ECs) represents a molecular signature, or a correlate of immunity, associated with natural protection and lack of disease progression. In this review, we will discuss how HIV-infection altered microenvironments could result in impaired immune responses via the Foxo3a signaling pathway. Defining precisely the molecular mechanisms of how persistent inflammation and immune activation are able to influence the Foxo3a pathway could ultimately help in the development of novel approaches to improve immune responses in HIV infected subjects.
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Lu H, Ruan L, Xu X. An immediate-early protein of white spot syndrome virus modulates the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase of shrimp. Virology 2011; 419:84-9. [PMID: 21908012 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
WSSV interacts with integrin during infection of shrimps and modulate the focal adhesion kinase which is known as a regulator of several downstream signaling pathways. Viral protein kinases are thought to be important for virus infection by regulating the host signaling pathways. WSV083 is an immediate-early gene of white spot syndrome virus that contains a Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. So, does WSSV modulate FAK phosphorylation via the WSV083 molecule? In this study, co-transfection of WSV083 and MjFAK genes proceeded in insect cells revealed that the MjFAK phosphorylation and cell adhesion activity could be inhibited by the expression of WSV083. Kinase domain mutants of WSV083 lost its ability of inhibiting FAK phosphorylation. Moreover, silencing of FAK gene through RNAi accelerated the shrimp death rate upon WSSV challenge. These results demonstrate for the first time that modulation of FAK phosphorylation by WSV083 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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29
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Focal Adhesion Proteins Talin-1 and Vinculin Negatively Affect Paxillin Phosphorylation and Limit Retroviral Infection. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:761-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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31
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Van den Bergh R, Florence E, Vlieghe E, Boonefaes T, Grooten J, Houthuys E, Tran HTT, Gali Y, De Baetselier P, Vanham G, Raes G. Transcriptome analysis of monocyte-HIV interactions. Retrovirology 2010; 7:53. [PMID: 20546557 PMCID: PMC2900222 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During HIV infection and/or antiretroviral therapy (ART), monocytes and macrophages exhibit a wide range of dysfunctions which contribute significantly to HIV pathogenesis and therapy-associated complications. Nevertheless, the molecular components which contribute to these dysfunctions remain elusive. We therefore applied a parallel approach of genome-wide microarray analysis and focused gene expression profiling on monocytes from patients in different stages of HIV infection and/or ART to further characterise these dysfunctions. Results Processes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle, lipid metabolism, proteasome function, protein trafficking and transcriptional regulation were identified as areas of monocyte dysfunction during HIV infection. Individual genes potentially contributing to these monocyte dysfunctions included several novel factors. One of these is the adipocytokine NAMPT/visfatin, which we show to be capable of inhibiting HIV at an early step in its life cycle. Roughly half of all genes identified were restored to control levels under ART, while the others represented a persistent dysregulation. Additionally, several candidate biomarkers (in particular CCL1 and CYP2C19) for the development of the abacavir hypersensitivity reaction were suggested. Conclusions Previously described areas of monocyte dysfunction during HIV infection were confirmed, and novel themes were identified. Furthermore, individual genes associated with these dysfunctions and with ART-associated disorders were pinpointed. These genes form a useful basis for further functional studies concerning the contribution of monocytes/macrophages to HIV pathogenesis. One such gene, NAMPT/visfatin, represents a possible novel restriction factor for HIV.
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Fooksman DR, Vardhana S, Vasiliver-Shamis G, Liese J, Blair DA, Waite J, Sacristán C, Victora GD, Zanin-Zhorov A, Dustin ML. Functional anatomy of T cell activation and synapse formation. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:79-105. [PMID: 19968559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation and function require a structured engagement of antigen-presenting cells. These cell contacts are characterized by two distinct dynamics in vivo: transient contacts resulting from promigratory junctions called immunological kinapses or prolonged contacts from stable junctions called immunological synapses. Kinapses operate in the steady state to allow referencing to self-peptide-MHC (pMHC) and searching for pathogen-derived pMHC. Synapses are induced by T cell receptor (TCR) interactions with agonist pMHC under specific conditions and correlate with robust immune responses that generate effector and memory T cells. High-resolution imaging has revealed that the synapse is highly coordinated, integrating cell adhesion, TCR recognition of pMHC complexes, and an array of activating and inhibitory ligands to promote or prevent T cell signaling. In this review, we examine the molecular components, geometry, and timing underlying kinapses and synapses. We integrate recent molecular and physiological data to provide a synthesis and suggest ways forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Fooksman
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA.
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A rat model of human immunodeficiency virus 1 encephalopathy using envelope glycoprotein gp120 expression delivered by SV40 vectors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:456-73. [PMID: 19525894 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a10f83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) encephalopathy is thought to result in part from the toxicity of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 for neurons. Experimental systems for studying the effects of gp120 and other HIV proteins on the brain have been limited to the acute effects of recombinant proteins in vitro or in vivo in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected monkeys. We describe an experimental rodent model of ongoing gp120-induced neurotoxicity in which HIV-1 envelope is expressed in the brain using an SV40-derived gene delivery vector, SV(gp120). When it is inoculated stereotaxically into the rat caudate putamen, SV(gp120) caused a partly hemorrhagic lesion in which neuron and other cell apoptosis continues for at least 12 weeks. Human immunodeficiency virus gp120 is expressed throughout this time, and some apoptotic cells are gp120 positive. Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal assays indicated that there was lipid peroxidation in these lesions. Prior administration of recombinant SV40 vectors carrying antioxidant enzymes, copper/ zinc superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase, was protective against SV(gp120)-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis. Thus, in vivo inoculation of SV(gp120) into the rat caudate putamen causes ongoing oxidative stress and apoptosis in neurons and may therefore represent a useful animal model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV-1 envelope-related brain damage.
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34
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Zhao C, Crews CJ, Derdeyn CA, Blackwell JL. Lac-regulated system for generating adenovirus 5 vaccine vectors expressing cytolytic human immunodeficiency virus 1 genes. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:101-10. [PMID: 19409930 PMCID: PMC2704014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors have been developed as human immunodeficiency-1 (HIV-1) vaccine vectors because they consistently induce immune responses in preclinical animal models and human trials. Strong promoters and codon-optimization are often used to enhance vaccine-induced HIV-1 gene expression and immunogenicity. However, if the transgene is inherently cytotoxic in the cell line used to produce the vector, and is expressed at high levels, it is difficult to rescue a stable Ad HIV-1 vaccine vector. Therefore we hypothesized that generation of Ad vaccine vectors expressing cytotoxic genes, such as HIV-1 env, would be more efficient if expression of the transgene was down-regulated during Ad rescue. To test this hypothesis, a Lac repressor-operator system was applied to regulate expression of reporter luciferase and HIV-1 env transgenes during Ad rescue. The results demonstrate that during Ad rescue, constitutive expression of the Lac repressor in 293 cells reduced transgene expression levels to approximately 5% of that observed in the absence of regulation. Furthermore, Lac-regulation translated into more efficient Ad rescue compared to traditional 293 cells. Importantly, Ad vectors rescued with this system showed high levels of transgene expression when transduced into cells that lack the Lac repressor protein. The Lac-regulated system also facilitated the rescue of modified Ad vectors that have non-native receptor tropism. These tropism-modified Ad vectors infect a broader range of cell types than the unmodified Ad, which could increase their effectiveness as a vaccine vector. Overall, the Lac-regulated system described here (i) is backwards compatible with Ad vector methods that employ bacterial-mediated homologous recombination, (ii) is adaptable for the engineering of tropism-modified Ad vectors, and (iii) does not require co-expression of regulatory genes from the vector or the addition of exogenous chemicals to induce or repress transgene expression. This system therefore could facilitate the development of Ad-based vaccine candidates that otherwise would not be feasible to generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhao
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
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35
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gp120-induced partial T-cell receptor signaling creates an F-actin-depleted zone in the virological synapse. J Virol 2009; 83:11341-55. [PMID: 19710135 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01440-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs via a virological synapse (VS), a tight cell-cell junction formed between HIV-infected cells and target cells in which the HIV-1-infected cell polarizes and releases virions toward the noninfected target cell in a gp120- and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-dependent process. The response of the target cell has been less studied. We utilized supported planar bilayers presenting gp120 and ICAM-1 as a reductionist model for the infected-cell membrane and investigated its effect on the target CD4 T cell. This study shows that HIV-1 gp120 interaction with its receptors is initially organized into microclusters that undergo F-actin-dependent consolidation into a central supramolecular activation complex (cSMAC). Src kinases are active in both gp120 microclusters and in the VS cSMAC. The early T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling machinery is partially activated at the VS, and signaling does not propagate to trigger Ca(2+) elevation or increase CD69 expression. However, these partial TCR signals act locally to create an F-actin-depleted zone. We propose a model in which the F-actin-depleted zone formed within the target CD4 T cell enhances the reception of virions by releasing the physical barrier for HIV-1 entry and facilitating postentry events.
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36
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Moorman J, Zhang Y, Liu B, LeSage G, Chen Y, Stuart C, Prayther D, Yin D. HIV-1 gp120 primes lymphocytes for opioid-induced, beta-arrestin 2-dependent apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1366-71. [PMID: 19477204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which opioids affect progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are not well-defined. HIV-1 gp120 is important in the apoptotic death of uninfected, bystander T cells. In this study, we show that co-treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with HIV-1 gp120/morphine synergistically induces apoptosis in PBMC. Co-treatment of murine splenocytes from mu opiate receptor knockout mice with gp120/morphine resulted in decreased apoptosis when compared to splenocytes from wild type mice. Co-treatment of human PBMC or murine splenocytes with gp120/morphine led to decreased expression of beta-arrestin 2, a protein required for opioid-mediated signaling. The role of beta-arrestin 2 was confirmed in Jurkat lymphocytes, in which 1) over-expression of beta-arrestin 2 inhibited gp120/morphine-induced apoptosis and 2) RNA interference of beta-arrestin 2 expression enhanced gp120/morphine-induced apoptosis. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 gp120 and opioids induce lymphocyte cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moorman
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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37
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Meythaler M, Pryputniewicz S, Kaur A. Kinetics of T lymphocyte apoptosis and the cellular immune response in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2009; 37 Suppl 2:33-45. [PMID: 19187429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although increased apoptosis is a central feature of AIDS, little is known about its kinetics or relationship to the early host response in acute HIV/SIV infection. METHODS Ex vivo apoptosis in freshly isolated peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes was monitored longitudinally in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques by flow-cytometric detection of active caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and fragmented DNA. RESULTS Increased apoptosis of multiple lymphocyte subsets was observed in the first 2 weeks following SIV infection. Apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes was of low magnitude but peaked earlier than other T lymphocyte subsets. A 10- to 36-fold increase in CD8+ T lymphocyte apoptosis coincided temporally with onset of the SIV-specific cellular immune response and enrichment of caspase-3-positive cells within recently proliferating, activated CD8+ T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS The virus-specific T lymphocyte response to primary infection and generalized non-specific immune activation contribute to the pathogenesis of apoptosis in acute SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Meythaler
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
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Dabrowska A, Kim N, Aldovini A. Tat-induced FOXO3a is a key mediator of apoptosis in HIV-1-infected human CD4+ T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:8460-77. [PMID: 19050264 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The high mutation rate of HIV is linked to the generation of viruses expressing proteins with altered function whose impact on disease progression is unknown. We investigated how HIV-1 viruses lacking Env, Vpr, and Nef affect CD4(+) T cell survival. We found that in the absence of these proteins, HIV-1-infected CD4(+) primary T cells progress to the G(0) phase of the cell cycle and to cell death, indicating that viruses expressing inactive forms of these proteins can contribute to the CD4(+) T cell decline as the wild-type virus, suggesting that other HIV proteins are responsible for inducing apoptosis. Apoptosis in these cells is triggered by the alteration of the Egr1-PTEN-Akt (early growth response-1/phosphate and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10/Akt) and p53 pathways, which converge on the FOXO3a (Forkhead box transcription factor O class 3a) transcriptional activator. The FOXO3a target genes Fas ligand and TRAIL, involved in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and PUMA, Noxa, and Bim, which are part of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, were also up-regulated, indicating that HIV infection leads to apoptosis by the engagement of multiple apoptotic pathways. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Egr1 and FOXO3a resulted in reduced apoptosis in HIV-infected HeLa and CD4(+) T cells, providing further evidence for their critical role in HIV-induced apoptosis and G(0) arrest. We tested the possibility that Tat is responsible for the T cell apoptosis observed with these mutant viruses. The induction of Egr1 and FOXO3a and its target genes was observed in Jurkat cells transduced by Tat alone. Tat-dependent activation of the Egr1-PTEN-FOXO3a pathway provides a mechanism for HIV-1-associated CD4(+) T cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Dabrowska
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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39
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Jack J, Păun A, Rodríguez-Patón A. Effects of HIV-1 Proteins on the Fas-Mediated Apoptotic Signaling Cascade: A Computational Study of Latent CD4+ T Cell Activation. MEMBRANE COMPUTING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-95885-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Specific interactions between the viral coreceptor CXCR4 and the biguanide-based compound NB325 mediate inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:631-8. [PMID: 19047650 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00866-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies were conducted to better define the mechanism of action of polyethylene hexamethylene biguanide (PEHMB) (designated herein as NB325), which was shown in previous studies to inhibit infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Fluorescence-activated flow cytometric analyses of activated human CD4(+) T lymphocytes exposed to NB325 demonstrated concentration-dependent reductions in CXCR4 epitope recognition in the absence of altered recognition of selected CD4 or CD3 epitopes. NB325 also inhibited chemotaxis of CD4(+) T lymphocytes induced by the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12. However, NB325 did not cause CXCR4 internalization (unlike CXCL12) and did not interfere with CXCL12 binding. Additional flow cytometric analyses using antibodies with distinct specificities for extracellular domains of CXCR4 demonstrated that NB325 specifically interfered with antibody binding to extracellular loop 2 (ECL2). This interaction was confirmed using competitive binding analyses, in which a peptide derived from CXCR4 ECL2 competitively inhibited NB325-mediated reductions in CXCR4 epitope recognition. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the biguanide-based compound NB325 inhibits HIV-1 infection by specifically interacting with the HIV-1 coreceptor CXCR4.
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41
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Liu B, Strayer DS. In vivogene transfer to the CNS using recombinant SV40-derived vectors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1319-35. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Structural Basis for the Interaction between Focal Adhesion Kinase and CD4. J Mol Biol 2008; 375:1320-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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43
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Protecting neurons from HIV-1 gp120-induced oxidant stress using both localized intracerebral and generalized intraventricular administration of antioxidant enzymes delivered by SV40-derived vectors. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1650-61. [PMID: 17914406 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is the most frequent cause of dementia in adults under 40. We sought to use gene delivery to protect from HIV-1-related neuron loss. Because HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp120 elicits oxidant stress and apoptosis in cultured neurons, we established reproducible parameters of Env-mediated neurotoxicity in vivo, then tested neuroprotection using gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes. We injected 100-500 ng mul(-1)gp120 stereotaxically into rat caudate-putamens (CP) and assayed brains for apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) 6-h to 14-day post-injection. Peak apoptosis occurred 1 day after injection of 250 and 500 ng microl(-1)gp120. TUNEL-positive cells mostly expressed neuronal markers (NeuroTrace), although some expressed CD68 and so were most likely microglial cells. Finally, we compared neuroprotection from gp120-induced apoptosis provided by localized and generalized intra-central nervous system (CNS) gene delivery. Recombinant SV40 vectors carrying Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) were injected into the CP, where gp120 was administered 4-24 weeks later. Alternatively, we inoculated the vector into the lateral ventricle (LV), with or without prior intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of mannitol. Intracerebral injection of SV(SOD1) or SV(GPx1) significantly protected neurons from gp120-induced apoptosis throughout the 24-week study. Intraventricular vector administration protected from gp120 neurotoxicity comparably, particularly if preceded by mannitol i.p. Thus, HIV-1 gp120 is neurotoxic in vivo, and intracerebral or intra-ventricular administration of rSV40 vectors carrying antioxidant enzymes is neuroprotective. These findings suggest the potential utility of both localized and widespread gene delivery in treating neuroAIDS and other CNS diseases characterized by excessive oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Trushin SA, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Vlahakis SR, Bren GD, Warren S, Schnepple DJ, Badley AD. Glycoprotein 120 binding to CXCR4 causes p38-dependent primary T cell death that is facilitated by, but does not require cell-associated CD4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4846-53. [PMID: 17404265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection causes the depletion of host CD4 T cells through direct and indirect (bystander) mechanisms. Although HIV Env has been implicated in apoptosis of uninfected CD4 T cells via gp120 binding to either CD4 and/or the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), conflicting data exist concerning the molecular mechanisms involved. Using primary human CD4 T cells, we demonstrate that gp120 binding to CD4 T cells activates proapoptotic p38, but does not activate antiapoptotic Akt. Because ligation of the CD4 receptor alone or the CXCR4 receptor alone causes p38 activation and apoptosis, we used the soluble inhibitors, soluble CD4 (sCD4) or AMD3100, to delineate the role of CD4 and CXCR4 receptors, respectively, in gp120-induced p38 activation and death. sCD4 alone augments gp120-induced death, suggesting that CXCR4 signaling is principally responsible. Supporting that model, AMD3100 reduces death caused by gp120 or by gp120/sCD4. Finally, prevention of gp120-CXCR4 interaction with 12G5 Abs blocks p38 activation and apoptosis, whereas inhibition of CD4-gp120 interaction with Leu-3a has no effect. Consequently, we conclude that gp120 interaction with CXCR4 is required for gp120 apoptotic effects in primary human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Trushin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Vassena L, Proschan M, Fauci AS, Lusso P. Interleukin 7 reduces the levels of spontaneous apoptosis in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2355-60. [PMID: 17284597 PMCID: PMC1892954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610775104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been suggested as one of the major mechanisms of CD4+ T cell depletion during the course of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Here, we show that interleukin 7 (IL-7), a nonredundant cytokine that plays essential roles in the generation and homeostasis of the T cell compartment of the immune system, exerts strong antiapoptotic effects ex vivo on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells derived from HIV-1-infected subjects. The level of IL-7-mediated reduction of apoptosis was inversely correlated with the number of circulating CD4+ T cells, indicating a higher sensitivity to IL-7 effects in patients with more advanced disease. The antiapoptotic effect of IL-7 was uncoupled from the induction of cellular proliferation or endogenous HIV-1 replication. These results provide a further rationale for consideration of IL-7 as an agent of immune reconstitution in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Vassena
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael Proschan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 6A11, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail:
or
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 6A11, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail:
or
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46
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Melar M, Ott DE, Hope TJ. Physiological levels of virion-associated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope induce coreceptor-dependent calcium flux. J Virol 2006; 81:1773-85. [PMID: 17121788 PMCID: PMC1797554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01316-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into target cells requires the engagement of receptor and coreceptor by envelope glycoprotein (Env). Coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are chemokine receptors that generate signals manifested as calcium fluxes in response to binding of the appropriate ligand. It has previously been shown that engagement of the coreceptors by HIV Env can also generate Ca(2+) fluxing. Since the sensitivity and therefore the physiological consequence of signaling activation in target cells is not well understood, we addressed it by using a microscopy-based approach to measure Ca(2+) levels in individual CD4(+) T cells in response to low Env concentrations. Monomeric Env subunit gp120 and virion-bound Env were able to activate a signaling cascade that is qualitatively different from the one induced by chemokines. Env-mediated Ca(2+) fluxing was coreceptor mediated, coreceptor specific, and CD4 dependent. Comparison of the observed virion-mediated Ca(2+) fluxing with the exact number of viral particles revealed that the viral threshold necessary for coreceptor activation of signaling in CD4(+) T cells was quite low, as few as two virions. These results indicate that the physiological levels of virion binding can activate signaling in CD4(+) T cells in vivo and therefore might contribute to HIV-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Melar
- Northwestern University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward 8-140, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Meissner EG, Zhang L, Jiang S, Su L. Fusion-induced apoptosis contributes to thymocyte depletion by a pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope in the human thymus. J Virol 2006; 80:11019-30. [PMID: 16956934 PMCID: PMC1642149 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01382-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of CD4(+) T-cell depletion during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remain incompletely characterized. Of particular importance is how CD4(+) T cells are depleted within the lymphoid organs, including the lymph nodes and thymus. Herein we characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of an envelope from a rapid progressor (R3A Env) in the NL4-3 backbone (NL4-R3A) which is able to efficiently replicate and deplete CD4(+) thymocytes in the human fetal-thymus organ culture (HF-TOC). We demonstrate that uninterrupted replication is required for continual thymocyte depletion. During depletion, NL4-R3A induces an increase in thymocytes which uptake 7AAD, a marker of cell death, and which express active caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis. While 7AAD uptake is observed predominantly in uninfected thymocytes (p24(-)), active caspase-3 is expressed in both infected (p24(+)) and uninfected thymocytes (p24(-)). When added to HF-TOC with ongoing infection, the protease inhibitor saquinavir efficiently suppresses NL4-R3A replication. In contrast, the fusion inhibitors T20 and C34 allow for sustained HIV-1 production. Interestingly, T20 and C34 effectively prevent thymocyte depletion in spite of this sustained replication. Apoptosis of both p24(-) and p24(+) thymocytes appears to be envelope fusion dependent, as T20, but not saquinavir, is capable of reducing thymocyte apoptosis. Together, our data support a model whereby pathogenic envelope-dependent fusion contributes to thymocyte depletion in HIV-1-infected thymus, correlated with induction of apoptosis in both p24(+) and p24(-) thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Meissner
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, CB#7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Agrawal L, Louboutin JP, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Antioxidant enzyme gene delivery to protect from HIV-1 gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1645-56. [PMID: 16871233 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in the central nervous system (CNS) may lead to neuronal loss and progressively deteriorating CNS function: HIV-1 gene products, especially gp120, induce free radical-mediated apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), are among the potential mediators of these effects. Neurons readily form ROS after gp120 exposure, and so might be protected from ROS-mediated injury by antioxidant enzymes such as Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and/or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1). Both enzymes detoxify oxygen free radicals. As they are highly efficient gene delivery vehicles for neurons, recombinant SV40-derived vectors were used for these studies. Cultured mature neurons derived from NT2 cells and primary fetal neurons were transduced with rSV40 vectors carrying human SOD1 and/or GPx1 cDNAs, then exposed to gp120. Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Transduction efficiency of both neuron populations was >95%, as assayed by immunostaining. Transgene expression was also ascertained by Western blotting and direct assays of enzyme activity. Gp120 induced apoptosis in a high percentage of unprotected NT2-N. Transduction with SV(SOD1) and SV(GPx1) before gp120 challenge reduced neuronal apoptosis by >90%. Even greater protection was seen in cells treated with both vectors in sequence. Given singly or in combination, they protect neuronal cells from HIV-1-gp120 induced apoptosis. We tested whether rSV40 s can deliver antioxidant enzymes to the CNS in vivo: intracerebral injection of SV(SOD1) or SV(GPx1) into the caudate putamen of rat brain yielded excellent transgene expression in neurons. In vivo transduction using SV(SOD1) also protected neurons from subsequent gp120-induced apoptosis after injection of both into the caudate putamen of rat brain. Thus, SOD1 and GPx1 can be delivered by SV40 vectors in vitro or in vivo. This approach may merit consideration for therapies in HIV-1-induced encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Agrawal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Perfettini JL, Castedo M, Roumier T, Andreau K, Nardacci R, Piacentini M, Kroemer G. Mechanisms of apoptosis induction by the HIV-1 envelope. Cell Death Differ 2006; 12 Suppl 1:916-23. [PMID: 15719026 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) can induce apoptosis by a cornucopia of distinct mechanisms. A soluble Env derivative, gp120, can kill cells through signals that are transmitted by chemokine receptors such as CXCR4. Cell surface-bound Env (gp120/gp41), as present on the plasma membrane of HIV-1-infected cells, can kill uninfected bystander cells expressing CD4 and CXCR4 (or similar chemokine receptors, depending on the Env variant) by at least three different mechanisms. First, a transient interaction involving the exchange of lipids between the two interacting cells ('the kiss of death') may lead to the selective death of single CD4-expressing target cells. Second, fusion of the interacting cells may lead to the formation of syncytia which then succumb to apoptosis in a complex pathway involving the activation of several kinases (cyclin-dependent kinase-1, Cdk1; checkpoint kinase-2, Chk2; mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR; p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38 MAPK; inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase, IKK), as well as the activation of several transcription factors (NF-kappaB, p53), finally resulting in the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Third, if the Env-expressing cell is at an early stage of imminent apoptosis, its fusion with a CD4-expressing target cell can precipitate the death of both cells, through a process that may be considered as contagious apoptosis and which does not involve Cdk1, mTOR, p38 nor p53, yet does involve mitochondria. Activation of some of the above- mentioned lethal signal transducers have been detected in patients' tissues, suggesting that HIV-1 may indeed trigger apoptosis through molecules whose implication in Env-induced killing has initially been discovered in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Perfettini
- CNRS-UMR8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, Villejuif, France
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