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Boutin C, Clément C, Rivoal J. Post-Translational Modifications to Cysteine Residues in Plant Proteins and Their Impact on the Regulation of Metabolism and Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9845. [PMID: 39337338 PMCID: PMC11432348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cys is one of the least abundant amino acids in proteins. However, it is often highly conserved and is usually found in important structural and functional regions of proteins. Its unique chemical properties allow it to undergo several post-translational modifications, many of which are mediated by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or carbonyl species. Thus, in addition to their role in catalysis, protein stability, and metal binding, Cys residues are crucial for the redox regulation of metabolism and signal transduction. In this review, we discuss Cys post-translational modifications (PTMs) and their role in plant metabolism and signal transduction. These modifications include the oxidation of the thiol group (S-sulfenylation, S-sulfinylation and S-sulfonylation), the formation of disulfide bridges, S-glutathionylation, persulfidation, S-cyanylation S-nitrosation, S-carbonylation, S-acylation, prenylation, CoAlation, and the formation of thiohemiacetal. For each of these PTMs, we discuss the origin of the modifier, the mechanisms involved in PTM, and their reversibility. Examples of the involvement of Cys PTMs in the modulation of protein structure, function, stability, and localization are presented to highlight their importance in the regulation of plant metabolic and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Boutin
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Camille Clément
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Jean Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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2
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Auverlot J, Dard A, Sáez-Vásquez J, Reichheld JP. Redox regulation of epigenetic and epitranscriptomic gene regulatory pathways in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4459-4475. [PMID: 38642408 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Developmental and environmental constraints influence genome expression through complex networks of regulatory mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications and remodelling of chromatin are some of the major actors regulating the dynamic of gene expression. Unravelling the factors relaying environmental signals that induce gene expression reprogramming under stress conditions is an important and fundamental question. Indeed, many enzymes involved in epigenetic and chromatin modifications are regulated by redox pathways, through post-translational modifications of proteins or by modifications of the flux of metabolic intermediates. Such modifications are potential hubs to relay developmental and environmental changes for gene expression reprogramming. In this review, we provide an update on the interaction between major redox mediators, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and antioxidants, and epigenetic changes in plants. We detail how redox status alters post-translational modifications of proteins, intracellular epigenetic and epitranscriptional modifications, and how redox regulation interplays with DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation, miRNA biogenesis, and chromatin structure and remodelling to reprogram genome expression under environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juline Auverlot
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Avilien Dard
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Centre for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julio Sáez-Vásquez
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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3
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Noctor G, Cohen M, Trémulot L, Châtel-Innocenti G, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A. Glutathione: a key modulator of plant defence and metabolism through multiple mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4549-4572. [PMID: 38676714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Redox reactions are fundamental to energy conversion in living cells, and also determine and tune responses to the environment. Within this context, the tripeptide glutathione plays numerous roles. As an important antioxidant, glutathione confers redox stability on the cell and also acts as an interface between signalling pathways and metabolic reactions that fuel growth and development. It also contributes to the assembly of cell components, biosynthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites, inactivation of potentially deleterious compounds, and control of hormonal signalling intensity. The multiplicity of these roles probably explains why glutathione status has been implicated in influencing plant responses to many different conditions. In particular, there is now a considerable body of evidence showing that glutathione is a crucial player in governing the outcome of biotic stresses. This review provides an overview of glutathione synthesis, transport, degradation, and redox turnover in plants. It examines the expression of genes associated with these processes during pathogen challenge and related conditions, and considers the diversity of mechanisms by which glutathione can influence protein function and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Mathias Cohen
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lug Trémulot
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Gilles Châtel-Innocenti
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Geissel F, Lang L, Husemann B, Morgan B, Deponte M. Deciphering the mechanism of glutaredoxin-catalyzed roGFP2 redox sensing reveals a ternary complex with glutathione for protein disulfide reduction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1733. [PMID: 38409212 PMCID: PMC10897161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins catalyze the reduction of disulfides and are key players in redox metabolism and regulation. While important insights were gained regarding the reduction of glutathione disulfide substrates, the mechanism of non-glutathione disulfide reduction remains highly debated. Here we determined the rate constants for the individual redox reactions between PfGrx, a model glutaredoxin from Plasmodium falciparum, and redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein 2 (roGFP2), a model substrate and versatile tool for intracellular redox measurements. We show that the PfGrx-catalyzed oxidation of roGFP2 occurs via a monothiol mechanism and is up to three orders of magnitude faster when roGFP2 and PfGrx are fused. The oxidation kinetics of roGFP2-PfGrx fusion constructs reflect at physiological GSSG concentrations the glutathionylation kinetics of the glutaredoxin moiety, thus allowing intracellular structure-function analysis. Reduction of the roGFP2 disulfide occurs via a monothiol mechanism and involves a ternary complex with GSH and PfGrx. Our study provides the mechanistic basis for understanding roGFP2 redox sensing and challenges previous mechanisms for protein disulfide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Geissel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Comparative Biochemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lukas Lang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Comparative Biochemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Britta Husemann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Comparative Biochemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Centre for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Faculty of Chemistry, Comparative Biochemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Birocco F, Gonzalez LN, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA, Arias DG. On the occurrence of a glutaredoxin-like small protein in the anaerobic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130489. [PMID: 37827204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal parasitic protozoan that usually lives and multiplies within the human gut, is the causative agent of amoebiasis. To date, de novo glutathione biosynthesis and its associated enzymes have not been identified in the parasite. Cysteine has been proposed to be the main intracellular thiol. METHODS Using bioinformatics tools to search for glutaredoxin homologs in the E. histolytica genome database, we identified a coding sequence for a putative Grx-like small protein (EhGLSP) in the E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS genome. We produced the recombinant protein and performed its biochemical characterization. RESULTS Through in vitro experiments, we observed that recombinant EhGLSP could bind GSH and L-Cys as ligands. However, the protein exhibited very low GSH-dependent disulfide reductase activity. Interestingly, via UV-Vis spectroscopy and chemical analysis, we detected that recombinant EhGLSP (freshly purified from Escherichia coli cells by IMAC) was isolated together with a redox-labile [FeS] bio-inorganic complex, suggesting that this protein could have some function linked to the metabolism of this cofactor. Western blotting showed that EhGLSP protein levels were modulated in E. histolytica cells exposed to exogenous oxidative species and metronidazole, suggesting that this protein cooperates with the antioxidant mechanisms of this parasite. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings support the existence of a new metabolic actor in this pathogen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on this protein class in E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Birocco
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lihue N Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Veerapandian R, Ramos EI, Vijayaraghavan M, Sedano MJ, Carmona A, Chacon JA, Gadad SS, Dhandayuthapani S. Mycobacterium smegmatis secreting methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) modulates cellular processes in mouse macrophages. Biochimie 2023; 211:1-15. [PMID: 36809827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is an antioxidant repair enzyme that reduces the oxidized methionine (Met-O) in proteins to methionine (Met). Its pivotal role in the cellular processes has been well established by overexpressing, silencing, and knocking down MsrA or deleting the gene encoding MsrA in several species. We are specifically interested in understanding the role of secreted MsrA in bacterial pathogens. To elucidate this, we infected mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis strain (MSM), secreting a bacterial MsrA or M. smegmatis strain (MSC) carrying only the control vector. BMDMs infected with MSM induced higher levels of ROS and TNF-α than BMDMs infected with MSC. The increased ROS and TNF-α levels in MSM-infected BMDMs correlated with elevated necrotic cell death in this group. Further, RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of BMDMs infected with MSC and MSM revealed differential expression of protein and RNA coding genes, suggesting that bacterial-delivered MsrA could modulate the host cellular processes. Finally, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified the down-regulation of cancer-related signaling genes in MSM-infected cells, indicating that MsrA can potentially regulate the development and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Veerapandian
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Enrique I Ramos
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Vijayaraghavan
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Melina J Sedano
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Areanna Carmona
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Jessica A Chacon
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Shrikanth S Gadad
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, TX, 79905, USA; Frederick L. Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Texas, 79905, USA; Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, TX, 79905, USA; Frederick L. Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Texas, 79905, USA.
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7
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Martí-Guillén JM, Pardo-Hernández M, Martínez-Lorente SE, Almagro L, Rivero RM. Redox post-translational modifications and their interplay in plant abiotic stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1027730. [PMID: 36388514 PMCID: PMC9644032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climate change entails a progressive and inexorable modification of the Earth's climate and events such as salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, high luminous intensity and ultraviolet radiation tend to be more numerous and prolonged in time. Plants face their exposure to these abiotic stresses or their combination through multiple physiological, metabolic and molecular mechanisms, to achieve the long-awaited acclimatization to these extreme conditions, and to thereby increase their survival rate. In recent decades, the increase in the intensity and duration of these climatological events have intensified research into the mechanisms behind plant tolerance to them, with great advances in this field. Among these mechanisms, the overproduction of molecular reactive species stands out, mainly reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species. These molecules have a dual activity, as they participate in signaling processes under physiological conditions, but, under stress conditions, their production increases, interacting with each other and modifying and-or damaging the main cellular components: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins. The latter have amino acids in their sequence that are susceptible to post-translational modifications, both reversible and irreversible, through the different reactive species generated by abiotic stresses (redox-based PTMs). Some research suggests that this process does not occur randomly, but that the modification of critical residues in enzymes modulates their biological activity, being able to enhance or inhibit complete metabolic pathways in the process of acclimatization and tolerance to the exposure to the different abiotic stresses. Given the importance of these PTMs-based regulation mechanisms in the acclimatization processes of plants, the present review gathers the knowledge generated in recent years on this subject, delving into the PTMs of the redox-regulated enzymes of plant metabolism, and those that participate in the main stress-related pathways, such as oxidative metabolism, primary metabolism, cell signaling events, and photosynthetic metabolism. The aim is to unify the existing information thus far obtained to shed light on possible fields of future research in the search for the resilience of plants to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Martí-Guillén
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miriam Pardo-Hernández
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara E. Martínez-Lorente
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Rivero
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
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8
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Reactive oxygen species signalling in plant stress responses. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:663-679. [PMID: 35760900 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 253.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signalling molecules that enable cells to rapidly respond to different stimuli. In plants, ROS play a crucial role in abiotic and biotic stress sensing, integration of different environmental signals and activation of stress-response networks, thus contributing to the establishment of defence mechanisms and plant resilience. Recent advances in the study of ROS signalling in plants include the identification of ROS receptors and key regulatory hubs that connect ROS signalling with other important stress-response signal transduction pathways and hormones, as well as new roles for ROS in organelle-to-organelle and cell-to-cell signalling. Our understanding of how ROS are regulated in cells by balancing production, scavenging and transport has also increased. In this Review, we discuss these promising developments and how they might be used to increase plant resilience to environmental stress.
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9
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Thiol Reductases in Deinococcus Bacteria and Roles in Stress Tolerance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030561. [PMID: 35326211 PMCID: PMC8945050 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus species possess remarkable tolerance to extreme environmental conditions that generate oxidative damage to macromolecules. Among enzymes fulfilling key functions in metabolism regulation and stress responses, thiol reductases (TRs) harbour catalytic cysteines modulating the redox status of Cys and Met in partner proteins. We present here a detailed description of Deinococcus TRs regarding gene occurrence, sequence features, and physiological functions that remain poorly characterised in this genus. Two NADPH-dependent thiol-based systems are present in Deinococcus. One involves thioredoxins, disulfide reductases providing electrons to protein partners involved notably in peroxide scavenging or in preserving protein redox status. The other is based on bacillithiol, a low-molecular-weight redox molecule, and bacilliredoxin, which together protect Cys residues against overoxidation. Deinococcus species possess various types of thiol peroxidases whose electron supply depends either on NADPH via thioredoxins or on NADH via lipoylated proteins. Recent data gained on deletion mutants confirmed the importance of TRs in Deinococcus tolerance to oxidative treatments, but additional investigations are needed to delineate the redox network in which they operate, and their precise physiological roles. The large palette of Deinococcus TR representatives very likely constitutes an asset for the maintenance of redox homeostasis in harsh stress conditions.
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10
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Sasoni N, Hartman MD, García-Effron G, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA, Arias DG. Functional characterization of monothiol and dithiol glutaredoxins from Leptospira interrogans. Biochimie 2022; 197:144-159. [PMID: 35217125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thiol redox proteins and low molecular mass thiols have essential functions in maintaining cellular redox balance in almost all living organisms. In the pathogenic bacterium Leptospira interrogans, several redox components have been described, namely, typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, a functional thioredoxin system, glutathione synthesis pathway, and methionine sulfoxide reductases. However, until now, information about proteins linked to GSH metabolism has not been reported in this pathogen. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are GSH-dependent oxidoreductases that regulate and maintain the cellular redox state together with thioredoxins. This work deals with recombinant production at a high purity level, biochemical characterization, and detailed kinetic and structural study of the two Grxs (Lin1CGrx and Lin2CGrx) identified in L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130. Both recombinant LinGrxs exhibited the classical in vitro GSH-dependent 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide and dehydroascorbate reductase activity. Strikingly, we found that Lin2CGrx could serve as a substrate of methionine sulfoxide reductases A1 and B from L. interrogans. Distinctively, only recombinant Lin1CGrx contained a [2Fe2S] cluster confirming a homodimeric structure. The functionality of both LinGrxs was assessed by yeast complementation in null grx mutants, and both isoforms were able to rescue the mutant phenotype. Finally, our data suggest that protein glutathionylation as a post-translational modification process is present in L. interrogans. As a whole, our results support the occurrence of two new redox actors linked to GSH metabolism and iron homeostasis in L. interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sasoni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Hartman
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermo García-Effron
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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11
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Pignattelli S, Broccoli A, Piccardo M, Terlizzi A, Renzi M. Effects of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics and acid rain on physiology and growth of Lepidium sativum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:116997. [PMID: 33819777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the chronic toxicity (30 days) of different sizes of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics (60-3000 μm) provided alone or in combination with acid rain, on garden cress (Lepidium sativum). Both biometrical and physiological traits have been evaluated: i) percentage inhibition of seed germination, plant height, leaf number and fresh biomass production; ii) oxidative stress responses (hydrogen peroxide; ascorbic acid and glutathione production); iii) impairment in photosynthetic machinery in term of pigments production; iv) aminolevulinic acid and proline production. Results highlighted that different sizes of PET, alone or in combination with acid rain, are able to negatively affect both biometrical and physiological plant traits. In particular, the lower size of microplastics is able to negatively affect growth and development, as well as to trigger the oxidative burst. Regarding the pigments production, PET coupled with acid rain, induced a higher production of Chl-b, and an inhibition of aminolevulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pignattelli
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015, Orbetello, Italy; Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska Cesta 13, SI -5000, Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Broccoli
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015, Orbetello, Italy
| | - Manuela Piccardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Terlizzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Monia Renzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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12
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Müller-Schüssele SJ, Bohle F, Rossi J, Trost P, Meyer AJ, Zaffagnini M. Plasticity in plastid redox networks: evolution of glutathione-dependent redox cascades and glutathionylation sites. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:322. [PMID: 34225654 PMCID: PMC8256493 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexibility of plant metabolism is supported by redox regulation of enzymes via posttranslational modification of cysteine residues, especially in plastids. Here, the redox states of cysteine residues are partly coupled to the thioredoxin system and partly to the glutathione pool for reduction. Moreover, several plastid enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and damage repair draw electrons from glutathione. In addition, cysteine residues can be post-translationally modified by forming a mixed disulfide with glutathione (S-glutathionylation), which protects thiol groups from further oxidation and can influence protein activity. However, the evolution of the plastid glutathione-dependent redox network in land plants and the conservation of cysteine residues undergoing S-glutathionylation is largely unclear. RESULTS We analysed the genomes of nine representative model species from streptophyte algae to angiosperms and found that the antioxidant enzymes and redox proteins belonging to the plastid glutathione-dependent redox network are largely conserved, except for lambda- and the closely related iota-glutathione S-transferases. Focussing on glutathione-dependent redox modifications, we screened the literature for target thiols of S-glutathionylation, and found that 151 plastid proteins have been identified as glutathionylation targets, while the exact cysteine residue is only known for 17% (26 proteins), with one or multiple sites per protein, resulting in 37 known S-glutathionylation sites for plastids. However, 38% (14) of the known sites were completely conserved in model species from green algae to flowering plants, with 22% (8) on non-catalytic cysteines. Variable conservation of the remaining sites indicates independent gains and losses of cysteines at the same position during land plant evolution. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the glutathione-dependent redox network in plastids is highly conserved in streptophytes with some variability in scavenging and damage repair enzymes. Our analysis of cysteine conservation suggests that S-glutathionylation in plastids plays an important and yet under-investigated role in redox regulation and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
- Present Address: Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Finja Bohle
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacopo Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Le Moigne T, Gurrieri L, Crozet P, Marchand CH, Zaffagnini M, Sparla F, Lemaire SD, Henri J. Crystal structure of chloroplastic thioredoxin z defines a type-specific target recognition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:434-447. [PMID: 33930214 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) are ubiquitous disulfide oxidoreductases structured according to a highly conserved fold. TRXs are involved in a myriad of different processes through a common chemical mechanism. Plant TRXs evolved into seven types with diverse subcellular localization and distinct protein target selectivity. Five TRX types coexist in the chloroplast, with yet scarcely described specificities. We solved the crystal structure of a chloroplastic z-type TRX, revealing a conserved TRX fold with an original electrostatic surface potential surrounding the redox site. This recognition surface is distinct from all other known TRX types from plant and non-plant sources and is exclusively conserved in plant z-type TRXs. We show that this electronegative surface endows thioredoxin z (TRXz) with a capacity to activate the photosynthetic Calvin-Benson cycle enzyme phosphoribulokinase. The distinct electronegative surface of TRXz thereby extends the repertoire of TRX-target recognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Le Moigne
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
- Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, 91190, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Libero Gurrieri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Pierre Crozet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Université, Polytech Sorbonne, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
- Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, FR 550, CNRS, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Julien Henri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR 8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
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Hage H, Rosso MN, Tarrago L. Distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi and conservation of the free-methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase in multicellular eukaryotes. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:187-215. [PMID: 33865960 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methionine, either as a free amino acid or included in proteins, can be oxidized into methionine sulfoxide (MetO), which exists as R and S diastereomers. Almost all characterized organisms possess thiol-oxidoreductases named methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) enzymes to reduce MetO back to Met. MsrA and MsrB reduce the S and R diastereomers of MetO, respectively, with strict stereospecificity and are found in almost all organisms. Another type of thiol-oxidoreductase, the free-methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase (fRMsr), identified so far in prokaryotes and a few unicellular eukaryotes, reduces the R MetO diastereomer of the free amino acid. Moreover, some bacteria possess molybdenum-containing enzymes that reduce MetO, either in the free or protein-bound forms. All these Msrs play important roles in the protection of organisms against oxidative stress. Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes that colonize all niches on Earth and play fundamental functions, in organic matter recycling, as symbionts, or as pathogens of numerous organisms. However, our knowledge on fungal Msrs is still limited. Here, we performed a survey of msr genes in almost 700 genomes across the fungal kingdom. We show that most fungi possess one gene coding for each type of methionine sulfoxide reductase: MsrA, MsrB, and fRMsr. However, several fungi living in anaerobic environments or as obligate intracellular parasites were devoid of msr genes. Sequence inspection and phylogenetic analyses allowed us to identify non-canonical sequences with potentially novel enzymatic properties. Finaly, we identified several ocurences of msr horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Hage
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Tarrago
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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15
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Wojciechowska N, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Minicka J, Michalak KM, Kalemba EM. Localization and Dynamics of the Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases MsrB1 and MsrB2 in Beech Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E402. [PMID: 33401671 PMCID: PMC7795007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beech seeds are produced irregularly, and there is a need for long-term storage of these seeds for forest management practices. Accumulated reactive oxygen species broadly oxidize molecules, including amino acids, such as methionine, thereby contributing to decreased seed viability. Methionine oxidation can be reversed by the activity of methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs), which are enzymes involved in the regulation of many developmental processes and stress responses. Two types of Msrs, MsrB1 and MsrB2, were investigated in beech seeds to determine their abundance and localization. MsrB1 and MsrB2 were detected in the cortical cells and the outer area of the vascular cylinder of the embryonic axes as well as in the epidermis and parenchyma cells of cotyledons. The abundances of MsrB1 and MsrB2 decreased during long-term storage. Ultrastructural analyses have demonstrated the accumulation of these proteins in protein storage vacuoles and in the cytoplasm, especially in close proximity to the cell membrane. In silico predictions of possible Msr interactions supported our findings. In this study, we investigate the contribution of MsrB1 and MsrB2 locations in the regulation of seed viability and suggest that MsrB2 is linked with the longevity of beech seeds via association with proper utilization of storage material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.-Z.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.-Z.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Julia Minicka
- Department of Virology and Bacteriology, Institute of Plant Protection, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Kornel M. Michalak
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.-Z.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Ewa M. Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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16
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Mukherjee S. Cysteine modifications (oxPTM) and protein sulphenylation-mediated sulfenome expression in plants: evolutionary conserved signaling networks? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1831792. [PMID: 33300450 PMCID: PMC7781837 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1831792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant resilience to oxidative stress possibly operates through the restoration of intracellular redox milieu and the activity of various posttranslationally modified proteins. Among various modes of redox regulation operative in plants cys oxPTMs are brought about by the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and hydrogen peroxide. Cysteine oxPTMs are capable of transducing ROS-mediated long-distance hormone signaling (ABA, JA, SA) in plants. S-sulphenylation is an intermediary modification en route to other oxidative states of cysteine. In silico analysis have revealed evolutionary conservation of certain S-sulphenylated proteins across human and plants. Further analysis of protein sulphenylation in plants should be extended to the functional follow-up studies followed by site-specific characterization and case-by-case validation of protein activity. The repertoire of physiological methods (fluorescent conjugates (dimedone) and yeast AP-1 (YAP1)-based genetic probes) in the recent past has been successful in the detection of sulphenylated proteins and other cysteine-based modifications in plants. In view of a better understanding of the sulfur-based redoxome it is necessary to update our timely progress on the methodological advancements for the detection of cysteine-based oxPTM. This substantiative information can extend our investigations on plant-environment interaction thus improving crop manipulation strategies. The simulation-based computational approach has emerged as a new method to determine the directive mechanism of cysteine oxidation in plants. Thus, sulfenome analysis in various plant systems might reflect as a pinnacle of plant redox biology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West, Bengal, India
- CONTACT Soumya Mukherjee Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West, Bengal742213, India
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17
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Integration of MsrB1 and MsrB2 in the Redox Network during the Development of Orthodox and Recalcitrant Acer Seeds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121250. [PMID: 33316974 PMCID: PMC7763665 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two related tree species, Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), produce desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) and desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds, respectively. We compared the seeds of these two species to characterize the developmentally driven changes in the levels of peptide-bound methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and the abundance of methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) B1 and B2, with respect to the cellular redox environment. Protein oxidation at the Met level was dynamic only in Norway maple seeds, and the reduced MsrB2 form was detected only in this species. Cell redox status, characterized by the levels of reduced and oxidized ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)/phosphate (NADP), was clearly more reduced in the Norway maple seeds than in the sycamore seeds. Clear correlations between MetO levels, changes in water content and redox status were reported in orthodox Acer seeds. The abundance of Msrs was correlated in both species with redox determinants, mainly ascorbate and glutathione. Our data suggest that MsrB2 is associated with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and that ascorbate might be involved in the redox pathway enabling the regeneration of Msr via intermediates that are not known yet.
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18
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Wojciechowska N, Alipour S, Stolarska E, Bilska K, Rey P, Kalemba EM. Involvement of the MetO/Msr System in Two Acer Species That Display Contrasting Characteristics during Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9197. [PMID: 33276642 PMCID: PMC7730483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and the abundances of methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) were reported as important for the desiccation tolerance of Acer seeds. To determine whether the MetO/Msrs system is related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and involved in the regulation of germination in orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, Norway maple and sycamore were investigated. Changes in water content, MetO content, the abundance of MsrB1 and MsrB2 in relation to ROS content and the activity of reductases depending on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides were monitored. Acer seeds differed in germination speed-substantially higher in sycamore-hydration dynamics, levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which exhibited peaks at different stages of germination. The MetO level dynamically changed, particularly in sycamore embryonic axes, where it was positively correlated with the levels of O2•- and the abundance of MsrB1 and negatively with the levels of •OH and the abundance of MsrB2. The MsrB2 abundance increased upon sycamore germination; in contrast, it markedly decreased in Norway maple. We propose that the ROS-MetO-Msr redox system, allowing balanced Met redox homeostasis, participates in the germination process in sycamore, which is characterized by a much higher speed compared to Norway maple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shirin Alipour
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Ewelina Stolarska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Karolina Bilska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Pascal Rey
- Plant Protective Proteins (PPV) Team, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Aix Marseille University (AMU), 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France;
| | - Ewa M. Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
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Sasoni N, Hartman MD, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA, Arias DG. Functional characterization of methionine sulfoxide reductases from Leptospira interrogans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140575. [PMID: 33242654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine (Met) oxidation leads to a racemic mixture of R and S forms of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO). Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) are enzymes that can reduce specifically each isomer of MetSO, both free and protein-bound. The Met oxidation could change the structure and function of many proteins, not only of those redox-related but also of others involved in different metabolic pathways. Until now, there is no information about the presence or function of Msrs enzymes in Leptospira interrogans. METHODS We identified genes coding for putative MsrAs (A1 and A2) and MsrB in L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130 genome project. From these, we obtained the recombinant proteins and performed their functional characterization. RESULTS The recombinant L. interrogans MsrB catalyzed the reduction of Met(R)SO using glutaredoxin and thioredoxin as reducing substrates and behaves like a 1-Cys Msr (without resolutive Cys residue). It was able to partially revert the in vitro HClO-dependent inactivation of L. interrogans catalase. Both recombinant MsrAs reduced Met(S)SO, being the recycle mediated by the thioredoxin system. LinMsrAs were more efficient than LinMsrB for free and protein-bound MetSO reduction. Besides, LinMsrAs are enzymes involving a Cys triad in their catalytic mechanism. LinMsrs showed a dual localization, both in cytoplasm and periplasm. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This article brings new knowledge about redox metabolism in L. interrogans. Our results support the occurrence of a metabolic pathway involved in the critical function of repairing oxidized macromolecules in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sasoni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Hartman
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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20
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Li X, Liu Y, Zhong J, Che C, Gong Z, Si M, Yang G. Molecular mechanisms of Mycoredoxin-1 in resistance to oxidative stress in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2020; 67:15-23. [PMID: 33148889 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) with Cys-Pro-Phe (Tyr)-Cys motif and a thioredoxin fold structure play an important role in the anti-oxidant system of bacteria by catalyzing a variety of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions with a 2-Cys mechanism or a 1-Cys mechanism. However, the catalytic and physiological mechanism of Corynebacterium glutamicum Mycoredoxin 1 (Mrx1) that shares a high amino acid sequence similarity to Grxs has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that Mrx1 has a protective function against various adverse conditions, and the decrease of cell viability to various stress conditions by deletion of the Mrx1 in C. glutamicum was confirmed in the mrx1 mutant. The physiological roles of Mrx1 in defence to oxidative stress were corroborated by its induced expression under various stresses, regulated directly by the stress-responsive extracytoplasmic function-sigma (ECF-σ) factor SigH. As well as reducing mycothiol (MSH) mixed disulfide bonds via a 1-Cys mechanism, C. glutamicum Mrx1 catalytically reduced the disulfides in the Ib RNR, insulin and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) by exclusively linking the MSH/Mtr (mycothiol disulfide reductase)/NADPH electron pathway via a 2-Cys mechanism. Thus, we present the first evidence that the Mrx1 is able to protect against the damaging effects of various exogenous stresses by acting as a disulfide oxidoreductase, thereby giving a new insight in how C. glutamicum survives oxidative stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Jingyi Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | | | - Zhijin Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Meiru Si
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Ge Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
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Arias DG, Cabeza MS, Echarren ML, Faral-Tello P, Iglesias AA, Robello C, Guerrero SA. On the functionality of a methionine sulfoxide reductase B from Trypanosoma cruzi. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:96-114. [PMID: 32682073 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine is an amino acid susceptible to be oxidized to give a racemic mixture of R and S forms of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO). This posttranslational modification has been reported to occur in vivo under either normal or stress conditions. The reduction of MetSO to methionine is catalyzed by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), thiol-dependent enzymes present in almost all organisms. These enzymes can reduce specifically one or another of the isomers of MetSO (free and protein-bound). This redox modification could change the structure and function of many proteins, either concerned in redox or other metabolic pathways. The study of antioxidant systems in Trypanosoma cruzi has been mainly focused on the involvement of trypanothione, a specific redox component for these organisms. Though, little information is available concerning mechanisms for repairing oxidized methionine residues in proteins, which would be relevant for the survival of these pathogens in the different stages of their life cycle. METHODS We report an in vitro functional and in vivo cellular characterization of methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MSRB, specific for protein-bound MetSO R-enantiomer) from T. cruzi strain Dm28c. RESULTS MSRB exhibited both cytosolic and mitochondrial localization in epimastigote cells. From assays involving parasites overexpressing MSRB, we observed the contribution of this protein to increase the general resistance against oxidative damage, the infectivity of trypomastigote cells, and intracellular replication of the amastigote stage. Also, we report that epimastigotes overexpressing MSRB exhibit inhibition of the metacyclogenesis process; this suggesting the involvement of the proteins as negative modulators in this cellular differentiation. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This report contributes to novel insights concerning redox metabolism in T. cruzi. Results herein presented support the importance of enzymatic steps involved in the metabolism of L-Met and in repairing oxidized macromolecules in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Matías S Cabeza
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María L Echarren
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paula Faral-Tello
- Laboratorio de Interacción Hospedero-Patógeno, UBM, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Laboratorio de Interacción Hospedero-Patógeno, UBM, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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22
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Pedone E, Fiorentino G, Bartolucci S, Limauro D. Enzymatic Antioxidant Signatures in Hyperthermophilic Archaea. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080703. [PMID: 32756530 PMCID: PMC7465337 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To fight reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by both the metabolism and strongly oxidative habitats, hyperthermophilic archaea are equipped with an array of antioxidant enzymes whose role is to protect the biological macromolecules from oxidative damage. The most common ROS, such as superoxide radical (O2-.) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are scavenged by superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxins, and catalase. These enzymes, together with thioredoxin, protein disulfide oxidoreductase, and thioredoxin reductase, which are involved in redox homeostasis, represent the core of the antioxidant system. In this review, we offer a panorama of progression of knowledge on the antioxidative system in aerobic or microaerobic (hyper)thermophilic archaea and possible industrial applications of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Pedone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Simonetta Bartolucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Danila Limauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Pignattelli S, Broccoli A, Renzi M. Physiological responses of garden cress (L. sativum) to different types of microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138609. [PMID: 32339829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, acute and chronic toxicity caused by four different kinds of microplastics: polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and a commercial mixture (PE + PVC) on Lepidium sativum were evaluated. Parameters considered were: i) biometric parameters (e.g. percentage inhibition of seed germination, plant height, leaf number and fresh biomass productions); and ii) oxidative stress (e.g. levels of hydrogen peroxide, glutathione, and ascorbic acid). On plants exposed to chronic stress chlorophylls, carotenoids, aminolaevulinic acid, and proline productions were, also, evaluated. PVC resulted the most toxic than other plastic materials tested. This study represents the first paper highlighting microplastics are able to produce oxidative burst in tested plants and could represent an important starting point for future researches on biochemical effects of microplastic in terrestrial environments such as agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pignattelli
- Bioscience Research Center, via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015 Orbetello, Italy; Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Broccoli
- Bioscience Research Center, via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015 Orbetello, Italy
| | - Monia Renzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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24
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Zimmermann J, Oestreicher J, Hess S, Herrmann JM, Deponte M, Morgan B. One cysteine is enough: A monothiol Grx can functionally replace all cytosolic Trx and dithiol Grx. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101598. [PMID: 32521506 PMCID: PMC7286987 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are small proteins of the thioredoxin superfamily that are present throughout life. Most glutaredoxins fall into two major subfamilies. Class I glutaredoxins are glutathione-dependent thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases whilst class II glutaredoxins coordinate Fe–S clusters. Class I glutaredoxins are typically dithiol enzymes with two active-site cysteine residues, however, some enzymatically active monothiol glutaredoxins are also known. Whilst both monothiol and dithiol class I glutaredoxins mediate protein deglutathionylation, it is widely claimed that only dithiol glutaredoxins are competent to reduce protein disulfide bonds. In this study, using a combination of yeast ‘viability rescue’, growth, and redox-sensitive GFP-based assays, we show that two different monothiol class I glutaredoxins can each facilitate the reduction of protein disulfide bonds in ribonucleotide reductase, methionine sulfoxide reductase and roGFP2. Our observations thus challenge the generalization of the dithiol mechanism for glutaredoxin catalysis and raise the question of why most class I glutaredoxins have two active-site cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Zentrum für Human- und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julian Oestreicher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Zentrum für Human- und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Steffen Hess
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Deponte
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Zentrum für Human- und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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25
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Mining for protein S-sulfenylation in Arabidopsis uncovers redox-sensitive sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21256-21261. [PMID: 31578252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906768116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important messenger molecule for diverse cellular processes. H2O2 oxidizes proteinaceous cysteinyl thiols to sulfenic acid, also known as S-sulfenylation, thereby affecting the protein conformation and functionality. Although many proteins have been identified as S-sulfenylation targets in plants, site-specific mapping and quantification remain largely unexplored. By means of a peptide-centric chemoproteomics approach, we mapped 1,537 S-sulfenylated sites on more than 1,000 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Proteins involved in RNA homeostasis and metabolism were identified as hotspots for S-sulfenylation. Moreover, S-sulfenylation frequently occurred on cysteines located at catalytic sites of enzymes or on cysteines involved in metal binding, hinting at a direct mode of action for redox regulation. Comparison of human and Arabidopsis S-sulfenylation datasets provided 155 conserved S-sulfenylated cysteines, including Cys181 of the Arabidopsis MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE4 (AtMAPK4) that corresponds to Cys161 in the human MAPK1, which has been identified previously as being S-sulfenylated. We show that, by replacing Cys181 of recombinant AtMAPK4 by a redox-insensitive serine residue, the kinase activity decreased, indicating the importance of this noncatalytic cysteine for the kinase mechanism. Altogether, we quantitatively mapped the S-sulfenylated cysteines in Arabidopsis cells under H2O2 stress and thereby generated a comprehensive view on the S-sulfenylation landscape that will facilitate downstream plant redox studies.
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26
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Farooq MA, Niazi AK, Akhtar J, Farooq M, Souri Z, Karimi N, Rengel Z. Acquiring control: The evolution of ROS-Induced oxidative stress and redox signaling pathways in plant stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:353-369. [PMID: 31207496 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) - the byproducts of aerobic metabolism - influence numerous aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act like a double-edged sword; they play multiple beneficial roles at low concentrations, whereas at high concentrations ROS and related redox-active compounds cause cellular damage through oxidative stress. To examine the dual role of ROS as harmful oxidants and/or crucial cellular signals, this review elaborates that (i) how plants sense and respond to ROS in various subcellular organelles and (ii) the dynamics of subsequent ROS-induced signaling processes. The recent understanding of crosstalk between various cellular compartments in mediating their redox state spatially and temporally is discussed. Emphasis on the beneficial effects of ROS in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating diverse cellular functions, and activating acclimation responses in plants exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses are described. The comprehensive view of cellular ROS dynamics covering the breadth and versatility of ROS will contribute to understanding the complexity of apparently contradictory ROS roles in plant physiological responses in less than optimum environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar Farooq
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Adnan Khan Niazi
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Akhtar
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Zahra Souri
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naser Karimi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zed Rengel
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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27
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Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Marchand CH, Costa A, Sparla F, Rouhier N, Geigenberger P, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Organisms: Novel and Established Thiol-Based Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:155-210. [PMID: 30499304 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis consists of an intricate network of reactions in which reactive molecular species, redox modifications, and redox proteins act in concert to allow both physiological responses and adaptation to stress conditions. Recent Advances: This review highlights established and novel thiol-based regulatory pathways underlying the functional facets and significance of redox biology in photosynthetic organisms. In the last decades, the field of redox regulation has largely expanded and this work is aimed at giving the right credit to the importance of thiol-based regulatory and signaling mechanisms in plants. Critical Issues: This cannot be all-encompassing, but is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the structural/molecular mechanisms governing the most relevant thiol switching modifications with emphasis on the large genetic and functional diversity of redox controllers (i.e., redoxins). We also summarize the different proteomic-based approaches aimed at investigating the dynamics of redox modifications and the recent evidence that extends the possibility to monitor the cellular redox state in vivo. The physiological relevance of redox transitions is discussed based on reverse genetic studies confirming the importance of redox homeostasis in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Future Directions: In conclusion, we can firmly assume that redox biology has acquired an established significance that virtually infiltrates all aspects of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zaffagnini
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- 2 Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex Costa
- 4 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Geigenberger
- 6 Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Trost
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Kappler U, Nasreen M, McEwan A. New insights into the molecular physiology of sulfoxide reduction in bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 2019; 75:1-51. [PMID: 31655735 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxides occur in biology as products of the S-oxygenation of small molecules as well as in peptides and proteins and their formation is often associated with oxidative stress and can affect biological function. In bacteria, sulfoxide damage can be reversed by different types of enzymes. Thioredoxin-dependent peptide methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSR proteins) repair oxidized methionine residues and are found in all Domains of life. In bacteria MSR proteins are often found in the cytoplasm but in some bacteria, including pathogenic Neisseria, Streptococci, and Haemophilus they are extracytoplasmic. Mutants lacking MSR proteins are often sensitive to oxidative stress and in pathogens exhibit decreased virulence as indicated by reduced survival in host cell or animal model systems. Molybdenum enzymes are also known to reduce S-oxides and traditionally their physiological role was considered to be in anaerobic respiration using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as an electron acceptor. However, it now appears that some enzymes (MtsZ) of the DMSO reductase family of Mo enzymes use methionine sulfoxide as preferred physiological substrate and thus may be involved in scavenging/recycling of this amino acid. Similarly, an enzyme (MsrP/YedY) of the sulfite oxidase family of Mo enzymes has been shown to be involved in repair of methionine sulfoxides in periplasmic proteins. Again, some mutants deficient in Mo-dependent sulfoxide reductases exhibit reduced virulence, and there is evidence that these Mo enzymes and some MSR systems are induced by hypochlorite produced by the innate immune system. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of the molecular microbiology of MSR systems and the broadening of the role of Mo-dependent sulfoxide reductase to encompass functions beyond anaerobic respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kappler
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marufa Nasreen
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alastair McEwan
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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29
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Gurrieri L, Distefano L, Pirone C, Horrer D, Seung D, Zaffagnini M, Rouhier N, Trost P, Santelia D, Sparla F. The Thioredoxin-Regulated α-Amylase 3 of Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Target of S-Glutathionylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 31417599 PMCID: PMC6685290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells as normal cellular metabolic by-products. ROS concentration is normally low, but it increases under stress conditions. To stand ROS exposure, organisms evolved series of responsive mechanisms. One such mechanism is protein S-glutathionylation. S-glutathionylation is a post-translational modification typically occurring in response to oxidative stress, in which a glutathione reacts with cysteinyl residues, protecting them from overoxidation. α-Amylases are glucan hydrolases that cleave α-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch. The Arabidopsis genome contains three genes encoding α-amylases. The sole chloroplastic member, AtAMY3, is involved in osmotic stress response and stomatal opening and is redox-regulated by thioredoxins. Here we show that AtAMY3 activity was sensitive to ROS, such as H2O2. Treatments with H2O2 inhibited enzyme activity and part of the inhibition was irreversible. However, in the presence of glutathione this irreversible inhibition was prevented through S-glutathionylation. The activity of oxidized AtAMY3 was completely restored by simultaneous reduction by both glutaredoxin (specific for the removal of glutathione-mixed disulfide) and thioredoxin (specific for the reduction of protein disulfide), supporting a possible liaison between both redox modifications. By comparing free cysteine residues between reduced and GSSG-treated AtAMY3 and performing oxidation experiments of Cys-to-Ser variants of AtAMY3 using biotin-conjugated GSSG, we could demonstrate that at least three distinct cysteinyl residues can be oxidized/glutathionylated, among those the two previously identified catalytic cysteines, Cys499 and Cys587. Measuring the pK a values of the catalytic cysteines by alkylation at different pHs and enzyme activity measurement (pK a1 = 5.70 ± 0.28; pK a2 = 7.83 ± 0.12) showed the tendency of one of the two catalytic cysteines to deprotonation, even at physiological pHs, supporting its propensity to undergo redox post-translational modifications. Taking into account previous and present findings, a functional model for redox regulation of AtAMY3 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libero Gurrieri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Distefano
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Pirone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Horrer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Santelia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Diana Santelia,
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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The Oxidized Protein Repair Enzymes Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases and Their Roles in Protecting against Oxidative Stress, in Ageing and in Regulating Protein Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7120191. [PMID: 30545068 PMCID: PMC6316033 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine and methionine residues are the amino acids most sensitive to oxidation by reactive oxygen species. However, in contrast to other amino acids, certain cysteine and methionine oxidation products can be reduced within proteins by dedicated enzymatic repair systems. Oxidation of cysteine first results in either the formation of a disulfide bridge or a sulfenic acid. Sulfenic acid can be converted to disulfide or sulfenamide or further oxidized to sulfinic acid. Disulfide can be easily reversed by different enzymatic systems such as the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase and the glutaredoxin/glutathione/glutathione reductase systems. Methionine side chains can also be oxidized by reactive oxygen species. Methionine oxidation, by the addition of an extra oxygen atom, leads to the generation of methionine sulfoxide. Enzymatically catalyzed reduction of methionine sulfoxide is achieved by either methionine sulfoxide reductase A or methionine sulfoxide reductase B, also referred as to the methionine sulfoxide reductases system. This oxidized protein repair system is further described in this review article in terms of its discovery and biologically relevant characteristics, and its important physiological roles in protecting against oxidative stress, in ageing and in regulating protein function.
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31
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Physiological Roles of Plant Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Redox Homeostasis and Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090114. [PMID: 30158486 PMCID: PMC6162775 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of methionine (Met) leads to the formation of two S- and R-diastereoisomers of Met sulfoxide (MetO) that are reduced back to Met by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), A and B, respectively. Here, we review the current knowledge about the physiological functions of plant MSRs in relation with subcellular and tissue distribution, expression patterns, mutant phenotypes, and possible targets. The data gained from modified lines of plant models and crop species indicate that MSRs play protective roles upon abiotic and biotic environmental constraints. They also participate in the control of the ageing process, as shown in seeds subjected to adverse conditions. Significant advances were achieved towards understanding how MSRs could fulfil these functions via the identification of partners among Met-rich or MetO-containing proteins, notably by using redox proteomic approaches. In addition to a global protective role against oxidative damage in proteins, plant MSRs could specifically preserve the activity of stress responsive effectors such as glutathione-S-transferases and chaperones. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate that MSRs fulfil key signaling roles via interplays with Ca2+- and phosphorylation-dependent cascades, thus transmitting ROS-related information in transduction pathways.
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32
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Noctor G, Reichheld JP, Foyer CH. ROS-related redox regulation and signaling in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 80:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Huang J, Willems P, Van Breusegem F, Messens J. Pathways crossing mammalian and plant sulfenomic landscapes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:193-201. [PMID: 29476921 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and especially hydrogen peroxide, are potent signaling molecules that activate cellular defense responses. Hydrogen peroxide can provoke reversible and irreversible oxidative posttranslational modifications on cysteine residues of proteins that act in diverse signaling circuits. The initial oxidation product of cysteine, sulfenic acid, has emerged as a biologically relevant posttranslational modification, because it is the primary sulfur oxygen modification that precedes divergent series of additional adaptations. In this review, we focus on the functional consequences of sulfenylation for both mammalian and plant proteins. Furthermore, we created compendia of sulfenylated proteins in human and plants based on mass spectrometry experiments, thereby defining the current plant and human sulfenomes. To assess the evolutionary conservation of sulfenylation, the sulfenomes of human and plants were compared based on protein homology. In total, 185 human sulfenylated proteins showed homology to sulfenylated plant proteins and the conserved sulfenylation targets participated in specific biological pathways and metabolic processes. Comprehensive functional studies of sulfenylation remains a future challenge, with multiple candidates suggested by mass spectrometry awaiting scrutinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Willems
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Kalemba EM, Ratajczak E. The effect of a doubled glutathione level on parameters affecting the germinability of recalcitrant Acer saccharinum seeds during drying. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 223:72-83. [PMID: 29550567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of plant species, including silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), produce seeds that are sensitive to desiccation, which is reflected in their poor storage potential and viability. In the search for a compound that can improve seed recalcitrance, freshly harvested seeds were soaked in either 2.5 mM reduced glutathione (GSH) or water and desiccated to comparable water levels of 55-20%. We examined the impact of a doubled endogenous level of glutathione on the seed germination capacity, the activity of enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism, the cell membrane components and integrity, reactive oxygen species, and ascorbate levels. GSH treatment resulted in slower dehydration and a higher germination capacity. The increased glutathione was mainly consumed by glutathione S-transferase, leading to more efficient detoxification, and by dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), accelerating the ascorbate regeneration. As a result, the cellular environment became more reduced, and protection of the membrane structures was enhanced. The ameliorated membrane integrity was manifested via a lower electrolyte leakage and a lower lipid peroxide level despite the higher level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detected in the GSH-treated seeds. The degradation of phospholipids (PLs) was less intense and related to the phosphatidylinositol (PI) level, which is the precursor of the phospholipase D cofactor, whereas in water-soaked seeds, PL degradation was promoted by H2O2. The germination capacity of the dehydrated seeds depended primarily on the level of H2O2, lipid hydroxyperoxides, electrolyte leakage, GSH, the half-cell reduction potential of glutathione, PI, and the activity of DHAR and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Interestingly, H2O2 affected all of the parameters. The germination of GSH-boosted seeds was strongly impacted by the pool of ascorbate, the half-cell reduction potential of ascorbate, and the glutathione peroxidase activity. In general, germination was DHAR activity-dependent. A strong negative correlation was detected in the water-soaked seeds, whereas a strong positive correlation was detected in the GSH-treated seeds. The enhanced level of glutathione likely improved the efficiency of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, confirming its effect on seed germinability after dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Ratajczak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
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Shen W, Han J, Yan P, Zheng J, Zhang L, Li X, Tuo D, Zhou P. Soluble expression of biologically active methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (PaMsrB1) from Carica papaya in Escherichia coli and isolation of its protein targets. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 146:17-22. [PMID: 29373846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (MsrB1) protects the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species to repair Met-oxidized proteins in response to abiotic stresses and biotic attack. Papaya MsrB1 (PaMsrB1) was identified previously to interact with papaya ringspot virus NIa-Pro, and this interaction inhibits the import of PaMsrB1 into the chloroplast. Further functional characterization of PaMsrB1 requires the production of a biologically active purified recombinant protein. In this report, PaMsrB1 as a fusion protein containing an N-terminal maltose-binding protein (MBP) was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) cells and purified. Production of soluble fusion protein was greater when the cells were cultured at 16 °C than at 37 °C. The Factor Xa protease digested MBP-PaMsrB1 fusion protein and subsequently purified recombinant PaMsrB1 specifically reduced the R-diastereomer of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) and Dabsyl-MetSO to Met in the presence of dithiothreitol. Eight chloroplast-localized and five non-chloroplast-localized candidate proteins that interact with PaMsrB1 were isolated by affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results provide a platform to further understand the anti-oxidative defense mechanism of PaMsrB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jiping Zheng
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Decai Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
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Si M, Feng Y, Chen K, Kang Y, Chen C, Wang Y, Shen X. Functional comparison of methionine sulphoxide reductase A and B in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2017; 63:280-286. [PMID: 28904252 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulphoxide reductases (Msr) are able to reduce methionine sulfoxide to methionine and protect bacteria against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many organisms express both methionine sulphoxide reductase A (MsrA), specific for methionine-S-sulfoxide and methionine sulphoxide reductase B (MsrB), active against methionine-R-sulfoxide. Corynebacterium glutamicum expresses MsrA, the function of which has been well defined; however, the function of MsrB has not been studied. Whether MsrB and MsrA play an equally important role in the antioxidant process is also poorly understood. In this study, we identified MsrB encoded by ncgl1823 in C. glutamicum, investigated its function and made a comparison with MsrA. The msrB gene showed a slight effect on utilizing methionine sulfoxide (MetO) as the sole Met source; however, the survival rates showed no sensitivity to oxidants. MsrB showed catalytic activity using thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase (Trx/TrxR) reducing system as electron donors, but independent from the mycoredoxin 1/mycothione reductase/mycothiol (Mrx1/Mtr/MSH) system. Therefore, MsrB plays a limited role in resisting oxidative stress and it could reduce MetO to Met by the Trx/TrxR reducing system, which is useful for expanding the understanding of the functions of Msr in this important industrial microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Si
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University.,College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Yanyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University
| | - Keqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University
| | - Yiwen Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University.,College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University
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The Brachypodium distachyon methionine sulfoxide reductase gene family. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pérez-Pérez ME, Mauriès A, Maes A, Tourasse NJ, Hamon M, Lemaire SD, Marchand CH. The Deep Thioredoxome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: New Insights into Redox Regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1107-1125. [PMID: 28739495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox post-translational modifications have emerged as important mechanisms of signaling and regulation in all organisms, and thioredoxin plays a key role by controlling the thiol-disulfide status of target proteins. Recent redox proteomic studies revealed hundreds of proteins regulated by glutathionylation and nitrosylation in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while much less is known about the thioredoxin interactome in this organism. By combining qualitative and quantitative proteomic analyses, we have comprehensively investigated the Chlamydomonas thioredoxome and 1188 targets have been identified. They participate in a wide range of metabolic pathways and cellular processes. This study broadens not only the redox regulation to new enzymes involved in well-known thioredoxin-regulated metabolic pathways but also sheds light on cellular processes for which data supporting redox regulation are scarce (aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, nuclear transport, etc). Moreover, we characterized 1052 thioredoxin-dependent regulatory sites and showed that these data constitute a valuable resource for future functional studies in Chlamydomonas. By comparing this thioredoxome with proteomic data for glutathionylation and nitrosylation at the protein and cysteine levels, this work confirms the existence of a complex redox regulation network in Chlamydomonas and provides evidence of a tremendous selectivity of redox post-translational modifications for specific cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mauriès
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Maes
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas J Tourasse
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marion Hamon
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
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Ricci F, Lauro FM, Grzymski JJ, Read R, Bakiu R, Santovito G, Luporini P, Vallesi A. The Anti-Oxidant Defense System of the Marine Polar Ciliate Euplotes nobilii: Characterization of the MsrB Gene Family. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010004. [PMID: 28106766 PMCID: PMC5371997 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Organisms living in polar waters must cope with an extremely stressful environment dominated by freezing temperatures, high oxygen concentrations and UV radiation. To shed light on the genetic mechanisms on which the polar marine ciliate, Euplotes nobilii, relies to effectively cope with the oxidative stress, attention was focused on methionine sulfoxide reductases which repair proteins with oxidized methionines. A family of four structurally distinct MsrB genes, encoding enzymes specific for the reduction of the methionine-sulfoxide R-forms, were identified from a draft of the E. nobilii transcriptionally active (macronuclear) genome. The En-MsrB genes are constitutively expressed to synthesize proteins markedly different in amino acid sequence, number of CXXC motifs for zinc-ion binding, and presence/absence of a cysteine residue specific for the mechanism of enzyme regeneration. The En-MsrB proteins take different localizations in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, ensuring a pervasive protection of all the major subcellular compartments from the oxidative damage. These observations have suggested to regard the En-MsrB gene activity as playing a central role in the genetic mechanism that enables E. nobilii and ciliates in general to live in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.
| | - Federico M Lauro
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Joseph J Grzymski
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
| | - Robert Read
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
| | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana 1019, Albania.
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, Padua 35100, Italy.
| | - Pierangelo Luporini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.
| | - Adriana Vallesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.
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Péterfi Z, Tarrago L, Gladyshev VN. Practical guide for dynamic monitoring of protein oxidation using genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent biosensors of methionine sulfoxide. Methods 2016; 109:149-157. [PMID: 27345570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In cells, physiological and pathophysiological conditions may lead to the formation of methionine sulfoxide (MetO). This oxidative modification of methionine exists in the form of two diastereomers, R and S, and may occur in both free amino acid and proteins. MetO is reduced back to methionine by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs). Methionine oxidation was thought to be a nonspecific modification affecting protein functions and methionine availability. However, recent findings suggest that cyclic methionine oxidation and reduction is a posttranslational modification that actively regulates protein function akin to redox regulation by cysteine oxidation and phosphorylation. Methionine oxidation is thus an important mechanism that could play out in various physiological contexts. However, detecting MetO generation and MSR functions remains challenging because of the lack of tools and reagents to detect and quantify this protein modification. We recently developed two genetically encoded diasterospecific fluorescent sensors, MetSOx and MetROx, to dynamically monitor MetO in living cells. Here, we provide a detailed procedure for their use in bacterial and mammalian cells using fluorimetric and fluorescent imaging approaches. This method can be adapted to dynamically monitor methionine oxidation in various cell types and under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Péterfi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lionel Tarrago
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Methylmercury alters glutathione homeostasis by inhibiting glutaredoxin 1 and enhancing glutathione biosynthesis in cultured human astrocytoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2016; 256:1-10. [PMID: 27180086 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxin that binds strongly to thiol residues on protein and low molecular weight molecules like reduced glutathione (GSH). The mechanism of its effects on GSH homeostasis particularly at environmentally relevant low doses is not fully known. We hypothesized that exposure to MeHg would lead to a depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and an accumulation of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) leading to alterations in S-glutathionylation of proteins. Our results showed exposure to low concentrations of MeHg (1μM) did not significantly alter GSH levels but increased GSSG levels by ∼12-fold. This effect was associated with a significant increase in total cellular glutathione content and a decrease in GSH/GSSG. Immunoblot analyses revealed that proteins involved in glutathione synthesis were upregulated accounting for the increase in cellular glutathione. This was associated an increase in cellular Nrf2 protein levels which is required to induce the expression of antioxidant genes in response to cellular stress. Intriguingly, we noted that a key enzyme involved in reversing protein S-glutathionylation and maintaining glutathione homeostasis, glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1), was inhibited by ∼50%. MeHg treatment also increased the S-glutathionylation of a high molecular weight protein. This observation is consistent with the inhibition of Grx1 and elevated H2O2 production however; contrary to our original hypothesis we found few S-glutathionylated proteins in the astrocytoma cells. Collectively, MeHg affects multiple arms of glutathione homeostasis ranging from pool management to protein S-glutathionylation and Grx1 activity.
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Foyer CH. Oxidative stress and antioxidative systems: recipes for successful data collection and interpretation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1140-60. [PMID: 26864619 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are common to many fundamental responses of plants. Enormous and ever-growing interest has focused on this research area, leading to an extensive literature that documents the tremendous progress made in recent years. As in other areas of plant biology, advances have been greatly facilitated by developments in genomics-dependent technologies and the application of interdisciplinary techniques that generate information at multiple levels. At the same time, advances in understanding ROS are fundamentally reliant on the use of biochemical and cell biology techniques that are specific to the study of oxidative stress. It is therefore timely to revisit these approaches with the aim of providing a guide to convenient methods and assisting interested researchers in avoiding potential pitfalls. Our critical overview of currently popular methodologies includes a detailed discussion of approaches used to generate oxidative stress, measurements of ROS themselves, determination of major antioxidant metabolites, assays of antioxidative enzymes and marker transcripts for oxidative stress. We consider the applicability of metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics approaches and discuss markers such as damage to DNA and RNA. Our discussion of current methodologies is firmly anchored to future technological developments within this popular research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technologie Park 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Pedrajas JR, McDonagh B, Hernández-Torres F, Miranda-Vizuete A, González-Ojeda R, Martínez-Galisteo E, Padilla CA, Bárcena JA. Glutathione Is the Resolving Thiol for Thioredoxin Peroxidase Activity of 1-Cys Peroxiredoxin Without Being Consumed During the Catalytic Cycle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:115-28. [PMID: 26159064 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A three-step catalytic cycle is common to all peroxiredoxins (Prxs), despite structural and kinetic differences. The second step in 1-Cys type Prxs is a matter of debate since they lack an additional cysteine to play the resolving role, as happens with the 2-Cys Prxs. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of glutathione (GSH) in the thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial Prx1p, a 1-Cys type Prx. RESULTS The peroxidatic Cys91 residue of two Prx1p peptides can be linked by a disulfide, which can be reduced by thioredoxin and by GSH (Km=6.1 μM). GSH forms a mixed disulfide with the peroxidatic cysteine spontaneously in vitro and in vivo. Mitochondrial Trx3p deglutathionylates Prx1p without formation of GSSG so that GSH is not consumed in the process. The structural unit of native Prx1p is a dimer whose subunits are not covalently linked, but a hexameric assembly of three disulfide-bound dimers can also be formed. INNOVATION GSH is presented as a protective cofactor of Prx1p, which is not consumed during the peroxidase reaction, but provides a robust mechanism as the resolving cysteine and efficiently prevents Prx1p overoxidation. GSH exerts these roles at concentrations well below those commonly considered necessary for its antioxidant and redox buffering functions. CONCLUSION A 1-Cys peroxide scavenging mechanism operates in yeast mitochondria involving an autonomous glutathione molecule and the thioredoxin system, which could have universal validity. Prx1p is fairly well protected from overoxidation, questioning its role in a floodgate mechanism for H2O2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rafael Pedrajas
- 1 Biochemistry and Cellular Signaling Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén , Jaén, Spain
| | - Brian McDonagh
- 2 MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Aging (CIMA), Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Antonio Miranda-Vizuete
- 4 Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raúl González-Ojeda
- 5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain .,6 Córdoba Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research , IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilia Martínez-Galisteo
- 5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain .,6 Córdoba Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research , IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Alicia Padilla
- 5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain .,6 Córdoba Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research , IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bárcena
- 5 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain .,6 Córdoba Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research , IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
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Friso G, van Wijk KJ. Posttranslational Protein Modifications in Plant Metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1469-87. [PMID: 26338952 PMCID: PMC4634103 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity, increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell. PTMs play key roles in plants through their impact on signaling, gene expression, protein stability and interactions, and enzyme kinetics. Following a brief discussion of the experimental and bioinformatics challenges of PTM identification, localization, and quantification (occupancy), a concise overview is provided of the major PTMs and their (potential) functional consequences in plants, with emphasis on plant metabolism. Classic examples that illustrate the regulation of plant metabolic enzymes and pathways by PTMs and their cross talk are summarized. Recent large-scale proteomics studies mapped many PTMs to a wide range of metabolic functions. Unraveling of the PTM code, i.e. a predictive understanding of the (combinatorial) consequences of PTMs, is needed to convert this growing wealth of data into an understanding of plant metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Friso
- School for Integrative Plant Sciences, Section Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- School for Integrative Plant Sciences, Section Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Morita S, Yamashita Y, Fujiki M, Todaka R, Nishikawa Y, Hosoki A, Yabe C, Nakamura J, Kawamura K, Suwastika IN, Sato MH, Masumura T, Ogihara Y, Tanaka K, Satoh S. Expression of a rice glutaredoxin in aleurone layers of developing and mature seeds: subcellular localization and possible functions in antioxidant defense. PLANTA 2015; 242:1195-206. [PMID: 26126957 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rice glutaredoxin isoform (OsGrxC2;2) with antioxidant capacity is expressed abundantly in seed tissues and is localized to storage vacuoles in aleurone layers in developing and mature seeds. Seed tissues undergo drastic water loss at the late stage of seed development, and thus need to tolerate oxidative injuries associated with desiccation. We previously found a rice glutaredoxin isoform, OsGrxC2;2, as a gene expressed abundantly in developing seeds. Since glutaredoxin is involved in antioxidant defense, in the present study we investigated the subcellular localization and expression profile of OsGrxC2;2 and whether OsGrxC2;2 has a role in the defense against reactive oxygen species. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that the OsGrxC2;2 protein accumulated at a high level in the embryo and aleurone layers of developing and mature seeds. The OsGrxC2;2 in developing seeds was particularly localized to aleurone grains, which are storage organelles derived from vacuoles. Overexpression of OsGrxC2;2 resulted in an enhanced tolerance to menadione in yeast and methyl viologen in green leaves of transgenic rice plants. These results suggest that OsGrxC2;2 participates in the defense against oxidative stress in developing and mature seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Morita
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan.
- Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0244, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fujiki
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Rie Todaka
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yuri Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hosoki
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
- Radiation Effect Accumulation and Prevention Project, Fukushima Project Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chisato Yabe
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawamura
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - I Nengah Suwastika
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Sakyo, 606-8501, Japan
- Agricultural Faculty, Tadulako University, Palu, 94118, Indonesia
| | - Masa H Sato
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takehiro Masumura
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0244, Japan
| | - Yasunari Ogihara
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Kunisuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Shigeru Satoh
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0244, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, 520-2194, Japan
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Tarrago L, Péterfi Z, Lee BC, Michel T, Gladyshev VN. Monitoring methionine sulfoxide with stereospecific mechanism-based fluorescent sensors. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:332-8. [PMID: 25799144 PMCID: PMC4402147 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methionine can be reversibly oxidized to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, but its use as a redox marker suffers from the lack of tools to detect and quantify MetO within cells. In this work, we created a pair of complementary stereospecific genetically encoded mechanism-based ratiometric fluorescent sensors of MetO by inserting a circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein between yeast methionine sulfoxide reductases and thioredoxins. The two sensors, respectively named MetSOx and MetROx for their ability to detect S and R forms of MetO, were used for targeted analysis of protein oxidation, regulation and repair as well as for monitoring MetO in bacterial and mammalian cells, analyzing compartment-specific changes in MetO and examining responses to physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Tarrago
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zalán Péterfi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Byung Cheon Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-712, South Korea
| | - Thomas Michel
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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47
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Zhu J, Ding P, Li Q, Gao Y, Chen F, Xia G. Molecular characterization and expression profile of methionine sulfoxide reductase gene family in maize (Zea mays) under abiotic stresses. Gene 2015; 562:159-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Knuesting J, Riondet C, Maria C, Kruse I, Bécuwe N, König N, Berndt C, Tourrette S, Guilleminot-Montoya J, Herrero E, Gaymard F, Balk J, Belli G, Scheibe R, Reichheld JP, Rouhier N, Rey P. Arabidopsis glutaredoxin S17 and its partner, the nuclear factor Y subunit C11/negative cofactor 2α, contribute to maintenance of the shoot apical meristem under long-day photoperiod. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1643-58. [PMID: 25699589 PMCID: PMC4378178 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) catalyze the reduction of protein disulfide bonds using glutathione as a reductant. Certain GRXs are able to transfer iron-sulfur clusters to other proteins. To investigate the function of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GRXS17, we applied a strategy combining biochemical, genetic, and physiological approaches. GRXS17 was localized in the nucleus and cytosol, and its expression was elevated in the shoot meristems and reproductive tissues. Recombinant GRXS17 bound Fe2S2 clusters, a property likely contributing to its ability to complement the defects of a Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strain lacking the mitochondrial GRX5. However, a grxs17 knockout Arabidopsis mutant exhibited only a minor decrease in the activities of iron-sulfur enzymes, suggesting that its primary function is as a disulfide oxidoreductase. The grxS17 plants were sensitive to high temperatures and long-day photoperiods, resulting in elongated leaves, compromised shoot apical meristem, and delayed bolting. Both environmental conditions applied simultaneously led to a growth arrest. Using affinity chromatography and split-Yellow Fluorescent Protein methods, a nuclear transcriptional regulator, the Nuclear Factor Y Subunit C11/Negative Cofactor 2α (NF-YC11/NC2α), was identified as a GRXS17 interacting partner. A mutant deficient in NF-YC11/NC2α exhibited similar phenotypes to grxs17 in response to photoperiod. Therefore, we propose that GRXS17 interacts with NF-YC11/NC2α to relay a redox signal generated by the photoperiod to maintain meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knuesting
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Carlos Maria
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Noëlle Bécuwe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas König
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Sébastien Tourrette
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Jocelyne Guilleminot-Montoya
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Gemma Belli
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
| | - Pascal Rey
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (J.K., N.K., R.S.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-66860 Perpignan, France (C.R., J.G.-M., J.-P.R.);Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain (C.M., E.H., G.B.);Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (I.K., J.B.);Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, F-13284 Marseille, France (N.B., S.T., P.R.);Division for Biochemistry, Department for Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.);Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (C.B.);Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 1, France (F.G.);Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (N.R.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, F-54280 Champenoux, France (N.R.)
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Corynebacterium glutamicum methionine sulfoxide reductase A uses both mycoredoxin and thioredoxin for regeneration and oxidative stress resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2781-96. [PMID: 25681179 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04221-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of methionine leads to the formation of the S and R diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (MetO), which can be reversed by the actions of two structurally unrelated classes of methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr), MsrA and MsrB, respectively. Although MsrAs have long been demonstrated in numerous bacteria, their physiological and biochemical functions remain largely unknown in Actinomycetes. Here, we report that a Corynebacterium glutamicum methionine sulfoxide reductase A (CgMsrA) that belongs to the 3-Cys family of MsrAs plays important roles in oxidative stress resistance. Deletion of the msrA gene in C. glutamicum resulted in decrease of cell viability, increase of ROS production, and increase of protein carbonylation levels under various stress conditions. The physiological roles of CgMsrA in resistance to oxidative stresses were corroborated by its induced expression under various stresses, regulated directly by the stress-responsive extracytoplasmic-function (ECF) sigma factor SigH. Activity assays performed with various regeneration pathways showed that CgMsrA can reduce MetO via both the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase (Trx/TrxR) and mycoredoxin 1/mycothione reductase/mycothiol (Mrx1/Mtr/MSH) pathways. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that Cys56 is the peroxidatic cysteine that is oxidized to sulfenic acid, while Cys204 and Cys213 are the resolving Cys residues that form an intramolecular disulfide bond. Mrx1 reduces the sulfenic acid intermediate via the formation of an S-mycothiolated MsrA intermediate (MsrA-SSM) which is then recycled by mycoredoxin and the second molecule of mycothiol, similarly to the glutathione/glutaredoxin/glutathione reductase (GSH/Grx/GR) system. However, Trx reduces the Cys204-Cys213 disulfide bond in CgMsrA produced during MetO reduction via the formation of a transient intermolecular disulfide bond between Trx and CgMsrA. While both the Trx/TrxR and Mrx1/Mtr/MSH pathways are operative in reducing CgMsrA under stress conditions in vivo, the Trx/TrxR pathway alone is sufficient to reduce CgMsrA under normal conditions. Based on these results, a catalytic model for the reduction of CgMsrA by Mrx1 and Trx is proposed.
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Kim MJ, Jeong J, Jeong J, Hwang KY, Lee KJ, Kim HY. Mechanism of 1-Cys type methionine sulfoxide reductase A regeneration by glutaredoxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:567-71. [PMID: 25600814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (Grx), a major redox regulator, can act as a reductant of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA). However, the biochemical mechanisms involved in MsrA activity regeneration by Grx remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the regeneration mechanism of 1-Cys type Clostridium oremlandii MsrA (cMsrA) lacking a resolving Cys residue in a Grx-dependent assay. Kinetic analysis showed that cMsrA could be reduced by both monothiol and dithiol Grxs as efficiently as by in vitro reductant dithiothreitol. Our data revealed that the catalytic Cys sulfenic acid intermediate is not glutathionylated in the presence of the substrate, and that Grx instead directly formed a complex with cMsrA. Mass spectrometry analysis identified a disulfide bond between the N-terminal catalytic Cys of the active site of Grx and the catalytic Cys of cMsrA. This mixed disulfide bond could be resolved by glutathione. Based on these findings, we propose a model for regeneration of 1-Cys type cMsrA by Grx that involves no glutathionylation on the catalytic Cys of cMsrA. This mechanism contrasts with that of the previously known 1-Cys type MsrB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Jeong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Jeong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwa-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea.
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