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Karalis T, Poulogiannis G. The Emerging Role of LPA as an Oncometabolite. Cells 2024; 13:629. [PMID: 38607068 PMCID: PMC11011573 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid that displays potent signalling activities that are regulated in both an autocrine and paracrine manner. It can be found both extra- and intracellularly, where it interacts with different receptors to activate signalling pathways that regulate a plethora of cellular processes, including mitosis, proliferation and migration. LPA metabolism is complex, and its biosynthesis and catabolism are under tight control to ensure proper LPA levels in the body. In cancer patient specimens, LPA levels are frequently higher compared to those of healthy individuals and often correlate with poor responses and more aggressive disease. Accordingly, LPA, through promoting cancer cell migration and invasion, enhances the metastasis and dissemination of tumour cells. In this review, we summarise the role of LPA in the regulation of critical aspects of tumour biology and further discuss the available pre-clinical and clinical evidence regarding the feasibility and efficacy of targeting LPA metabolism for effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK;
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2
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Santiago JA, Quinn JP, Potashkin JA. Physical Activity Rewires the Human Brain against Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6223. [PMID: 35682902 PMCID: PMC9181322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity may offset cognitive decline and dementia, but the molecular mechanisms by which it promotes neuroprotection remain elusive. In the absence of disease-modifying therapies, understanding the molecular effects of physical activity in the brain may be useful for identifying novel targets for disease management. Here we employed several bioinformatic methods to dissect the molecular underpinnings of physical activity in brain health. Network analysis identified 'switch genes' associated with drastic hippocampal transcriptional changes in aged cognitively intact individuals. Switch genes are key genes associated with dramatic transcriptional changes and thus may play a fundamental role in disease pathogenesis. Switch genes are associated with protein processing pathways and the metabolic control of glucose, lipids, and fatty acids. Correlation analysis showed that transcriptional patterns associated with physical activity significantly overlapped and negatively correlated with those of neurodegenerative diseases. Functional analysis revealed that physical activity might confer neuroprotection in Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's (HD) diseases via the upregulation of synaptic signaling pathways. In contrast, in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) its effects are mediated by restoring mitochondrial function and energy precursors. Additionally, physical activity is associated with the downregulation of genes involved in inflammation in AD, neurogenesis in FTD, regulation of growth and transcriptional repression in PD, and glial cell differentiation in HD. Collectively, these findings suggest that physical activity directs transcriptional changes in the brain through different pathways across the broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. These results provide new evidence on the unique and shared mechanisms between physical activity and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judith A. Potashkin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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3
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Joshi L, Plastira I, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Koshenov Z, Graier WF, Vujic N, Kratky D, Rivera R, Chun J, Sattler W. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 (LPA 5) Knockout Ameliorates the Neuroinflammatory Response In Vivo and Modifies the Inflammatory and Metabolic Landscape of Primary Microglia In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071071. [PMID: 35406635 PMCID: PMC8998093 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation induces alterations in the finely tuned micromilieu of the brain that is continuously monitored by microglia. In the CNS, these changes include increased synthesis of the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a ligand for the six members of the LPA receptor family (LPA1-6). In mouse and human microglia, LPA5 belongs to a set of receptors that cooperatively detect danger signals in the brain. Engagement of LPA5 by LPA polarizes microglia toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, we studied the consequences of global LPA5 knockout (-/-) on neuroinflammatory parameters in a mouse endotoxemia model and in primary microglia exposed to LPA in vitro. A single endotoxin injection (5 mg/kg body weight) resulted in lower circulating concentrations of TNFα and IL-1β and significantly reduced gene expression of IL-6 and CXCL2 in the brain of LPS-injected LPA5-/- mice. LPA5 deficiency improved sickness behavior and energy deficits produced by low-dose (1.4 mg LPS/kg body weight) chronic LPS treatment. LPA5-/- microglia secreted lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokines in response to LPA and showed higher maximal mitochondrial respiration under basal and LPA-activated conditions, further accompanied by lower lactate release, decreased NADPH and GSH synthesis, and inhibited NO production. Collectively, our data suggest that LPA5 promotes neuroinflammation by transmiting pro-inflammatory signals during endotoxemia through microglial activation induced by LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Joshi
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Zhanat Koshenov
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Rivera
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (R.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (R.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
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4
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Modulation of Neurolipid Signaling and Specific Lipid Species in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212256. [PMID: 34830150 PMCID: PMC8620566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in aging populations. Recently, the regulation of neurolipid-mediated signaling and cerebral lipid species was shown in AD patients. The triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD), harboring βAPPSwe, PS1M146V, and tauP301L transgenes, mimics many critical aspects of AD neuropathology and progressively develops neuropathological markers. Thus, in the present study, 3xTg-AD mice have been used to test the involvement of the neurolipid-based signaling by endocannabinoids (eCB), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in relation to the lipid deregulation. [35S]GTPγS autoradiography was used in the presence of specific agonists WIN55,212-2, LPA and CYM5442, to measure the activity mediated by CB1, LPA1, and S1P1 Gi/0 coupled receptors, respectively. Consecutive slides were used to analyze the relative intensities of multiple lipid species by MALDI Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with microscopic anatomical resolution. The quantitative analysis of the astrocyte population was performed by immunohistochemistry. CB1 receptor activity was decreased in the amygdala and motor cortex of 3xTg-AD mice, but LPA1 activity was increased in the corpus callosum, motor cortex, hippocampal CA1 area, and striatum. Conversely, S1P1 activity was reduced in hippocampal areas. Moreover, the observed modifications on PC, PA, SM, and PI intensities in different brain areas depend on their fatty acid composition, including decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) phospholipids and increase of species containing saturated fatty acids (SFA). The regulation of some lipid species in specific brain regions together with the modulation of the eCB, LPA, and S1P signaling in 3xTg-AD mice indicate a neuroprotective adaptation to improve neurotransmission, relieve the myelination dysfunction, and to attenuate astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. These results could contribute to identify new therapeutic strategies based on the regulation of the lipid signaling in familial AD patients.
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5
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Rivera R, Williams NA, Kennedy GG, Sánchez-Pavón P, Chun J. Generation of an Lpar1-EGFP Fusion Knock-in Transgenic Mouse Line. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:619-627. [PMID: 34652685 PMCID: PMC8551097 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lysophospholipid that acts as an extracellular signal through the activation of cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). There are six known LPA receptors (LPA1-6). The first such receptor, LPA1, was identified in the embryonic brain and has been studied extensively for gene expression throughout the body, including through studies of receptor-null mice. However, identifying receptor protein expression in situ and in vivo within living cells and tissues has been difficult because of biologically low receptor expression and variable antibody specificity. To visualize native LPA1 receptor expression in situ, we generated a knock-in mouse produced by homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells to replace a wildtype Lpar1 allele with a mutant allele created by in-frame fusion of EGFP to the 4th exon of Lpar1 (Lpar1-EGFP knock-in allele). Homozygous knock-in mice appeared normal and the expected mendelian ratios of knock-in allele transmission were present in females and males. Histological assessments of the fetal and adult central nervous system (CNS) demonstrated expression patterns that were consistent with prior in situ hybridization studies. This new mouse line will be useful for studies of LPA1 in the developing and adult CNS, as well as other tissues, and for receptor assessments in living tissues and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rivera
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nyssa A Williams
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grace G Kennedy
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Pavón
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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6
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Xiao D, Su X, Gao H, Li X, Qu Y. The Roles of Lpar1 in Central Nervous System Disorders and Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:710473. [PMID: 34385905 PMCID: PMC8353257 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.710473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (Lpar1), which is found in almost all human tissues but is most abundant in the brain, can couple to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and participate in regulating cell proliferation, migration, survival, and apoptosis. Endothelial differentiation gene-2 receptor (Edg2), the protein encoded by the Lpar1 gene, is present on various cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), such as neural stem cells (NSCs), oligodendrocytes, neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Lpar1 deletion causes neurodevelopmental disorders and CNS diseases, such as brain cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders, demyelination diseases, and neuropathic pain. Here, we summarize the possible roles and mechanisms of Lpar1/Edg2 in CNS disorders and diseases and propose that Lpar1/Edg2 might be a potential therapeutic target for CNS disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Emergency, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Emergency, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Emergency, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Critical Roles of Lysophospholipid Receptors in Activation of Neuroglia and Their Neuroinflammatory Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157864. [PMID: 34360625 PMCID: PMC8346064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and/or astrocytes often releases proinflammatory molecules as critical pathogenic mediators that can promote neuroinflammation and secondary brain damages in diverse diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, controlling the activation of glial cells and their neuroinflammatory responses has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neuroinflammatory diseases. Recently, receptor-mediated lysophospholipid signaling, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor- and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor-mediated signaling in particular, has drawn scientific interest because of its critical roles in pathogenies of diverse neurological diseases such as neuropathic pain, systemic sclerosis, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, hydrocephalus, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Activation of microglia and/or astrocytes is a common pathogenic event shared by most of these CNS disorders, indicating that lysophospholipid receptors could influence glial activation. In fact, many studies have reported that several S1P and LPA receptors can influence glial activation during the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and multiple sclerosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework about the roles of S1P and LPA receptors in the activation of microglia and/or astrocytes and their neuroinflammatory responses in CNS diseases.
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8
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Choi JH, Oh J, Lee MJ, Ko SG, Nah SY, Cho IH. Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:384-398. [PMID: 33309911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin (GT), a glycolipoprotein fraction isolated from ginseng, exerts neuroprotective effects in models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, the in vivo role of GT in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been clearly resolved. We investigated the effect of GT in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. GT alleviated behavioral symptoms of EAE associated with reduced demyelination, diminished infiltration and activation of immune cells (microglia and macrophage), and decreased expression of inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord of the EAE group compared to that of the sham group. GT reduced the percentages of CD4+/IFN-γ+ (Th1) and CD4+/IL-17+ (Th17) cells but increased the population of CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ (Treg) cells in the spinal cord, in agreement with altered mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and TGF-ß in the spinal cord in concordance with mitigated blood-brain barrier disruption. The underlying mechanism is related to inhibition of the ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and the stabilization of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) via increased expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR) 1-3. Impressively, these beneficial effects of GT were completely neutralized by inhibiting LPARs with Ki16425, a LPAR1/3 antagonist. Our results strongly suggest that GT may be able to alleviate EAE due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities through LPARs. Therefore, GT is a potential therapeutic option for treating autoimmune disorders including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Oh
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Birgbauer E. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signalling in Nervous System Development and Function. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:68-85. [PMID: 33151452 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One class of molecules that are now coming to be recognized as essential for our understanding of the nervous system are the lysophospholipids. One of the major signaling lysophospholipids is lysophosphatidic acid, also known as LPA. LPA activates a variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) leading to a multitude of physiological responses. In this review, I describe our current understanding of the role of LPA and LPA receptor signaling in the development and function of the nervous system, especially the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, I highlight how aberrant LPA receptor signaling may underlie neuropathological conditions, with important clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Birgbauer
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA.
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10
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Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Yokoe T, Watanabe S, Nakamura Y, Kajitani N, Okada-Tsuchioka M, Takebayashi M, Nakata Y, Morioka N. Lysophosphatidic acid induces thrombospondin-1 production in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes. J Neurochem 2020; 158:849-864. [PMID: 33118159 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a brain membrane-derived lipid mediator, plays important roles including neural development, function, and behavior. In the present study, the effects of LPA on astrocyte-derived synaptogenesis factor thrombospondins (TSPs) production were examined by real-time PCR and western blotting, and the mechanism underlying this event was examined by pharmacological approaches in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes. Treatment of astrocytes with LPA increased TSP-1 mRNA, and TSP-2 mRNA, but not TSP-4 mRNA expression. TSP-1 protein expression and release were also increased by LPA. LPA-induced TSP-1 production were inhibited by AM966 a LPA1 receptor antagonist, and Ki16425, LPA1/3 receptors antagonist, but not by H2L5146303, LPA2 receptor antagonist. Pertussis toxin, Gi/o inhibitor, but not YM-254890, Gq inhibitor, and NF499, Gs inhibitor, inhibited LPA-induced TSP-1 production, indicating that LPA increases TSP-1 production through Gi/o-coupled LPA1 and LPA3 receptors. LPA treatment increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). LPA-induced TSP-1 mRNA expression was inhibited by U0126, MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, but not SB202190, p38 MAPK inhibitor, or SP600125, JNK inhibitor. However, LPA-induced TSP-1 protein expression was diminished with inhibition of all three MAPKs, indicating that these signaling molecules are involved in TSP-1 protein production. Treatment with antidepressants, which bind to astrocytic LPA1 receptors, increased TSP-1 mRNA and protein production. The current findings show that LPA/LPA1/3 receptors signaling increases TSP-1 production in astrocytes, which could be important in the pathogenesis of affective disorders and could potentially be a target for the treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Hisaoka-Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yokoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shintaro Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoto Kajitani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan
| | - Mami Okada-Tsuchioka
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Rivera RR, Lin M, Bornhop EC, Chun J. Conditional Lpar1 gene targeting identifies cell types mediating neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2020; 34:8833-8842. [PMID: 32929779 PMCID: PMC7383719 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000317r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
LPA1 is one of six known receptors (LPA1-6) for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Constitutive Lpar1 null mutant mice have been instrumental in identifying roles for LPA-LPA1 signaling in neurobiological processes, brain development, and behavior, as well as modeling human neurological diseases like neuropathic pain. Constitutive Lpar1 null mutant mice are protected from partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL)-induced neuropathic pain, however, the cell types that are functionally responsible for mediating this protective effect are unknown. Here, we report the generation of an Lpar1flox/flox conditional null mutant mouse that allows for cre-mediated conditional deletion, combined with a PSNL pain model. Lpar1flox/flox mice were crossed with cre transgenic lines driven by neural gene promoters for nestin (all neural cells), synapsin (neurons), or P0 (Schwann cells). CD11b-cre transgenic mice were also used to delete Lpar1 in microglia. PSNL-initiated pain responses were reduced following cre-mediated Lpar1 deletion with all three neural promoters as well as the CD11b promoter, supporting involvement of Schwann cells, central and/or peripheral neurons, and microglia in mediating pain. Interestingly, rescue responses were nonidentical, implicating distinct roles for Lpar1-expressing cell types. Our results with a new Lpar1 conditional mouse mutant expand an understanding of LPA1 signaling in the PSNL model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Rivera
- Degenerative Disease ProgramSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Mu‐En Lin
- Molecular Biology Department, Dorris Neuroscience CenterThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Present address:
RevMAb BiosciencesSouth San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Emily C. Bornhop
- Degenerative Disease ProgramSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Degenerative Disease ProgramSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
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12
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Amaral RF, Geraldo LHM, Einicker-Lamas M, E Spohr TCLDS, Mendes F, Lima FRS. Microglial lysophosphatidic acid promotes glioblastoma proliferation and migration via LPA 1 receptor. J Neurochem 2020; 156:499-512. [PMID: 32438456 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly aggressive primary brain tumors characterized by cellular heterogeneity, insensitivity to chemotherapy and poor patient survival. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lysophospholipid that acts as a bioactive signaling molecule and plays important roles in diverse biological events during development and disease, including several cancer types. Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, express high levels of Autotaxin (ATX,Enpp2), an enzyme that synthetizes LPA. Our study aimed to investigate the role of LPA on tumor growth and invasion in the context of microglia-GBM interaction. First, through bioinformatics studies, patient data analysis demonstrated that more aggressive GBM expressed higher levels of ENPP2, which was also associated with worse patient prognosis with proneural GBM. Using GBM-microglia co-culture system we then demonstrated that GBM secreted factors were able to increase LPA1 and ATX in microglia, which could be further enhanced by hypoxia. On the other hand, interaction with microglial cells also increased ATX expression in GBM. Furthermore, microglial-induced GBM proliferation and migration could be inhibited by pharmacological inhibition of LPA1 , suggesting that microglial-derived LPA could support tumor growth and invasion. Finally, increased LPA1 expression was observed in GBM comparing with other gliomas and could be also associated with worse patient survival. These results show for the first time a microglia-GBM interaction through the LPA pathway with relevant implications for tumor progression. A better understanding of this interaction can lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies setting LPA as a potential target for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rackele F Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz H M Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Einicker-Lamas
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania C L de S E Spohr
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia R S Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Chun J, Kihara Y, Jonnalagadda D, Blaho VA. Fingolimod: Lessons Learned and New Opportunities for Treating Multiple Sclerosis and Other Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 59:149-170. [PMID: 30625282 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya) was the first US Food and Drug Administration-approved oral therapy for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Research on modified fungal metabolites converged with basic science studies that had identified lysophospholipid (LP) sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, providing mechanistic insights on fingolimod while validating LP receptors as drug targets. Mechanism of action (MOA) studies identified receptor-mediated processes involving the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). These dual actions represent a more general theme for S1P and likely other LP receptor modulators. Fingolimod's direct CNS activities likely contribute to its efficacy in MS, with particular relevance to treating progressive disease stages and forms that involve neurodegeneration. The evolving understanding of fingolimod's MOA has provided strategies for developing next-generation compounds with superior attributes, suggesting new ways to target S1P as well as other LP receptor modulators for novel therapeutics in the CNS and other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Deepa Jonnalagadda
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Victoria A Blaho
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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14
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Plastira I, Bernhart E, Joshi L, Koyani CN, Strohmaier H, Reicher H, Malle E, Sattler W. MAPK signaling determines lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced inflammation in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:127. [PMID: 32326963 PMCID: PMC7178949 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the extracellular environment, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species are generated via autotaxin (ATX)-mediated hydrolysis of lysophospholipid precursors. Members of the LPA family are potent lipid mediators transmitting signals via six different G protein-coupled LPA receptors (LPAR1-6). The LPA signaling axis is indispensable for brain development and function of the nervous system; however, during damage of the central nervous system, LPA levels can increase and aberrant signaling events counteract brain function. Here, we investigated regulation of the ATX/LPA/LPAR axis in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation in mice and potential neurotoxic polarization programs in LPA-activated primary murine microglia. Methods In vivo, LPAR1-6 expression was established by qPCR in whole murine brain homogenates and in FACS-sorted microglia. ELISAs were used to quantitate LPA concentrations in the brain and cyto-/chemokine secretion from primary microglia in vitro. Transcription factor phosphorylation was analyzed by immunoblotting, and plasma membrane markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. We used MAPK inhibitors to study signal integration by the JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 branches in response to LPA-mediated activation of primary microglia. Results Under acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, we observed a significant increase in LPA concentrations and differential regulation of LPAR, ATX (encoded by ENPP2), and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (encoded by PLA2G4A) gene expression in the brain and FACS-sorted microglia. During pathway analyses in vitro, the use of specific MAPK antagonists (SP600125, SB203580, and PD98059) revealed that JNK and p38 inhibition most efficiently attenuated LPA-induced phosphorylation of proinflammatory transcription factors (STAT1 and -3, p65, and c-Jun) and secretion of IL-6 and TNFα. All three inhibitors decreased LPA-mediated secretion of IL-1β, CXCL10, CXCL2, and CCL5. The plasma membrane marker CD40 was solely inhibited by SP600125 while all three inhibitors affected expression of CD86 and CD206. All MAPK antagonists reduced intracellular COX-2 and Arg1 as well as ROS and NO formation, and neurotoxicity of microglia-conditioned media. Conclusion In the present study, we show that systemic inflammation induces aberrant ATX/LPA/LPAR homeostasis in the murine brain. LPA-mediated polarization of primary microglia via MAPK-dependent pathways induces features reminiscent of a neurotoxic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Plastira
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisha Joshi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Chintan N Koyani
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Strohmaier
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
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15
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1-O-alkyl glycerophosphate-induced CD36 expression drives oxidative stress in microglial cells. Cell Signal 2020; 65:109459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Plastira I, Joshi L, Bernhart E, Schoene J, Specker E, Nazare M, Sattler W. Small-Molecule Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 (LPAR5) Antagonists: Versatile Pharmacological Tools to Regulate Inflammatory Signaling in BV-2 Microglia Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:531. [PMID: 31849616 PMCID: PMC6897279 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species in the extracellular environment induce downstream signaling via six different G protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1–6). These signaling cascades are essential for normal brain development and function of the nervous system. However, in response to acute or chronic central nervous system (CNS) damage, LPA levels increase and aberrant signaling events can counteract brain function. Under neuro-inflammatory conditions signaling along the LPA/LPAR5 axis induces a potentially neurotoxic microglia phenotype indicating the need for new pharmacological intervention strategies. Therefore, we compared the effects of two novel small-molecule LPAR5 antagonists on LPA-induced polarization parameters of the BV-2 microglia cell line. AS2717638 is a selective piperidine-based LPAR5 antagonist (IC50 0.038 μM) while compound 3 is a diphenylpyrazole derivative with an IC50 concentration of 0.7 μM in BV-2 cells. Both antagonists compromised cell viability, however, at concentrations above their IC50 concentrations. Both inhibitors blunted LPA-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, p65, and c-Jun and consequently reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokines (IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, CXCL10, CXCL2, and CCL5) at non-toxic concentrations. Both compounds modulated the expression of intracellular (COX-2 and Arg1) and plasma membrane-located (CD40, CD86, and CD206) polarization markers yet only AS2717638 attenuated the neurotoxic potential of LPA-activated BV-2 cell-conditioned medium towards CATH.a neurons. Our findings from the present in vitro study suggest that the two LPAR5 antagonists represent valuable pharmacological tools to interfere with LPA-induced pro-inflammatory signaling cascades in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Plastira
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisha Joshi
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jens Schoene
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgar Specker
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Nazare
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charite & MDC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Gintonin, a ginseng-derived ingredient, as a novel therapeutic strategy for Huntington's disease: Activation of the Nrf2 pathway through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:146-162. [PMID: 30853569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin (GT), a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, regulates various cellular effects and represses inflammation. However, little is known about the potential value of GT regarding inflammation in the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD). In this study, we investigated whether GT could ameliorate the neurological impairment and striatal toxicity in cellular or animal model of HD. Pre-, co-, and onset-treatment with GT (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) alleviated the severity of neurological impairment and lethality following 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). Pretreatment with GT also attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction i.e. succinate dehydrogenase and MitoSOX activities, apoptosis, microglial activation, and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators i.e. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS in the striatum after 3-NPA-intoxication. Its action mechanism was associated with lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway activations and the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. These beneficial effects of GT were neutralized by pre-inhibiting LPARs with Ki16425 (a LPAR1/3 antagonist). Interestingly, GT reduced cell death and mutant huntingtin (HTT) aggregates in STHdh cells. It also mitigated neurological impairment in mice with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector serotype DJ-mediated overexpression of N171-82Q-mutant HTT in the striatum. Taken together, our findings firstly suggested that GT has beneficial effects with a wide therapeutic time-window in 3-NPA-induced striatal toxicity by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities through LPA. In addition, GT exerts neuroprotective effects in STHdh cells and AAV vector-infected model of HD. Thus GT might be an innovative therapeutic candidate to treat HD-like syndromes.
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18
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Suckau O, Gross I, Schrötter S, Yang F, Luo J, Wree A, Chun J, Baska D, Baumgart J, Kano K, Aoki J, Bräuer AU. LPA 1 , LPA 2 , LPA 4 , and LPA 6 receptor expression during mouse brain development. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:375-395. [PMID: 30847983 PMCID: PMC6593976 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LPA is a small bioactive phospholipid that acts as an extracellular signaling molecule and is involved in cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. LPA acts by binding and activating at least six known G protein–coupled receptors: LPA1–6. In recent years, LPA has been suggested to play an important role both in normal neuronal development and under pathological conditions in the nervous system. Results We show the expression pattern of LPA receptors during mouse brain development by using qRT‐PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry. Only LPA1, LPA2,LPA4, and LPA6 mRNA transcripts were detected throughout development stages from embryonic day 16 until postnatal day 30 of hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, and bulbus olfactorius in our experiments, while expression of LPA3 and LPA5 genes was below detection level. In addition to our qRT‐PCR results, we also analyzed the cellular protein expression of endogenous LPA receptors, with focus on LPA1 and LPA2 within postnatal brain slices and primary neuron differentiation with and without cytoskeleton stabilization and destabilization. Conclusions The expression of LPA receptors changes depends on the developmental stage in mouse brain and in cultured hippocampal primary neurons. Interestingly, we found that commercially available antibodies for LPA receptors are largely unspecific. LPA1, ‐2, ‐4, and ‐6 genes are dynamically expressed during postnatal brain development. LPA1, ‐2, ‐4, and ‐6 genes are differently expressed in the hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, and bulbus olfactorius. LPA1 and ‐2 gene expression alters during neuronal differentiation. LPA1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐4, and ‐6 genes are expressed in glia cells, but differed in gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Suckau
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Gross
- Institute of Anatomy, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Schrötter
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiankai Luo
- Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - David Baska
- Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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19
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Younger D, Murugan M, Rama Rao KV, Wu LJ, Chandra N. Microglia Receptors in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5202-5228. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Zhong L, Jiang X, Zhu Z, Qin H, Dinkins MB, Kong JN, Leanhart S, Wang R, Elsherbini A, Bieberich E, Zhao Y, Wang G. Lipid transporter Spns2 promotes microglia pro-inflammatory activation in response to amyloid-beta peptide. Glia 2018; 67:498-511. [PMID: 30484906 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis and exacerbation of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic bioactive lipid that regulates many pathophysiological processes including inflammation. We present evidence here that the spinster homolog 2 (Spns2), a S1P transporter, promotes microglia pro-inflammatory activation in vitro and in vivo. Spns2 knockout (Spns2KO) in primary cultured microglia resulted in significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and amyloid-beta peptide 1-42 oligomers (Aβ42) when compared with littermate controls. Fingolimod (FTY720), a S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) functional antagonist and FDA approved drug for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, partially blunted Aβ42-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine generation, suggesting that Spns2 promotes microglia pro-inflammatory activation through S1P-signaling. Spns2KO significantly reduced Aβ42-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activity. S1P increased, while FTY720 dampened, Aβ42-induced NFκB activity, suggesting that Spns2 activates microglia inflammation through, at least partially, NFκB pathway. Spns2KO mouse brains showed significantly reduced Aβ42-induced microglia activation/accumulation and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines when compared with age-matched controls. More interestingly, Spns2KO ameliorated Aβ42-induced working memory deficit detected by Y-Maze. In summary, these results suggest that Spns2 promotes pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia and may play a crucial role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Zhong
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Michael B Dinkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ji-Na Kong
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Silvia Leanhart
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca Wang
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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21
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McDonald WS, Jones EE, Wojciak JM, Drake RR, Sabbadini RA, Harris NG. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mapping of Lysophosphatidic Acid Changes after Traumatic Brain Injury and the Relationship to Cellular Pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1779-1793. [PMID: 30037420 PMCID: PMC6099387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) levels increase in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood within 24 hours after traumatic brain injury (TBI), indicating it may be a biomarker for subsequent cellular pathology. However, no data exist that document this association after TBI. We, therefore, acquired matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry data of LPA, major LPA metabolites, and hemoglobin from adult rat brains at 1 and 3 hours after controlled cortical impact injury. Data were semiquantitatively assessed by signal intensity analysis normalized to naïve rat brains acquired concurrently. Gray and white matter pathology was assessed on adjacent sections using immunohistochemistry for cell death, axonal injury, and intracellular LPA, to determine the spatiotemporal patterning of LPA corresponding to pathology. The results revealed significant increases in LPA and LPA precursors at 1 hour after injury and robust enhancement in LPA diffusively throughout the brain at 3 hours after injury. Voxel-wise analysis of LPA by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and β-amyloid precursor protein by immunohistochemistry in adjacent sections showed significant association, raising the possibility that LPA is linked to secondary axonal injury. Total LPA and metabolites were also present in remotely injured areas, including cerebellum and brain stem, and in particular thalamus, where intracellular LPA is associated with cell death. LPA may be a useful biomarker of cellular pathology after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S McDonald
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth E Jones
- Medical University of South Carolina Proteomics Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Richard R Drake
- Medical University of South Carolina Proteomics Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Neil G Harris
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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22
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Kwon JH, Gaire BP, Park SJ, Shin DY, Choi JW. Identifying lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype 1 (LPA 1) as a novel factor to modulate microglial activation and their TNF-α production by activating ERK1/2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1237-1245. [PMID: 30071304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia regulate immune responses in the brain, and their activation is key to the pathogenesis of diverse neurological diseases. Receptor-mediated lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling has been known to regulate microglial biology, but it is still unclear which receptor subtypes guide the biology, particularly, microglial activation. Here, we investigated the pathogenic aspects of LPA receptor subtype 1 (LPA1) in microglial activation using a systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration-induced septic mouse model in vivo and LPS-stimulated rat primary microglia in vitro. LPA1 knockdown in the brain with its specific shRNA lentivirus attenuated the sepsis-induced microglia activation, morphological transformation, and proliferation. LPA1 knockdown also resulted in the downregulation of TNF-α, at both mRNA and protein levels in septic brains, but not IL-1β or IL-6. In rat primary microglia, genetic or pharmacological blockade of LPA1 attenuated gene upregulation and secretion of TNF-α in LPS-stimulated cells. In particular, the latter was associated with the suppressed TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) activity. We reaffirmed these biological aspects using a BV2 microglial cell line in which LPA1 expression was negligible. LPA1 overexpression in BV2 cells led to significant increments in TNF-α production upon stimulation with LPS, whereas inhibiting LPA1 reversed the production. We further identified ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK or Akt, as the underlying effector pathway after LPA1 activation in both septic brains and stimulated microglia. The current findings of the novel role of LPA1 in microglial activation along with its mechanistic aspects could be applied to understanding the pathogenesis of diverse neurological diseases that involve microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyun Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yoon Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Suppiramaniam V, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Autotaxin⁻Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071827. [PMID: 29933579 PMCID: PMC6073975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain contains various forms of lipids that are important for maintaining its structural integrity and regulating various signaling cascades. Autotaxin (ATX) is an ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-2 enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular lysophospholipids into the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is a major bioactive lipid which acts through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and plays an important role in mediating cellular signaling processes. The majority of synthesized LPA is derived from membrane phospholipids through the action of the secreted enzyme ATX. Both ATX and LPA are highly expressed in the central nervous system. Dysfunctional expression and activity of ATX with associated changes in LPA signaling have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review focuses on the current understanding of LPA signaling, with emphasis on the importance of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidic acid (ATX–LPA) pathway and its alterations in AD and a brief note on future therapeutic applications based on ATX–LPA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Trépanier MO, Hopperton KE, Giuliano V, Masoodi M, Bazinet RP. Increased brain docosahexaenoic acid has no effect on the resolution of neuroinflammation following intracerebroventricular lipopolysaccharide injection. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:115-126. [PMID: 29792954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation in the periphery was once thought to be a passive process, but new research now suggests it is an active process mediated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). However, this has yet to be illustrated in neuroinflammation. The purpose of this study was to measure resolution of neuroinflammation and to test whether increasing brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affects the resolution of neuroinflammation. C57Bl/6 mice, fat-1 mice and their wildtype littermates, fed either fish oil or safflower oil, received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the left lateral ventricle. Animals were then euthanized at various time points for immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and lipidomic analyses. Peak microglial activation was observed at 5 days post-surgery and the resolution index was 10 days. Of the approximately 350 genes significantly changed over the 28 days post LPS injection, 130 were uniquely changed at 3 days post injection. No changes were observed in the bioactive mediator pools. However, a few lysophospholipid species were decreased at 24hr post surgery. When brain DHA is increased, microglial cell density did not resolve faster and did not alter gene expression. In conclusion, resolution of neuroinflammation appears to be independent of SPM. Increasing brain DHA had no effect in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Vanessa Giuliano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Lipid Biology, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
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25
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Banks DB, Chan GN, Evans RA, Miller DS, Cannon RE. Lysophosphatidic acid and amitriptyline signal through LPA1R to reduce P-glycoprotein transport at the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:857-868. [PMID: 28447863 PMCID: PMC5987938 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17705786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a microvascular network that (1) provides neuroprotection from metabolic and environmental toxins and (2) limits the delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS). The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein contributes to the latter by actively pumping clinical substrates back into circulation before they can reach the brain parenchyma. Targeting P-glycoprotein has proven effective in increasing the delivery of therapeutics to their cerebral targets. We provide a novel mechanism to achieve this end in functioning, intact rat brain capillaries, whereby the bioactive phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) amitriptyline reduce basal P-glycoprotein transport activity through a distinct lysophosphatidic acid 1 receptor-mediated signaling cascade that requires G-protein coupling, Src kinase, and ERK 1/2. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of LPA and TCA amitriptyline to decrease induced P-glycoprotein transport activity in a human SOD1 transgenic rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This work may translate to new clinical strategies for increasing the cerebral penetration of therapeutics in patients suffering from CNS diseases marked by exacerbated pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Banks
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary Ny Chan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca A Evans
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Miller
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ronald E Cannon
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
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26
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Dario MFR, Sara T, Estela CO, Margarita PM, Guillermo ET, Fernando RDF, Javier SL, Carmen P. Stress, Depression, Resilience and Ageing: A Role for the LPA-LPA1 Pathway. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:271-283. [PMID: 28699486 PMCID: PMC5843979 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170710200352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress affects health and the quality of life, with its effects being particularly relevant in ageing due to the psychobiological characteristics of this population. However, while some people develop psychiatric disorders, especially depression, others seem very capable of dealing with adversity. There is no doubt that along with the identification of neurobiological mechanisms involved in developing depression, discovering which factors are involved in positive adaptation under circumstances of extreme difficulty will be crucial for promoting resilience. METHODS Here, we review recent work in our laboratory, using an animal model lacking the LPA1 receptor, together with pharmacological studies and clinical evidence for the possible participation of the LPA1 receptor in mood and resilience to stress. RESULTS Substantial evidence has shown that the LPA1 receptor is involved in emotional regulation and in coping responses to chronic stress, which, if dysfunctional, may induce vulnerability to stress and predisposition to the development of depression. Given that there is commonality of mechanisms between those involved in negative consequences of stress and in ageing, this is not surprising, considering that the LPA1 receptor may be involved in coping with adversity during ageing. CONCLUSION Alterations in this receptor may be a susceptibility factor for the presence of depression and cognitive deficits in the elderly population. However, because this is only a promising hypothesis based on previous data, future studies should focus on the involvement of the LPA-LPA1 pathway in coping with stress and resilience in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno-Fernández Román Dario
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Tabbai Sara
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Castilla-Ortega Estela
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Pérez-Martín Margarita
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de
Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Estivill-Torrús Guillermo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitarios de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Santin Luis Javier
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Pedraza Carmen
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
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Plastira I, Bernhart E, Goeritzer M, DeVaney T, Reicher H, Hammer A, Lohberger B, Wintersperger A, Zucol B, Graier WF, Kratky D, Malle E, Sattler W. Lysophosphatidic acid via LPA-receptor 5/protein kinase D-dependent pathways induces a motile and pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:253. [PMID: 29258556 PMCID: PMC5735906 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species transmit signals via six different G protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6) and are indispensible for brain development and function of the nervous system. However, under neuroinflammatory conditions or brain damage, LPA levels increase, thereby inducing signaling cascades that counteract brain function. We describe a critical role for 1-oleyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (termed "LPA" throughout our study) in mediating a motile and pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype via LPAR5 that couples to protein kinase D (PKD)-mediated pathways. METHODS Using the xCELLigence system and time-lapse microscopy, we investigated the migrational response of microglial cells. Different M1 and M2 markers were analyzed by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting. Using qPCR and ELISA, we studied the expression of migratory genes and quantitated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, respectively. Different transcription factors that promote the regulation of pro-inflammatory genes were analyzed by western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis, and microglial cytotoxicity were determined using commercially available assay kits. RESULTS LPA induces MAPK family and AKT activation and pro-inflammatory transcription factors' phosphorylation (NF-κB, c-Jun, STAT1, and STAT3) that were inhibited by both LPAR5 and PKD family antagonists. LPA increases migratory capacity, induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and expression of M1 markers, enhances production of ROS and NO by microglia, and augments cytotoxicity of microglial cell-conditioned medium towards neurons. The PKD family inhibitor blunted all of these effects. We propose that interference with this signaling axis could aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches to control neuroinflammation under conditions of overshooting LPA production. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we show that inflammatory LPA levels increased the migratory response of microglia and promoted a pro-inflammatory phenotype via the LPAR5/PKD axis. Interference with this signaling axis reduced microglial migration, blunted microglial cytotoxicity, and abrogated the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Plastira
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - E. Bernhart
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M. Goeritzer
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T. DeVaney
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - H. Reicher
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - A. Hammer
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - B. Lohberger
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A. Wintersperger
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - B. Zucol
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - W. F. Graier
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D. Kratky
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - E. Malle
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - W. Sattler
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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Korvers L, de Andrade Costa A, Mersch M, Matyash V, Kettenmann H, Semtner M. Spontaneous Ca 2+ transients in mouse microglia. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:396-406. [PMID: 27697289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system and many of their physiological functions are known to be linked to intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling. Here we show that isolated and purified mouse microglia-either freshly or cultured-display spontaneous and transient Ca2+ elevations lasting for around ten to twenty seconds and occurring at frequencies of around five to ten events per hour and cell. The events were absent after depletion of internal Ca2+ stores, by phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition or blockade of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), but not by removal of extracellular Ca2+, indicating that Ca2+ is released from endoplasmic reticulum intracellular stores. We furthermore provide evidence that autocrine ATP release and subsequent activation of purinergic P2Y receptors is not the trigger for these events. Spontaneous Ca2+ transients did also occur after stimulation with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in glioma-associated microglia, but their kinetics differed from control conditions. We hypothesize that spontaneous Ca2+ transients reflect aspects of cellular homeostasis that are linked to regular and patho-physiological functions of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Korvers
- Max-Delbrueck-Centrum for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Cellular Neurosciences, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amanda de Andrade Costa
- Max-Delbrueck-Centrum for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Cellular Neurosciences, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Mersch
- Max-Delbrueck-Centrum for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Cellular Neurosciences, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vitali Matyash
- Max-Delbrueck-Centrum for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Cellular Neurosciences, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max-Delbrueck-Centrum for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Cellular Neurosciences, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Max-Delbrueck-Centrum for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Cellular Neurosciences, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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Fukano Y, Okino N, Furuya S, Ito M. A label-free impedance-based whole cell assay revealed a new G protein-coupled receptor ligand for mouse microglial cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:624-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Plastira I, Bernhart E, Goeritzer M, Reicher H, Kumble VB, Kogelnik N, Wintersperger A, Hammer A, Schlager S, Jandl K, Heinemann A, Kratky D, Malle E, Sattler W. 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:205. [PMID: 27565558 PMCID: PMC5002165 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the CNS, rapidly respond to brain injury and disease by altering their morphology and phenotype to adopt an activated state. Microglia can exist broadly between two different states, namely the classical (M1) and the alternative (M2) phenotype. The first is characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species. In contrast, alternatively activated microglia are typified by an anti-inflammatory phenotype supporting wound healing and debris clearance. The objective of the present study was to determine the outcome of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-mediated signaling events on microglia polarization. Methods LPA receptor expression and cyto-/chemokine mRNA levels in BV-2 and primary murine microglia (PMM) were determined by qPCR. M1/M2 marker expression was analyzed by Western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, or flow cytometry. Cyto-/chemokine secretion was quantitated by ELISA. Results BV-2 cells express LPA receptor 2 (LPA2), 3, 5, and 6, whereas PMM express LPA1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. We show that LPA treatment of BV-2 and PMM leads to a shift towards a pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype. LPA treatment increased CD40 and CD86 (M1 markers) and reduced CD206 (M2 marker) expression. LPA increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 levels (both M1), while the M2 marker Arginase-1 was suppressed in BV-2 cells. Immunofluorescence studies (iNOS, COX-2, Arginase-1, and RELMα) extended these findings to PMM. Upregulation of M1 markers in BV-2 and PMM was accompanied by increased cyto-/chemokine transcription and secretion (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, CCL5, and CXCL2). The pharmacological LPA5 antagonist TCLPA5 blunted most of these pro-inflammatory responses. Conclusions LPA drives BV-2 and PMM towards a pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype. Suppression by TCLPA5 indicates that the LPA/LPA5 signaling axis could represent a potential pharmacological target to interfere with microglia polarization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Plastira
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Madeleine Goeritzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Vishwanath Bhat Kumble
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Wintersperger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefanie Schlager
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Parimisetty A, Dorsemans AC, Awada R, Ravanan P, Diotel N, Lefebvre d’Hellencourt C. Secret talk between adipose tissue and central nervous system via secreted factors-an emerging frontier in the neurodegenerative research. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:67. [PMID: 27012931 PMCID: PMC4806498 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
First seen as a storage organ, the white adipose tissue (WAT) is now considered as an endocrine organ. WAT can produce an array of bioactive factors known as adipokines acting at physiological level and playing a vital role in energy metabolism as well as in immune response. The global effect of adipokines in metabolic activities is well established, but their impact on the physiology and the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS) remains poorly defined. Adipokines are not only produced by the WAT but can also be expressed in the CNS where receptors for these factors are present. When produced in periphery and to affect the CNS, these factors may either cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) or modify the BBB physiology by acting on cells forming the BBB. Adipokines could regulate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress which are two major physiological processes involved in neurodegeneration and are associated with many chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on four important adipokines (leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and TNFα) and one lipokine (lysophosphatidic acid-LPA) associated with autotaxin, its producing enzyme. Their potential effects on neurodegeneration and brain repair (neurogenesis) will be discussed. Understanding and regulating these adipokines could be an interesting lead to novel therapeutic strategy in order to counteract neurodegenerative disorders and/or promote brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Parimisetty
- />Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490 France
- />Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), plateforme CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490 France
| | - Anne-Claire Dorsemans
- />Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490 France
- />Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), plateforme CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490 France
| | - Rana Awada
- />Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- />Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- />Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490 France
- />Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), plateforme CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490 France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d’Hellencourt
- />Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490 France
- />Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), plateforme CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, F-97490 France
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Kozian DH, von Haeften E, Joho S, Czechtizky W, Anumala UR, Roux P, Dudda A, Evers A, Nazare M. Modulation of Hexadecyl-LPA-Mediated Activation of Mast Cells and Microglia by a Chemical Probe for LPA5. Chembiochem 2016; 17:861-5. [PMID: 26812365 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and microglia play a critical role in innate immunity and inflammation and can be activated by a wide range of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has recently been reported to activate mast cells and microglia. Using the human mast cell line HMC-1 and the mouse microglia cell line BV-2, we show that LPA-mediated activation can be prevented by blockade of the LPA receptor 5 (LPA5) in both cell lines. The identification of new LPA5-specific antagonists as tool compounds to probe and modulate the LPA5/LPA axis in relevant in vitro and in vivo assays should contribute to better understanding of the underlying role of LPAs in the development and progression of (neuro-) inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef H Kozian
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, 65962, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | - Sabrina Joho
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, 65962, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Werngard Czechtizky
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, 65962, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Upendra R Anumala
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie FMP, Campus Berlin Buch, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascale Roux
- Sanofi SA, 1541, avenue Marcel Merieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Angela Dudda
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, 65962, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Evers
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, 65962, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marc Nazare
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie FMP, Campus Berlin Buch, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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Jeong SY, Jeon R, Choi YK, Jung JE, Liang A, Xing C, Wang X, Lo EH, Song YS. Activation of microglial Toll-like receptor 3 promotes neuronal survival against cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2015; 136:851-858. [PMID: 26603372 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging experimental evidence suggests that activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) by its agonist polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly-ICLC) protects neurons against cerebral ischemia, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the brain, TLR3 is mostly expressed in glial cells. Therefore, we assess the hypothesis that TLR3 activation in microglia is required for neuroprotection against ischemia. After transient focal cerebral ischemia, microglia/macrophages (MMs) demonstrate a significant reduction in TLR3 and its downstream cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Subsequently, activation of TLR3 by poly-ICLC restored TLR3 expression and decreased infarction. To further investigate these mechanisms, we turned to a primary cell culture system. Consistent with the in vivo findings, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) significantly reduced TLR3 and IL-6 mRNA expression in microglia, but poly-ICLC significantly rescued TLR3 and IL-6 expression. Importantly, conditioned media from OGD-treated microglia increased neuronal death after OGD. In contrast, the conditioned media from microglia treated with poly-ICLC after OGD significantly protected against OGD-induced neuron death. Taken together, our findings provide proof-of-concept that activation of TLR3 in microglia may promote neuron survival after ischemia. We assessed the hypothesis that Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation in microglia is required for neuroprotection against ischemia. After transient focal cerebral ischemia, microglia/macrophage demonstrates a reduction in TLR3 and Interleukin 6 (IL-6). Also, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) reduces TLR3 and IL-6 expression in microglia, but polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly-ICLC) rescues TLR3 and IL-6. Importantly, conditioned media from microglia treated with poly-ICLC protects against OGD-induced neuron death. We propose that activation of TLR3 in microglia may promote neuron survival after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yeon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Raok Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joo Eun Jung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Liang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Changhong Xing
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yun Seon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Activation of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Type 1 Contributes to Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2015; 35:10224-35. [PMID: 26180199 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4703-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an extracellular lipid mediator involved in many physiological functions that signals through six known G-protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-LPA6). A wide range of LPA effects have been identified in the CNS, including neural progenitor cell physiology, astrocyte and microglia activation, neuronal cell death, axonal retraction, and development of neuropathic pain. However, little is known about the involvement of LPA in CNS pathologies. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that LPA signaling via LPA1 contributes to secondary damage after spinal cord injury. LPA levels increase in the contused spinal cord parenchyma during the first 14 d. To model this potential contribution of LPA in the spinal cord, we injected LPA into the normal spinal cord, revealing that LPA induces microglia/macrophage activation and demyelination. Use of a selective LPA1 antagonist or mice lacking LPA1 linked receptor-mediated signaling to demyelination, which was in part mediated by microglia. Finally, we demonstrate that selective blockade of LPA1 after spinal cord injury results in reduced demyelination and improvement in locomotor recovery. Overall, these results support LPA-LPA1 signaling as a novel pathway that contributes to secondary damage after spinal cord contusion in mice and suggest that LPA1 antagonism might be useful for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study reveals that LPA signaling via LPA receptor type 1 activation causes demyelination and functional deficits after spinal cord injury.
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that is present in all tissues examined to date. LPA signals extracellularly via cognate G protein-coupled receptors to mediate cellular processes such as survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion and morphology. These LPA-influenced processes impact many aspects of organismal development. In particular, LPA signalling has been shown to affect fertility and reproduction, formation of the nervous system, and development of the vasculature. Here and in the accompanying poster, we review the developmentally related features of LPA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sheng
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yun C Yung
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Allison Chen
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Awada R, Saulnier-Blache JS, Grès S, Bourdon E, Rondeau P, Parimisetty A, Orihuela R, Harry GJ, d'Hellencourt CL. Autotaxin downregulates LPS-induced microglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:2123-32. [PMID: 25053164 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is essential in defense against infection or injury. It is tightly regulated, as over-response can be detrimental, especially in immune-privileged organs such as the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia constitutes the major source of inflammatory factors, but are also involved in the regulation of the inflammation and in the reparation. Autotaxin (ATX), a phospholipase D, converts lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and is upregulated in several CNS injuries. LPA, a pleiotropic immunomodulatory factor, can induce multiple cellular processes including morphological changes, proliferation, death, and survival. We investigated ATX effects on microglia inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mimicking gram-negative infection. Murine BV-2 microglia and stable transfected, overexpressing ATX-BV-2 (A +) microglia were treated with LPS. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 mRNA and proteins levels were examined by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Secreted LPA was quantified by a radioenzymatic assay and microglial activation markers (CD11b, CD14, B7.1, and B7.2) were determined by flow cytometry. ATX expression and LPA production were significantly enhanced in LPS treated BV-2 cells. LPS induction of mRNA and protein level for TNFα and IL-6 were inhibited in A+ cells, while IL-10 was increased. CD11b, CD14, and B7.1, and B7.2 expressions were reduced in A+ cells. Our results strongly suggest deactivation of microglia and an IL-10 inhibitory of ATX with LPS induced microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Awada
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité (GEICO) EA 4516, Université de La Réunion, 15 avenue R. Cassin, CS 92003, 97715, Saint Denis Cedex and Plateforme CYROI, 2 Rue Maxime Rivière, BP 80 005, Sainte Clotilde Cedex, Reunion Island, France
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González de San Román E, Manuel I, Giralt MT, Chun J, Estivill-Torrús G, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ, Ferrer I, Rodríguez-Puertas R. Anatomical location of LPA1 activation and LPA phospholipid precursors in rodent and human brain. J Neurochem 2015; 134:471-85. [PMID: 25857358 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a signaling molecule that binds to six known G protein-coupled receptors: LPA1 -LPA6 . LPA evokes several responses in the CNS, including cortical development and folding, growth of the axonal cone and its retraction process. Those cell processes involve survival, migration, adhesion proliferation, differentiation, and myelination. The anatomical localization of LPA1 is incompletely understood, particularly with regard to LPA binding. Therefore, we have used functional [(35) S]GTPγS autoradiography to verify the anatomical distribution of LPA1 binding sites in adult rodent and human brain. The greatest activity was observed in myelinated areas of the white matter such as corpus callosum, internal capsule and cerebellum. MaLPA1 -null mice (a variant of LPA1 -null) lack [(35) S]GTPγS basal binding in white matter areas, where the LPA1 receptor is expressed at high levels, suggesting a relevant role of the activity of this receptor in the most myelinated brain areas. In addition, phospholipid precursors of LPA were localized by MALDI-IMS in both rodent and human brain slices identifying numerous species of phosphatides and phosphatidylcholines. Both phosphatides and phosphatidylcholines species represent potential LPA precursors. The anatomical distribution of these precursors in rodent and human brain may indicate a metabolic relationship between LPA and LPA1 receptors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a signaling molecule that binds to six known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), LPA1 to LPA6 . LPA evokes several responses in the central nervous system (CNS), including cortical development and folding, growth of the axonal cone and its retraction process. We used functional [(35) S]GTPγS autoradiography to verify the anatomical distribution of LPA1 -binding sites in adult rodent and human brain. The distribution of LPA1 receptors in rat, mouse and human brains show the highest activity in white matter myelinated areas. The basal and LPA-evoked activities are abolished in MaLPA1 -null mice. The phospholipid precursors of LPA are localized by MALDI-IMS. The anatomical distribution of LPA precursors in rodent and human brain suggests a relationship with functional LPA1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Manuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - María Teresa Giralt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrús
- UGC Intercentros de Neurociencias y UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional de Málaga y Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Intercentros de Neurociencias y UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional de Málaga y Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Santín
- Departmento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Ciberned, Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Puertas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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Abstract
The brain is composed of many lipids with varied forms that serve not only as structural components but also as essential signaling molecules. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important bioactive lipid species that is part of the lysophospholipid (LP) family. LPA is primarily derived from membrane phospholipids and signals through six cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), LPA1-6. These receptors are expressed on most cell types within central and peripheral nervous tissues and have been functionally linked to many neural processes and pathways. This Review covers a current understanding of LPA signaling in the nervous system, with particular focus on the relevance of LPA to both physiological and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun C Yung
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole C Stoddard
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hope Mirendil
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Sharma P, Ping L. Calcium ion influx in microglial cells: physiological and therapeutic significance. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:409-23. [PMID: 24464907 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), exhibit a resting phenotype under healthy conditions. In response to injury, however, they transform into an activated state, which is a hallmark feature of many CNS diseases. Factors or agents released from the neurons, blood vessels, and/or astrocytes could activate these cells, leading to their functional and structural modifications. Microglial cells are well equipped to sense environmental changes within the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions. Entry of calcium ions (Ca(2+)) plays a critical role in the process of microglial transformation; several channels and receptors have been identified on the surface of microglial cells. These include store-operated channel, Orai1, and its sensor protein, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), in microglial cells, and their functions are modulated under pathological stimulations. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage- and ligand-gated channels (ionotropic and metabotropic receptors) are also responsible for Ca(2+) influx into the microglial cells. An elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration subsequently regulates microglial cell functions by activating a diverse array of Ca(2+)-sensitive signaling cascades. Perturbed Ca(2+) homeostasis contributes to the progression of a number of CNS disorders. Thus, regulation of Ca(2+) entry into microglial cells could be a pharmacological target for several CNS-related pathological conditions. This Review addresses the recent insights into microglial cell Ca(2+) influx mechanisms, their roles in the regulation of functions, and alterations of Ca(2+) entry in specific CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Sharma
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Physiology, Basni Industrial Area Phase II Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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40
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Potential roles of adenosine deaminase-2 in diabetic retinopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:355-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brawek B, Garaschuk O. Microglial calcium signaling in the adult, aged and diseased brain. Cell Calcium 2013; 53:159-69. [PMID: 23395344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident immune cells of the CNS. They mediate innate immune response of the brain to injury, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Apart from their role in disease they are critically involved in the development and plasticity-driven reorganization of neuronal networks and the homeostatic maintenance of brain tissue. Accumulating in vitro evidence suggests that executive functions of microglia are coupled to the intracellular Ca(2+) signaling of these cells. So far, however, very little is known about microglial Ca(2+) signaling in situ or in vivo, both in the healthy and in the diseased brain. Here, we summarize the recent in vivo/in situ findings and compare the properties of surveillant microglia in these preparations with those of microglia in vitro. The data suggest that surveillant microglia rarely show spontaneous Ca(2+) transients, express fewer functional receptors directly coupled to changes in the intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration on their surface, but vividly respond with Ca(2+) transients to cell or tissue damage in their microenvironment. Interestingly, some of these properties microglia share with monocytes engrafting in the brain under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Brawek
- Institute of Physiology II, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
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Ueda H, Matsunaga H, Olaposi OI, Nagai J. Lysophosphatidic acid: Chemical signature of neuropathic pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kashimoto R, Yamanaka H, Kobayashi K, Okubo M, Yagi H, Mimura O, Noguchi K. Phosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) protein in spinal microglia following peripheral nerve injury and lysophosphatidic acid administration. Glia 2012; 61:338-48. [PMID: 23065679 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury activates spinal glial cells, which may contribute to the development of pain behavioral hypersensitivity. There is growing evidence that activated microglia show dynamic changes in cell morphology; however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the modification of the membrane and cytoskeleton of microglia are not known. Here, we investigated the phosphorylation of ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury. ERM is known to function as membrane-cytoskeletal linkers and be localized at filopodia- and microvilli-like structures. ERM proteins must be phosphorylated at a specific C-terminal threonine residue to be in the active state. The nature of ERM proteins in the spinal cord of animals in a neuropathic pain model has not been investigated and characterized. In the present study, we observed an increase in the phosphorylated ERM in the spinal microglia following spared nerve injury. The intrathecal administration of lysophosphatidic acid induced the phosphorylation of ERM proteins in microglia along with the development of mechanical pain hypersensitivity. Intrathecal administration of ERM antisense locked nucleic acid suppressed nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia and decreased the phosphorylation of ERM, but not the Iba1 staining pattern, in spinal glial cells. These findings suggest that lysophosphatidic acid induced the phosphorylation of ERM proteins in spinal microglia and may be involved in the emergence of neuropathic pain. These findings may underlie the pathological mechanisms of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kashimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Choi JW, Chun J. Lysophospholipids and their receptors in the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:20-32. [PMID: 22884303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), two of the best-studied lysophospholipids, are known to influence diverse biological events, including organismal development as well as function and pathogenesis within multiple organ systems. These functional roles are due to a family of at least 11 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), named LPA(1-6) and S1P(1-5), which are widely distributed throughout the body and that activate multiple effector pathways initiated by a range of heterotrimeric G proteins including G(i/o), G(12/13), G(q) and G(s), with actual activation dependent on receptor subtypes. In the central nervous system (CNS), a major locus for these signaling pathways, LPA and S1P have been shown to influence myriad responses in neurons and glial cell types through their cognate receptors. These receptor-mediated activities can contribute to disease pathogenesis and have therapeutic relevance to human CNS disorders as demonstrated for multiple sclerosis (MS) and possibly others that include congenital hydrocephalus, ischemic stroke, neurotrauma, neuropsychiatric disorders, developmental disorders, seizures, hearing loss, and Sandhoff disease, based upon the experimental literature. In particular, FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya, Novartis Pharma, AG) that becomes an analog of S1P upon phosphorylation, was approved by the FDA in 2010 as a first oral treatment for MS, validating this class of receptors as medicinal targets. This review will provide an overview and update on the biological functions of LPA and S1P signaling in the CNS, with a focus on results from studies using genetic null mutants for LPA and S1P receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woong Choi
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Goldshmit Y, Matteo R, Sztal T, Ellett F, Frisca F, Moreno K, Crombie D, Lieschke GJ, Currie PD, Sabbadini RA, Pébay A. Blockage of lysophosphatidic acid signaling improves spinal cord injury outcomes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:978-92. [PMID: 22819724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests a proinflammatory role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in various pathologic abnormalities, including in the central nervous system. Herein, we describe LPA as an important mediator of inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) in zebrafish and mice. Furthermore, we describe a novel monoclonal blocking antibody raised against LPA that potently inhibits LPA's effect in vitro and in vivo. This antibody, B3, specifically binds LPA, prevents it from interacting with its complement of receptors, and blocks LPA's effects on the neuronal differentiation of human neural stem/progenitor cells, demonstrating its specificity toward LPA signaling. When administered systemically to mice subjected to SCI, B3 substantially reduced glial inflammation and neuronal death. B3-treated animals demonstrated significantly more neuronal survival upstream of the lesion site, with some functional improvement. This study describes the use of anti-LPA monoclonal antibody as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of SCI.
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Abstract
LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) is a bioactive phospholipid having diverse effects on various types of tissues. When NMuMG (normal murine mammary gland) cells were cultured in the presence of 0-10 μM LPA, cell numbers were increased by dose dependency for the 6-day culture periods (P<0.05). In DNA synthesis assay, 10 μM LPA induced 4.5-fold more DNA synthesis compared with control (P<0.05). In addition, the cultured cell density in the given area was increased by LPA treatment. MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) inhibitor GM6001 and EGFR [EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor] tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 [tyrphostin AG1478, 4-(3-chloroanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline] significantly decreased LPA-induced DNA synthesis and cell growth without cell death (P<0.05). To test the hypothesis that LPA-induced cell growth is mediated through LPA subtype receptors, LPA subtype receptor gene expressions were amplified by PCR. NMuMG cells expressed LPA1 and LPA2 receptor genes in the presence of 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum). LPA treatments increased ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) phosphorylation at 30 min and then dephosphorylated at 2 h after treatment. LPA treatment phosphorylated at tyrosine residues on a variety of Gi and PI3-dependent signal transducers in NMuMG cells. These results suggest that LPA subtype receptors play a role as the active transactivator of EGFR-associated kinases as well as direct growth regulator in mammary tissues.
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Microglial Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels are possible molecular targets for the analgesic effects of S-ketamine on neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 2012; 31:17370-82. [PMID: 22131399 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4152-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is an important analgesia clinically used for both acute and chronic pain. The acute analgesic effects of ketamine are generally believed to be mediated by the inhibition of NMDA receptors in nociceptive neurons. However, the inhibition of neuronal NMDA receptors cannot fully account for its potent analgesic effects on chronic pain because there is a significant discrepancy between their potencies. The possible effect of ketamine on spinal microglia was first examined because hyperactivation of spinal microglia after nerve injury contributes to neuropathic pain. Optically pure S-ketamine preferentially suppressed the nerve injury-induced development of tactile allodynia and hyperactivation of spinal microglia. S-Ketamine also preferentially inhibited hyperactivation of cultured microglia after treatment with lipopolysaccharide, ATP, or lysophosphatidic acid. We next focused our attention on the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (K(Ca)) currents in microglia, which are known to induce their hyperactivation and migration. S-Ketamine suppressed both nerve injury-induced large-conductance K(Ca) (BK) currents and 1,3-dihydro-1-[2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (NS1619)-induced BK currents in spinal microglia. Furthermore, the intrathecal administration of charybdotoxin, a K(Ca) channel blocker, significantly inhibited the nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia, the expression of P2X(4) receptors, and the synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in spinal microglia. In contrast, NS1619-induced tactile allodynia was completely inhibited by S-ketamine. These observations strongly suggest that S-ketamine preferentially suppresses the nerve injury-induced hyperactivation and migration of spinal microglia through the blockade of BK channels. Therefore, the preferential inhibition of microglial BK channels in addition to neuronal NMDA receptors may account for the preferential and potent analgesic effects of S-ketamine on neuropathic pain.
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A genetic strategy for the dynamic and graded control of cell mechanics, motility, and matrix remodeling. Biophys J 2012; 102:434-42. [PMID: 22325265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanical properties have emerged as central regulators of many critical cell behaviors, including proliferation, motility, and differentiation. Although investigators have developed numerous techniques to influence these properties indirectly by engineering the extracellular matrix (ECM), relatively few tools are available to directly engineer the cells themselves. Here we present a genetic strategy for obtaining graded, dynamic control over cellular mechanical properties by regulating the expression of mutant mechanotransductive proteins from a single copy of a gene placed under a repressible promoter. With the use of constitutively active mutants of RhoA GTPase and myosin light chain kinase, we show that varying the expression level of either protein produces graded changes in stress fiber assembly, traction force generation, cellular stiffness, and migration speed. Using this approach, we demonstrate that soft ECMs render cells maximally sensitive to changes in RhoA activity, and that by modulating the ability of cells to engage and contract soft ECMs, we can dynamically control cell spreading, migration, and matrix remodeling. Thus, in addition to providing quantitative relationships between mechanotransductive signaling, cellular mechanical properties, and dynamic cell behaviors, this strategy enables us to control the physical interactions between cells and the ECM and thereby dictate how cells respond to matrix properties.
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KOWALCZYK-ZIEBA I, BORUSZEWSKA D, SAULNIER-BLACHE JS, LOPES DA COSTA L, JANKOWSKA K, SKARZYNSKI DJ, WOCLAWEK-POTOCKA I. Lysophosphatidic Acid Action in the Bovine Corpus Luteum -An In Vitro Study. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:661-71. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2012-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona KOWALCZYK-ZIEBA
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota BORUSZEWSKA
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Luis LOPES DA COSTA
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Katarzyna JANKOWSKA
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jan SKARZYNSKI
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Izabela WOCLAWEK-POTOCKA
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
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Frisca F, Sabbadini RA, Goldshmit Y, Pébay A. Biological Effects of Lysophosphatidic Acid in the Nervous System. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY VOLUME 296 2012; 296:273-322. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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