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Qian Z, Chen L, Liu J, Jiang Y, Zhang Y. The emerging role of PPAR-alpha in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114420. [PMID: 36812713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has been confirmed to have lipid disorders in the tumour microenvironment. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. PPARα regulates the expression of genes involved in fatty acid homeostasis and is a major regulator of lipid metabolism. Because of its effects on lipid metabolism, an increasing number of studies have investigated the relationship of PPARα with breast cancer. PPARα has been shown to impact the cell cycle and apoptosis in normal cells and tumoral cells through regulating genes of the lipogenic pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid activation, and uptake of exogenous fatty acids. Besides, PPARα is involved in the regulation of the tumour microenvironment (anti-inflammation and inhibition of angiogenesis) by modulating different signal pathways such as NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Some synthetic PPARα ligands are used in adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. PPARα agonists are reported to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. In addition, PPARα agonists enhance the curative effects of targeted therapy and radiation therapy. Interestingly, with the emerging role of immunotherapy, attention has been focused on the tumour microenvironment. The dual functions of PPARα agonists in immunotherapy need further research. This review aims to consolidate the operations of PPARα in lipid-related and other ways, as well as discuss the current and potential applications of PPARα agonists in tackling breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Qian
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Lingyan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China; Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China.
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Impact of Liver Inflammation on Bile Acid Side Chain Shortening and Amidation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243983. [PMID: 36552746 PMCID: PMC9777420 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) synthesis from cholesterol by hepatocytes is inhibited by inflammatory cytokines. Whether liver inflammation also affects BA side chain shortening and conjugation was investigated. In human liver cell lines (IHH, HepG2, and HepaRG), agonists of nuclear receptors including the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), liver X receptor (LXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) did not affect the expression of BA-related peroxisomal enzymes. In contrast, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) inhibition down-regulated acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (ACOX2). ACOX2 was repressed by fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), which was prevented by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibition. These changes were paralleled by altered BA synthesis (HPLC-MS/MS). Cytokines able to down-regulate cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) had little effect on peroxisomal enzymes involved in BA synthesis except for ACOX2 and bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT), which were down-regulated, mainly by oncostatin M (OSM). This effect was prevented by Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition, which restored BA side chain shortening and conjugation. The binding of OSM to the extracellular matrix accounted for a persistent effect after culture medium replacement. In silico analysis of four databases (n = 201) and a validation cohort (n = 90) revealed an inverse relationship between liver inflammation and ACOX2/BAAT expression which was associated with changes in HNF4α levels. In conclusion, BA side chain shortening and conjugation are inhibited by inflammatory effectors. However, other mechanisms involved in BA homeostasis counterbalance any significant impact on the serum BA profile.
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Effects of naringin and valproate interaction on liver steatosis and dyslipidaemia parameters in male C57BL6 mice. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:71-82. [PMID: 35390239 PMCID: PMC8999592 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproate is a common antiepileptic drug whose adverse effects include liver steatosis and dyslipidaemia. The aim of our study was to see how natural flavonoid antioxidant naringin would interact with valproate and attenuate these adverse effects. For this reason we treated male C57BL6 mice with a combination of 150 mg/kg of valproate and 25 mg/kg naringin every day for 10 days and compared their serum triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, VLDL, and liver PPAR-alpha, PGC-1 alpha, ACOX1, Nrf2, SOD, CAT, GSH, and histological signs of steatosis. Valproate increased lipid peroxidation parameters and caused pronounced microvesicular steatosis throughout the hepatic lobule in all acinar zones, but naringin co-administration limited steatosis to the lobule periphery. In addition, it nearly restored total serum cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides and liver ACOX1 and MDA to control levels. and upregulated PPAR-alpha and PGC-1 alpha, otherwise severely downregulated by valproate. It also increased SOD activity. All these findings suggest that naringin modulates key lipid metabolism regulators and should further be investigated in this model, either alone or combined with other lipid regulating drugs or molecules.
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Heaven MR, Herren AW, Flint DL, Pacheco NL, Li J, Tang A, Khan F, Goldman JE, Phinney BS, Olsen ML. Metabolic Enzyme Alterations and Astrocyte Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Alexander Disease With Severe Reactive Gliosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100180. [PMID: 34808356 PMCID: PMC8717607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In this report, a mouse model of AxD (GFAPTg;Gfap+/R236H) was analyzed that contains a heterozygous R236H point mutation in murine Gfap as well as a transgene with a GFAP promoter to overexpress human GFAP. Using label-free quantitative proteomic comparisons of brain tissue from GFAPTg;Gfap+/R236H versus wild-type mice confirmed upregulation of the glutathione metabolism pathway and indicated proteins were elevated in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, which had not been reported previously in AxD. Relative protein-level differences were confirmed by a targeted proteomics assay, including proteins related to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Of particular interest was the decreased level of the oligodendrocyte protein, 2-hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase (Ugt8), since Ugt8-deficient mice exhibit a phenotype similar to GFAPTg;Gfap+/R236H mice (e.g., tremors, ataxia, hind-limb paralysis). In addition, decreased levels of myelin-associated proteins were found in the GFAPTg;Gfap+/R236H mice, consistent with the role of Ugt8 in myelin synthesis. Fabp7 upregulation in GFAPTg;Gfap+/R236H mice was also selected for further investigation due to its uncharacterized association to AxD, critical function in astrocyte proliferation, and functional ability to inhibit the anti-inflammatory PPAR signaling pathway in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Within Gfap+ astrocytes, Fabp7 was markedly increased in the hippocampus, a brain region subjected to extensive pathology and chronic reactive gliosis in GFAPTg;Gfap+/R236H mice. Last, to determine whether the findings in GFAPTg;Gfap+/R236H mice are present in the human condition, AxD patient and control samples were analyzed by Western blot, which indicated that Type I AxD patients have a significant fourfold upregulation of FABP7. However, immunohistochemistry analysis showed that UGT8 accumulates in AxD patient subpial brain regions where abundant amounts of Rosenthal fibers are located, which was not observed in the GFAPTg;Gfap+/R236H mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony W Herren
- University of California at Davis Proteomics Core, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Natasha L Pacheco
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jiangtao Li
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alice Tang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- University of California at Davis Proteomics Core, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michelle L Olsen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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Joo HK, Lee YR, Lee EO, Kim S, Jin H, Kim S, Lim YP, An CG, Jeon BH. Protective Role of Dietary Capsanthin in a Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Med Food 2021; 24:635-644. [PMID: 34161164 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsanthin is the main carotenoid compound in red paprika (Capsicum annuum L.). However, little is known about the beneficial effects of capsanthin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, the hepatoprotective activity of capsanthin was investigated in a mouse model of NAFLD. Apolipoprotein-E knockout mice were fed with normal diet, Western-type diet (WD, NAFLD model), WD with capsanthin (0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day, CAP), WD with capsanthin-rich extract (25 mg/kg of body weight/day; CRE), or WD with red paprika powder (25 mg/kg of body weight/day, RPP) for 12 weeks. The carotenoid content in CRE or RPP was analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography. The capsanthin concentration in CRE was 2067 mg/100 g of dry weight, which was 63% of total carotenoids. The oral administration of CRE or capsanthin significantly reduced the WD-induced increase in body weight and lipid accumulation in the liver (vs. the RPP group). In addition, CRE or capsanthin significantly inhibited the WD-induced increase in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels. Furthermore, CRE or capsanthin showed reduced levels of plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST, respectively), suggesting a steatohepatitis protective effect. Capsanthin regulated mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt1a), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (Srebp1c), which are associated with hepatic fatty acid metabolism. Overall, our results suggest that the capsanthin of red paprika plays a protective role against hepatic steatosis/steatohepatitis in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Joo
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yu Ran Lee
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Lee
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hao Jin
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Suna Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition in Human Ecology, College of National Science, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chul Geon An
- Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Uekita H, Yamamoto H, Niinaga R, Yamane N, Yoshii M, Yamauchi-Takihara K, Kihara S. Reciprocal association of serum Mac-2 binding protein and HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 516:142-148. [PMID: 33571485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2BP) is used as a serum biomarker of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, considered to be a liver phenotype of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this study, we investigated the serum Mac-2BP concentrations-correlated MetS-related clinical parameters in vivo, and the underlying mechanism in vitro. MATERIALS & METHODS We enrolled 54 healthy Japanese men who underwent health examination at Osaka University Health Care Center in this study. Physical and serum biochemical parameters were obtained from all the subjects. In the cultured HepG2 cells, the effects of interferon (IFN)-γ on the expression of Mac-2BP, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) were studied. RESULTS Serum Mac-2BP concentrations correlated negatively with HDL-C, and positively with body mass index and systolic blood pressure in univariate analysis. These results suggested the association between Mac-2BP and MetS, although none of these 3 parameters had significant correlation with serum Mac-2BP concentrations in multivariate analysis. In HepG2 cells, IFN-γ stimulation resulted in the increased Mac-2BP and the decreased ABCA1 and apo A-I mRNA concentrations, while Mac-2BP had no effects on ABCA1 and apo A-I concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The serum Mac-2BP concentrations are negatively correlated with HDL-C concentrations in healthy subjects, as a result of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Uekita
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ryu Niinaga
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamane
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manami Yoshii
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Mounting evidence has identified that impaired amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance might contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. The lysosome-autophagy network plays an important role in protein homeostasis and cell health by removing abnormal protein aggregates via intracellular degradation. Therefore, stimulation of cellular degradative machinery for efficient removal of Aβ has emerged as a growing field in AD research. However, mechanisms controlling such pathways and drugs to promote such mechanisms are poorly understood. Aspirin is a widely used drug throughout the world and recent studies have identified a new function of this drug. At low doses, aspirin stimulates lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy to clear amyloid plaques in an animal model of AD. This review delineates such functions of aspirin and analyzes underlying mechanisms that involve peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-mediated transcription of transcription factor EB (TFEB), the master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujyoti Chandra
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dhruv R Patel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors have a broad spectrum of biological functions in normal physiology and in the pathology of various diseases, including glomerular disease. The primary therapies for many glomerular diseases are glucocorticoids, which exert their immunosuppressive and direct podocyte protective effects via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). As glucocorticoids are associated with important adverse effects and a substantial proportion of patients show resistance to these therapies, the beneficial effects of selective GR modulators are now being explored. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonism using thiazolidinediones has potent podocyte cytoprotective and nephroprotective effects. Repurposing of thiazolidinediones or identification of novel PPARγ modulators are potential strategies to treat non-diabetic glomerular disease. Retinoic acid receptor-α is the key mediator of the renal protective effects of retinoic acid, and repair of the endogenous retinoic acid pathway offers another potential therapeutic strategy for glomerular disease. Vitamin D receptor, oestrogen receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor modulators regulate podocyte injury in experimental models. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of these nuclear receptors, evaluate their synergistic pathways and identify their novel modulators. Here, we focus on the role of nuclear receptors in podocyte biology and non-diabetic glomerular disease.
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Kumar S, Rani R, Karns R, Gandhi CR. Augmenter of liver regeneration protein deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis by inducing oxidative stress and microRNA-540 expression. FASEB J 2019; 33:3825-3840. [PMID: 30540918 PMCID: PMC6404588 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802015r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Levels of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), a multifunctional protein, are reduced in steatohepatitis. ALR depletion from ALR flox/flox/Alb-Cre [ALR-L-knockout (KO)] mouse causes robust steatosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes, and pericellular fibrosis between 1 and 2 wk postbirth. Steatosis regresses by 4 wk upon reappearance of ALR-expressing hepatocytes. We investigated mechanisms of ALR depletion-induced steatosis. ALR-L-KO mice (1-, 2-, and 4 wk old) and Adeno-Cre-transfected ALR flox/flox hepatocytes were used for in vivo and in vitro studies. ALR depletion from hepatocytes in vivo downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT1)a, peroxisomal membrane protein 70 (PMP70) (modest down-regulation), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1). The markedly up-regulated (20X) novel microRNA-540 (miR-540) was identified to target PPARα, PMP70, ACOX1, and CPT1a. ALR depletion from primary hepatocytes increased oxidative stress, miR-540 expression, and steatosis and down-regulated PPARα, ACOX1, PMP70, and CPT1a expression. Anti-miR-540 mitigated ALR depletion-induced steatosis and prevented loss of PPARα, ACOX1, PMP70, and CPT1a expression. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine and recombinant ALR (rALR) both inhibited ALR depletion-induced miR-540 expression and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Finally, treatment of ALR-L-KO mice with rALR between 1 and 2 wk prevented miR-540 expression, and arrested steatosis and fibrosis. We conclude that ALR deficiency-mediated oxidative stress induces generation of miR-540, which promotes steatosis by dysregulating peroxisomal and mitochondrial lipid homeostasis.-Kumar, S., Rani, R., Karns, R., Gandhi, C. R. Augmenter of liver regeneration protein deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis by inducing oxidative stress and microRNA-540 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richa Rani
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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D'Aniello E, Fellous T, Iannotti FA, Gentile A, Allarà M, Balestrieri F, Gray R, Amodeo P, Vitale RM, Di Marzo V. Identification and characterization of phytocannabinoids as novel dual PPARα/γ agonists by a computational and in vitro experimental approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:586-597. [PMID: 30611848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors playing a fundamental role in energy homeostasis and metabolism. Consequently, functional impairment or dysregulation of these receptors lead to a variety of metabolic diseases. While some phytocannabinoids (pCBs) are known to activate PPARγ, no data have been reported so far on their possible activity at PPARα. METHODS The putative binding modes of pCBs into PPARα/γ Ligand Binding Domains were found and assessed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Luciferase assays validated in silico predictions whereas the biological effects of such PPARα/γ ligands were assessed in HepG2 and 3T3L1 cell cultures. RESULTS The in silico study identified cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabigerol (CBG) from C. sativa as PPARα/γ dual agonists, suggesting their binding modes toward PPARα/γ isoforms and predicting their activity as full or partial agonists. These predictions were confirmed by luciferase functional assays. The resulting effects on downstream gene transcription in adipocytes and hepatocytes were also observed, establishing their actions as functional dual agonists. CONCLUSIONS Our work broadens the activity spectrum of CBDA, CBGA and CBG by providing evidence that these pCBs act as dual PPARα/γ agonists with the ability to modulate the lipid metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Dual PPARα/γ agonists have emerged as an attractive alternative to selective PPAR agonists to treat metabolic disorders. We identified some pCBs as dual PPARα/γ agonists, potentially useful for the treatment of dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico D'Aniello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Tariq Fellous
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Marco Allarà
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Balestrieri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Roy Gray
- GW Pharmaceuticals, Sovereign House, Vision Park, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9BZ, UK
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.
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11
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Yamashita S, Hirashima A, Lin IC, Bae J, Nakahara K, Murata M, Yamada S, Kumazoe M, Yoshitomi R, Kadomatsu M, Sato Y, Nezu A, Hikida A, Fujino K, Murata K, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Tachibana H. Saturated fatty acid attenuates anti-obesity effect of green tea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10023. [PMID: 29968774 PMCID: PMC6030063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea and its major polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) have suppressive effect on dietary obesity. However, it remains unsolved what type of diet on which they exhibit high or low anti-obesity effect. In the present study, we investigated whether anti-obesity effect of green tea differs depending on composition of fats or fatty acids that consist high-fat (HF) diet in mouse model. Green tea extract (GTE) intake dramatically suppressed weight gain and fat accumulation induced by olive oil-based HF diet, whereas the effects on those induced by beef tallow-based HF diet were weak. GTE also effectively suppressed obesity induced by unsaturated fatty acid-enriched HF diet with the stronger effect compared with that induced by saturated fatty acid-enriched HF diet. These differences would be associated with the increasing action of GTE on expression of PPARδ signaling pathway-related genes in the white adipose tissue. Expressions of genes relating to EGCG signaling pathway that is critical for exhibition of physiological effects of EGCG were also associated with the different effects of GTE. Here, we show that anti-obesity effect of GTE differs depending on types of fats or fatty acids that consist HF diet and could be attenuated by saturated fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Yamashita
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.,Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Makurazaki, 898-0087, Japan
| | - Asami Hirashima
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - I-Chian Lin
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jaehoon Bae
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kanami Nakahara
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Motoki Murata
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Motofumi Kumazoe
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ren Yoshitomi
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mai Kadomatsu
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuka Sato
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nezu
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ai Hikida
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Konatsu Fujino
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Murata
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mari Maeda-Yamamoto
- Agri-Food Business Innovation Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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12
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The role and regulation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha in human liver. Biochimie 2017; 136:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Grabacka M, Pierzchalska M, Dean M, Reiss K. Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPARα. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122093. [PMID: 27983603 PMCID: PMC5187893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenesis and ketolysis are central metabolic processes activated during the response to fasting. Ketogenesis is regulated in multiple stages, and a nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) is one of the key transcription factors taking part in this regulation. PPARα is an important element in the metabolic network, where it participates in signaling driven by the main nutrient sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and induces hormonal mediators, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). This work describes the regulation of ketogenesis and ketolysis in normal and malignant cells and briefly summarizes the positive effects of ketone bodies in various neuropathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Matthew Dean
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Reiss
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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El Kebbaj R, Andreoletti P, El Hajj HI, El Kharrassi Y, Vamecq J, Mandard S, Saih FE, Latruffe N, El Kebbaj MS, Lizard G, Nasser B, Cherkaoui-Malki M. Argan oil prevents down-regulation induced by endotoxin on liver fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis and on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and estrogen related receptor α (ERRα). BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2015; 1:51-59. [PMID: 29632829 PMCID: PMC5889474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In patients with sepsis, liver metabolism and its capacity to provide other organs with energetic substrates are impaired. This and many other pathophysiological changes seen in human patients are reproduced in mice injected with purified endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). In the present study, down-regulation of genes involved in hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAOx) and gluconeogenesis in mice exposed to LPS was challenged by nutritional intervention with Argan oil. Mice given a standard chow supplemented or not with either 6% (w/w) Argan oil (AO) or 6% (w/w) olive oil (OO) prior to exposure to LPS were explored for liver gene expressions assessed by mRNA transcript levels and/or enzyme activities. AO (or OO) food supplementation reveals that, in LPS-treated mice, hepatic expression of genes involved in FAOx and gluconeogenesis was preserved. This preventive protection might be related to the recovery of the gene expressions of nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and estrogen related receptor α (ERRα) and their coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, (PGC-1α). These preventive mechanisms conveyed by AO against LPS-induced metabolic dysregulation might add new therapeutic potentialities in the management of human sepsis. Argan oil prevents LPS-treated mice from liver dysregulation of FAOx and gluconeogenesis. Argan oil improves hepatic expression of PPARα and ERRα, and their coactivators PGC-1α and Lipin-1. New preventive mechanisms conveyed by Argan oil against LPS-induced metabolic dysregulation.
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Key Words
- ACADL, acyl CoA dehydrogenase long-chain
- ACADM, acyl CoA dehydrogenase medium-chain
- ACADS, acyl CoA dehydrogenase short-chain
- ACOX1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1
- AO, Argan oil
- Argan oil
- Beta-oxidation
- Coactivator
- ERRα, estrogen related receptor α
- G6PH, glucose-6-phosphatase
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glut2, glucose transporter 2
- Glut4, glucose transporter 4
- HNF-4α, hepatic nuclear factor-4α
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Nuclear receptor
- OO, olive oil
- PEPCK, phospoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
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Affiliation(s)
- Riad El Kebbaj
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France.,Laboratoir de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26 000 Settat, Morocco.,Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Santé, Institut supérieur des sciences de la santé Université Hassan I, Route de Casablanca. 14 BP 539, 26 000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Hammam I El Hajj
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Youssef El Kharrassi
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France.,Laboratoir de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26 000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Joseph Vamecq
- INSERM and HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille and RADEME EA 7364, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille 2, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Mandard
- Lipness Team, INSERM, Research Center UMR866 and LabEx LipSTIC, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fatima-Ezzahra Saih
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France.,Laboratoir de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26 000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Norbert Latruffe
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - M'Hammed Saïd El Kebbaj
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les lipoprotéines et l'Athérosclérose, Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sik, Avenue Cdt Driss El Harti, BP 7955, Université Hassan II-Mohammedia-Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratoir de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26 000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Univ. Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique), EA 7270, 21000 Dijon, France
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15
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Schrader M, Costello JL, Godinho LF, Azadi AS, Islinger M. Proliferation and fission of peroxisomes - An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:971-83. [PMID: 26409486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, peroxisomes perform crucial functions in cellular metabolism, signalling and viral defense which are essential to the health and viability of the organism. In order to achieve this functional versatility peroxisomes dynamically respond to molecular cues triggered by changes in the cellular environment. Such changes elicit a corresponding response in peroxisomes, which manifests itself as a change in peroxisome number, altered enzyme levels and adaptations to the peroxisomal structure. In mammals the generation of new peroxisomes is a complex process which has clear analogies to mitochondria, with both sharing the same division machinery and undergoing a similar division process. How the regulation of this division process is integrated into the cell's response to different stimuli, the signalling pathways and factors involved, remains somewhat unclear. Here, we discuss the mechanism of peroxisomal fission, the contributions of the various division factors and examine the potential impact of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, on the proliferation process. We also summarize the signalling process and highlight the most recent data linking signalling pathways with peroxisome proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK; Centre for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joseph L Costello
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Luis F Godinho
- Centre for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Afsoon S Azadi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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16
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Corcoran J, Winter MJ, Lange A, Cumming R, Owen SF, Tyler CR. Effects of the lipid regulating drug clofibric acid on PPARα-regulated gene transcript levels in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at pharmacological and environmental exposure levels. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 161:127-37. [PMID: 25749508 PMCID: PMC4372818 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) plays a key role in regulating various genes involved in lipid metabolism, bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis, and is activated by a diverse group of compounds collectively termed peroxisome proliferators (PPs). Specific PPs have been detected in the aquatic environment; however little is known on their pharmacological activity in fish. We investigated the bioavailability and persistence of the human PPARα ligand clofibric acid (CFA) in carp, together with various relevant endpoints, at a concentration similar to therapeutic levels in humans (20mg/L) and for an environmentally relevant concentration (4μg/L). Exposure to pharmacologically-relevant concentrations of CFA resulted in increased transcript levels of a number of known PPARα target genes together with increased acyl-coA oxidase (Acox1) activity, supporting stimulation of lipid metabolism pathways in carp which are known to be similarly activated in mammals. Although Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Sod1) activity was not affected, mRNA levels of several biotransformation genes were also increased, paralleling previous reports in mammals and indicating a potential role in hepatic detoxification for PPARα in carp. Importantly, transcription of some of these genes (and Acox1 activity) were affected at exposure concentrations comparable with those reported in effluent discharges. Collectively, these data suggest that CFA is pharmacologically active in carp and has the potential to invoke PPARα-related responses in fish exposed in the environment, particularly considering that CFA may represent just one of a number of PPAR-active compounds present to which wild fish may be exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Corcoran
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Matthew J Winter
- AstraZeneca Global Environment, Brixham Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham TQ5 8BA, UK.
| | - Anke Lange
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Rob Cumming
- AstraZeneca Global Environment, Brixham Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham TQ5 8BA, UK.
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca Global Environment, Brixham Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham TQ5 8BA, UK.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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17
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Modulation of gene expression by 3-iodothyronamine: genetic evidence for a lipolytic pattern. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106923. [PMID: 25379707 PMCID: PMC4224367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous biogenic amine, structurally related to thyroid hormone, which is regarded as a novel chemical messenger. The molecular mechanisms underlying T1AM effects are not known, but it is possible to envisage changes in gene expression, since delayed and long-lasting phenotypic effects have been reported, particularly with regard to the modulation of lipid metabolism and body weight. To test this hypothesis we analysed gene expression profiles in adipose tissue and liver of eight rats chronically treated with T1AM (10 mg/Kg twice a day for five days) as compared with eight untreated rats. In vivo T1AM administration produced significant transcriptional effects, since 378 genes were differentially expressed in adipose tissue, and 114 in liver. The reported changes in gene expression are expected to stimulate lipolysis and beta-oxidation, while inhibiting adipogenesis. T1AM also influenced the expression of several genes linked to lipoprotein metabolism suggesting that it may play an important role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. No effect on the expression of genes linked to toxicity was observed. The assay of tissue T1AM showed that in treated animals its endogenous concentration increased by about one order of magnitude, without significant changes in tissue thyroid hormone concentration. Therefore, the effects that we observed might have physiological or pathophysiological importance. Our results provide the basis for the reported effectiveness of T1AM as a lipolytic agent and gain importance in view of a possible clinical use of T1AM in obesity and/or dyslipidaemia.
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18
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Bakshi MV, Azimzadeh O, Barjaktarovic Z, Kempf SJ, Merl-Pham J, Hauck SM, Buratovic S, Eriksson P, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. Total Body Exposure to Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Induces Long-Term Alterations to the Liver Proteome of Neonatally Exposed Mice. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:366-73. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500890n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonja Buratovic
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J. Atkinson
- Chair
of Radiation Biology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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19
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Bouchard-Mercier A, Rudkowska I, Lemieux S, Couture P, Vohl MC. Polymorphisms in genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation interact with dietary fat intakes to modulate the plasma TG response to a fish oil supplementation. Nutrients 2014; 6:1145-63. [PMID: 24647074 PMCID: PMC3967183 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large inter-individual variability in the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation has been observed. The objective was to examine gene-diet interaction effects on the plasma TG response after a fish oil supplementation, between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and dietary fat intakes. Two hundred and eight (208) participants were recruited in the greater Quebec City area. The participants completed a six-week fish oil supplementation (5 g fish oil/day: 1.9–2.2 g EPA and 1.1 g DHA). Dietary fat intakes were measured using three-day food records. SNPs within RXRA, CPT1A, ACADVL, ACAA2, ABCD2, ACOX1 and ACAA1 genes were genotyped using TAQMAN methodology. Gene-diet interaction effects on the plasma TG response were observed for SNPs within RXRA (rs11185660, rs10881576 and rs12339187) and ACOX1 (rs17583163) genes. For rs11185660, fold changes in RXRA gene expression levels were different depending on SFA intakes for homozygotes T/T. Gene-diet interaction effects of SNPs within genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and dietary fat intakes may be important in understanding the inter-individual variability in plasma TG levels and in the plasma TG response to a fish oil supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bouchard-Mercier
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd., Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705 Laurier Blvd., Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd., Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Patrick Couture
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd., Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd., Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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20
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Yakunin E, Kisos H, Kulik W, Grigoletto J, Wanders RJA, Sharon R. The regulation of catalase activity by PPAR γ is affected by α-synuclein. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:145-59. [PMID: 25356396 PMCID: PMC4184544 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective While evidence for oxidative injury is frequently detected in brains of humans affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) and in relevant animal models, there is uncertainty regarding its cause. We tested the potential role of catalase in the oxidative injury that characterizes PD. Methods Utilizing brains of A53T α-Syn and ntg mice, and cultured cells, we analyzed catalase activity and expression, and performed biochemical analyses of peroxisomal metabolites. Results Lower catalase expression and lower activity levels were detected in A53T α-Syn brains and α-Syn-expressing cells. The effect on catalase activity was independent of disease progression, represented by mouse age and α-Syn mutation, suggesting a potential physiological function for α-Syn. Notably, catalase activity and expression were unaffected in brains of mice modeling Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, we found that α-Syn expression downregulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, which controls catalase transcription. Importantly, activation of either PPARγ2, PPARα or retinoic X receptor eliminated the inhibiting effect of α-Syn on catalase activity. In addition, activation of these nuclear receptors enhanced the accumulation of soluble α-Syn oligomers, resulting in a positive association between the degree of soluble α-Syn oligomers and catalase activity. Of note, a comprehensive biochemical analysis of specific peroxisomal metabolites indicated no signs of dysfunction in specific peroxisomal activities in brains of A53T α-Syn mice. Interpretation Our results suggest that α-Syn expression may interfere with the complex and overlapping network of nuclear receptors transcription activation. In result, catalase activity is affected through mechanisms involved in the regulation of soluble α-Syn oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Yakunin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Haya Kisos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Willem Kulik
- Genetic Metabolic Diseases Lab, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Grigoletto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Genetic Metabolic Diseases Lab, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Sharon
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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McMullen PD, Bhattacharya S, Woods CG, Sun B, Yarborough K, Ross SM, Miller ME, McBride MT, LeCluyse EL, Clewell RA, Andersen ME. A map of the PPARα transcription regulatory network for primary human hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 209:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Corton JC, Cunningham ML, Hummer BT, Lau C, Meek B, Peters JM, Popp JA, Rhomberg L, Seed J, Klaunig JE. Mode of action framework analysis for receptor-mediated toxicity: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) as a case study. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 44:1-49. [PMID: 24180432 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.835784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several therapeutic agents and industrial chemicals induce liver tumors in rodents through the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). The cellular and molecular events by which PPARα activators induce rodent hepatocarcinogenesis has been extensively studied and elucidated. This review summarizes the weight of evidence relevant to the hypothesized mode of action (MOA) for PPARα activator-induced rodent hepatocarcinogenesis and identifies gaps in our knowledge of this MOA. Chemical-specific and mechanistic data support concordance of temporal and dose-response relationships for the key events associated with many PPARα activators including a phthalate ester plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and the drug gemfibrozil. While biologically plausible in humans, the hypothesized key events in the rodent MOA, for PPARα activators, are unlikely to induce liver tumors in humans because of toxicodynamic and biological differences in responses. This conclusion is based on minimal or no effects observed on growth pathways, hepatocellular proliferation and liver tumors in humans and/or species (including hamsters, guinea pigs and cynomolgous monkeys) that are more appropriate human surrogates than mice and rats at overlapping dose levels. Overall, the panel concluded that significant quantitative differences in PPARα activator-induced effects related to liver cancer formation exist between rodents and humans. On the basis of these quantitative differences, most of the workgroup felt that the rodent MOA is "not relevant to humans" with the remaining members concluding that the MOA is "unlikely to be relevant to humans". The two groups differed in their level of confidence based on perceived limitations of the quantitative and mechanistic knowledge of the species differences, which for some panel members strongly supports but cannot preclude the absence of effects under unlikely exposure scenarios.
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Kim S, Kiyosawa N, Burgoon LD, Chang CC, Zacharewski TR. PPARα-mediated responses in human adult liver stem cells: In vivo/in vitro and cross-species comparisons. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:236-47. [PMID: 23811191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates a variety of biological processes including lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Peroxisome proliferators (PPs) are carcinogens in rodents, while humans are resistant to peroxisome proliferation and carcinogenesis. In this study, we examined the differential gene expression elicited by clofibrate (CLO) and WY-14,643 (WY) in C57BL/6 mouse liver compared to responses in human HepG2 hepatoma and HL1-1 adult stem cells. Mice were gavaged with sesame oil, 300mg/kg CLO or WY for 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 or 24h, or daily for 4 or 14 days. Although no significant changes in body weight gain were observed, WY induced relative liver weight at 4 and 14 days. Genome-wide hepatic gene expression analysis identified 719 and 1443 differentially expressed unique genes elicited by CLO and WY, respectively (|fold change|>1.5, P1(t)>0.99). Functional analysis associated the gene expression changes with lipid metabolism, transport, cell cycle and immune response. Most differentially expressed genes were in common to both treatments and clustered together only at early time points (2-8h). Complementary QRT-PCR studies in human HL1-1 and HepG2 cells treated with 50μM WY or DMSO for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 or 48h identified a minimal number of conserved orthologous responses (e.g., Pdk4, Adfp and Angptl4) while some genes (i.e., Bmf, a tumor suppressor) exhibited induction in human cells but repression in mice. These data suggest that PPs elicit species-specific PPARα-mediated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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Tateya S, Rizzo-De Leon N, Handa P, Cheng AM, Morgan-Stevenson V, Ogimoto K, Kanter JE, Bornfeldt KE, Daum G, Clowes AW, Chait A, Kim F. VASP increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation by activating AMPK in mice. Diabetes 2013; 62:1913-22. [PMID: 23349495 PMCID: PMC3661609 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling reduces hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance; however, its regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we sought to determine whether vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) signaling improves lipid metabolism in the liver and, if so, whether VASP's effects are mediated by AMPK. We show that disruption of VASP results in significant hepatic steatosis as a result of significant impairment of fatty acid oxidation, VLDL-triglyceride (TG) secretion, and AMPK signaling. Overexpression of VASP in hepatocytes increased AMPK phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation and reduced hepatocyte TG accumulation; however, these responses were suppressed in the presence of an AMPK inhibitor. Restoration of AMPK phosphorylation by administration of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside in Vasp(-/-) mice reduced hepatic steatosis and normalized fatty acid oxidation and VLDL-TG secretion. Activation of VASP by the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, sildenafil, in db/db mice reduced hepatic steatosis and increased phosphorylated (p-)AMPK and p-acetyl CoA carboxylase. In Vasp(-/-) mice, however, sildendafil treatment did not increase p-AMPK or reduce hepatic TG content. These studies identify a role of VASP to enhance hepatic fatty acid oxidation by activating AMPK and to promote VLDL-TG secretion from the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanshiro Tateya
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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25
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PPAR-alpha cloning, expression, and characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 952:7-34. [PMID: 23100222 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-155-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a member of the nuclear/steroid receptor gene superfamily that also comprises β, δ, and γ isoforms. PPARα is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the regulation of many genes involved in key metabolic processes. Today, PPARα has been cloned from mammalian, marsupial, and a number of marine species and its expression has been found to be relatively tissue- and species-specific. Here, we describe the methods for cloning of PPARα genes by RT-PCR and RACE approaches and related protocols for studying the expression of cloned PPARα cDNAs in mammalian cell systems.
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26
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Singh S, Bennett RG. Dominant-negative and knockdown approaches to studying PPAR activity. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 952:87-98. [PMID: 23100226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-155-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of PPAR activity is often a valuable approach toward elucidation of the cellular effects of PPARs. The activity of specific PPARs can be decreased using chemical inhibitors, but these approaches can be affected by nonspecific interactions or cell toxicity. Alternative approaches include targeting PPAR gene expression or activity through molecular biology strategies. Here, we describe the targeting of PPARγ through dominant-negative and siRNA-mediated knockdown constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Singh
- VA Nebraska and Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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27
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Treacy MP, Hurst TP. The case for intraocular delivery of PPAR agonists in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2012; 12:46. [PMID: 22937835 PMCID: PMC3532122 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-12-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic therapeutics targeting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors have been found to be beneficial in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, we provide a rationale for the use of these therapeutics as intraocular agents. In addition, we introduce the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and describe their functions in response to the drugs. Discussion Based on the evidence of large-scale clinical studies investigating the systemic administration of fenofibrate, this ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α is potentially a good candidate for intraocular delivery. Here, we describe the mechanisms by which it might be acting to improve diabetic retinopathy, its relative safety and we speculate on how it could be developed for intraocular delivery. Summary In this paper, we provide a rationale for the further investigation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists as intraocular agents for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell P Treacy
- Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Adelaide Road, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland.
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Schiller Vestergren A, Wagner L, Pickova J, Rosenlund G, Kamal-Eldin A, Trattner S. Sesamin modulates gene expression without corresponding effects on fatty acids in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Lipids 2012; 47:897-911. [PMID: 22790840 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of sesamin inclusion in vegetable oil-based diets fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The diets used differed in n-6/n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio (0.5 and 1) and sesamin content (high 5.8 g/kg, low 1.16 g/kg and no sesamin). The oils used in the feeds were a mixture of rapeseed, linseed and palm oil. Fish were fed for 4 months. Fatty acids and expression of hepatic genes involved in transcription, lipid uptake, desaturation, elongation and β-oxidation were measured. No major effects on the percentage of DHA in white muscle, liver triacylglycerol and phospholipid fraction were detected. Genes involved in β-oxidation, elongation and desaturation were affected by sesamin addition. Limited effects were seen on any of the transcription factors tested and no effect was seen on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). Expression of both SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 increased with sesamin addition. It was concluded that supplementation of fish feed with a high level of sesamin had a negative effect on the growth rate and live weight and did not alter the proportions of DHA in tissues even though gene expression was affected. Thus, more studies are needed to formulate a diet that would increase the percentage of DHA in fish without negative effects on fish growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schiller Vestergren
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences-SLU, Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7051, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Buroker NE, Huang JY, Barboza J, Ledee DR, Eastman RJ, Reinecke H, Ning XH, Bassuk JA, Portman MA. The adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 2 subunit (AP2α2) gene is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor cardiac target gene. Protein J 2012; 31:75-83. [PMID: 22160327 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A peroxisome proliferator-actived receptor (PPAR) response element (RE) in the promoter region of the adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 2 subunit (AP2α2) of mouse heart has been identified. The steroid hormone nuclear PPARs and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are important transcriptional factors that regulate gene expression, cell differentiation and lipid metabolism. They form homo- (RXR) and hetero- (PPAR-RXR) dimers that bind DNA at various REs. The AP2α2 gene is part of complex and process that transports lipids and proteins from the plasma membrane to the endosomal system. A PPAR activator (Wy14643) and DMSO (vehicle) was introduced into control and δ337T thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ1) transgenic mice. Heart tissue was extracted and AP2α2 gene expression was compared using Affymetrix expression arrays and qRT PCR among four groups [control, control with Wy14643, δ337T TRβ1 and δ337T TRβ1 with Wy14643]. The gene expression of AP2α2 in the Wy14643 control and transgenic mouse groups was significantly up regulated over the vehicle mouse groups in both the array (p < 0.01) and qRT PCR (p < 0.01) studies. Duplex oligo DNAs containing the PPAR/RXR motif (AGGTCA/TCCAGT) from the AP2α2 promoter were used in EMSA to verify binding of the PPAR and RXR receptors to their REs. pGL4.0 [Luc] constructs of the AP2α2 promoter with and without the PPAR/RXR motifs were co-transfected with mouse PPARα, β or γ1 into HepG2 cells and used in lucerifase assays to verify gene activation. In conclusion our study revealed that PPARα regulates the mouse cardiac AP2α2 gene in both the control and transgenic mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman E Buroker
- Department of Cardiology, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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30
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Clugston RD, Jiang H, Lee MX, Piantedosi R, Yuen JJ, Ramakrishnan R, Lewis MJ, Gottesman ME, Huang LS, Goldberg IJ, Berk PD, Blaner WS. Altered hepatic lipid metabolism in C57BL/6 mice fed alcohol: a targeted lipidomic and gene expression study. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2021-31. [PMID: 21856784 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m017368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with fatty liver disease in mammals. The object of this study was to gain an understanding of dysregulated lipid metabolism in alcohol-fed C57BL/6 mice using a targeted lipidomic approach. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze several lipid classes, including free fatty acids, fatty acyl-CoAs, fatty acid ethyl esters, sphingolipids, ceramides, and endocannabinoids, in plasma and liver samples from control and alcohol-fed mice. The interpretation of lipidomic data was augmented by gene expression analyses for important metabolic enzymes in the lipid pathways studied. Alcohol feeding was associated with i) increased hepatic free fatty acid levels and decreased fatty acyl-CoA levels associated with decreased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and decreased fatty acyl-CoA synthesis, respectively; ii) increased hepatic ceramide levels associated with higher levels of the precursor molecules sphingosine and sphinganine; and iii) increased hepatic levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide associated with decreased expression of its catabolic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase. The unique combination of lipidomic and gene expression analyses allows for a better mechanistic understanding of dysregulated lipid metabolism in the development of alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Clugston
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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31
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Akter MH, Razzaque MA, Yang L, Fumoto T, Motojima K, Yamaguchi T, Hirose F, Osumi T. Identification of a Gene Sharing a Promoter and Peroxisome Proliferator-Response Elements With Acyl-CoA Oxidase Gene. PPAR Res 2011; 2006:71916. [PMID: 17347534 PMCID: PMC1779578 DOI: 10.1155/ppar/2006/71916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mammalian genes are clustered on the genomes, and hence the genes in the same cluster can be regulated through a common regulatory element. We indeed showed previously that the perilipin/PEX11α gene pair is transactivated tissue-selectively by PPARγ and PPARα, respectively, through a common binding site. In the present study, we identified a gene, named GSPA, neighboring a canonical PPAR target, acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) gene. GSPA expression was induced by a peroxisome proliferator, Wy14,643, in the liver of wild-type mice, but not PPARα-null mice. GSPA and AOX share the promoter and two peroxisome proliferator-response elements. GSPA mRNA was also found in the heart and skeletal muscle, as well as 3T3-L1 cells. GSPA encodes a protein of 161 amino acids that is enriched in 3T3-L1 cells. Even other gene pairs might be regulated through common sequence elements, and conversely it would be interesting how each gene is aptly regulated in clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst. Hasina Akter
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Kamigori, Japan
| | - Md. Abdur Razzaque
- International Research and Educational Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University,
Tokyo 162-8666, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Liu Yang
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Kamigori, Japan
| | - Toshio Fumoto
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Kamigori, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Motojima
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Kamigori, Japan
| | - Fumiko Hirose
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Kamigori, Japan
| | - Takashi Osumi
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Kamigori, Japan
- *Takashi Osumi:
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Poudyal H, Panchal SK, Diwan V, Brown L. Omega-3 fatty acids and metabolic syndrome: effects and emerging mechanisms of action. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:372-87. [PMID: 21762726 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological, human, animal, and cell culture studies show that n-3 fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduce the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. EPA and DHA, rather than ALA, have been the focus of research on the n-3 fatty acids, probably due to the relatively inefficient conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA in rodents and humans. This review will assess our current understanding of the effects and potential mechanisms of actions of individual n-3 fatty acids on multiple risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Evidence for pharmacological responses and the mechanism of action of each of the n-3 fatty acid trio will be discussed for the major risk factors of metabolic syndrome, especially adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes, hypertension, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Metabolism of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids as well as the interactions of n-3 fatty acids with nutrients, gene expression, and disease states will be addressed to provide a rationale for the use of n-3 fatty acids to reduce the risk factors of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Poudyal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
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33
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Huang J, Viswakarma N, Yu S, Jia Y, Bai L, Vluggens A, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Khan M, Singh I, Yang G, Rao MS, Borensztajn J, Reddy JK. Progressive endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis in fatty acyl-CoA oxidase 1-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:703-13. [PMID: 21801867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) knockout (ACOX1(-/-)) mice manifest hepatic metabolic derangements that lead to the development of steatohepatitis, hepatocellular regeneration, spontaneous peroxisome proliferation, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Deficiency of ACOX1 results in unmetabolized substrates of this enzyme that function as biological ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) in liver. Here we demonstrate that sustained activation of PPARα in ACOX1(-/-) mouse liver by these ACOX1 substrates results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Overexpression of transcriptional regulator p8 and its ER stress-related effectors such as the pseudokinase tribbles homolog 3, activating transcription factor 4, and transcription factor CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein as well as phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, indicate the induction of unfolded protein response signaling in the ACOX1(-/-) mouse liver. We also show here that, in the liver, p8 is a target for all three PPAR isoforms (-α, -β, and -γ), which interact with peroxisome proliferator response elements in p8 promoter. Sustained activation of p8 and unfolded protein response-associated ER stress in ACOX1(-/-) mouse liver contributes to hepatocyte apoptosis and liver cell proliferation culminating in the development of hepatocarcinogenesis. We also demonstrate that human ACOX1 transgene is functional in ACOX1(-/-) mice and effectively prevents metabolic dysfunctions that lead to ER stress and carcinogenic effects. Taken together, our data indicate that progressive PPARα- and p8-mediated ER stress contribute to the hepatocarcinogenesis in ACOX1(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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34
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Marecki JC, Ronis MJ, Shankar K, Badger TM. Hyperinsulinemia and ectopic fat deposition can develop in the face of hyperadiponectinemia in young obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha, beta (also known as delta), and gamma function as sensors for fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives and control important metabolic pathways involved in the maintenance of energy balance. PPARs also regulate other diverse biological processes such as development, differentiation, inflammation, and neoplasia. In the nucleus, PPARs exist as heterodimers with retinoid X receptor-alpha bound to DNA with corepressor molecules. Upon ligand activation, PPARs undergo conformational changes that facilitate the dissociation of corepressor molecules and invoke a spatiotemporally orchestrated recruitment of transcription cofactors including coactivators and coactivator-associated proteins. While a given nuclear receptor regulates the expression of a prescribed set of target genes, coactivators are likely to influence the functioning of many regulators and thus affect the transcription of many genes. Evidence suggests that some of the coactivators such as PPAR-binding protein (PBP/PPARBP), thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 220 (TRAP220), and mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1) may exert a broader influence on the functions of several nuclear receptors and their target genes. Investigations into the role of coactivators in the function of PPARs should strengthen our understanding of the complexities of metabolic diseases associated with energy metabolism.
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36
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Pyper SR, Viswakarma N, Yu S, Reddy JK. PPARalpha: energy combustion, hypolipidemia, inflammation and cancer. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2010; 8:e002. [PMID: 20414453 PMCID: PMC2858266 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.08002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha, or NR1C1) is a nuclear hormone receptor activated by a structurally diverse array of synthetic chemicals known as peroxisome proliferators. Endogenous activation of PPARalpha in liver has also been observed in certain gene knockout mouse models of lipid metabolism, implying the existence of enzymes that either generate (synthesize) or degrade endogenous PPARalpha agonists. For example, substrates involved in fatty acid oxidation can function as PPARalpha ligands. PPARalpha serves as a xenobiotic and lipid sensor to regulate energy combustion, hepatic steatosis, lipoprotein synthesis, inflammation and liver cancer. Mainly, PPARalpha modulates the activities of all three fatty acid oxidation systems, namely mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation and microsomal omega-oxidation, and thus plays a key role in energy expenditure. Sustained activation of PPARalpha by either exogenous or endogenous agonists leads to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma resulting from sustained oxidative and possibly endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver cell proliferation. PPARalpha requires transcription coactivator PPAR-binding protein (PBP)/mediator subunit 1(MED1) for its transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janardan K. Reddy
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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37
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van der Meer DLM, Degenhardt T, Väisänen S, de Groot PJ, Heinäniemi M, de Vries SC, Müller M, Carlberg C, Kersten S. Profiling of promoter occupancy by PPARalpha in human hepatoma cells via ChIP-chip analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:2839-50. [PMID: 20110263 PMCID: PMC2875002 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is an important regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism. While PPARalpha is known to activate transcription of numerous genes, no comprehensive picture of PPARalpha binding to endogenous genes has yet been reported. To fill this gap, we performed Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-chip in combination with transcriptional profiling on HepG2 human hepatoma cells treated with the PPARalpha agonist GW7647. We found that GW7647 increased PPARalpha binding to 4220 binding regions. GW7647-induced binding regions showed a bias around the transcription start site and most contained a predicted PPAR binding motif. Several genes known to be regulated by PPARalpha, such as ACOX1, SULT2A1, ACADL, CD36, IGFBP1 and G0S2, showed GW7647-induced PPARalpha binding to their promoter. A GW7647-induced PPARalpha-binding region was also assigned to SREBP-targets HMGCS1, HMGCR, FDFT1, SC4MOL, and LPIN1, expression of which was induced by GW7647, suggesting cross-talk between PPARalpha and SREBP signaling. Our data furthermore demonstrate interaction between PPARalpha and STAT transcription factors in PPARalpha-mediated transcriptional repression, and suggest interaction between PPARalpha and TBP, and PPARalpha and C/EBPalpha in PPARalpha-mediated transcriptional activation. Overall, our analysis leads to important new insights into the mechanisms and impact of transcriptional regulation by PPARalpha in human liver and highlight the importance of cross-talk with other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L M van der Meer
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Shin J, Li B, Davis ME, Suh Y, Lee K. Comparative analysis of fatty acid-binding protein 4 promoters: Conservation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor binding sites1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3923-34. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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39
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Tachibana K, Takeuchi K, Inada H, Yamasaki D, Ishimoto K, Tanaka T, Hamakubo T, Sakai J, Kodama T, Doi T. Regulation of the human SLC25A20 expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in human hepatoblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:501-5. [PMID: 19748481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier family 25, member 20 (SLC25A20) is a key molecule that transfers acylcarnitine esters in exchange for free carnitine across the mitochondrial membrane in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the regulation of beta-oxidation. We previously established tetracycline-regulated human cell line that can be induced to express PPARalpha and found that PPARalpha induces the SLC25A20 expression. In this study, we analyzed the promoter region of the human slc25a20 gene and showed that PPARalpha regulates the expression of human SLC25A20 via the peroxisome proliferator responsive element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tachibana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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von Rettberg H, Hannman T, Subotic U, Brade J, Schaible T, Waag KL, Loff S. Use of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-containing infusion systems increases the risk for cholestasis. Pediatrics 2009; 124:710-6. [PMID: 19651587 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most polyvinylchloride infusion systems are plasticized with up to 60% of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). DEHP is easily extracted from the tubing by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions and has been shown to have toxic effects on various organ systems including the liver in animals and humans. A role was postulated for DEHP in the development of hepatobiliary dysfunction in premature and newborn infants receiving parenteral nutrition, and the incidence of cholestasis was investigated after changing from polyvinylchloride infusion systems to polyvinylchloride-free infusion systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two 3-year periods from 1998 to 2004 were investigated retrospectively before and after changing from polyvinylchloride to polyvinylchloride-free infusion systems in our department. This resulted in 1 group of 30 patients treated with polyvinylchloride lines and a second group of 46 patients treated with polyvinylchloride-free lines. The 2 groups were examined for the incidence of cholestasis and other possible contributing factors. Statistics were performed by using SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). RESULTS After changing infusion systems, the incidence of cholestasis dropped from 50% to 13%. Using DEHP-plasticized polyvinylchloride infusion systems for TPN increased the risk for cholestasis by a factor of 5.6. The use of polyvinylchloride lines correlated strongly with the development of TPN-associated cholestasis (P = .0004). CONCLUSIONS Using DEHP-containing polyvinylchloride infusions systems contributes to the development of cholestasis. Therefore, the use of DEHP-free infusion systems for TPN is recommended, especially in premature and newborn infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike von Rettberg
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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Changes in lipid metabolism associated gene transcripts during porcine adipogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Human health risk assessment for peroxisome proliferators: More than 30 years of research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Buroker NE, Barboza J, Huang JY. The IkappaBalpha gene is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor cardiac target gene. FEBS J 2009; 276:3247-55. [PMID: 19438714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide a better understanding of the regulatory role of the nuclear steroid receptor on the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NFkappaB) in mouse heart. NFkappaB regulates many nuclear genes and has been associated with many human cardiac diseases. NFkappaB's protein regulator gene, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor alpha gene (IkappaBalpha), was found in this study to be regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs, retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which consists of a large number of transcription factors whose activities are regulated by their cognate ligands. These steroid hormone receptors are important regulators of gene expression and differentiation in the heart. These receptors form homo-(RXR, THR) and hetero-(PPAR-RXR, RXR-THR) dimers that bind DNA at various response elements (PPAR, RXR and THR) in the promoter regions of target genes. The PPAR/RXR response elements in the promoter of IkappaBalpha are described in this article. A known PPAR activator (Wy14643) and dimethylsulfoxide (vehicle) were introduced into control (FVB) and delta337T thyroid hormone receptor (TRbeta) transgenic mice. The delta337T TRbeta transgenic mouse has a resistance to the thyroid hormone (RTH) phenotype. Affymetrix 430_2 chip gene expression was examined for four study groups (control, control with Wy14643, delta337T TRbeta and delta337T TRbeta with Wy14643), consisting of seven mice each. IkappaBalpha mRNA expression in the Wy14643 control and in transgenic mice was upregulated significantly in microarray (P < 0.05) and quantitative RT-PCR (P < 0.01) analyses. The increase in mRNA level was also accompanied by an increase in IkappaBalpha protein in cells, as measured by Western blot analysis. Duplex oligo-DNAs containing the putative PPAR/RXR motif (AGGTCA/TCCAGT) from the IkappaBalpha promoter were used in gel shift assays to verify the binding of PPAR and RXR to their response elements. pGL4.0 [Luc] constructs of the IkappaBalpha promoter, with and without the PPAR/RXR motifs, were co-transfected with mouse PPAR alpha, beta and gamma(1) into HepG2 cells and used in luciferase assays to verify gene activation. In conclusion, our study revealed that PPAR regulates the mouse cardiac IkappaBalpha gene in both control and transgenic mouse heart. The implications of this finding are discussed in relation to possible changes in cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman E Buroker
- Department of Cardiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA 98195, USA.
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Collino M, Patel NSA, Thiemermann C. PPARs as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 2:179-97. [PMID: 19124421 DOI: 10.1177/1753944708090924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability in industrialized countries. Despite advances in understanding its pathophysiology, little progress has been made in the treatment of stroke. The currently available therapies have proven to be highly unsatisfactory (except thrombolysis) and attempts are being made to identify and characterize signaling proteins which could be exploited to design novel therapeutic modalities. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that control lipid and glucose metabolism. PPARs regulate gene expression by binding with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as a heterodimeric partner to specific DNA sequences, termed PPAR response elements. In addition, PPARs may modulate gene transcription also by directly interfering with other transcription factor pathways in a DNA-binding independent manner. To date, three different PPAR isoforms, designated alpha, beta/delta, and gamma, have been identified. Recently, they have been found to play an important role for the pathogenesis of various disorders of the central nervous system and accumulating data suggest that PPARs may serve as potential targets for treating ischemic stroke. Activation of all PPAR isoforms, but especially of PPARgamma, was shown to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage in several in vitro and in vivo models, negatively regulating the expression of genes induced by ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R). This paper reviews the evidence and recent developments relating to the potential therapeutic effects of PPAR-agonists in the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Collino
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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O'Brien ML, Spear BT, Glauert HP. Role of Oxidative Stress in Peroxisome Proliferator-Mediated Carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 35:61-88. [PMID: 15742903 DOI: 10.1080/10408440590905957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the evidence about the role of oxidative stress in the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas by peroxisome proliferators is examined. The activation of PPAR-alpha by peroxisome proliferators in rats and mice may produce oxidative stress, due to the induction of enzymes like fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase (AOX) and cytochrome P-450 4A1. The effect of peroxisome proliferators on the antioxidant defense system is reviewed, as is the effect on endpoints resulting from oxidative stress that may be important in carcinogenesis, such as lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, and transcription factor activation. Peroxisome proliferators clearly inhibit several enzymes in the antioxidant defense system, but studies examining effects on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage are conflicting. There is a profound species difference in the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas by peroxisome proliferators, with rats and mice being sensitive, whereas species such as nonhuman primates and guinea pigs are not susceptible to the effects of peroxisome proliferators. The possible role of oxidative stress in these species differences is also reviewed. Overall, peroxisome proliferators produce changes in oxidative stress, but whether these changes are important in the carcinogenic process is not clear at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L O'Brien
- Graduate Centerfor Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0054, USA
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Klaunig JE, Babich MA, Baetcke KP, Cook JC, Corton JC, David RM, DeLuca JG, Lai DY, McKee RH, Peters JM, Roberts RA, Fenner-Crisp PA. PPARα Agonist-Induced Rodent Tumors: Modes of Action and Human Relevance. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 33:655-780. [PMID: 14727734 DOI: 10.1080/713608372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Widely varied chemicals--including certain herbicides, plasticizers, drugs, and natural products--induce peroxisome proliferation in rodent liver and other tissues. This phenomenon is characterized by increases in the volume density and fatty acid oxidation of these organelles, which contain hydrogen peroxide and fatty acid oxidation systems important in lipid metabolism. Research showing that some peroxisome proliferating chemicals are nongenotoxic animal carcinogens stimulated interest in developing mode of action (MOA) information to understand and explain the human relevance of animal tumors associated with these chemicals. Studies have demonstrated that a nuclear hormone receptor implicated in energy homeostasis, designated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), is an obligatory factor in peroxisome proliferation in rodent hepatocytes. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the state of the science on several topics critical to evaluating the relationship between the MOA for PPARalpha agonists and the human relevance of related animal tumors. Topics include a review of existing tumor bioassay data, data from animal and human sources relating to the MOA for PPARalpha agonists in several different tissues, and case studies on the potential human relevance of the animal MOA data. The summary of existing bioassay data discloses substantial species differences in response to peroxisome proliferators in vivo, with rodents more responsive than primates. Among the rat and mouse strains tested, both males and females develop tumors in response to exposure to a wide range of chemicals including DEHP and other phthalates, chlorinated paraffins, chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene, and certain pesticides and hypolipidemic pharmaceuticals. MOA data from three different rodent tissues--rat and mouse liver, rat pancreas, and rat testis--lead to several different postulated MOAs, some beginning with PPARalpha activation as a causal first step. For example, studies in rodent liver identified seven "key events," including three "causal events"--activation of PPARalpha, perturbation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, and selective clonal expansion--and a series of associative events involving peroxisome proliferation, hepatocyte oxidative stress, and Kupffer-cell-mediated events. Similar in-depth analysis for rat Leydig-cell tumors (LCTs) posits one MOA that begins with PPARalpha activation in the liver, but two possible pathways, one secondary to liver induction and the other direct inhibition of testicular testosterone biosynthesis. For this tumor, both proposed pathways involve changes in the metabolism and quantity of related hormones and hormone precursors. Key events in the postulated MOA for the third tumor type, pancreatic acinar-cell tumors (PACTs) in rats, also begin with PPARalpha activation in the liver, followed by changes in bile synthesis and composition. Using the new human relevance framework (HRF) (see companion article), case studies involving PPARalpha-related tumors in each of these three tissues produced a range of outcomes, depending partly on the quality and quantity of MOA data available from laboratory animals and related information from human data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Klaunig
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Bionaz M, Baumrucker C, Shirk E, Vanden Heuvel J, Block E, Varga G. Short Communication: Characterization of Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Cell Line for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Temporal Response and Sensitivity to Fatty Acids. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2808-13. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lan MJ, Yuan P, Chen G, Manji HK. Neuronal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling: regulation by mood-stabilizer valproate. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 35:225-34. [PMID: 18437585 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Valproate (Depakote) remains an effective medication for the prevention and treatment of seizures in epilepsy and of mood symptoms in bipolar disorder. Both of these disorders are severe and debilitating, and both warrant further medication options as well as a better understanding of the side effects associated with their current treatments. Although a number of molecular and cellular processes have been found to be altered by valproate, the medication's therapeutic mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this paper, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling was examined to determine valproate's effects on this transcriptional regulatory system in neuronal tissue. PPAR signaling has been found to affect a number of biochemical processes, including lipid metabolism, cellular differentiation, insulin sensitivity, and cell survival. When primary neuronal cultures were treated with valproate, a significant decrease in PPARgamma signaling was observed. This effect was demonstrated through a change in nuclear quantities of PPARgamma receptor and decreased DNA binding of the receptor. Valproate also caused gene expression changes and a change to the peroxisome biochemistry consistent with a decrease of PPARgamma signaling. These biochemical changes may have functional consequences for either valproate's therapeutic mechanism or for its neurological side effects and merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Lan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chen X, Li M, Sun W, Bi Y, Cai M, Liang H, Yu Q, He X, Weng J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist-induced down-regulation of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor expression in SD rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:865-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sertznig P, Seifert M, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and the human skin: importance of PPARs in skin physiology and dermatologic diseases. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008; 9:15-31. [PMID: 18092840 DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200809010-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. More recently, PPARs and corresponding ligands have been shown in skin and other organs to regulate important cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as inflammatory responses. These new functions identify PPARs and corresponding ligands as potential targets for the treatment of various skin diseases and other disorders. It has been shown that in inflammatory skin disorders, including hyperproliferative psoriatic epidermis and the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis, the expression of both PPARalpha and PPARgamma is decreased. This observation suggests the possibility that PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators, or compounds that positively regulate PPAR gene expression, may represent novel NSAIDs for the topical or systemic treatment of common inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and allergic contact dermatitis. Moreover, recent findings indicate that PPAR-signaling pathways may act as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin diseases including skin malignancies. Studies in non-diabetic patients suggest that oral thiazolidinediones, which are synthetic ligands of PPARgamma, not only exert an antidiabetic effect but also may be beneficial for moderate chronic plaque psoriasis by suppressing proliferation and inducing differentiation of keratinocytes; furthermore, they may even induce cell growth arrest, apoptosis, and terminal differentiation in various human malignant tumors. It has been reported that PPARalpha immunoreactivity is reduced in human keratinocytes of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and actinic keratosis (AK), while PPARdelta appears to be upregulated. Additionally, the microvessel density is significantly higher in AK and SCC that express high levels of PPARdelta. PPARdelta has been demonstrated to have an anti-apoptotic role and to maintain survival and differentiation of epithelial cells, whereas PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation and regulate apoptosis. In melanoma, the growth inhibitory effect of PPARgamma activation is independent of apoptosis and seems to occur primarily through induction of cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle or induction of re-differentiation. PPARalpha activation causes inhibition of migration of melanoma cells and anchorage-independent growth, whereas primary tumor growth remains unaltered. In clinical trials of gemfibrozil, a PPARalpha ligand, significantly fewer patients treated with this lipid-lowering drug were diagnosed with melanoma as compared to those in the control group. In conclusion, an increasing body of evidence indicates that PPAR signaling pathways may represent interesting therapeutic targets for a broad variety of skin disorders, including inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and skin malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit Sertznig
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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