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Guengerich FP, Tateishi Y, McCarty KD, Yoshimoto FK. Updates on Mechanisms of Cytochrome P450 Catalysis of Complex Steroid Oxidations. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9020. [PMID: 39201706 PMCID: PMC11354347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes dominate steroid metabolism. In general, the simple C-hydroxylation reactions are mechanistically straightforward and are generally agreed to involve a perferryl oxygen species (formally FeO3+). Several of the steroid transformations are more complex and involve C-C bond scission. We initiated mechanistic studies with several of these (i.e., 11A1, 17A1, 19A1, and 51A1) and have now established that the dominant modes of catalysis for P450s 19A1 and 51A1 involve a ferric peroxide anion (i.e., Fe3+O2¯) instead of a perferryl ion complex (FeO3+), as demonstrated with 18O incorporation studies. P450 17A1 is less clear. The indicated P450 reactions all involve sequential oxidations, and we have explored the processivity of these multi-step reactions. P450 19A1 is distributive, i.e., intermediate products dissociate and reassociate, but P450s 11A1 and 51A1 are highly processive. P450 17A1 shows intermediate processivity, as expected from the release of 17-hydroxysteroids for the biosynthesis of key molecules, and P450 19A1 is very distributive. P450 11B2 catalyzes a processive multi-step oxidation process with the complexity of a chemical closure of an intermediate to a locked lactol form.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (Y.T.); (K.D.M.)
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (Y.T.); (K.D.M.)
| | - Kevin D. McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (Y.T.); (K.D.M.)
| | - Francis K. Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
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2
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Ahmed H, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Levey AI, Pikuleva I, Liang SH, Haider A. Brain cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease: challenges and opportunities in probe and drug development. Brain 2024; 147:1622-1635. [PMID: 38301270 PMCID: PMC11068113 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is impaired in Alzheimer's disease; however, attempts to modulate brain cholesterol biology have not translated into tangible clinical benefits for patients to date. Several recent milestone developments have substantially improved our understanding of how excess neuronal cholesterol contributes to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Indeed, neuronal cholesterol was linked to the formation of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangles through molecular pathways that were recently delineated in mechanistic studies. Furthermore, remarkable advances in translational molecular imaging have now made it possible to probe cholesterol metabolism in the living human brain with PET, which is an important prerequisite for future clinical trials that target the brain cholesterol machinery in Alzheimer's disease patients-with the ultimate aim being to develop disease-modifying treatments. This work summarizes current concepts of how the biosynthesis, transport and clearance of brain cholesterol are affected in Alzheimer's disease. Further, current strategies to reverse these alterations by pharmacotherapy are critically discussed in the wake of emerging translational research tools that support the assessment of brain cholesterol biology not only in animal models but also in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ahmed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - William J Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Irina Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Radhakrishna U, Sadhasivam S, Radhakrishnan R, Forray A, Muvvala SB, Metpally RP, Patel S, Rawal RM, Vishweswaraiah S, Bahado-Singh RO, Nath SK. Placental cytochrome P450 methylomes in infants exposed to prenatal opioids: exploring the effects of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome on health horizons. Front Genet 2024; 14:1292148. [PMID: 38264209 PMCID: PMC10805101 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1292148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS), arises due to increased opioid use during pregnancy. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a pivotal role in metabolizing a wide range of substances in the human body, including opioids, other drugs, toxins, and endogenous compounds. The association between CYP gene methylation and opioid effects is unexplored and it could offer promising insights. Objective: To investigate the impact of prenatal opioid exposure on disrupted CYPs in infants and their anticipated long-term clinical implications. Study Design: DNA methylation levels of CYP genes were analyzed in a cohort of 96 placental tissues using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC (850 k) BeadChips. This involved three groups of placental tissues: 32 from mothers with infants exposed to opioids prenatally requiring pharmacologic treatment for NOWS, 32 from mothers with prenatally opioid-exposed infants not needing NOWS treatment, and 32 from unexposed control mothers. Results: The study identified 20 significantly differentially methylated CpG sites associated with 17 distinct CYP genes, with 14 CpGs showing reduced methylation across 14 genes (CYP19A1, CYP1A2, CYP4V2, CYP1B1, CYP24A1, CYP26B1, CYP26C1, CYP2C18, CYP2C9, CYP2U1, CYP39A1, CYP2R1, CYP4Z1, CYP2D7P1 and), while 8 exhibited hypermethylation (CYP51A1, CYP26B1, CYP2R1, CYP2U1, CYP4X1, CYP1A2, CYP2W1, and CYP4V2). Genes such as CYP1A2, CYP26B1, CYP2R1, CYP2U1, and CYP4V2 exhibited both increased and decreased methylation. These genes are crucial for metabolizing eicosanoids, fatty acids, drugs, and diverse substances. Conclusion: The study identified profound methylation changes in multiple CYP genes in the placental tissues relevant to NOWS. This suggests that disruption of DNA methylation patterns in CYP transcripts might play a role in NOWS and may serve as valuable biomarkers, suggesting a future pathway for personalized treatment. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore their potential for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uppala Radhakrishna
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Senthilkumar Sadhasivam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rupa Radhakrishnan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ariadna Forray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Srinivas B. Muvvala
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Raghu P. Metpally
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Saumya Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sangeetha Vishweswaraiah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Ray O. Bahado-Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Swapan K. Nath
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Goyon V, Besse‐Patin A, Zunino R, Ignatenko O, Nguyen M, Coyaud É, Lee JM, Nguyen BN, Raught B, McBride HM. MAPL loss dysregulates bile and liver metabolism in mice. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57972. [PMID: 37962001 PMCID: PMC10702803 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial and peroxisomal anchored protein ligase (MAPL) is a dual ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) ligase with roles in mitochondrial quality control, cell death and inflammation in cultured cells. Here, we show that MAPL function in the organismal context converges on metabolic control, as knockout mice are viable, insulin-sensitive, and protected from diet-induced obesity. MAPL loss leads to liver-specific activation of the integrated stress response, inducing secretion of stress hormone FGF21. MAPL knockout mice develop fully penetrant spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, the peroxisomal bile acid transporter ABCD3 is a primary MAPL interacting partner and SUMOylated in a MAPL-dependent manner. MAPL knockout leads to increased bile acid production coupled with defective regulatory feedback in liver in vivo and in isolated primary hepatocytes, suggesting cell-autonomous function. Together, our findings establish MAPL function as a regulator of bile acid synthesis whose loss leads to the disruption of bile acid feedback mechanisms. The consequences of MAPL loss in liver, along with evidence of tumor suppression through regulation of cell survival pathways, ultimately lead to hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Goyon
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | | | - Rodolfo Zunino
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Olesia Ignatenko
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Étienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Jonathan M Lee
- Biochemistry, Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Bich N Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyUniversity of MontrealMontrealQCCanada
- University of Montreal Health NetworkMontrealQCCanada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
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5
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Pikuleva IA. Challenges and Opportunities in P450 Research on the Eye. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1295-1307. [PMID: 36914277 PMCID: PMC10506698 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the 57 cytochrome P450 enzymes found in humans, at least 30 have ocular tissues as an expression site. Yet knowledge of the roles of these P450s in the eye is limited, in part because only very few P450 laboratories expanded their research interests to studies of the eye. Hence the goal of this review is to bring attention of the P450 community to the eye and encourage more ocular studies. This review is also intended to be educational for eye researchers and encourage their collaborations with P450 experts. The review starts with a description of the eye, a fascinating sensory organ, and is followed by sections on ocular P450 localizations, specifics of drug delivery to the eye, and individual P450s, which are grouped and presented based on their substrate preferences. In sections describing individual P450s, available eye-relevant information is summarized and concluded by the suggestions on the opportunities in ocular studies of the discussed enzymes. Potential challenges are addressed as well. The conclusion section outlines several practical suggestions on how to initiate eye-related research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review focuses on the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the eye to encourage their ocular investigations and collaborations between P450 and eye researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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6
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Petkova-Kirova P, Baas S, Wagenpfeil G, Hartz P, Unger MM, Bernhardt R. SNPs in cytochrome P450 genes decide on the fate of individuals with genetic predisposition to Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1244516. [PMID: 37601072 PMCID: PMC10436510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1244516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurological diseases affecting millions of people worldwide. While the majority of PD cases are of unknown origin (idiopathic), about 5%-10% are familial and linked to mutations in different known genes. However, there are also people with a genetic predisposition to PD who do not develop the disease. To elucidate factors leading to the manifestation of PD we compared the occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various cytochrome P450 (P450) genes in people with a genetic predisposition and suffering from PD (GPD) to that of people, who are genetically predisposed, but show no symptoms of the disease (GUN). We used the PPMI (Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative) database and the gene sequences of all 57 P450s as well as their three redox partners. Corresponding odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the incidence of the various SNPs in the two groups of individuals and consequently their relation to PD. We identified for the first time SNPs that are significantly (up to 10fold!) over- or under-represented in GPD patients compared to GUN. SNPs with OR > 5 were found in 10 P450s being involved in eicosanoid, vitamin A and D metabolism as well as cholesterol degradation pointing to an important role of endogenous factors for the manifestation of PD clinical symptoms. Moreover, 12 P450s belonging to all P450 substrate classes as well as POR have SNPs that are significantly under-represented (OR < 0.2) in GPD compared to GUN, indicating a protective role of those SNPs and the corresponding P450s regarding disease advancement. To the best of our knowledge our data for the first time demonstrate an association between known PD predisposition genes and SNPs in other genes, shown here for different P450 genes and for their redox partner POR, which promote the manifestation of the disease in familial PD. Our results thus shed light onto the pathogenesis of PD, especially the switch from GUN to GPD and might further help to advance novel strategies for preventing the development or progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Petkova-Kirova
- Institut für Biochemie, Fachbereich Biologie, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Gudrun Wagenpfeil
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Medizinische Informatik, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philip Hartz
- Institut für Biochemie, Fachbereich Biologie, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institut für Biochemie, Fachbereich Biologie, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
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7
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Tveter KM, Mezhibovsky E, Wu Y, Roopchand DE. Bile acid metabolism and signaling: Emerging pharmacological targets of dietary polyphenols. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 248:108457. [PMID: 37268113 PMCID: PMC10528343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Beyond their role as emulsifiers of lipophilic compounds, bile acids (BAs) are signaling endocrine molecules that show differential affinity and specificity for a variety of canonical and non-canonical BA receptors. Primary BAs (PBAs) are synthesized in the liver while secondary BAs (SBAs) are gut microbial metabolites of PBA species. PBAs and SBAs signal to BA receptors that regulate downstream pathways of inflammation and energy metabolism. Dysregulation of BA metabolism or signaling has emerged as a feature of chronic disease. Dietary polyphenols are non-nutritive plant-derived compounds associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, hepatobiliary and cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that the health promoting effects of dietary polyphenols are linked to their ability to alter the gut microbial community, the BA pool, and BA signaling. In this review we provide an overview of BA metabolism and summarize studies that link the cardiometabolic improvements of dietary polyphenols to their modulation of BA metabolism and signaling pathways, and the gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss approaches and challenges in deciphering cause-effect relationships between dietary polyphenols, BAs, and gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tveter
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Esther Mezhibovsky
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Diana E Roopchand
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Food Science, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health [Center for Microbiome, Nutrition and Health & Rutgers Center for Lipid Research], 61 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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8
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Xing C, Huang X, Wang D, Yu D, Hou S, Cui H, Song L. Roles of bile acids signaling in neuromodulation under physiological and pathological conditions. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:106. [PMID: 37308953 PMCID: PMC10258966 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are important physiological molecules not only mediating nutrients absorption and metabolism in peripheral tissues, but exerting neuromodulation effect in the central nerve system (CNS). The catabolism of cholesterol to BA occurs predominantly in the liver by the classical and alternative pathways, or in the brain initiated by the neuronal-specific enzyme CYP46A1 mediated pathway. Circulating BA could cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and reach the CNS through passive diffusion or BA transporters. Brain BA might trigger direct signal through activating membrane and nucleus receptors or affecting activation of neurotransmitter receptors. Peripheral BA may also provide the indirect signal to the CNS via farnesoid X receptor (FXR) dependent fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) pathway or takeda G protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) pathway. Under pathological conditions, alterations in BA metabolites have been discovered as potential pathogenic contributors in multiple neurological disorders. Attractively, hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), especially tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) can exert neuroprotective roles by attenuating neuroinflammation, apoptosis, oxidative or endoplasmic reticulum stress, which provides promising therapeutic effects for treatment of neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent findings highlighting the metabolism, crosstalk between brain and periphery, and neurological functions of BA to elucidate the important role of BA signaling in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xing
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Dengjun Yu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Shaojun Hou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
- Anhui Medical University, Heifei, 230032, China
| | - Haoran Cui
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lung Song
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China.
- Anhui Medical University, Heifei, 230032, China.
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9
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Transgenic Overexpression of Myocilin Leads to Variable Ocular Anterior Segment and Retinal Alterations Associated with Extracellular Matrix Abnormalities in Adult Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179989. [PMID: 36077382 PMCID: PMC9456529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocilin is an enigmatic glaucoma-associated glycoprotein whose biological role remains incompletely understood. To gain novel insight into its normal function, we used transposon-mediated transgenesis to generate the first zebrafish line stably overexpressing myocilin [Tg(actb1:myoc-2A-mCherry)]. qPCR showed an approximately four-fold increased myocilin expression in transgenic zebrafish embryos (144 hpf). Adult (13 months old) transgenic animals displayed variable and age-dependent ocular anterior segment alterations. Almost 60% of two-year-old male, but not female, transgenic zebrafish developed enlarged eyes with severe asymmetrical and variable abnormalities in the anterior segment, characterized by corneal limbus hypertrophy, and thickening of the cornea, iris, annular ligament and lens capsule. The most severe phenotype presented small or absent ocular anterior chamber and pupils, due to iris overgrowth along with dysplastic retinal growth and optic nerve hypertrophy. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased presence of myocilin in most altered ocular tissues of adult transgenic animals, as well as signs of retinal gliosis and expanded ganglion cells and nerve fibers. The preliminary results indicate that these cells contributed to retinal dysplasia. Visual impairment was demonstrated in all old male transgenic zebrafish. Transcriptomic analysis of the abnormal transgenic eyes identified disrupted expression of genes involved in lens, muscular and extracellular matrix activities, among other processes. In summary, the developed transgenic zebrafish provides a new tool to investigate this puzzling protein and provides evidence for the role of zebrafish myocilin in ocular anterior segment and retinal biology, through the influence of extracellular matrix organization and cellular proliferation.
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Wang Z, Wiggs JL, Aung T, Khawaja AP, Khor CC. The genetic basis for adult onset glaucoma: Recent advances and future directions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 90:101066. [PMID: 35589495 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a diverse group of eye disorders that results in the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, is the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness. Apart from age and ancestry, the major risk factor for glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure (IOP). In primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the anterior chamber angle is open but there is resistance to aqueous outflow. In primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), crowding of the anterior chamber angle due to anatomical alterations impede aqueous drainage through the angle. In exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma, deposition of white flaky material throughout the anterior chamber directly interfere with aqueous outflow. Observational studies have established that there is a strong hereditable component for glaucoma onset and progression. Indeed, a succession of genome wide association studies (GWAS) that were centered upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have yielded more than a hundred genetic markers associated with glaucoma risk. However, a shortcoming of GWAS studies is the difficulty in identifying the actual effector genes responsible for disease pathogenesis. Building on the foundation laid by GWAS studies, research groups have recently begun to perform whole exome-sequencing to evaluate the contribution of protein-changing, coding sequence genetic variants to glaucoma risk. The adoption of this technology in both large population-based studies as well as family studies are revealing the presence of novel, protein-changing genetic variants that could enrich our understanding of the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This review will cover recent advances in the genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure glaucoma and exfoliation glaucoma, which collectively make up the vast majority of all glaucoma cases in the world today. We will discuss how recent advances in research methodology have uncovered new risk genes, and how follow up biological investigations could be undertaken in order to define how the risk encoded by a genetic sequence variant comes into play in patients. We will also hypothesise how data arising from characterising these genetic variants could be utilized to predict glaucoma risk and the manner in which new therapeutic strategies might be informed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxun Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tin Aung
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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11
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Brousseau V, Caron P, Trottier J, Di Paolo T, Milkiewicz P, Barbier O. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry methods for the selective and sensitive determination of 24S-hydroxycholesterol, its sulfate, and/or glucuronide conjugates in plasma. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4827. [PMID: 35460139 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
24S-hydroxycholesterol (i.e., cerebrosterol, 24S-OH-Chol) is the main form of cholesterol elimination from the brain. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed for the quantification of the total and unesterified/unbound fractions of 24S-OH-Chol, its monosulfate, monoglucuronide, and diconjugate derivatives (24S-OH-Chol-3sulfate [3S], 24S-OH-Chol-24glucuronide [24G] and 24S-OH-Chol-3S, 24G, respectively) in human plasma. Linearity, precision, accuracy, and extraction recovery were validated within the typical physiological and pathological ranges of concentrations for each compound. The lower limit of quantifications was 2.00, 0.33, 0.26, and 0.74 ng/ml for 24S-OH-Chol, 24S-OH-Chol-24G, 24S-OH-Chol-3S, and 24-OH-Chol-3S, 24G, respectively. Extraction recovery values in total and unbound plasma fractions were also analyzed in murine and monkey plasma and varied from 73% in mouse to 113% in cynomolgus monkey. The methods could rapidly (less than 7 min) quantify individual compounds with high sensitivity, accuracy (bias ≤15%), and reproducibility (coefficient of variation [CV] ≤ 17%). Their clinical applications were validated by measuring levels of the 4 compounds in samples from 20 noncholestatic donors, 5 cholestatic patients suffering from primary biliary cirrhosis, and 10 patients suffering from biliary stenosis. Results highlight the abundance of 24S-OH-Chol in the total fraction and the abundance of 24S-OH-Chol-3S and 24G in the unbound ones. While the latter strongly accumulate in plasma fractions of cholestatic patients, levels of 24S-OH-Chol remained similar to those of healthy donors. Our results indicate that this approach is suitable for monitoring cerebrosterol and its conjugates in large-scale clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Brousseau
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Caron
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Blumer M, Brown T, Freitas MB, Destro AL, Oliveira JA, Morales AE, Schell T, Greve C, Pippel M, Jebb D, Hecker N, Ahmed AW, Kirilenko BM, Foote M, Janke A, Lim BK, Hiller M. Gene losses in the common vampire bat illuminate molecular adaptations to blood feeding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6494. [PMID: 35333583 PMCID: PMC8956264 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. To uncover genomic changes associated with this dietary adaptation, we generated a haplotype-resolved genome of the common vampire bat and screened 27 bat species for genes that were specifically lost in the vampire bat lineage. We found previously unknown gene losses that relate to reduced insulin secretion (FFAR1 and SLC30A8), limited glycogen stores (PPP1R3E), and a unique gastric physiology (CTSE). Other gene losses likely reflect the biased nutrient composition (ERN2 and CTRL) and distinct pathogen diversity of blood (RNASE7) and predict the complete lack of cone-based vision in these strictly nocturnal bats (PDE6H and PDE6C). Notably, REP15 loss likely helped vampire bats adapt to high dietary iron levels by enhancing iron excretion, and the loss of CYP39A1 could have contributed to their exceptional cognitive abilities. These findings enhance our understanding of vampire bat biology and the genomic underpinnings of adaptations to blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Blumer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tom Brown
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ana Luiza Destro
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Juraci A. Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ariadna E. Morales
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tilman Schell
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carola Greve
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Pippel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Jebb
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexis-Walid Ahmed
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bogdan M. Kirilenko
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maddy Foote
- Native Bat Conservation Program, Toronto Zoo, 361A Old Finch Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M1B 5K7, Canada
| | - Axel Janke
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Burton K. Lim
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Shulpekova Y, Shirokova E, Zharkova M, Tkachenko P, Tikhonov I, Stepanov A, Sinitsyna A, Izotov A, Butkova T, Shulpekova N, Nechaev V, Damulin I, Okhlobystin A, Ivashkin V. A Recent Ten-Year Perspective: Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061983. [PMID: 35335345 PMCID: PMC8953976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are important physiological agents required for the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients. In addition, bile acids act as sensors of intestinal contents, which are determined by the change in the spectrum of bile acids during microbial transformation, as well as by gradual intestinal absorption. Entering the liver through the portal vein, bile acids regulate the activity of nuclear receptors, modify metabolic processes and the rate of formation of new bile acids from cholesterol, and also, in all likelihood, can significantly affect the detoxification of xenobiotics. Bile acids not absorbed by the liver can interact with a variety of cellular recipes in extrahepatic tissues. This provides review information on the synthesis of bile acids in various parts of the digestive tract, its regulation, and the physiological role of bile acids. Moreover, the present study describes the involvement of bile acids in micelle formation, the mechanism of intestinal absorption, and the influence of the intestinal microbiota on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Elena Shirokova
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Maria Zharkova
- Department of Hepatology University Clinical Hospital No.2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pyotr Tkachenko
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Tikhonov
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexander Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Sinitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-98-78
| | - Alexander Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Damulin
- Branch of the V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, 127994 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Okhlobystin
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
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14
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Downregulation of CYP39A1 Serves as a Novel Biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Worse Clinical Outcome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:5175581. [PMID: 35003516 PMCID: PMC8741352 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5175581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background CYP39A1 is a poorly characterized metabolic enzyme that has been investigated in a few tumors. However, the role of CYP39A1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been clarified. In this study, the expression and clinical significance of CYP39A1 in HCC were explored. Methods CYP39A1 protein expression was detected in Akt/c-Met-induced HCC mice and 14 paired fresh HCC samples as well as another 159 HCC and matched noncancerous tissues. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression was analyzed by GEO and TCGA analysis and validated in 14 paired fresh HCC tissues. Furthermore, the relationships between CYP39A1 expression and clinicopathologic features as well as prognosis were analyzed. HCC cell growth changes were analyzed by cell viability assays after CYP39A1 overexpression and then validated after CYP39A1 knockout by DepMap database analysis. Results CYP39A1 protein expression was lower expressed in HCC mouse models, and its mRNA and protein expression were also downregulated in HCC compared with noncancerous liver tissues. Higher CYP39A1 expression was associated with well differentiation. Moreover, survival analysis indicated that lower CYP39A1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival. In addition, HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cell viability were inhibited after CYP39A1 overexpression. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 proliferation screening indicated that knockout of CYP39A1 could promote HCC cell growth. Likewise, p-NF-κB and Nrf2 were suppressed after CYP39A1 overexpression. It is worth mentioning that total bile acid, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin were significantly increased in the patients with low CYP39A1 expression. Conclusions Downregulation of CYP39A1 is associated with HCC carcinogenesis, tumor differentiation, and poor overall survival, suggesting that CYP39A1 may serve as a tumor suppressor gene and novel biomarker for HCC patients.
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15
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Thorne JL, Cioccoloni G. Nuclear Receptors and Lipid Sensing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:83-105. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Gourain V, Armant O, Lübke L, Diotel N, Rastegar S, Strähle U. Multi-Dimensional Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Modulation of Cholesterol Metabolism as Highly Integrated Response to Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:671249. [PMID: 34054419 PMCID: PMC8162057 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.671249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is an attractive model to investigate regeneration of the nervous system. Despite major progress in our understanding of the underlying processes, the transcriptomic changes are largely unknown. We carried out a computational analysis of the transcriptome of the regenerating telencephalon integrating changes in the expression of mRNAs, their splice variants and investigated the putative role of regulatory RNAs in the modulation of these transcriptional changes. Profound changes in the expression of genes and their splice variants engaged in many distinct processes were observed. Differential transcription and splicing are important processes in response to injury of the telencephalon. As exemplified by the coordinated regulation of the cholesterol synthesizing enzymes and transporters, the genome responded to injury of the telencephalon in a multi-tiered manner with distinct and interwoven changes in expression of enzymes, transporters and their regulatory molecules. This coordinated genomic response involved a decrease of the mRNA of the key transcription factor SREBF2, induction of microRNAs (miR-182, miR-155, miR-146, miR-31) targeting cholesterol genes, shifts in abundance of splice variants as well as regulation of long non-coding RNAs. Cholesterol metabolism appears to be switched from synthesis to relocation of cholesterol. Based on our in silico analyses, this switch involves complementary and synergistic inputs by different regulatory principles. Our studies suggest that adaptation of cholesterol metabolism is a key process involved in regeneration of the injured zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gourain
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,UMR 1064 Centre de Recherche en Transplantation en Immunologie, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Luisa Lübke
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,UMR 1188, Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,COS, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Li Z, Wang Z, Lee MC, Zenkel M, Peh E, Ozaki M, Topouzis F, Nakano S, Chan A, Chen S, Williams SEI, Orr A, Nakano M, Kobakhidze N, Zarnowski T, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Mizoguchi T, Manabe SI, Hayashi K, Kazama S, Inoue K, Mori Y, Miyata K, Sugiyama K, Higashide T, Chihara E, Ideta R, Ishiko S, Yoshida A, Tokumo K, Kiuchi Y, Ohashi T, Sakurai T, Sugimoto T, Chuman H, Aihara M, Inatani M, Mori K, Ikeda Y, Ueno M, Gaston D, Rafuse P, Shuba L, Saunders J, Nicolela M, Chichua G, Tabagari S, Founti P, Sim KS, Meah WY, Soo HM, Chen XY, Chatzikyriakidou A, Keskini C, Pappas T, Anastasopoulos E, Lambropoulos A, Panagiotou ES, Mikropoulos DG, Kosior-Jarecka E, Cheong A, Li Y, Lukasik U, Nongpiur ME, Husain R, Perera SA, Álvarez L, García M, González-Iglesias H, Fernández-Vega Cueto A, Fernández-Vega Cueto L, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A, Oguz Ç, Tamcelik N, Atalay E, Batu B, Irkec M, Aktas D, Kasim B, Astakhov YS, Astakhov SY, Akopov EL, Giessl A, Mardin C, Hellerbrand C, Cooke Bailey JN, Igo RP, Haines JL, Edward DP, Heegaard S, Davila S, Tan P, Kang JH, Pasquale LR, Kruse FE, Reis A, Carmichael TR, Hauser M, Ramsay M, Mossböck G, Yildirim N, Tashiro K, Konstas AGP, Coca-Prados M, Foo JN, Kinoshita S, Sotozono C, Kubota T, Dubina M, Ritch R, Wiggs JL, Pasutto F, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Ho YS, Aung T, Tam WL, Khor CC. Association of Rare CYP39A1 Variants With Exfoliation Syndrome Involving the Anterior Chamber of the Eye. JAMA 2021; 325:753-764. [PMID: 33620406 PMCID: PMC7903258 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Exfoliation syndrome is a systemic disorder characterized by progressive accumulation of abnormal fibrillar protein aggregates manifesting clinically in the anterior chamber of the eye. This disorder is the most commonly known cause of glaucoma and a major cause of irreversible blindness. OBJECTIVE To determine if exfoliation syndrome is associated with rare, protein-changing variants predicted to impair protein function. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A 2-stage, case-control, whole-exome sequencing association study with a discovery cohort and 2 independently ascertained validation cohorts. Study participants from 14 countries were enrolled between February 1999 and December 2019. The date of last clinical follow-up was December 2019. Affected individuals had exfoliation material on anterior segment structures of at least 1 eye as visualized by slit lamp examination. Unaffected individuals had no signs of exfoliation syndrome. EXPOSURES Rare, coding-sequence genetic variants predicted to be damaging by bioinformatic algorithms trained to recognize alterations that impair protein function. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the presence of exfoliation syndrome. Exome-wide significance for detected variants was defined as P < 2.5 × 10-6. The secondary outcomes included biochemical enzymatic assays and gene expression analyses. RESULTS The discovery cohort included 4028 participants with exfoliation syndrome (median age, 78 years [interquartile range, 73-83 years]; 2377 [59.0%] women) and 5638 participants without exfoliation syndrome (median age, 72 years [interquartile range, 65-78 years]; 3159 [56.0%] women). In the discovery cohort, persons with exfoliation syndrome, compared with those without exfoliation syndrome, were significantly more likely to carry damaging CYP39A1 variants (1.3% vs 0.30%, respectively; odds ratio, 3.55 [95% CI, 2.07-6.10]; P = 6.1 × 10-7). This outcome was validated in 2 independent cohorts. The first validation cohort included 2337 individuals with exfoliation syndrome (median age, 74 years; 1132 women; n = 1934 with demographic data) and 2813 individuals without exfoliation syndrome (median age, 72 years; 1287 women; n = 2421 with demographic data). The second validation cohort included 1663 individuals with exfoliation syndrome (median age, 75 years; 587 women; n = 1064 with demographic data) and 3962 individuals without exfoliation syndrome (median age, 74 years; 951 women; n = 1555 with demographic data). Of the individuals from both validation cohorts, 5.2% with exfoliation syndrome carried CYP39A1 damaging alleles vs 3.1% without exfoliation syndrome (odds ratio, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.47-2.26]; P < .001). Biochemical assays classified 34 of 42 damaging CYP39A1 alleles as functionally deficient (median reduction in enzymatic activity compared with wild-type CYP39A1, 94.4% [interquartile range, 78.7%-98.2%] for the 34 deficient variants). CYP39A1 transcript expression was 47% lower (95% CI, 30%-64% lower; P < .001) in ciliary body tissues from individuals with exfoliation syndrome compared with individuals without exfoliation syndrome. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this whole-exome sequencing case-control study, presence of exfoliation syndrome was significantly associated with carriage of functionally deficient CYP39A1 sequence variants. Further research is needed to understand the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheng Li
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mei Chin Lee
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Matthias Zenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Esther Peh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Fotis Topouzis
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- iScreen Research Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Satoko Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Anita Chan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Susan E I Williams
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrew Orr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Masakazu Nakano
- Department of Genomic Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tomasz Zarnowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alina Popa-Cherecheanu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Higashide
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Satoshi Ishiko
- Department of Medicine and Engineering Combined Research Institute, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kana Tokumo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Takako Sugimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyazaki Medical College Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Chuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miyazaki Medical College Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Inatani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel Gaston
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul Rafuse
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lesya Shuba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joseph Saunders
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marcelo Nicolela
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | - Panayiota Founti
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Glaucoma Unit, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Kar Seng Sim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Wee Yang Meah
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Hui Meng Soo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Xiao Yin Chen
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Anthi Chatzikyriakidou
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Keskini
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theofanis Pappas
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Anastasopoulos
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Lambropoulos
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia S Panagiotou
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Mikropoulos
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ewa Kosior-Jarecka
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Augustine Cheong
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yuanhan Li
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Urszula Lukasik
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monisha E Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Rahat Husain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Shamira A Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Fernández-Vega University Institute and Foundation of Ophthalmological Research, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fernández-Vega Ophthalmological Institute, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Montserrat García
- Fernández-Vega University Institute and Foundation of Ophthalmological Research, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fernández-Vega Ophthalmological Institute, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Fernández-Vega University Institute and Foundation of Ophthalmological Research, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fernández-Vega Ophthalmological Institute, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Andrés Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Fernández-Vega University Institute and Foundation of Ophthalmological Research, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fernández-Vega Ophthalmological Institute, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Fernández-Vega University Institute and Foundation of Ophthalmological Research, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fernández-Vega Ophthalmological Institute, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago and GENVIP Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Galicia, Spain
| | - Çilingir Oguz
- Department of Genetics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nevbahar Tamcelik
- Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Atalay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Bilge Batu
- Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Irkec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Aktas
- DAMAGEN Genetic Diagnostic Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Kasim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yury S Astakhov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei Y Astakhov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugeny L Akopov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andreas Giessl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Mardin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica N Cooke Bailey
- Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert P Igo
- Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Deepak P Edward
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Eye Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonia Davila
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae H Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Friedrich E Kruse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Trevor R Carmichael
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Georg Mossböck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nilgun Yildirim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Kei Tashiro
- Department of Genomic Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anastasios G P Konstas
- First and Third Departments of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Miguel Coca-Prados
- Fernández-Vega University Institute and Foundation of Ophthalmological Research, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fernández-Vega Ophthalmological Institute, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Michael Dubina
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations FMBA Russia, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University School of Biological Sciences, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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18
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Cholesterol metabolism pathways - are the intermediates more important than the products? FEBS J 2021; 288:3727-3745. [PMID: 33506652 PMCID: PMC8653896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Every cell in vertebrates possesses the machinery to synthesise cholesterol and to metabolise it. The major route of cholesterol metabolism is conversion to bile acids. Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein‐coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermediates in the bile acid biosynthesis pathways are even more interesting and equally important. Here, we discuss the biological activity of the different intermediates generated in the various bile acid biosynthesis pathways. We put forward the hypothesis that the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis has primary evolved to generate signalling molecules and its utilisation by hepatocytes provides an added bonus of producing bile acids to aid absorption of lipids in the intestine.
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19
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Mosedale M, Cai Y, Eaddy JS, Corty RW, Nautiyal M, Watkins PB, Valdar W. Identification of Candidate Risk Factor Genes for Human Idelalisib Toxicity Using a Collaborative Cross Approach. Toxicol Sci 2020; 172:265-278. [PMID: 31501888 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idelalisib is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor highly selective for the delta isoform that has shown good efficacy in treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma. In clinical trials, however, idelalisib was associated with rare, but potentially serious liver and lung toxicities. In this study, we used the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population to identify genetic factors associated with the drug response that may inform risk management strategies for idelalisib in humans. Eight male mice (4 matched pairs) from 50 CC lines were treated once daily for 14 days by oral gavage with either vehicle or idelalisib at a dose selected to achieve clinically relevant peak plasma concentrations (150 mg/kg/day). The drug was well tolerated across all CC lines, and there were no observations of overt liver injury. Differences across CC lines were seen in drug concentration in plasma samples collected at the approximate Tmax on study Days 1, 7, and 14. There were also small but statistically significant treatment-induced alterations in plasma total bile acids and microRNA-122, and these may indicate early hepatocellular stress required for immune-mediated hepatotoxicity in humans. Idelalisib treatment further induced significant elevations in the total cell count of terminal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which may be analogous to pneumonitis observed in the clinic. Genetic mapping identified loci associated with interim plasma idelalisib concentration and the other 3 treatment-related endpoints. Thirteen priority candidate quantitative trait genes identified in CC mice may now guide interrogation of risk factors for adverse drug responses associated with idelalisib in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yanwei Cai
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Department of Genetics
| | - John Scott Eaddy
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | - Manisha Nautiyal
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - William Valdar
- Department of Genetics.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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20
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Neuro-oxysterols and neuro-sterols as ligands to nuclear receptors, GPCRs, ligand-gated ion channels and other protein receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3176-3193. [PMID: 32621622 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body containing about 25% of the body's free cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and be imported or exported; instead, it is synthesised in situ and metabolised to oxysterols, oxidised forms of cholesterol, which can pass the blood-brain barrier. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol is the dominant oxysterol in the brain after parturition, but during development, a myriad of other oxysterols are produced, which persist as minor oxysterols after birth. During both development and in later life, sterols and oxysterols interact with a variety of different receptors, including nuclear receptors, membrane bound GPCRs, the oxysterol/sterol sensing proteins INSIG and SCAP, and the ligand-gated ion channel NMDA receptors found in nerve cells. In this review, we summarise the different oxysterols and sterols found in the CNS whose biological activity is transmitted via these different classes of protein receptors. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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21
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Rickman OJ, Baple EL, Crosby AH. Lipid metabolic pathways converge in motor neuron degenerative diseases. Brain 2020; 143:1073-1087. [PMID: 31848577 PMCID: PMC7174042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) encompass an extensive and heterogeneous group of upper and/or lower motor neuron degenerative disorders, in which the particular clinical outcomes stem from the specific neuronal component involved in each condition. While mutations in a large number of molecules associated with lipid metabolism are known to be implicated in MNDs, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the key functional pathways involved, and their inter-relationships. This review highlights evidence that defines defects within two specific lipid (cholesterol/oxysterol and phosphatidylethanolamine) biosynthetic cascades as being centrally involved in MND, particularly hereditary spastic paraplegia. We also identify how other MND-associated molecules may impact these cascades, in particular through impaired organellar interfacing, to propose ‘subcellular lipidome imbalance’ as a likely common pathomolecular theme in MND. Further exploration of this mechanism has the potential to identify new therapeutic targets and management strategies for modulation of disease progression in hereditary spastic paraplegias and other MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Rickman
- Medical Research (Level 4), RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Emma L Baple
- Medical Research (Level 4), RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Medical Research (Level 4), RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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22
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Wang B, Lu S, Zhang C, Zhu L, Li Y, Bai M, Xu E. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the liver reveals antidepressant potential protein targets of Sinisan in a mouse CUMS model of depression. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110565. [PMID: 32745909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, the role of the liver in depression is highly valued, and liver-relieving drugs, such as Sinisan, are often used to treat depression; however, the mechanism whereby these drugs work remains unclear. The present study aimed to reveal possible antidepressant mechanisms of Sinisan (SNS) by analyzing hepatic proteomics in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. Using the CUMS mouse model of depression, the antidepressant effects of SNS were assessed by the sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST). Hepatic differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) after SNS treatment were investigated by tandem mass tag (TMT) based quantitative proteomics analysis. Then, a bioinformatics analysis of DEPs was conducted through hierarchical clustering, Venn analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. DEP genes were further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and western blotting. Behavioral results demonstrated that SNS significantly increased sucrose intake in SPT and shortened the immobility time in FST in model mice. Eighty-two DEPs were identified, including 37 upregulated and 45 downregulated proteins, between model and SNS groups. Enrichment analysis of GO annotations indicated that SNS primarily maintained cellular iron ion homeostasis by iron ion transportation and regulated expression of some extracellular structural proteins for oxidation-reduction processes. KEGG and Venn analysis showed that mineral absorption, steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism might be the principal pathways through which SNS acts on depression. Furthermore, several proteins involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormone pathways were significantly up/downregulated by SNS, including CYP2B19, CYP7B1 (validated by qRT-PCR) and HSD3b5 (validated by qRT-PCR and western blotting). Our results indicate that SNS plays important roles in antidepressant actions by restoring DEPs, resulting in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones. The current results provide novel perspectives for revealing potential protein targets of SNS in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Shuaifei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changjing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leilei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Erping Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
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23
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Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:47-63. [PMID: 34290896 PMCID: PMC8291349 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, EC1.14) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Much progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation of CYP7A1 gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms of bile acid feedback regulation of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis in the last three decades. Discovery of bile acid-activated receptors and their roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism have been translated to the development of bile acid-based drug therapies for the treatment of liver-related metabolic diseases such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review will provide an update on the advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and mechanistic insights of the regulation of CYP7A1 in bile acid synthesis in the last 40 years.
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24
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Matsuoka H, Katayama M, Ohishi A, Miya K, Tokunaga R, Kobayashi S, Nishimoto Y, Hirooka K, Shima A, Michihara A. Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORα Regulates Enzymatic Metabolism of Cerebral 24S-Hydroxycholesterol through CYP39A1 Intronic Response Element Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093309. [PMID: 32392803 PMCID: PMC7246805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, important regulators of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain, are affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease is associated with higher levels of circulating brain-derived 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC). Conversion of cholesterol to 24S-OHC is mediated by cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase in the brain, which is the major pathway for oxysterol elimination, followed by oxidation through hepatic first-pass metabolism by CYP39A1. Abnormal CYP39A1 expression results in accumulation of 24S-OHC, influencing neurodegenerative disease-related deterioration; thus, it is important to understand the normal elimination of 24S-OHC and the system regulating CYP39A1, a selective hepatic metabolic enzyme of 24S-OHC. We examined the role of transcriptional regulation by retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα), a nuclear receptor that responds to oxysterol ligands. In humans, the promoter and first intronic regions of CYP39A1 contain two putative RORα response elements (ROREs). RORα binding and responses of these ROREs were assessed using electrophoretic mobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays. CYP39A1 was upregulated by RORα overexpression in HEK293 cells, while RORα knockdown by siRNA significantly downregulated CYP39A1 expression in human hepatoma cells. Additionally, CYP39A1 was induced by RORα agonist treatment, suggesting that CYP39A1 expression is activated by RORα nuclear receptors. This may provide a way to increase CYP39A1 activity using RORα agonists, and help halt 24S-OHC accumulation in neurodegenerative illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-84-936-2111
| | - Miyu Katayama
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ami Ohishi
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Kaoruko Miya
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Riki Tokunaga
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Sou Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Yuya Nishimoto
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Kazutake Hirooka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan;
| | - Akiho Shima
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Akihiro Michihara
- Laboratory of Genome Function and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan; (M.K.); (A.O.); (K.M.); (R.T.); (S.K.); (Y.N.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
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Shao T, Yu Q, Zhu T, Liu A, Gao X, Long X, Liu Z. Inulin from Jerusalem artichoke tubers alleviates hyperglycaemia in high-fat-diet-induced diabetes mice through the intestinal microflora improvement. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:308-318. [PMID: 31915077 PMCID: PMC7015883 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rate of hyperglycaemia in people around the world is increasing at an alarming rate at present, and innovative methods of alleviating hyperglycaemia are needed. The effects of Jerusalem artichoke inulin on hyperglycaemia, liver-related genes and the intestinal microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce hyperglycaemia were investigated. Inulin-treated hyperglycaemic mice had decreased average daily food consumption, body weight, average daily water consumption and relative liver weight and blood concentrations of TAG, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and fasting blood glucose. Liver-related gene expressions in hyperglycaemic (HFD-fed and STZ-treated) compared with control mice showed eighty-four differentially expressed genes (forty-nine up-regulated and thirty-five down-regulated). In contrast, hyperglycaemic mice treated with inulin had twenty-two differentially expressed genes compared with control ones. Using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology, the rarefaction and the rank abundance curves as well as the α diversity indices showed the treatment-induced differences in bacterial diversity in intestine. The linear discriminant analysis of effect size showed that the inulin treatment improved intestinal microbiota; in particular, it significantly increased the number of Bacteroides in the intestine of mice. In conclusion, inulin is potentially an effective functional food for the prevention and/or treatment of hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Shao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Yu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingshuo Zhu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anhong Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Long
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaopu Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
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Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Saeed A, Betsholtz C, Genove G, Björkhem I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Formation and metabolism of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids found in the mouse circulation: Lessons learnt from deuterium-enrichment experiments and the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105475. [PMID: 31541728 PMCID: PMC6880786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the presence and abundance of the major oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in the circulation is well established, minor cholesterol metabolites may also have biological importance and be of value to investigate. In this study by observing the metabolism of deuterium-labelled cholesterol in the pdgfbret/ret mouse, a mouse model with increased vascular permeability in brain, and by studying the sterol content of plasma from the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse overexpressing the human cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase enzyme we have been able to identify a number of minor cholesterol metabolites found in the circulation, make approximate-quantitative measurements and postulate pathways for their formation. These "proof of principle" data may have relevance when using mouse models to mimic human disease and in respect of the increasing possibility of treating human neurodegenerative diseases with pharmaceuticals designed to enhance the activity of CYP46A1 or by adeno-associated virus delivery of CYP46A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Guillem Genove
- ICMC Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Oxysterols as lipid mediators: Their biosynthetic genes, enzymes and metabolites. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 147:106381. [PMID: 31698146 PMCID: PMC7081179 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathways of oxysterol biosynthesis. Pathways of oxysterol metabolism. Oxysterols as bioactive molecules. Disorders of oxysterol metabolism.
There is growing evidence that oxysterols are more than simple metabolites in the pathway from cholesterol to bile acids. Recent data has shown oxysterols to be ligands to nuclear receptors and to G protein-coupled receptors, modulators of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis. In this mini-review we will discuss the biosynthetic mechanisms for the formation of different oxysterols and the implication of disruption of these mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
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Pariente A, Peláez R, Pérez-Sala Á, Larráyoz IM. Inflammatory and cell death mechanisms induced by 7-ketocholesterol in the retina. Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Grabovec IP, Smolskaya SV, Baranovsky AV, Zhabinskii VN, Dichenko YV, Shabunya PS, Usanov SA, Strushkevich NV. Ligand-binding properties and catalytic activity of the purified human 24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, CYP39A1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105416. [PMID: 31247323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol and biologically active molecules that are involved in a number of functions, including cholesterol homeostasis, immune response, embryogenic development and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Enzymes catalyzing their synthesis and metabolism are of particular interest as potential or evaluated drug targets. Here we report for the first time biochemical analysis of purified human oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase selective for 24-hydroxycholesterol. Binding analyses indicated a tight binding of the oxysterols and estrone. Ligand screening revealed that CYP39A1 binds with high affinity antifungal drugs and prostate cancer drug galeterone (TOK-001). Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved Asn residue in the active site revealed its crucial role for protein folding and heme incorporation. Developed protocol for expression and purification enables further investigation of this hepatic enzyme as off-target in development of specific drugs targeting cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Grabovec
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - S V Smolskaya
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Baranovsky
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - V N Zhabinskii
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Y V Dichenko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - P S Shabunya
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - S A Usanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - N V Strushkevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus.
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Loera-Valencia R, Goikolea J, Parrado-Fernandez C, Merino-Serrais P, Maioli S. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism as a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease: Potential novel targets for treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:104-114. [PMID: 30878503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and it is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, the complete pathogenesis of the disease is still unknown. High level of serum cholesterol has been found to positively correlate with an increased risk of dementia and some studies have reported a decreased prevalence of AD in patients taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Years of research have shown a strong correlation between blood hypercholesterolemia and AD, however cholesterol is not able to cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) into the brain. Cholesterol lowering therapies have shown mixed results in cognitive performance in AD patients, raising questions of whether brain cholesterol metabolism in the brain should be studied separately from peripheral cholesterol metabolism and what their relationship is. Unlike cholesterol, oxidized cholesterol metabolites known as oxysterols are able to cross the BBB from the circulation into the brain and vice-versa. The main oxysterols present in the circulation are 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. These oxysterols and their catalysing enzymes have been found to be altered in AD brains and there is evidence indicating their influence in the progression of the disease. This review gives a broad perspective on the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and AD, cholesterol lowering therapies for AD patients and the role of oxysterols in pathological and non-pathological conditions. Also, we propose cholesterol metabolites as valuable targets for prevention and alternative AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics-IBGM, (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Šošić-Jurjević B, Lütjohann D, Renko K, Filipović B, Radulović N, Ajdžanović V, Trifunović S, Nestorović N, Živanović J, Manojlović Stojanoski M, Kӧhrle J, Milošević V. The isoflavones genistein and daidzein increase hepatic concentration of thyroid hormones and affect cholesterol metabolism in middle-aged male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:1-10. [PMID: 30885834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether isoflavones interfere with thyroid homeostasis, increase hepatic thyroid hormone concentrations and affect cholesterol metabolism in middle-aged (MA) male rats. Thirteen-month-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with 35 mg/kg b.w./day of genistein, daidzein or vehicle (controls) for four weeks. Hepatic Dio1 gene expression was up-regulated by 70% (p < 0.001 for both) and Dio1 enzyme activity increased by 64% after genistein (p < 0.001) and 73% after daidzein treatment (p < 0.0001). Hepatic T3 was 75% higher (p < 0.05 for both), while T4 increased only after genistein treatment. Serum T4 concentrations were 31% lower in genistein- and 49% lower in dadzein-treated rats (p < 0.001 for both) compared with controls. Hepatic Cyp7a1 gene expression was up-regulated by 40% after genistein and 32% after daidzein treatment (p < 0.05 for both), in agreement with a 7α-hydroxycholesterol increase of 50% (p < 0.01) and 88% (p < 0.001), respectively. Serum 24- and 27-hydroxycholesterol were 30% lower (p < 0.05 for both), while only 24-hydroxycholesterol was decreased in the liver by 45% after genistein (p < 0.05) and 39% (p < 0.01) after dadzein treatment. Serum concentration of the cholesterol precursor desmosterol was 32% (p < 0.05) lower only after dadzein treatment alone, while both isoflavones elevated this parameter in the liver by 45% (p < 0.01). In conclusion, isoflavones increased T3 availability in the liver of MA males, despite decreasing serum T4. Hepatic increase of T3 possibly contributes to activation of the neutral pathway of cholesterol degradation into bile acids in the liver. While isoflavones obviously have the potential to trigger multiple mechanisms involved in cholesterol metabolism and oxysterol production, they failed to induce any hypocholesterolemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Šošić-Jurjević
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - D Lütjohann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Renko
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - V Ajdžanović
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Trifunović
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - N Nestorović
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Živanović
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Manojlović Stojanoski
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Kӧhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - V Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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32
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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33
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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34
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Shumar SA, Kerr EW, Fagone P, Infante AM, Leonardi R. Overexpression of Nudt7 decreases bile acid levels and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in the liver. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1005-1019. [PMID: 30846528 PMCID: PMC6495166 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m092676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism requires CoA, an essential cofactor found in multiple subcellular compartments, including the peroxisomes. In the liver, CoA levels are dynamically adjusted between the fed and fasted states. Elevated CoA levels in the fasted state are driven by increased synthesis; however, this also correlates with decreased expression of Nudix hydrolase (Nudt)7, the major CoA-degrading enzyme in the liver. Nudt7 resides in the peroxisomes, and we overexpressed this enzyme in mouse livers to determine its effect on the size and composition of the hepatic CoA pool in the fed and fasted states. Nudt7 overexpression did not change total CoA levels, but decreased the concentration of short-chain acyl-CoAs and choloyl-CoA in fasted livers, when endogenous Nudt7 activity was lowest. The effect on these acyl-CoAs correlated with a significant decrease in the hepatic bile acid content and in the rate of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, as estimated by targeted and untargeted metabolomics, combined with the measurement of fatty acid oxidation in intact hepatocytes. Identification of the CoA species and metabolic pathways affected by the overexpression on Nudt7 in vivo supports the conclusion that the nutritionally driven modulation of Nudt7 activity could contribute to the regulation of the peroxisomal CoA pool and peroxisomal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Shumar
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Evan W Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506; Protein Core Facility West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Aniello M Infante
- Genomics Core Facility West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Roberta Leonardi
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506.
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35
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Takei H, Nittono H, Erickson S, Fuchs M, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial oxysterol biosynthetic pathway gives evidence for CYP7B1 as controller of regulatory oxysterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:36-47. [PMID: 30710743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to more completely study the mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated acidic pathway of cholesterol metabolism. The mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated pathway of cholesterol metabolism (acidic pathway) is known to synthesize two well-described vital regulators of cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Both 26HC and 25HC have been shown to be subsequently 7α-hydroxylated by Cyp7b1; reducing their regulatory abilities and furthering their metabolism to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Cholesterol delivery into the inner mitochondria membrane, where CYP27A1 is located, is considered the pathway's only rate-limiting step. To further explore the pathway, we increased cholesterol transport into mitochondrial CYP27A1 by selectively increased expression of the gene encoding the steroidogenic acute transport protein (StarD1). StarD1 overexpression led to an unanticipated marked down-regulation of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7b1), a marked increase in 26HC, and the formation of a third vital regulatory oxysterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), in B6/129 mice livers. To explore the further metabolism of 24HC, as well as, 25HC and 26HC, characterizations of oxysterols and bile acids using three murine models (StarD1 overexpression, Cyp7b1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-) and human Hep G2 cells were conducted. This report describes the discovery of a new mitochondrial-initiated pathway of oxysterol/bile acid biosynthesis. Just as importantly, it provides evidence for CYP7B1 as a key regulator of three vital intracellular regulatory oxysterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
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36
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Wyss A, Raselli T, Perkins N, Ruiz F, Schmelczer G, Klinke G, Moncsek A, Roth R, Spalinger MR, Hering L, Atrott K, Lang S, Frey-Wagner I, Mertens JC, Scharl M, Sailer AW, Pabst O, Hersberger M, Pot C, Rogler G, Misselwitz B. The EBI2-oxysterol axis promotes the development of intestinal lymphoid structures and colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:733-745. [PMID: 30742043 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding for Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein-coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) is a risk gene for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Together with its oxysterol ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, EBI2 mediates migration and differentiation of immune cells. However, the role of EBI2 in the colonic immune system remains insufficiently studied. We found increased mRNA expression of EBI2 and oxysterol-synthesizing enzymes (CH25H, CYP7B1) in the inflamed colon of patients with ulcerative colitis and mice with acute or chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. Accordingly, we detected elevated levels of 25-hydroxylated oxysterols, including 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol in mice with acute colonic inflammation. Knockout of EBI2 or CH25H did not affect severity of DSS colitis; however, inflammation was decreased in male EBI2-/- mice in the IL-10 colitis model. The colonic immune system comprises mucosal lymphoid structures, which accumulate upon chronic inflammation in IL-10-deficient mice and in chronic DSS colitis. However, EBI2-/- mice formed significantly less colonic lymphoid structures at baseline and showed defects in inflammation-induced accumulation of lymphoid structures. In summary, we report induction of the EBI2-7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol axis in colitis and a role of EBI2 for the accumulation of lymphoid tissue during homeostasis and inflammation. These data implicate the EBI2-7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol axis in IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Perkins
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruiz
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Schmelczer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glynis Klinke
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Moncsek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Roth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frey-Wagner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
On January 21, 2017, I received an E-mail from Herb Tabor that I had been simultaneously hoping for and dreading for several years: an invitation to write a "Reflections" article for the Journal of Biological Chemistry On the one hand, I was honored to receive an invitation from Herb, a man I have admired for over 40 years, known for 24 years, and worked with as a member of the Editorial Board and Associate Editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry for 17 years. On the other hand, the invitation marked the waning of my career as an academic scientist. With these conflicting emotions, I wrote this article with the goals of recording my career history and recognizing the many mentors, trainees, and colleagues who have contributed to it and, perhaps with pretension, with the desire that students who are beginning a career in research will find inspiration in the path I have taken and appreciate the importance of luck.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Russell
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046
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38
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Meljon A, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Yau JL, Seckl JR, Theofilopoulos S, Arenas E, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Mining for Oxysterols in Cyp7b1-/- Mouse Brain and Plasma: Relevance to Spastic Paraplegia Type 5. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040149. [PMID: 31013940 PMCID: PMC6523844 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7B1, also known as oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase, in humans leads to hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) and in some cases in infants to liver disease. SPG5 is medically characterized by loss of motor neurons in the corticospinal tract. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the fundamental biochemistry of this disorder, we have extended our previous profiling of the oxysterol content of brain and plasma of Cyp7b1 knockout (-/-) mice to include, amongst other sterols, 25-hydroxylated cholesterol metabolites. Although brain cholesterol levels do not differ between wild-type (wt) and knockout mice, we find, using a charge-tagging methodology in combination with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and multistage fragmentation (MSn), that there is a build-up of the CYP7B1 substrate 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in Cyp7b1-/- mouse brain and plasma. As reported earlier, levels of (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26-HC), 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid and 24S,25-epoxycholesterol (24S,25-EC) are similarly elevated in brain and plasma. Side-chain oxysterols including 25-HC, 26-HC and 24S,25-EC are known to bind to INSIG (insulin-induced gene) and inhibit the processing of SREBP-2 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2) to its active form as a master regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis. We suggest the concentration of cholesterol in brain of the Cyp7b1-/- mouse is maintained by balancing reduced metabolism, as a consequence of a loss in CYP7B1, with reduced biosynthesis. The Cyp7b1-/- mouse does not show a motor defect; whether the defect in humans is a consequence of less efficient homeostasis of cholesterol in brain has yet to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meljon
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Joyce L Yau
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Meljon A, Theofilopoulos S, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Parker JE, Kelly DE, Kelly SL, Arenas E, Wang Y. Additional pathways of sterol metabolism: Evidence from analysis of Cyp27a1-/- mouse brain and plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:191-211. [PMID: 30471425 PMCID: PMC6327153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 27A1 is a key enzyme in both the acidic and neutral pathways of bile acid biosynthesis accepting cholesterol and ring-hydroxylated sterols as substrates introducing a (25R)26-hydroxy and ultimately a (25R)26-acid group to the sterol side-chain. In human, mutations in the CYP27A1 gene are the cause of the autosomal recessive disease cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). Surprisingly, Cyp27a1 knockout mice (Cyp27a1−/−) do not present a CTX phenotype despite generating a similar global pattern of sterols. Using liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry and exploiting a charge-tagging approach for oxysterol analysis we identified over 50 cholesterol metabolites and precursors in the brain and circulation of Cyp27a1−/− mice. Notably, we identified (25R)26,7α- and (25S)26,7α-dihydroxy epimers of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids, indicating the presence of an additional sterol 26-hydroxylase in mouse. Importantly, our analysis also revealed elevated levels of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, which we found increased the number of oculomotor neurons in primary mouse brain cultures. 7α-Hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one is a ligand for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), activation of which is known to up-regulate the expression of CYP3A11, which we confirm has sterol 26-hydroxylase activity. This can explain the formation of (25R)26,7α- and (25S)26,7α-dihydroxy epimers of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids; the acid with the former stereochemistry is a liver X receptor (LXR) ligand that increases the number of oculomotor neurons in primary brain cultures. We hereby suggest that a lack of a motor neuron phenotype in some CTX patients and Cyp27a1−/− mice may involve increased levels of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and activation PXR, as well as increased levels of sterol 26-hydroxylase and the production of neuroprotective sterols capable of activating LXR. Besides CYP27A1 an additional sterol 26-hydroxylase is present in mouse. Sterol-acids are observed as 7α-hydroxy-(25R/S)26-acid epimers. The (25S)26-acid is found in mouse brain of the CYP27A1−/− mouse. The (25R)26-acid is found in brain of the wild type animal. Both epimers are found in plasma of both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna Meljon
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Josie E Parker
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Diane E Kelly
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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40
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Holy P, Kloudova A, Soucek P. Importance of genetic background of oxysterol signaling in cancer. Biochimie 2018; 153:109-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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Soufi N, Kohli R. What's cold got to do with it? Cold-induced thermogenesis and microbiome modification may be regulated by bile acid physiology. Hepatology 2018; 68:1644-1646. [PMID: 29601095 PMCID: PMC6422155 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Soufi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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42
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Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, DeBarber AE, Duell PB, Steiner RD, Laina I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Identification of 7α,24-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic and 7α,25-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acids in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Biochimie 2018; 153:86-98. [PMID: 29960034 PMCID: PMC6171785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroxyoxocholestenoic acids are intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis. Here, using liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry, we confirm the identification of 7α,24-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic and 7α,25-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) based on comparisons to authentic standards and of 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic and 7α,x-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic (where hydroxylation is likely on C-22 or C-23) based on exact mass measurement and multistage fragmentation. Surprisingly, patients suffering from the inborn error of metabolism cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, where the enzyme CYP27A1, which normally introduces the (25 R)26-carboxylic acid group to the sterol side-chain, is defective still synthesise 7α,24-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid and also both 25 R- and 25 S-epimers of 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid. We speculate that the enzymes CYP46A1 and CYP3A4 may have C-26 carboxylase activity to generate these acids. In patients suffering from hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 the CSF concentrations of the 7α,24- and 7α,25-dihydroxy acids are reduced, suggesting an involvement of CYP7B1 in their biosynthesis in brain. Dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-5-en-26-oic are found in human CSF and plasma. Hydroxy groups may be at 7α,24, 7α,25, or 7α,12α. Another acid is hydroxylated at 7α and in the side-chain probably at C-22 or C-23. In patients with CTX acids with 25 R or 25 S stereochemistry are found. In patients with SPG5 the concentrations of acids in CSF are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrea E DeBarber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert D Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ioanna Laina
- Athens Medical Group, Athens Medical Center, Marousi Athens, Greece
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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43
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Li J, Dawson PA. Animal models to study bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:895-911. [PMID: 29782919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models, particularly genetically modified mice, continues to play a critical role in studying the relationship between bile acid metabolism and human liver disease. Over the past 20 years, these studies have been instrumental in elucidating the major pathways responsible for bile acid biosynthesis and enterohepatic cycling, and the molecular mechanisms regulating those pathways. This work also revealed bile acid differences between species, particularly in the composition, physicochemical properties, and signaling potential of the bile acid pool. These species differences may limit the ability to translate findings regarding bile acid-related disease processes from mice to humans. In this review, we focus primarily on mouse models and also briefly discuss dietary or surgical models commonly used to study the basic mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism. Important phenotypic species differences in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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44
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Mertens KL, Kalsbeek A, Soeters MR, Eggink HM. Bile Acid Signaling Pathways from the Enterohepatic Circulation to the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:617. [PMID: 29163019 PMCID: PMC5681992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are best known as detergents involved in the digestion of lipids. In addition, new data in the last decade have shown that bile acids also function as gut hormones capable of influencing metabolic processes via receptors such as FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and TGR5 (Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). These effects of bile acids are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, but can affect different tissues throughout the organism. It is still unclear whether these effects also involve signaling of bile acids to the central nervous system (CNS). Bile acid signaling to the CNS encompasses both direct and indirect pathways. Bile acids can act directly in the brain via central FXR and TGR5 signaling. In addition, there are two indirect pathways that involve intermediate agents released upon interaction with bile acids receptors in the gut. Activation of intestinal FXR and TGR5 receptors can result in the release of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), both capable of signaling to the CNS. We conclude that when plasma bile acids levels are high all three pathways may contribute in signal transmission to the CNS. However, under normal physiological circumstances, the indirect pathway involving GLP-1 may evoke the most substantial effect in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Mertens
- Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hannah M Eggink
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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45
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Expression profiles of cholesterol metabolism-related genes are altered during development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rat spinal cord. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2702. [PMID: 28578430 PMCID: PMC5457442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased evidence suggests that dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism may be a key event contributing to progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS we revealed specific changes in the mRNA and protein expression of key molecules involved in the maintaining of cholesterol homeostasis in the rat spinal cord: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase (HMGCR), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) during the course of disease. The presence of myelin lipid debris was seen only at the peak of EAE in demyelination loci being efficiently removed during the recovery period. Since CYP46A1 is responsible for removal of cholesterol excess, we performed a detailed profiling of CYP46A1 expression and revealed regional and temporal specificities in its distribution. Double immunofluorescence staining demonstrated CYP46A1 localization with neurons, infiltrated macrophages, microglia and astrocytes in the areas of demyelination, suggesting that these cells play a role in cholesterol turnover in EAE. We propose that alterations in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism at the onset and peak of EAE may add to the progression of disease, while during the recovery period may have beneficial effects contributing to the regeneration of myelin sheath and restoration of neuronal function.
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46
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Baila-Rueda L, Cenarro A, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Mateo-Gallego R, Bea AM, Perez-Calahorra S, Marco-Benedi V, Civeira F. Bile acid synthesis precursors in subjects with genetic hypercholesterolemia negative for LDLR/APOB/PCSK9/APOE mutations. Association with lipids and carotid atherosclerosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:226-233. [PMID: 27769814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Some oxysterols are precursors of bile acid synthesis and play an important role in cholesterol homeostasis. However, if they are involved in the pathogeny of genetic hypercholesterolemia has not been previously explored. We have studied non-cholesterol sterol markers of cholesterol synthesis (lanosterol and desmosterol) and oxysterols (7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol) in 200 affected subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia of genetic origin, negative for mutations in LDLR, APOB, PCSK9 and APOE genes (non-FH GH) and 100 normolipemic controls. All studied oxysterols and cholesterol synthesis markers were significantly higher in affected subjects than controls (P<0.001). Ratios of oxysterols to total cholesterol were higher in non-FH GH than in controls, although only 24S-hydroxycholesterol showed statistical significance (P<0.001). Cholesterol synthesis markers had a positive correlation with BMI, triglycerides, cholesterol and apoB in control population. However, these correlations disappeared in non-FH GH with the exception of a weak positive correlation for non-HDL cholesterol and apoB. The same pattern was observed for oxysterols with high positive correlation in controls and absence of correlation for non-FH GH, except non-HDL cholesterol for 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol and apoB for 27-hydroxycholesterol. All non-cholesterol sterols had positive correlation among them in patients and in controls. A total of 65 (32.5%) and 35 (17.5%) affected subjects presented values of oxysterols ratios to total cholesterol above the 95th percentile of the normal distribution (24S-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol, respectively). Those patients with the highest levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol associated an increase in the carotid intima media thickness. These results suggest that bile acid metabolism is affected in some patients with primary hypercholesterolemia of genetic origin, negative for mutations in the candidate genes, and may confer a higher cardiovascular risk. Our results confirm that cholesterol synthesis overproduction is a primary defect in non-HF GH and suggest that subjects with non-FH GH show high levels of oxysterols in response to hepatic overproduction of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - A Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Lamiquiz-Moneo
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Mateo-Gallego
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A M Bea
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Perez-Calahorra
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - V Marco-Benedi
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - F Civeira
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Heverin M, Ali Z, Olin M, Tillander V, Joibari MM, Makoveichuk E, Leitersdorf E, Warner M, Olivercrona G, Gustafsson JÅ, Björkhem I. On the regulatory importance of 27-hydroxycholesterol in mouse liver. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:10-21. [PMID: 26851362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
27-Hydroxycholesterol (27OH) is a strong suppressor of cholesterol synthesis and a weak activator of LXR in vitro. The regulatory importance of 27OH in vivo is controversial. Here we utilized male mice with increased levels of 27OH either due to increased production (CYP27A1 transgenic mice) or reduced metabolism (Cyp7b1-/- mice). We also used mice lacking 27OH due to a knockout of Cyp27a1. The latter mice were treated with cholic acid to compensate for reduced bile acid synthesis. The effects of the different levels of 27OH on Srebp- and other LXR-regulated genes in the liver were investigated. In the liver of CYP27tg mice we found a modest increase of the mRNA levels corresponding to the LXR target genes Cyp7b1 and Abca1. A number of other LXR-regulated genes were not affected. The effect on Abca1 mRNA was not seen in the liver of Cyp7b1-/- mice. There were little or no effects on cholesterol synthesis. In the liver of the Cyp27-/- mice treated with 0.025% cholic acid there was no significant effect of the knockout on the LXR target genes. In a previous work triple-knockout mice deficient in the biosynthesis of 24S-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27OH were shown to have impaired response to dietary cholesterol, suggesting side-chain oxidized oxysterols to be mediators in cholesterol-induced effects on LXR target genes at a transcriptional level (Chen W. et al., Cell Metab. 5 (2007) 73-79). The hydroxylated oxysterol responsible for the effect was not defined. We show here that treatment of wildtype mice with dietary cholesterol under the same conditions as in the above study induced the LXR target genes Lpl, Abcg8 and Srebp1c in wild type mice but failed to activate the same genes in mice lacking 27-hydroxycholesterol due to a knockout of Cyp27. We failed to demonstrate the above effects at the protein level (Abcg8) or at the activity level (Lpl). The results suggest that 27OH is not an important regulator of Srebp- or LXR regulated genes under basal conditions in mouse liver. On the other hand 27OH appears to mediate cholesterol-induced effects on some LXR target genes at a transcriptional level under some in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Heverin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Zeina Ali
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Olin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Veronika Tillander
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Elena Makoveichuk
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eran Leitersdorf
- Department of Medicine B, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Israel
| | - Margret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gunilla Olivercrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Mutemberezi V, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols: From cholesterol metabolites to key mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:152-169. [PMID: 27687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites that can be produced through enzymatic or radical processes. They constitute a large family of lipids (i.e. the oxysterome) involved in a plethora of physiological processes. They can act through GPCR (e.g. EBI2, SMO, CXCR2), nuclear receptors (LXR, ROR, ERα) and through transporters or regulatory proteins. Their physiological effects encompass cholesterol, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, they were shown to be involved in other processes such as immune regulatory functions and brain homeostasis. First studied as precursors of bile acids, they quickly emerged as interesting lipid mediators. Their levels are greatly altered in several pathologies and some oxysterols (e.g. 4β-hydroxycholesterol or 7α-hydroxycholestenone) are used as biomarkers of specific pathologies. In this review, we discuss the complex metabolism and molecular targets (including binding properties) of these bioactive lipids in human and mice. We also discuss the genetic mouse models currently available to interrogate their effects in pathophysiological settings. We also summarize the levels of oxysterols reported in two key organs in oxysterol metabolism (liver and brain), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we consider future opportunities and directions in the oxysterol field in order to gain a better insight and understanding of the complex oxysterol system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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Moutinho M, Nunes MJ, Rodrigues E. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase: Brain cholesterol metabolism and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1911-1920. [PMID: 27663182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in brain cholesterol homeostasis have been extensively related to brain disorders. The major elimination pathway of brain cholesterol is its hydroxylation into 24 (S)-hydroxycholesterol by the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). Interestingly, there seems to be an association between CYP46A1 and high-order brain functions, in a sense that increased expression of this hydroxylase improves cognition, while a reduction leads to a poor cognitive performance. Moreover, increasing amount of epidemiological, biochemical and molecular evidence, suggests that CYP46A1 has a role in the pathogenesis or progression of neurodegenerative disorders, in which up-regulation of this enzyme is clearly beneficial. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood, which highlights the importance of studies that further explore the role of CYP46A1 in the central nervous system. In this review we summarize the major findings regarding CYP46A1, and highlight the several recently described pathways modulated by this enzyme from a physiological and pathological perspective, which might account for novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moutinho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Nunes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Lietzow J, Golchert J, Homuth G, Völker U, Jonas W, Köhrle J. 3,5-T2 alters murine genes relevant for xenobiotic, steroid, and thyroid hormone metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:311-23. [PMID: 26903510 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous thyroid hormone (TH) metabolite 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (3,5-T2) acts as a metabolically active substance affecting whole-body energy metabolism and hepatic lipid handling in a desirable manner. Considering possible adverse effects regarding thyromimetic action of 3,5-T2 treatment in rodents, the current literature remains largely controversial. To obtain further insights into molecular mechanisms and to identify novel target genes of 3,5-T2 in liver, we performed a microarray-based liver tissue transcriptome analysis of male lean and diet-induced obese euthyroid mice treated for 4 weeks with a dose of 2.5 µg/g bw 3,5-T2 Our results revealed that 3,5-T2 modulates the expression of genes encoding Phase I and Phase II enzymes as well as Phase III transporters, which play central roles in metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics. Additionally, 3,5-T2 changes the expression of TH responsive genes, suggesting a thyromimetic action of 3,5-T2 in mouse liver. Interestingly, 3,5-T2 in obese but not in lean mice influences the expression of genes relevant for cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis, suggesting a novel role of 3,5-T2 in steroid metabolism of obese mice. We concluded that treatment with 3,5-T2 in lean and diet-induced obese male mice alters the expression of genes encoding hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that play a substantial role in catabolism and inactivation of xenobiotics and TH and are also involved in hepatic steroid and lipid metabolism. The administration of this high dose of 3,5-T2 might exert adverse hepatic effects. Accordingly, the conceivable use of 3,5-T2 as pharmacological hypolipidemic agent should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Lietzow
- Institut für Experimentelle EndokrinologieCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental DiabetologyGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle EndokrinologieCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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