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Solanki K, Bezsonov E, Orekhov A, Parihar SP, Vaja S, White FA, Obukhov AG, Baig MS. Effect of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species on signaling pathways in atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107282. [PMID: 38325566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which fats, lipids, cholesterol, calcium, proliferating smooth muscle cells, and immune cells accumulate in the intima of the large arteries, forming atherosclerotic plaques. A complex interplay of various vascular and immune cells takes place during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Multiple reports indicate that tight control of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) production is critical for maintaining vascular health. Unrestricted ROS and RNS generation may lead to activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways, facilitating atherosclerosis. Given these deleterious consequences, it is important to understand how ROS and RNS affect the signaling processes involved in atherogenesis. Conversely, RSS appears to exhibit an atheroprotective potential and can alleviate the deleterious effects of ROS and RNS. Herein, we review the literature describing the effects of ROS, RNS, and RSS on vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages and focus on how changes in their production affect the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This review also discusses the contribution of ROS, RNS, and RSS in mediating various post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, nitrosylation, and sulfation, of the molecules involved in inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Solanki
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Evgeny Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia; Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; The Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Turgenev State University of Orel, Orel, Russia
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shivani Vaja
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Fletcher A White
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G Obukhov
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India.
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Khorashad JS, Rizzo S, Tonks A. Reactive oxygen species and its role in pathogenesis and resistance to therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2024; 7:5. [PMID: 38434766 PMCID: PMC10905166 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Relapse following a short clinical response to therapy is the major challenge for the management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Leukemic stem cells (LSC), as the source of relapse, have been investigated for their metabolic preferences and their alterations at the time of relapse. As LSC rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy requirement, reactive oxygen species (ROS), as by-products of OXPHOS, have been investigated for their role in the effectiveness of the standard AML therapy. Increased levels of non-mitochondrial ROS, generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, in a subgroup of AML patients add to the complexity of studying ROS. Although there are various studies presenting the contribution of ROS to AML pathogenesis, resistance, and its inhibition or activation as a target, a model that can clearly explain its role in AML has not been conceptualized. This is due to the heterogeneity of AML, the dynamics of ROS production, which is influenced by factors such as the type of treatment, cell differentiation state, mitochondrial activity, and also the heterogeneous generation of non-mitochondrial ROS and limited available data on their interaction with the microenvironment. This review summarizes these challenges and the recent progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Sorouri Khorashad
- Department of Immunology and inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sian Rizzo
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alex Tonks
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Kim SR, Park JW, Lee BH, Lim KM, Chang TS. Peroxiredoxin V Protects against UVB-Induced Damage of Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1435. [PMID: 37507973 PMCID: PMC10376850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage exposed skin cells. Mitochondria and NADPH oxidase are the two principal producers of ROS in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. Peroxiredoxin V (PrxV) is a mitochondrial and cytosolic cysteine-dependent peroxidase enzyme that robustly removes H2O2. We investigated PrxV's role in protecting epidermal keratinocytes against UVB-induced ROS damage. We separated mitochondrial and cytosolic H2O2 levels from other types of ROS using fluorescent H2O2 indicators. Upon UVB irradiation, PrxV-knockdown HaCaT human keratinocytes showed higher levels of mitochondrial and cytosolic H2O2 than PrxV-expressing controls. PrxV depletion enhanced hyperoxidation-mediated inactivation of mitochondrial PrxIII and cytosolic PrxI and PrxII in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. PrxV-depleted keratinocytes exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and were more susceptible to apoptosis through decreased oxygen consumption rate, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cardiolipin oxidation, cytochrome C release, and caspase activation. Our findings show that PrxV serves to protect epidermal keratinocytes from UVB-induced damage such as mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, not only by directly removing mitochondrial and cytosolic H2O2 but also by indirectly improving the catalytic activity of mitochondrial PrxIII and cytosolic PrxI and PrxII. It is possible that strengthening PrxV defenses could aid in preventing UVB-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Ri Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Shin Chang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Thapa P, Jiang H, Ding N, Hao Y, Alshahrani A, Wei Q. The Role of Peroxiredoxins in Cancer Development. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:666. [PMID: 37237480 PMCID: PMC10215932 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are antioxidant enzymes with ubiquitous expression in human tissues. Prxs are expressed in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryota, often in multiple isoforms. Because of their abundant expression in different cellular organelles and extraordinary sensitivity to H2O2, Prxs are among the first defenses against oxidative stress. Prxs undergo reversible oxidation to disulfides, and some family members perform chaperone or phospholipase functions upon further oxidation. Prxs are upregulated in cancer cells. Research has suggested that Prxs can function as tumor promoters in various cancers. The major objective of this review is to summarize novel findings regarding the roles of Prxs in common cancer types. Prxs have been shown to influence differentiation of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts, remodeling of extracellular matrix, and regulation of stemness. Since aggressive cancer cells have higher intracellular levels of ROS that they can utilize to proliferate and metastasize compared to normal cells, it is critical that we understand the regulation and functions of primary antioxidants such as Prxs. These small but mighty proteins could prove to be key for improving cancer therapeutics and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Thapa
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1095 Veterans Dr, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1095 Veterans Dr, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Na Ding
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1095 Veterans Dr, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Yanning Hao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1095 Veterans Dr, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Aziza Alshahrani
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1095 Veterans Dr, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Qiou Wei
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1095 Veterans Dr, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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More than Just Antioxidants: Redox-Active Components and Mechanisms Shaping Redox Signalling Network. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122403. [PMID: 36552611 PMCID: PMC9774234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of oxidative stress as a condition underlying a multitude of human diseases has led to immense interest in the search for antioxidant-based remedies. The simple and intuitive story of "the bad" reactive oxygen species (ROS) and "the good" antioxidants quickly (and unsurprisingly) lead to the commercial success of products tagged "beneficial to health" based solely on the presence of antioxidants. The commercial success of antioxidants by far preceded the research aimed at understanding the exact redox-related mechanisms that are in control of shaping the states of health and disease. This review describes the redox network formed by the interplay of ROS with cellular molecules and the resulting regulation of processes at the genomic and proteomic levels. Key players of this network are presented, both involved in redox signalling and control of cellular metabolism linked to most, if not all, physiological processes. In particular, this review focuses on the concept of reductive stress, which still remains less well-established compared to oxidative stress.
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Sharapov MG, Goncharov RG, Parfenyuk SB, Glushkova OV, Novoselov VI. The Role of Phospholipase Activity of Peroxiredoxin 6 in Its Transmembrane Transport and Protective Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315265. [PMID: 36499590 PMCID: PMC9738660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a multifunctional eukaryotic antioxidant enzyme. Mammalian Prdx6 possesses peroxidase activity against a wide range of organic and inorganic hydroperoxides, as well as exhibits phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2) activity, which plays an important role in the reduction of oxidized phospholipids and cell membrane remodeling. Exogenous Prdx6 has recently been shown to be able to penetrate inside the cell. We hypothesized that this entry may be due to the phospholipase activity of Prdx6. Experiments using exogenous Prdx6 in three cell lines (3T3, A549, RAW 264.7) demonstrated that it is the phospholipase activity that promotes its penetration into the cell. Overoxidation of Prdx6 led to a suppression of the peroxidase activity and a 3-to-4-fold growth of aiPLA2, which enhanced the efficiency of its transmembrane transport into the cells by up to 15 times. A mutant form of Prdx6-S32A with an inactivated phospholipase center turned out to be unable to enter the cells in both the reduced and oxidized state of the peroxidase active center. Previously, we have shown that exogenous Prdx6 has a significant radioprotective action. However, the role of phospholipase activity in the radioprotective effects of Prdx6 remained unstudied. Trials with the mutant Prdx6-S32A form, with the use of a total irradiation model in mice, showed a nearly 50% reduction of the radioprotective effect upon aiPLA2 loss. Such a significant decrease in the radioprotective action may be due to the inability of Prdx6-S32A to penetrate animal cells, which prevents its reduction by the natural intracellular reducing agent glutathione S-transferase (πGST) and lowers the efficiency of elimination of peroxides formed from the effect of ionizing radiation. Thus, phospholipase activity may play an important role in the reduction of oxidized Prdx6 and manifestation of its antioxidant properties.
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Day NJ, Zhang T, Gaffrey MJ, Zhao R, Fillmore TL, Moore RJ, Rodney GG, Qian WJ. A deep redox proteome profiling workflow and its application to skeletal muscle of a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy model. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:373-384. [PMID: 36306991 PMCID: PMC10072164 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.10.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation to the redox state accompanies many diseases and its effects are viewed through oxidation of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The thiol groups of protein cysteine residues undergo an array of redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) that are important for regulation of protein and pathway function. To better understand what proteins are redox regulated following a perturbation, it is important to be able to comprehensively profile protein thiol oxidation at the proteome level. Herein, we report a deep redox proteome profiling workflow and demonstrate its application in measuring the changes in thiol oxidation along with global protein expression in skeletal muscle from mdx mice, a model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). In-depth coverage of the thiol proteome was achieved with >18,000 Cys sites from 5,608 proteins in muscle being quantified. Compared to the control group, mdx mice exhibit markedly increased thiol oxidation, where a ∼2% shift in the median oxidation occupancy was observed. Pathway analysis for the redox data revealed that coagulation system and immune-related pathways were among the most susceptible to increased thiol oxidation in mdx mice, whereas protein abundance changes were more enriched in pathways associated with bioenergetics. This study illustrates the importance of deep redox profiling in gaining greater insight into oxidative stress regulation and pathways/processes that are perturbed in an oxidizing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Day
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Thomas L Fillmore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - George G Rodney
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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Murthykumar K, Varghese S, Jayaseelan VP. Association of SRXN1 Receptor Gene Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Periodontitis. Contemp Clin Dent 2022; 13:363-368. [PMID: 36686993 PMCID: PMC9855261 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_309_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests that oxidative stress forms a key component in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. Literature evidence have shown potential antioxidants responsible for combating the pro-oxidants which stress the periodontium, but the peroxiredoxin-sulfiredoxin system is explored very minimally in periodontal disease. Thus, the present study was aimed to evaluate the genetic association of SRXN1 receptor gene polymorphism (rs6053666). Materials and Methods A total of 100 subjects were recruited for this study, which included 50 Periodontitis patients (Stage II and above based on the criteria of American Association of Periodontology-2018) and 50 periodontally healthy or mild gingivitis. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood collected from the subjects. DNA was amplified using specific primers flanking the BtgI region of the SRXN1 receptor gene. The amplicon was further subjected to genotyping using restriction fragment length using BtgI enzyme. The genotype obtained based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern was recorded and used for statistical analysis. The distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies in the periodontitis and control groups were compared using the Chi-square test. The risk associated with individual alleles or genotypes was calculated as the odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance in all tests was determined at P < 0.05. Results The genotype frequency and distributions of SRXN1 receptor BtgI polymorphism did not differ significantly at ꭕ2df (P = 0.557). Our study results showed that homozygous and heterozygous mutant genotypes had no significant difference (CC vs. CT + TT) between the periodontitis patients and control group with a P = 0.4266. The detected frequency of CT (38% vs. 34%) and TT (42% vs. 52%) genotype showed no significant difference between control and test group. There was no significant difference in C allele (39% vs. 31%) and T allele (61% vs. 69%) between the test and control group. Conclusion The present study denotes that SRXN1 receptor gene polymorphism is not associated with periodontitis in the study group analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheeja Varghese
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kim JH, Cha HN, Kim YW, Park SY. Peroxiredoxin 2 deficiency does not affect insulin resistance and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:859-868. [PMID: 32141337 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1733026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine if peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) deficiency aggravates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS Insulin sensitivity was measured in Prx2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermates using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. RESULTS Whole body glucose turnover, glucose uptake, and levels of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) protein in the skeletal muscle were found to be lower. This was followed by increased expression of oxidative stress markers in Prx2 KO mice than that in WT mice in the control diet group. Although, a 12-week high-fat diet induced insulin resistance and enhanced oxidative stress in both genotypes, there was no difference between WT and Prx2 KO mice with respect to insulin sensitivity and the level of oxidative stress markers. Accordingly, the levels of phosphorylated Akt and Glut4 were similar between the two genotypes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Prx2 does not affect high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress and insulin resistance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Urology, Soon Chun Hyung University Hospital, Gumi, Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Na Cha
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
- Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
- Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
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10
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Niesteruk A, Sreeramulu S, Jonker HRA, Richter C, Schwalbe H. Oxidation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis key virulence factor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase A (MptpA) reduces its phosphatase activity. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1503-1515. [PMID: 35397176 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis tyrosine-specific phosphatase MptpA and its cognate kinase PtkA are prospective targets for anti- tuberculosis drugs as they interact with the host defense response within the macrophages. Although both are structurally well characterized, the functional mechanism regulating their activity remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effect of post-translational oxidation in regulating the function of MptpA. Treatment of MptpA with H2 O2 /NaHCO3 , mimicking cellular oxidative stress conditions, leads to oxidation of the catalytic cysteine (C11) and to a conformational rearrangement of the phosphorylation loop (D-loop) by repositioning the conserved tyrosine 128 (Y128) and generating a temporarily inactive pre-closed state of the phosphatase. Thus, the catalytic cysteine in the P-loop acts as a redox switch and regulates the phosphatase activity of MptpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niesteruk
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hendrik R A Jonker
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Carpenter EL, Becker AL, Indra AK. NRF2 and Key Transcriptional Targets in Melanoma Redox Manipulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061531. [PMID: 35326683 PMCID: PMC8946769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic, pigment-producing cells located in the skin and are responsible for its protection against the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which include DNA damage and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). They do so by synthesizing photoprotective melanin pigments and distributing them to adjacent skin cells (e.g., keratinocytes). However, melanocytes encounter a large burden of oxidative stress during this process, due to both exogenous and endogenous sources. Therefore, melanocytes employ numerous antioxidant defenses to protect themselves; these are largely regulated by the master stress response transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Key effector transcriptional targets of NRF2 include the components of the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems. Despite these defenses, melanocyte DNA often is subject to mutations that result in the dysregulation of the proliferative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the cell cycle. Following tumor initiation, endogenous antioxidant systems are co-opted, a consequence of elevated oxidative stress caused by metabolic reprogramming, to establish an altered redox homeostasis. This altered redox homeostasis contributes to tumor progression and metastasis, while also complicating the application of exogenous antioxidant treatments. Further understanding of melanocyte redox homeostasis, in the presence or absence of disease, would contribute to the development of novel therapies to aid in the prevention and treatment of melanomas and other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Alyssa L. Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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Adaptative Up-Regulation of PRX2 and PRX5 Expression Characterizes Brain from a Mouse Model of Chorea-Acanthocytosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010076. [PMID: 35052580 PMCID: PMC8772732 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxiredoxins (PRXs) constitute a ubiquitous antioxidant. Growing evidence in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has highlighted a crucial role for PRXs against neuro-oxidation. Chorea-acanthocytosis/Vps13A disease (ChAc) is a devastating, life-shortening disorder characterized by acanthocytosis, neurodegeneration and abnormal proteostasis. We recently developed a Vps13a−/− ChAc-mouse model, showing acanthocytosis, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation which could be restored by LYN inactivation. Here, we show in our Vps13a−/− mice protein oxidation, NRF2 activation and upregulation of downstream cytoprotective systems NQO1, SRXN1 and TRXR in basal ganglia. This was associated with upregulation of PRX2/5 expression compared to wild-type mice. PRX2 expression was age-dependent in both mouse strains, whereas only Vps13a−/− PRX5 expression was increased independent of age. LYN deficiency or nilotinib-mediated LYN inhibition improved autophagy in Vps13a−/− mice. In Vps13a−/−; Lyn−/− basal ganglia, absence of LYN resulted in reduced NRF2 activation and down-regulated expression of PRX2/5, SRXN1 and TRXR. Nilotinib treatment of Vps13a−/− mice reduced basal ganglia oxidation, and plasma PRX5 levels, suggesting plasma PRX5 as a possible ChAc biomarker. Our data support initiation of therapeutic Lyn inhibition as promptly as possible after ChAc diagnosis to minimize development of irreversible neuronal damage during otherwise inevitable ChAc progression.
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Charles RL, Abis G, Fernandez BF, Guttzeit S, Buccafusca R, Conte MR, Eaton P. A thiol redox sensor in soluble epoxide hydrolase enables oxidative activation by intra-protein disulfide bond formation. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102107. [PMID: 34509915 PMCID: PMC8436062 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme that broadly regulates the cardiovascular system, hydrolyses epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to their corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). We previously showed that endogenous lipid electrophiles adduct within the catalytic domain, inhibiting sEH to lower blood pressure in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mice. As angiotensin II increases vascular H2O2, we explored sEH redox regulation by this oxidant and how this integrates with inhibition by lipid electrophiles to regulate vasotone. Kinetics analyses revealed that H2O2 not only increased the specific activity of sEH but increased its affinity for substrate and increased its catalytic efficiency. This oxidative activation was mediated by formation of an intra-disulfide bond between C262 and C264, as determined by mass spectrometry and substantiated by biotin-phenylarsinate and thioredoxin-trapping mutant assays. C262S/264S sEH mutants were resistant to peroxide-induced activation, corroborating the disulfide-activation mechanism. The physiological impact of sEH redox state was determined in isolated arteries and the effect of the pro-oxidant vasopressor angiotensin II on arterial sEH redox state and vasodilatory EETs indexed in mice. Angiotensin II induced the activating intra-disulfide in sEH, causing a decrease in plasma EET/DHET ratios that is consistent with the pressor response to this hormone. Although sEH C262-C264 disulfide formation enhances hydrolysis of vasodilatory EETs, this modification also sensitized sEH to inhibition by lipid electrophiles. This explains why angiotensin II decreases EETs and increases blood pressure, but when lipid electrophiles are also present, that EETs are increased and blood pressure lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Charles
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Giancarlo Abis
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Beatriz F Fernandez
- King's College London, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sebastian Guttzeit
- King's College London, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Roberto Buccafusca
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maria R Conte
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Philip Eaton
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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14
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Lennicke C, Cochemé HM. Redox metabolism: ROS as specific molecular regulators of cell signaling and function. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3691-3707. [PMID: 34547234 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Redox reactions are intrinsically linked to energy metabolism. Therefore, redox processes are indispensable for organismal physiology and life itself. The term reactive oxygen species (ROS) describes a set of distinct molecular oxygen derivatives produced during normal aerobic metabolism. Multiple ROS-generating and ROS-eliminating systems actively maintain the intracellular redox state, which serves to mediate redox signaling and regulate cellular functions. ROS, in particular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are able to reversibly oxidize critical, redox-sensitive cysteine residues on target proteins. These oxidative post-translational modifications (PTMs) can control the biological activity of numerous enzymes and transcription factors (TFs), as well as their cellular localization or interactions with binding partners. In this review, we describe the diverse roles of redox regulation in the context of physiological cellular metabolism and provide insights into the pathophysiology of diseases when redox homeostasis is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lennicke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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15
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da Fonseca-Pereira P, Souza PVL, Fernie AR, Timm S, Daloso DM, Araújo WL. Thioredoxin-mediated regulation of (photo)respiration and central metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5987-6002. [PMID: 33649770 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) are ubiquitous proteins engaged in the redox regulation of plant metabolism. Whilst the light-dependent TRX-mediated activation of Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes is well documented, the role of extraplastidial TRXs in the control of the mitochondrial (photo)respiratory metabolism has been revealed relatively recently. Mitochondrially located TRX o1 has been identified as a regulator of alternative oxidase, enzymes of, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (mtLPD) involved in photorespiration, the TCA cycle, and the degradation of branched chain amino acids. TRXs are seemingly a major point of metabolic regulation responsible for activating photosynthesis and adjusting mitochondrial photorespiratory metabolism according to the prevailing cellular redox status. Furthermore, TRX-mediated (de)activation of TCA cycle enzymes contributes to explain the non-cyclic flux mode of operation of this cycle in illuminated leaves. Here we provide an overview on the decisive role of TRXs in the coordination of mitochondrial metabolism in the light and provide in silico evidence for other redox-regulated photorespiratory enzymes. We further discuss the consequences of mtLPD regulation beyond photorespiration and provide outstanding questions that should be addressed in future studies to improve our understanding of the role of TRXs in the regulation of central metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo V L Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stefan Timm
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert- Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock, Germany
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Peroxiredoxin 1 Controls Ovulation and Ovulated Cumulus-Oocyte Complex Activity through TLR4-Derived ERK1/2 Signaling in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179437. [PMID: 34502346 PMCID: PMC8430854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are expressed in the ovary and during ovulation. PRDX1 activity related to the immuno-like response during ovulation is unknown. We investigated the roles of Prdx1 on TLR4 and ERK1/2 signaling from the ovulated cumulus–oocyte complex (COC) using Prdx1-knockout (K/O) and wild-type (WT) mice. Ovulated COCs were collected 12 and 16 h after pregnant mare serum gonadotropin/hCG injection. PRDX1 protein expression and COC secretion factors (Il-6, Tnfaip6, and Ptgs2) increased 16 h after ovulated COCs of the WT mice were obtained. We treated the ovulated COCs in mice with LPS (0.5 μg/mL) or hyaluronidase (Hya) (10 units/mL) to induce TLR4 activity. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cumulus cell apoptosis, PRDX1, TLR4/P38/ERK1/2 protein expression, and COC secretion factors’ mRNA levels increased in LPS- and Hya-treated COCs. The ERK inhibitor (U0126) and Prdx1 siRNA affected TLR4/ERK1/2 expression. The number and cumulus expansion of ovulated COCs by ROS were impaired in Prdx1 K/O mice but not in WT ones. Prdx1 gene deletion induced TLR4/P38/ERK1/2 expression and cumulus expansion genes. These results show the controlling roles of PRDX1 for TLR4/P38/ERK1/2 signaling activity in ovulated mice and the interlink of COCs with ovulation.
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17
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Mass spectrometry-based direct detection of multiple types of protein thiol modifications in pancreatic beta cells under endoplasmic reticulum stress. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102111. [PMID: 34425387 PMCID: PMC8379693 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-based post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in redox-dependent regulation and signaling. Functional cysteine (Cys) sites serve as redox switches, regulated through multiple types of PTMs. Herein, we aim to characterize the complexity of thiol PTMs at the proteome level through the establishment of a direct detection workflow. The LC-MS/MS based workflow allows for simultaneous quantification of protein abundances and multiple types of thiol PTMs. To demonstrate its utility, the workflow was applied to mouse pancreatic β-cells (β-TC-6) treated with thapsigargin to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This resulted in the quantification of >9000 proteins and multiple types of thiol PTMs, including intra-peptide disulfide (S–S), S-glutathionylation (SSG), S-sulfinylation (SO2H), S-sulfonylation (SO3H), S-persulfidation (SSH), and S-trisulfidation (SSSH). Proteins with significant changes in abundance were observed to be involved in canonical pathways such as autophagy, unfolded protein response, protein ubiquitination pathway, and EIF2 signaling. Moreover, ~500 Cys sites were observed with one or multiple types of PTMs with SSH and S–S as the predominant types of modifications. In many cases, significant changes in the levels of different PTMs were observed on various enzymes and their active sites, while their protein abundance exhibited little change. These results provide evidence of independent translational and post-translational regulation of enzyme activity. The observed complexity of thiol modifications on the same Cys residues illustrates the challenge in the characterization and interpretation of protein thiol modifications and their functional regulation. Simultaneous quantification of protein abundances and multiple types of thiol PTMs. Multiple types PTMs observed on the same Cys sites for redox-regulated proteins. Data revealed complexity of thiol PTMs and their regulation. Distinctive translational and post-translational regulation under ER stress in β-cells.
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18
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van de Wetering C, Elko E, Berg M, Schiffers CHJ, Stylianidis V, van den Berge M, Nawijn MC, Wouters EFM, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Reynaert NL. Glutathione S-transferases and their implications in the lung diseases asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Early life susceptibility? Redox Biol 2021; 43:101995. [PMID: 33979767 PMCID: PMC8131726 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our lungs are exposed daily to airborne pollutants, particulate matter, pathogens as well as lung allergens and irritants. Exposure to these substances can lead to inflammatory responses and may induce endogenous oxidant production, which can cause chronic inflammation, tissue damage and remodeling. Notably, the development of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is linked to the aforementioned irritants. Some inhaled foreign chemical compounds are rapidly absorbed and processed by phase I and II enzyme systems critical in the detoxification of xenobiotics including the glutathione-conjugating enzymes Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). GSTs, and in particular genetic variants of GSTs that alter their activities, have been found to be implicated in the susceptibility to and progression of these lung diseases. Beyond their roles in phase II metabolism, evidence suggests that GSTs are also important mediators of normal lung growth. Therefore, the contribution of GSTs to the development of lung diseases in adults may already start in utero, and continues through infancy, childhood, and adult life. GSTs are also known to scavenge oxidants and affect signaling pathways by protein-protein interaction. Moreover, GSTs regulate reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins, known as protein S-glutathionylation. Therefore, GSTs display an array of functions that impact the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. In this review we will provide an overview of the specific functions of each class of mammalian cytosolic GSTs. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of their expression profiles in the lung in healthy subjects, as well as alterations that have been described in (epithelial cells of) asthmatics and COPD patients. Particular emphasis is placed on the emerging evidence of the regulatory properties of GSTs beyond detoxification and their contribution to (un)healthy lungs throughout life. By providing a more thorough understanding, tailored therapeutic strategies can be designed to affect specific functions of particular GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Evan Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Marijn Berg
- Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caspar H J Schiffers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Vasili Stylianidis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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19
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McGinnis A, Klichko VI, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Hyperoxidation of Peroxiredoxins and Effects on Physiology of Drosophila. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040606. [PMID: 33920774 PMCID: PMC8071185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of peroxiredoxins (Prx) is determined by the conserved peroxidatic cysteine (CysP), which reacts with peroxides to form sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH). Under conditions of oxidative stress, CysP is oxidized to catalytically inactive sulfinic (Cys-SO2) and sulfonic (Cys-SO3) forms. The Cys-SO2 form can be reduced in a reaction catalyzed by sulfiredoxin (Srx). To explore the physiological significance of peroxiredoxin overoxidation, we investigated daily variations in the oxidation state of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in flies of different ages, or under conditions when the pro-oxidative load is high. We found no statistically significant changes in the 2-Cys Prxs monomer:dimer ratio, which indirectly reflects changes in the Prx catalytic activity. However, we found daily variations in Prx-SO2/3 that were more pronounced in older flies as well as in flies lacking Srx. Unexpectedly, the srx mutant flies did not exhibit a diminished survivorship under normal or oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, the srx mutant was characterized by a higher physiological activity. In conclusion, catalytically inactive forms of Prx-SO2/3 serve not only as a marker of cellular oxidative burden, but may also play a role in an adaptive response, leading to a positive effect on the physiology of Drosophila melanogaster.
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20
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Trstenjak Prebanda M, Matjan-Štefin P, Turk B, Kopitar-Jerala N. Altered Expression of Peroxiredoxins in Mouse Model of Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy upon LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030357. [PMID: 33673502 PMCID: PMC7997206 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stefin B (cystatin B) is an inhibitor of endo-lysosomal cysteine cathepsin, and the loss-of-function mutations in the stefin B gene were reported in patients with Unverricht–Lundborg disease (EPM1), a form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Stefin B-deficient mice, a mouse model of the disease, display key features of EPM1, including myoclonic seizures. Although the underlying mechanism is not yet completely clear, it was reported that the impaired redox homeostasis and inflammation in the brain contribute to the progression of the disease. In the present study, we investigated if lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered neuroinflammation affected the protein levels of redox-sensitive proteins: thioredoxin (Trx1), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), peroxiredoxins (Prxs) in brain and cerebella of stefin B-deficient mice. LPS challenge was found to result in a marked elevation of Trx1 and TrxR in the brain and cerebella of stefin B deficient mice, while Prx1 was upregulated only in cerebella after LPS challenge. Mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), was upregulated also in the cerebellar tissue lysates prepared from unchallenged stefin B deficient mice, while after LPS challenge Prx3 was upregulated in stefin B deficient brain and cerebella. Our results imply the role of oxidative stress in the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Trstenjak Prebanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.T.P.); (P.M.-Š.); (B.T.)
| | - Petra Matjan-Štefin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.T.P.); (P.M.-Š.); (B.T.)
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.T.P.); (P.M.-Š.); (B.T.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol’shaya Pirogovskaya Ulitsa, 19c1, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataša Kopitar-Jerala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.T.P.); (P.M.-Š.); (B.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-4773-510
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21
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Interactions of zinc- and redox-signaling pathways. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101916. [PMID: 33662875 PMCID: PMC7937829 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc and cellular oxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) each participate in a multitude of physiological functions. There is considerable overlap between the affected events, including signal transduction. While there is no obvious direct connection between zinc and ROS, mainly because the bivalent cation zinc does not change its oxidation state in biological systems, these are linked by their interaction with sulfur, forming the remarkable triad of zinc, ROS, and protein thiols. First, zinc binds to reduced thiols and can be released upon oxidation. Thereby, redox signals are translated into changes in the free zinc concentration, which can act as zinc signals. Second, zinc affects oxidation of thiols in several ways, directly as well as indirectly. A protein incorporating many of these interactions is metallothionein (MT), which is rich in cysteine and capable of binding up to seven zinc ions in its fully reduced state. Zinc binding is diminished after (partial) oxidation, while thiols show increased reactivity in the absence of bound metal ions. Adding still more complexity, the MT promoter is controlled by zinc (via metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1)) as well as redox (via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)). Many signaling cascades that are important for cell proliferation or apoptosis contain protein thiols, acting as centers for crosstalk between zinc- and redox-signaling. A prominent example for shared molecular targets for zinc and ROS are active site cysteine thiols in protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP), their activity being downregulated by oxidation as well as zinc binding. Because zinc binding also protects PTP thiols form irreversible oxidation, there is a multi-faceted reciprocal interaction, illustrating that zinc- and redox-signaling are intricately linked on multiple levels.
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22
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Vieira Veloso R, Shamim A, Lamarrey Y, Stefani HA, Mozer Sciani J. Antioxidant and anti-sickling activity of glucal-based triazoles compounds - An in vitro and in silico study. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104709. [PMID: 33636439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The sickle cell disease (SCD) has a genetic cause, characterized by a replacement of glutamic acid to valine in the β-chain of hemoglobin. The disease has no effective treatment so far, and patients suffer a range from acute to chronic complications that include chronic hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusive ischemia, pain, acute thoracic syndrome, cerebrovascular accident, nephropathy, osteonecrosis and reduced lifetime. The oxidation in certain regions of the hemoglobin favors the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which is the cause of many clinical manifestations. Antioxidants have been studied to reduce the hemoglobin ROS levels, and in this sense, we have searched for new antioxidants glucal-based triazoles compounds with anti-sickling activity. Thirty analogues were synthetized and tested in in vitro antioxidant assays. Two of them were selected based in their effects and concentration-response activity and conducted to in cell assays. Both molecules did not cause any hemolysis and could reduce the red blood cell damage caused by hydrogen peroxide, in a model of oxidative stress induction that mimics the SCD. Moreover, one molecule (termed 11m), besides reducing the hemolysis, was able to prevent the cell damage caused by the hydrogen peroxide. Later on, by in silico pharmacokinetics analysis, we could see that 11m has appropriated proprieties for druggability and the probable mechanism of action is the binding to Peroxiredoxin-5, an antioxidant enzyme that reduces the hydrogen peroxide levels, verified after molecular docking assays. Thus, starting from 30 glucal-based triazoles molecules in a structure-activity relationship, we could select one with antioxidant proprieties that could act on RBC to reduce the oxidative stress, being useful for the treatment of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodinei Vieira Veloso
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Anwar Shamim
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yann Lamarrey
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio A Stefani
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Fujii J, Homma T, Kobayashi S, Warang P, Madkaikar M, Mukherjee MB. Erythrocytes as a preferential target of oxidative stress in blood. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:562-580. [PMID: 33427524 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1873318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are specifically differentiated to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and they lack most organelles, including mitochondria. The autoxidation of hemoglobin constitutes a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nitric oxide, which is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) or via the hemoglobin-mediated conversion of nitrite, interacts with ROS and results in the production of reactive nitrogen oxide species. Herein we present an overview of anemic diseases that are closely related to oxidative damage. Because the compensation of proteins by means of gene expression does not proceed in enucleated cells, antioxidative and redox systems play more important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of RBC against oxidative insult compared to ordinary cells. Defects in hemoglobin and enzymes that are involved in energy production and redox reactions largely trigger oxidative damage to RBC. The results of studies using genetically modified mice suggest that antioxidative enzymes, notably superoxide dismutase 1 and peroxiredoxin 2, play essential roles in coping with oxidative damage in erythroid cells, and their absence limits erythropoiesis, the life-span of RBC and consequently results in the development of anemia. The degeneration of the machinery involved in the proteolytic removal of damaged proteins appears to be associated with hemolytic events. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the dominant machinery, not only for the proteolytic removal of damaged proteins in erythroid cells but also for the development of erythropoiesis. Hence, despite the fact that it is less abundant in RBC compared to ordinary cells, the aberrant ubiquitin-proteasome system may be associated with the development of anemic diseases via the accumulation of damaged proteins, as typified in sickle cell disease, and impaired erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Prashant Warang
- ICMR - National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
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The redox language in neurodegenerative diseases: oxidative post-translational modifications by hydrogen peroxide. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:58. [PMID: 33431811 PMCID: PMC7801447 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, a subset of age-driven diseases, have been known to exhibit increased oxidative stress. The resultant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) has long been viewed as a detrimental byproduct of many cellular processes. Despite this, therapeutic approaches using antioxidants were deemed unsuccessful in circumventing neurodegenerative diseases. In recent times, it is widely accepted that these toxic by-products could act as secondary messengers, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to drive important signaling pathways. Notably, mitochondria are considered one of the major producers of ROS, especially in the production of mitochondrial H2O2. As a secondary messenger, cellular H2O2 can initiate redox signaling through oxidative post-translational modifications (oxPTMs) on the thiol group of the amino acid cysteine. With the current consensus that cellular ROS could drive important biological signaling pathways through redox signaling, researchers have started to investigate the role of cellular ROS in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to various neurodegenerative diseases, and recent studies have started to focus on the implications of mitochondrial ROS from dysfunctional mitochondria on the dysregulation of redox signaling. Henceforth, in this review, we will focus our attention on the redox signaling of mitochondrial ROS, particularly on mitochondrial H2O2, and its potential implications with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
Dr. Sue Goo Rhee is recognized as a Redox Pioneer because he has published five articles in the field of antioxidants and redox signaling that have been cited >1000 times and 69 of his articles in this field have been cited between 100 and 1000 times. Dr. Rhee is known for his discovery of the first three prototypical members of the phospholipase C family, and for the discovery of the ubiquitously expressed peroxiredoxins. Peroxiredoxin catalyzes the thiol-mediated reduction of H2O2. These enzymes protect cellular molecules from oxidative damage. Importantly, they also regulate cell signaling by modulating the intracellular levels of H2O2 that are induced by signaling agonists. He elucidated the mechanism by which the peroxiredoxins participate in signaling by H2O2: Dr. Rhee demonstrated that growth agonists such as epidermal growth factor induce a transient elevation of intracellular H2O2 that oxidize the catalytically essential cysteine residue of protein tyrosine phosphatases. The oxidation inactivates the phosphatases, allowing enhanced protein tyrosine phosphorylation to mediate cell signaling. In addition, he established that peroxiredoxins are exquisitely regulated through phosphorylation, glutathionylation, and hyperoxidation of their active site cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid. Dr. Rhee showed that cysteine oxidation to its sulfinic acid derivative is not irreversible as previously thought. The reduction of hyperoxidized peroxiredoxin is catalyzed by sulfiredoxin. His further investigations implicated cyclic hyperoxidation and reduction of peroxiredoxin in the regulation of certain circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney L Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - P Boon Chock
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Fukuto JM, Lin J, Khodade VS, Toscano JP. Predicting the Possible Physiological/Biological Utility of the Hydropersulfide Functional Group Based on Its Chemistry: Similarities Between Hydropersulfides and Selenols. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1295-1307. [PMID: 32103674 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Hydropersulfides (RSSH) and related polysulfide species (RSnR, n > 2, R = alkyl, H) are highly biologically prevalent with likely important physiological functions. Due to their prevalence, many labs have begun to investigate their possible roles, especially with regards to their protective, redox, and signaling properties. Recent Advances: A significant amount of work has been performed while delineating the chemical reactivity/chemical properties of hydropersulfides, and it is clear that their overall chemistry is distinct from all other biologically relevant sulfur species (e.g., thiols, disulfides, sulfenic acids, etc.). Critical Issues: One way to predict and ultimately understand the biological functions of hydropersulfides is to focus on their unique chemistry, which should provide the rationale for why this unique functionality is present. Interestingly, some of the chemical properties of RSSH are strikingly similar to those of selenols (RSeH). Therefore, it may be important to consider the known functions of selenoproteins when speculating about the possible functions of RSSH species. Future Directions: Currently, many of the inherent chemical differences between hydropersulfides and other biological sulfur species have been established. It remains to be determined, however, whether and how these differences are utilized to accomplish specific biochemical/physiological goals. A significant aspect of elucidating the biological utility of hydropersulfides will be to determine the mechanisms of regulation of their formation and/or biosynthesis, that is, based on whether it can be determined under what cellular conditions hydropersulfides are made, more meaningful speculation regarding their functions/roles can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry and Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Lin
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Vinayak S Khodade
- Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John P Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Pathways for Sensing and Responding to Hydrogen Peroxide at the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102314. [PMID: 33080949 PMCID: PMC7603117 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has emerged as a source of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a hub for peroxide-based signaling events. Here we outline cellular sources of ER-localized peroxide, including sources within and near the ER. Focusing on three ER-localized proteins-the molecular chaperone BiP, the transmembrane stress-sensor IRE1, and the calcium pump SERCA2-we discuss how post-translational modification of protein cysteines by H2O2 can alter ER activities. We review how changed activities for these three proteins upon oxidation can modulate signaling events, and also how cysteine oxidation can serve to limit the cellular damage that is most often associated with elevated peroxide levels.
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Mun YC, Ahn JY, Yoo ES, Lee KE, Nam EM, Huh J, Woo HA, Rhee SG, Seong CM. Peroxiredoxin 3 Has Important Roles on Arsenic Trioxide Induced Apoptosis in Human Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line via Hyperoxidation of Mitochondrial Specific Reactive Oxygen Species. Mol Cells 2020; 43:813-820. [PMID: 32975211 PMCID: PMC7528683 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NB4 cell, the human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line, was treated with various concentrations of arsenic trioxide (ATO) to induce apoptosis, measured by staining with 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) by flow cytometry. 2', 7'-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein-diacetate (DCF-DA) and MitoSOXTM Red mitochondrial superoxide indicator were used to detect intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). The steady-state level of SO2 (Cysteine sulfinic acid, Cys-SO2H) form for peroxiredoxin 3 (PRX3) was measured by a western blot. To evaluate the effect of sulfiredoxin 1 depletion, NB4 cells were transfected with small interfering RNA and analyzed for their influence on ROS, redox enzymes, and apoptosis. The mitochondrial ROS of NB4 cells significantly increased after ATO treatment. NB4 cell apoptosis after ATO treatment increased in a time-dependent manner. Increased SO2 form and dimeric PRX3 were observed as a hyperoxidation reaction in NB4 cells post-ATO treatment, in concordance with mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Sulfiredoxin 1 expression is downregulated by small interfering RNA transfection, which potentiated mitochondrial ROS generation and cell growth arrest in ATO-treated NB4 cells. Our results indicate that ATO-induced ROS generation in APL cell mitochondria is attributable to PRX3 hyperoxidation as well as dimerized PRX3 accumulation, subsequently triggering apoptosis. The downregulation of sulfiredoxin 1 could amplify apoptosis in ATO-treated APL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeung-Chul Mun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jee Young Ahn
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Kyoung Eun Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Nam
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jungwon Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sue Goo Rhee
- Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chu Myong Seong
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07985, Korea
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Walsh BJC, Giedroc DP. H 2S and reactive sulfur signaling at the host-bacterial pathogen interface. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13150-13168. [PMID: 32699012 PMCID: PMC7504917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens that cause invasive disease in the vertebrate host must adapt to host efforts to cripple their viability. Major host insults are reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species as well as cellular stress induced by antibiotics. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as an important player in cytoprotection against these stressors, which may well be attributed to downstream more oxidized sulfur species termed reactive sulfur species (RSS). In this review, we summarize recent work that suggests that H2S/RSS impacts bacterial survival in infected cells and animals. We discuss the mechanisms of biogenesis and clearance of RSS in the context of a bacterial H2S/RSS homeostasis model and the bacterial transcriptional regulatory proteins that act as "sensors" of cellular RSS that maintain H2S/RSS homeostasis. In addition, we cover fluorescence imaging- and MS-based approaches used to detect and quantify RSS in bacterial cells. Last, we discuss proteome persulfidation (S-sulfuration) as a potential mediator of H2S/RSS signaling in bacteria in the context of the writer-reader-eraser paradigm, and progress toward ascribing regulatory significance to this widespread post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna J C Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
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Stein KT, Moon SJ, Nguyen AN, Sikes HD. Kinetic modeling of H2O2 dynamics in the mitochondria of HeLa cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008202. [PMID: 32925922 PMCID: PMC7515204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes a range of phenotypes depending on its intracellular concentration and dosing kinetics, including cell death. While this qualitative relationship has been well established, the quantitative and mechanistic aspects of H2O2 signaling are still being elucidated. Mitochondria, a putative source of intracellular H2O2, have recently been demonstrated to be particularly vulnerable to localized H2O2 perturbations, eliciting a dramatic cell death response in comparison to similar cytosolic perturbations. We sought to improve our dynamic and mechanistic understanding of the mitochondrial H2O2 reaction network in HeLa cells by creating a kinetic model of this system and using it to explore basal and perturbed conditions. The model uses the most current quantitative proteomic and kinetic data available to predict reaction rates and steady-state concentrations of H2O2 and its reaction partners within individual mitochondria. Time scales ranging from milliseconds to one hour were simulated. We predict that basal, steady-state mitochondrial H2O2 will be in the low nM range (2–4 nM) and will be inversely dependent on the total pool of peroxiredoxin-3 (Prx3). Neglecting efflux of H2O2 to the cytosol, the mitochondrial reaction network is expected to control perturbations well up to H2O2 generation rates ~50 μM/s (0.25 nmol/mg-protein/s), above which point the Prx3 system would be expected to collapse. Comparison of these results with redox Western blots of Prx3 and Prx2 oxidation states demonstrated reasonable trend agreement at short times (≤ 15 min) for a range of experimentally perturbed H2O2 generation rates. At longer times, substantial efflux of H2O2 from the mitochondria to the cytosol was evidenced by peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx2) oxidation, and Prx3 collapse was not observed. A refined model using Monte Carlo parameter sampling was used to explore rates of H2O2 efflux that could reconcile model predictions of Prx3 oxidation states with the experimental observations. Cancer is a complex disease that caused the deaths of over 9 million people worldwide in 2018, according to the WHO. While great strides have been made in treating many cancers, effective chemotherapies still carry difficult side effects, motivating the search for more targeted and selective treatments that act minimally in healthy cells. The Selective Cancer Killing Hypothesis is based on the idea that some cancers exist at endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species that are higher than healthy cells, so if a patient were systemically treated with a redox-based chemotherapeutic that raises all cells’ levels of reactive oxygen species, only the cancer cells would cross a toxicity threshold. This hypothesis is attractive because it would minimize side effects in healthy cells, but the quantitative knowledge of endogenous oxidant concentrations that would be helpful in refining and testing this hypothesis is not widely established. Our model predicts the range of relevant hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the mitochondria of the HeLa model cancer cell line and suggests experimental measurements of tumor cells and tissues that may be useful in quantifying steady state concentrations of this oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassi T. Stein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sun Jin Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Athena N. Nguyen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ugbode C, Garnham N, Fort-Aznar L, Evans GJO, Chawla S, Sweeney ST. JNK signalling regulates antioxidant responses in neurons. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101712. [PMID: 32949970 PMCID: PMC7502373 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during physiological bouts of synaptic activity and as a consequence of pathological conditions in the central nervous system. How neurons respond to and distinguish between ROS in these different contexts is currently unknown. In Drosophila mutants with enhanced JNK activity, lower levels of ROS are observed and these animals are resistant to both changes in ROS and changes in synapse morphology induced by oxidative stress. In wild type flies, disrupting JNK-AP-1 signalling perturbs redox homeostasis suggesting JNK activity positively regulates neuronal antioxidant defense. We validated this hypothesis in mammalian neurons, finding that JNK activity regulates the expression of the antioxidant gene Srxn-1, in a c-Jun dependent manner. We describe a conserved ‘adaptive’ role for neuronal JNK in the maintenance of redox homeostasis that is relevant to several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ugbode
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nathan Garnham
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Laura Fort-Aznar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gareth J O Evans
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sangeeta Chawla
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Finelli MJ. Redox Post-translational Modifications of Protein Thiols in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Conditions-Focus on S-Nitrosation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:254. [PMID: 33088270 PMCID: PMC7497228 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RONS) are by-products of aerobic metabolism. RONS trigger a signaling cascade that can be transduced through oxidation-reduction (redox)-based post-translational modifications (redox PTMs) of protein thiols. This redox signaling is essential for normal cellular physiology and coordinately regulates the function of redox-sensitive proteins. It plays a particularly important role in the brain, which is a major producer of RONS. Aberrant redox PTMs of protein thiols can impair protein function and are associated with several diseases. This mini review article aims to evaluate the role of redox PTMs of protein thiols, in particular S-nitrosation, in brain aging, and in neurodegenerative diseases. It also discusses the potential of using redox-based therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattéa J Finelli
- School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Park J, Lee EG, Yi HJ, Kim NH, Rhee SG, Woo HA. Ablation of Peroxiredoxin V Exacerbates Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Kidney Injury in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080769. [PMID: 32824836 PMCID: PMC7464645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is one of the major causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) and associated with increased mortality and progression to chronic kidney injury (CKI). Molecular mechanisms underlying I/R injury involve the production and excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Peroxiredoxin (Prx) V, a cysteine-dependent peroxidase, is located in the cytosol, mitochondria, and peroxisome and has an intensive ROS scavenging activity. Therefore, we focused on the role of Prx V during I/R-induced AKI using Prx V knockout (KO) mice. Ablation of Prx V augmented tubular damage, apoptosis, and declined renal function. Prx V deletion also showed higher susceptibility to I/R injury with increased markers for oxidative stress, ER stress, and inflammation in the kidney. Overall, these results demonstrate that Prx V protects the kidneys against I/R-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea; (J.P.); (E.G.L.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Eun Gyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea; (J.P.); (E.G.L.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Ho Jin Yi
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Applied Science and Technology for Skin Health and Aesthetics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea;
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea; (J.P.); (E.G.L.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Sue Goo Rhee
- Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea;
- Biochemistryand Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea; (J.P.); (E.G.L.); (N.H.K.)
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Applied Science and Technology for Skin Health and Aesthetics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3277-4654
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Muronetz VI, Melnikova AK, Saso L, Schmalhausen EV. Influence of Oxidative Stress on Catalytic and Non-glycolytic Functions of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2040-2058. [PMID: 29848267 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180530101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a unique enzyme that, besides its main function in glycolysis (catalysis of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidation), possesses a number of non-glycolytic activities. The present review summarizes information on the role of oxidative stress in the regulation of the enzymatic activity as well as non-glycolytic functions of GAPDH. METHODS Based on the analysis of literature data and the results obtained in our research group, mechanisms of the regulation of GAPDH functions through the oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups in the active site of the enzyme have been suggested. RESULTS Mechanism of GAPDH oxidation includes consecutive oxidation of the catalytic Cysteine (Cys150) into sulfenic, sulfinic, and sulfonic acid derivatives, resulting in the complete inactivation of the enzyme. The cysteine sulfenic acid reacts with reduced glutathione (GSH) to form a mixed disulfide (S-glutathionylated GAPDH) that further reacts with Cys154 yielding the disulfide bond in the active site of the enzyme. In contrast to the sulfinic and sulfonic acids, the mixed disulfide and the intramolecular disulfide bond are reversible oxidation products that can be reduced in the presence of GSH or thioredoxin. CONCLUSION Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in the active site of GAPDH is unavoidable due to the enhanced reactivity of Cys150. The irreversible oxidation of Cys150 is prevented by Sglutathionylation and disulfide bonding with Cys154. The oxidation/reduction of the sulfhydryl groups in the active site of GAPDH can be used for regulation of glycolysis and numerous side activities of this enzyme including the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Muronetz
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandra K Melnikova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer"Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena V Schmalhausen
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Reszka E, Lesicka M, Wieczorek E, Jabłońska E, Janasik B, Stępnik M, Konecki T, Jabłonowski Z. Dysregulation of Redox Status in Urinary Bladder Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051296. [PMID: 32455559 PMCID: PMC7280975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of redox homeostasis constitutes an important etiological feature of common human malignancies. We investigated DNA damage, selenium (Se) levels and the expression of cytoprotective genes involved in (1) the KEAP1/NRF2/ARE pathway, (2) selenoprotein synthesis, and (3) DNA methylation and histone deacetylation as putative key players in redox status dysregulation in the blood of urinary bladder cancer (UBC) patients. The study involved 122 patients and 115 control individuals. The majority of patients presented Ta and T1 stages. UBC recurrence occurred within 0.13 to 29.02 months. DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage were significantly higher in the patients compared to the controls, while plasma Se levels were significantly reduced in the cases compared to the controls. Of the 25 investigated genes, elevated expression in the peripheral blood leukocytes in patients was observed for NRF2, GCLC, MMP9 and SEP15, while down-regulation was found for KEAP1, GSR, HMOX1, NQO1, OGG1, SEPW1, DNMT1, DNMT3A and SIRT1. After Bonferroni correction, an association was found with KEAP1, OGG1, SEPW1 and DNMT1. Early recurrence was associated with the down-regulation of PRDX1 and SRXN1 at the time of diagnosis. Peripheral redox status is significantly dysregulated in the blood of UBC patients. DNA strand breaks and PRDX1 and SRXN1 expression may provide significant predictors of UBC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Reszka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (E.W.); (E.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-631-46-27
| | - Monika Lesicka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (E.W.); (E.J.)
| | - Edyta Wieczorek
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (E.W.); (E.J.)
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (E.W.); (E.J.)
| | - Beata Janasik
- Department of Biological Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Maciej Stępnik
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Konecki
- Ist Urology Clinic, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (T.K.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zbigniew Jabłonowski
- Ist Urology Clinic, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (T.K.); (Z.J.)
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Regulation of the Proteolytic Activity of Cysteine Cathepsins by Oxidants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061944. [PMID: 32178437 PMCID: PMC7139492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their primary involvement in the recycling and degradation of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments and also in specialized biological functions, cysteine cathepsins are pivotal proteolytic contributors of various deleterious diseases. While the molecular mechanisms of regulation via their natural inhibitors have been exhaustively studied, less is currently known about how their enzymatic activity is modulated during the redox imbalance associated with oxidative stress and their exposure resistance to oxidants. More specifically, there is only patchy information on the regulation of lung cysteine cathepsins, while the respiratory system is directly exposed to countless exogenous oxidants contained in dust, tobacco, combustion fumes, and industrial or domestic particles. Papain-like enzymes (clan CA, family C1, subfamily C1A) encompass a conserved catalytic thiolate-imidazolium pair (Cys25-His159) in their active site. Although the sulfhydryl group (with a low acidic pKa) is a potent nucleophile highly susceptible to chemical modifications, some cysteine cathepsins reveal an unanticipated resistance to oxidative stress. Besides an introductory chapter and peculiar attention to lung cysteine cathepsins, the purpose of this review is to afford a concise update of the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of cysteine cathepsins by redox balance and by oxidants (e.g., Michael acceptors, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species).
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Sulfiredoxin as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Advanced and Metastatic Prostate Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2148562. [PMID: 32411320 PMCID: PMC7201699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2148562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing, and it is currently the second most frequent cause of death by cancer in men. Despite advancements in cancer therapies, new therapeutic approaches are still needed for treatment-refractory advanced metastatic PCa. Cross-species analysis presents a robust strategy for the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets. This strategy involves the integration of genomic data from genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and human PCa datasets. Considering the role of antioxidant pathways in tumor initiation and progression, we searched oxidative stress-related genes for a potential therapeutic target for PCa. First, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data from Pb-Cre4; Ptenf/f mice and discovered an increase in sulfiredoxin (Srxn1) mRNA expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (medium-stage tumors), and poor-differentiated adenocarcinoma (advanced-stage prostate tumors). The increase of SRXN1 protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in mouse prostate tumor paraffin samples. Analyses of human databases and prostate tissue microarrays demonstrated that SRXN1 is overexpressed in a subset of high-grade prostate tumors and correlates with aggressive PCa with worse prognosis and decreased survival. Analyses in vitro showed that SRXN1 expression is also higher in most PCa cell lines compared to normal cell lines. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated downregulation of SRXN1 led to decreased viability of PCa cells LNCaP. In conclusion, we identified the antioxidant enzyme SRXN1 as a potential therapeutic target for PCa. Our results suggest that the use of specific SRXN1 inhibitors may be an effective strategy for the adjuvant treatment of castration-resistant PCa with SRXN1 overexpression.
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Upregulation of Mitochondrial Redox Sensitive Proteins in LPS-Treated Stefin B-Deficient Macrophages. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121476. [PMID: 31766320 PMCID: PMC6952955 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stefin B (cystatin B) is an intracellular inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins and mutations in the stefin B gene, resulting in the development of Unverricht–Lundborg disease, which is a form of myoclonic epilepsy. It was suggested that a key mechanism behind stefin B-mediated disease progression was impaired redox homeostasis. Stefin B-deficient mice were found more sensitive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis as a consequence of increased expression of caspase-11 and Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, Leucine rich Repeat and Pyrin domain containing (NLRP nflammasome activation and higher levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we investigated if LPS-triggered oxidative stress affected the protein levels and redox status of redox sensitive proteins—thioredoxin, peroxiredoxins, and superoxide dismutases in macrophages and spleens of LPS-injected mice. LPS challenge was found to result in a marked elevation in mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), sulfiredoxin, and superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) in stefin B-deficient macrophages and spleens. We determined that sulfiredoxin is targeted to mitochondria after LPS challenge. In conclusion, the upregulation of mitochondrial redox-sensitive proteins Prx3 and Sod2 in stefin B-deficient cells implies a protective role of stefin B in mitochondrial function.
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Elko EA, Cunniff B, Seward DJ, Chia SB, Aboushousha R, van de Wetering C, van der Velden J, Manuel A, Shukla A, Heintz NH, Anathy V, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Peroxiredoxins and Beyond; Redox Systems Regulating Lung Physiology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1070-1091. [PMID: 30799628 PMCID: PMC6767868 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The lung is a unique organ, as it is constantly exposed to air, and thus it requires a robust antioxidant defense system to prevent the potential damage from exposure to an array of environmental insults, including oxidants. The peroxiredoxin (PRDX) family plays an important role in scavenging peroxides and is critical to the cellular antioxidant defense system. Recent Advances: Exciting discoveries have been made to highlight the key features of PRDXs that regulate the redox tone. PRDXs do not act in isolation as they require the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase/NADPH, sulfiredoxin (SRXN1) redox system, and in some cases glutaredoxin/glutathione, for their reduction. Furthermore, the chaperone function of PRDXs, controlled by the oxidation state, demonstrates the versatility in redox regulation and control of cellular biology exerted by this class of proteins. Critical Issues: Despite the long-known observations that redox perturbations accompany a number of pulmonary diseases, surprisingly little is known about the role of PRDXs in the etiology of these diseases. In this perspective, we review the studies that have been conducted thus far to address the roles of PRDXs in lung disease, or experimental models used to study these diseases. Intriguing findings, such as the secretion of PRDXs and the formation of autoantibodies, raise a number of questions about the pathways that regulate secretion, redox status, and immune response to PRDXs. Future Directions: Further understanding of the mechanisms by which individual PRDXs control lung inflammation, injury, repair, chronic remodeling, and cancer, and the importance of PRDX oxidation state, configuration, and client proteins that govern these processes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Shi Biao Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Allison Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Arti Shukla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nicholas H Heintz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Rhee SG. A catalytic career: Studies spanning glutamine synthetase, phospholipase C, peroxiredoxin, and the intracellular messenger role of hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5169-5180. [PMID: 30926755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.x119.007975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
I learned biochemistry from P. Boon Chock and Earl Stadtman while working on the regulation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institutes of Health. After becoming a tenured scientist at the same institute, my group discovered, purified, and cloned the first three prototypical members of the phospholipase C family and uncovered the mechanisms by which various cell-surface receptors activate these enzymes to generate diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. We also discovered the family of peroxiredoxin (Prx) enzymes that catalyze the reduction of H2O2, and we established that mammalian cells express six Prx isoforms that not only protect against oxidative damage but also mediate cell signaling by modulating intracellular H2O2 levels. To validate the signaling role of H2O2, we showed that epidermal growth factor induces a transient increase in intracellular H2O2 levels, and the essential cysteine residue of protein-tyrosine phosphatases is a target for specific and reversible oxidation by the H2O2 produced in such cells. These observations led to a new paradigm in receptor signaling, in which protein tyrosine phosphorylation is achieved not via activation of receptor tyrosine kinases alone but also through concurrent inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatases by H2O2 Our studies revealed that Prx isozymes are extensively regulated via phosphorylation as well as by hyperoxidation of the active-site cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid, with the reverse reaction being catalyzed by sulfiredoxin. This reversible hyperoxidation of Prx was further shown to constitute a universal marker for circadian rhythms in all domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Goo Rhee
- From the Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea and the Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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The crystal structure of sulfiredoxin from Arabidopsis thaliana revealed a more robust antioxidant mechanism in plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:347-352. [PMID: 31604522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Typical 2-cysteine peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs) are critical peroxidase sensors and could be deactivated by the hyperoxidation under oxidative stress. In plants, 2-Cys Prxs present at a high level in chloroplasts and are repaired by Sulfiredoxin. Whereas many studies have explored the mechanism of Sulfiredoxin from Homo sapiens (HsSrx), the molecular mechanism of Sulfiredoxin in plants with unique photosynthesis remains unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of Sulfiredoxin from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSrx), which displayed a typical ParB/Srx fold with an ATP bound at a conservative nucleotide binding motif GCHR. Both the ADP binding pocket and the putative AtSrx-AtPrxA interaction surface of AtSrx are more positively charged comparing to HsSrx, suggesting a robust mechanism of AtSrx. These features illustrate the unique mechanisms of AtSrx, which are vital for figure out the strategies of plants to cope with oxidation stress.
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Kim EK, Lee SY, Kim Y, Ahn SM, Jang HH. Peroxiredoxin 1 post-transcriptionally regulates snoRNA expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:1-9. [PMID: 31158443 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) is a member of the Prx family that detoxifies various peroxide substrates through conserved catalytic cysteine residues with the use of reducing equivalents. In addition to this well-known role of Prx1, we have previously demonstrated that Prx1 also has RNA-binding properties, but its function as an RNA-binding protein (RBP) remains unknown. To characterize the role of Prx1 as an RBP, we pulled down Prx1-RNA complexes and sequenced the target RNAs of Prx1. Through sequencing and further validation studies, we revealed that Prx1 binds to a specific subset of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and regulates these molecules at the post-transcriptional level. We also found that active cysteine residues provide a structural and functional link between these two distinct functions of Prx1 (i.e., ROS scavenging and RNA-binding activities). Prx1 functions as a snoRNA-binding protein in its reduced state, and post-transcriptionally regulates the expression of a set of snoRNAs. However, when the active cysteine residues are oxidized, Prx1 loses its activity as a snoRNA-binding protein. This study is the first report describing the novel role of Prx1 as a post-transcriptional regulator of snoRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yosup Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Ahn
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Hee Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Tomin T, Schittmayer M, Honeder S, Heininger C, Birner-Gruenberger R. Irreversible oxidative post-translational modifications in heart disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:681-693. [PMID: 31361162 PMCID: PMC6816499 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1645602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Development of specific biomarkers aiding early diagnosis of heart failure is an ongoing challenge. Biomarkers commonly used in clinical routine usually act as readouts of an already existing acute condition rather than disease initiation. Functional decline of cardiac muscle is greatly aggravated by increased oxidative stress and damage of proteins. Oxidative post-translational modifications occur already at early stages of tissue damage and are thus regarded as potential up-coming disease markers. Areas covered: Clinical practice regarding commonly used biomarkers for heart disease is briefly summarized. The types of oxidative post-translational modification in cardiac pathologies are discussed with a special focus on available quantitative techniques and characteristics of individual modifications with regard to their stability and analytical accessibility. As irreversible oxidative modifications trigger protein degradation pathways or cause protein aggregation, both influencing biomarker abundance, a chapter is dedicated to their regulation in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tomin
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Sophie Honeder
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Christoph Heininger
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
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44
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Ward NP, DeNicola GM. Sulfur metabolism and its contribution to malignancy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 347:39-103. [PMID: 31451216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation is an appreciated hallmark of cancer and a target for therapeutic intervention. Cellular metabolism involves a series of oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions that yield the energy and biomass required for tumor growth. Cells require diverse molecular species with constituent sulfur atoms to facilitate these processes. For humans, this sulfur is derived from the dietary consumption of the proteinogenic amino acids cysteine and methionine, as only lower organisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and plants) can synthesize them de novo. In addition to providing the sulfur required to sustain redox chemistry, the metabolism of these sulfur-containing amino acids yield intermediate metabolites that constitute the cellular antioxidant system, mediate inter- and intracellular signaling, and facilitate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, all of which contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Ward
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.
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45
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O'Flaherty C. Orchestrating the antioxidant defenses in the epididymis. Andrology 2019; 7:662-668. [PMID: 31044545 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the post-testicular maturation that occurs in the epididymis, spermatozoa need to face biochemical and morphological changes that may make them vulnerable to oxidative damage. During spermatogenesis and the epididymal maturation, the spermatozoon acquires antioxidant enzymes needed to face possible increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by its own aerobic metabolism but also due to ROS produced in high quantities by abnormal spermatozoa. OBJECTIVES Provide an up-to-date review of the enzymatic antioxidant system in the epididymis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A thorough literature review was performed for papers concerning the players of the antioxidant defenses in the epididymis. RESULTS The antioxidant system in the epididymis is composed by superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, glutathione-S-transferases, thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductase. They work together to maintain low levels of ROS during the epididymal maturation. Knockout models revealed that the absence of one of the enzyme impact sperm quality affecting a variety of proteins involved in motility, the ability to fertilize oocyte, and promotes oxidative damage to the sperm DNA. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that each enzyme is playing a specific role, and in most of the cases, no compensatory mechanisms are put in place when one enzyme is absent. This review highlights the different antioxidant enzymes in the epididymis and their role during maturation of the spermatozoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Flaherty
- Departments of Surgery (Urology Division) and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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46
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Chawsheen HA, Jiang H, Ying Q, Ding N, Thapa P, Wei Q. The redox regulator sulfiredoxin forms a complex with thioredoxin domain-containing 5 protein in response to ER stress in lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8991-9006. [PMID: 31000628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfiredoxin (Srx) reduces hyperoxidized 2-cysteine-containing peroxiredoxins (Prxs) and protects cells against oxidative stress. Previous studies have shown that Srx is highly expressed in primary specimens of lung cancer patients and plays a pivotal role in lung tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, the oncogenic mechanisms of Srx in cancer are incompletely understood. In this study, we found that Srx knockdown sensitizes lung cancer cells to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death. Through MS analysis, we determined that Srx forms a complex with the ER-resident protein thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5). Using reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence imaging, subcellular fractionation, and domain-mapping assays with site-specific mutagenesis and purified recombinant proteins, we further characterized the Srx-TXNDC5 interaction. In response to ER stress but not to oxidative stress, Srx exhibits an increased association with TXNDC5, facilitating the retention of Srx in the ER. Of note, TXNDC5 knockdown in lung cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation and repressed anchorage-independent colony formation and migration, but increased cell invasion and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Using immunohistochemical staining, we demonstrate that TXNDC5 is highly expressed in patient-derived lung cancer specimens. Bioinformatics analysis of publicly available data sets revealed that those with high Srx levels have significantly shorter survival and that those with high TXNDC5 levels have longer survival. We conclude that the cellular levels of Srx and TXNDC5 may be useful as biomarkers to predict the survival of individuals with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Jiang
- From the Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and
| | - Qi Ying
- From the Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and
| | - Na Ding
- From the Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and
| | - Pratik Thapa
- From the Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and
| | - Qiou Wei
- From the Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and .,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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47
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Miller CG, Schmidt EE. Disulfide reductase systems in liver. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:532-543. [PMID: 30221761 PMCID: PMC6346074 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediary metabolism and detoxification place high demands on the disulfide reductase systems in most hepatocyte subcellular compartments. Biosynthetic, metabolic, cytoprotective and signalling activities in the cytosol; regulation of transcription in nuclei; respiration in mitochondria; and protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum all require resident disulfide reductase activities. In the cytosol, two NADPH-dependent enzymes, glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase, as well as a recently identified NADPH-independent system that uses catabolism of methionine to maintain pools of reduced glutathione, supply disulfide reducing power. However the necessary discontinuity between the cytosol and the interior of organelles restricts the ability of the cytosolic systems to support needs in other compartments. Maintenance of molecular- and charge-gradients across the inner-mitochondrial membrane, which is needed for oxidative phosphorylation, mandates that the matrix maintain an autonomous set of NADPH-dependent disulfide reductase systems. Elsewhere, complex mechanisms mediate the transfer of cytosolic reducing power into specific compartments. The redox needs in each compartment also differ, with the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondrial inter-membrane space and some signalling proteins in the cytosol each requiring different levels of protein oxidation. Here, we present an overview of the current understanding of the disulfide reductase systems in major subcellular compartments of hepatocytes, integrating knowledge obtained from direct analyses on liver with inferences from other model systems. Additionally, we discuss relevant advances in the expanding field of redox signalling. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Miller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
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48
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Hopkins BL, Neumann CA. Redoxins as gatekeepers of the transcriptional oxidative stress response. Redox Biol 2019; 21:101104. [PMID: 30690320 PMCID: PMC6351230 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding specific DNA sequences in promoter regions. Transcriptional gene control is a rate-limiting process that is tightly regulated and based on transient environmental signals which are translated into long-term changes in gene transcription. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on transcription factors by phosphorylation or acetylation have profound effects not only on sub-cellular localization but also on substrate specificity through changes in DNA binding capacity. During times of cellular stress, specific transcription factors are in place to help protect the cell from damage by initiating the transcription of antioxidant response genes. Here we discuss PTMs caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2, that can expeditiously regulate the activation of transcription factors involved in the oxidative stress response. Part of this rapid regulation are proteins involved in H2O2-related reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions such as redoxins, H2O2 scavengers described to interact with transcription factors. Redoxins have highly reactive cysteines of rate constants around 6–10−1 s−1 that engage in nucleophilic substitution of a thiol-disulfide with another thiol in inter-disulfide exchange reactions. We propose here that H2O2 signal transduction induced inter-disulfide exchange reactions between redoxin cysteines and cysteine thiols of transcription factors to allow for rapid and precise on and off switching of transcription factor activity. Thus, redoxins are essential modulators of stress response pathways beyond H2O2 scavenging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Hopkins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Carola A Neumann
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Women's Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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49
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Dumont S, Rivoal J. Consequences of Oxidative Stress on Plant Glycolytic and Respiratory Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:166. [PMID: 30833954 PMCID: PMC6387960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are present at low and controlled levels under normal conditions. These reactive molecules can increase to high levels under various biotic and abiotic conditions, resulting in perturbation of the cellular redox state that can ultimately lead to oxidative or nitrosative stress. In this review, we analyze the various effects that result from alterations of redox homeostasis on plant glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Most documented modifications caused by ROS or RNS are due to the presence of redox-sensitive cysteine thiol groups in proteins. Redox modifications include Cys oxidation, disulfide bond formation, S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, and S-sulfhydration. A growing number of proteomic surveys and biochemical studies document the occurrence of ROS- or RNS-mediated modification in enzymes of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. In a few cases, these modifications have been shown to affect enzyme activity, suggesting an operational regulatory mechanism in vivo. Further changes induced by oxidative stress conditions include the proposed redox-dependent modifications in the subcellular distribution of a putative redox sensor, NAD-glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase and the micro-compartmentation of cytosolic glycolytic enzymes. Data from the literature indicate that oxidative stress may induce complex changes in metabolite pools in central carbon metabolism. This information is discussed in the context of our understanding of plant metabolic response to oxidative stress.
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50
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Fukuto JM. A recent history of nitroxyl chemistry, pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:135-146. [PMID: 29859009 PMCID: PMC6295406 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the excitement surrounding the discovery of NO as an endogenously generated signalling molecule, a number of other nitrogen oxides were also investigated as possible physiological mediators. Among these was nitroxyl (HNO). Over the past 25 years or so, a significant amount of work by this laboratory and many others has disclosed that HNO possesses unique chemical properties and important pharmacological utility. Indeed, the pharmacological potential for HNO as a treatment for heart failure, among other uses, has garnered this curious molecule a considerable amount of recent attention. This review summarizes the events that led to this recent attention as well as poses important questions that are still to be answered with regards to understanding the chemistry and biology of HNO. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Fukuto
- Department of ChemistrySonoma State UniversityRohnert ParkCAUSA
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