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Lewis NM, Kisgeropoulos EC, Lubner CE, Fixen KR. Characterization of ferredoxins involved in electron transfer pathways for nitrogen fixation implicates differences in electronic structure in tuning 2[4Fe4S] Fd activity. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 254:112521. [PMID: 38471286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (Fds) are small proteins which shuttle electrons to pathways like biological nitrogen fixation. Physical properties tune the reactivity of Fds with different pathways, but knowledge on how these properties can be manipulated to engineer new electron transfer pathways is lacking. Recently, we showed that an evolved strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris uses a new electron transfer pathway for nitrogen fixation. This pathway involves a variant of the primary Fd of nitrogen fixation in R. palustris, Fer1, in which threonine at position 11 is substituted for isoleucine (Fer1T11I). To understand why this substitution in Fer1 enables more efficient electron transfer, we used in vivo and in vitro methods to characterize Fer1 and Fer1T11I. Electrochemical characterization revealed both Fer1 and Fer1T11I have similar redox transitions (-480 mV and - 550 mV), indicating the reduction potential was unaffected despite the proximity of T11 to an iron‑sulfur (FeS) cluster of Fer1. Additionally, disruption of hydrogen bonding around an FeS cluster in Fer1 by substituting threonine with alanine (T11A) or valine (T11V) did not increase nitrogenase activity, indicating that disruption of hydrogen bonding does not explain the difference in activity observed for Fer1T11I. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy studies revealed key differences in the electronic structure of Fer1 and Fer1T11I, which indicate changes to the high spin states and/or spin-spin coupling between the FeS clusters of Fer1. Our data implicates these electronic structure differences in facilitating electron flow and sets a foundation for further investigations to understand the connection between these properties and intermolecular electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and the Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | | | - Carolyn E Lubner
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States of America.
| | - Kathryn R Fixen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and the Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
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2
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Tiwari V, Bussi Y, Kamara I, Faigenboim A, Irihimovitch V, Charuvi D. Priming avocado with sodium hydrosulfide prior to frost conditions induces the expression of genes involved in protection and stress responses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14291. [PMID: 38628053 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Priming plants with chemical agents has been extensively investigated as a means for improving their tolerance to many biotic and abiotic stresses. Earlier, we showed that priming young avocado (Persea americana Mill cv. 'Hass') trees with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of hydrogen sulfide, improves the response of photosynthesis to simulated frost (cold followed by high light) conditions. In the current study, we performed a transcriptome analysis to gain insight into the molecular response of avocado 'Hass' leaves to frost, with or without NaHS priming. The analysis revealed 2144 (down-regulated) and 2064 (up-regulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common to both non-primed and primed trees. Non-primed trees had 697 (down) and 559 (up) unique DEGs, while primed trees exhibited 1395 (down) and 1385 (up) unique DEGs. We focus on changes in the expression patterns of genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis, carbon cycle, protective functions, biosynthesis of isoprenoids and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as ABA-regulated genes. Notably, the differential expression results depict the enhanced response of primed trees to the frost and highlight gene expression changes unique to primed trees. Amongst these are up-regulated genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, heat shock proteins, enzymes for ABA metabolism, and ABA-induced transcription factors. Extending the priming experiments to field conditions, which showed a benefit to the physiology of trees following chilling, suggests that it can be a possible means to improve trees' response to cold stress under natural winter conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand Tiwari
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yuval Bussi
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itzhak Kamara
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Vered Irihimovitch
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dana Charuvi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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3
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Tournaire MD, Scharff LB, Kramer M, Goss T, Vuorijoki L, Rodriguez‐Heredia M, Wilson S, Kruse I, Ruban A, Balk L. J, Hase T, Jensen P, Hanke GT. Ferredoxin C2 is required for chlorophyll biosynthesis and accumulation of photosynthetic antennae in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3287-3304. [PMID: 37427830 PMCID: PMC10947542 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (Fd) are small iron-sulphur proteins, with sub-types that have evolved for specific redox functions. Ferredoxin C2 (FdC2) proteins are essential Fd homologues conserved in all photosynthetic organisms and a number of different FdC2 functions have been proposed in angiosperms. Here we use RNAi silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana to generate a viable fdC2 mutant line with near-depleted FdC2 protein levels. Mutant leaves have ~50% less chlorophyll a and b, and chloroplasts have poorly developed thylakoid membrane structure. Transcriptomics indicates upregulation of genes involved in stress responses. Although fdC2 antisense plants show increased damage at photosystem II (PSII) when exposed to high light, PSII recovers at the same rate as wild type in the dark. This contradicts literature proposing that FdC2 regulates translation of the D1 subunit of PSII, by binding to psbA transcript. Measurement of chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediates revealed a build-up of Mg-protoporphyrin IX, the substrate of the aerobic cyclase. We localise FdC2 to the inner chloroplast envelope and show that the FdC2 RNAi line has a disproportionately lower protein abundance of antennae proteins, which are nuclear-encoded and must be refolded at the envelope after import.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars B. Scharff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Manuela Kramer
- School of Biological and Behavioural sciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Tatjana Goss
- Department of Plant PhysiologyOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | | | | | - Sam Wilson
- School of Biological and Behavioural sciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Inga Kruse
- Department of Plant PhysiologyOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Alexander Ruban
- School of Biological and Behavioural sciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Toshiharu Hase
- Institute for Protein ResearchOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Poul‐Erik Jensen
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- School of Biological and Behavioural sciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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4
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Jan M, Liu Z, Rochaix JD, Sun X. Retrograde and anterograde signaling in the crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:980237. [PMID: 36119624 PMCID: PMC9478734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic activity are closely coordinated through signaling chains from the nucleus to chloroplast, referred to as anterograde signaling, and from chloroplast to the nucleus, named retrograde signaling. The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor and communicates with other cell compartments during its biogenesis and in response to stress, notably with the nucleus through retrograde signaling to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and growth. Although several components involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-derived retrograde signals and in the regulation of the responsive nuclear genes have been identified, the plastid retrograde signaling network is still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, and on potential plastid signaling molecules. We also discuss the retrograde signaling-dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression within the frame of a multilayered network of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Jan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Wang Z, Liu M, Yao M, Zhang X, Qu C, Du H, Lu K, Li J, Wei L, Liang Y. Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Enhances Shading Tolerance by Regulating the Photosynthesis Capability of Photosystem II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:902989. [PMID: 35720537 PMCID: PMC9201689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.902989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is the third-largest source of vegetable oil in the world with an edible, medicinal, and ornamental value. However, insufficient light or high planting density directly affects its growth, development, yield, and quality. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that play key roles in regulating the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, we found that the promoter of BnaMAPK1 contained several light-responsive elements (including the AT1-motif, G-Box, and TCT-motif), consistent with its shading stress-induced upregulation. Compared with the wild type under shading stress, BnaMAPK1-overexpressing plants showed higher light capture efficiency and carbon assimilation capacity, enhancing their shading tolerance. Using RNA sequencing, we systematically investigated the function of BnaMAPK1 in shading stress on photosynthetic structure, Calvin cycle, and light-driven electron transport. Notably, numerous genes encoding light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (BnaLHCBs) in photosystem II-light-harvesting complex (LHC) II supercomplex were significantly downregulated in the BnaMAPK1-overexpressing lines relative to the wild type under shading stress. Combining RNA sequencing and yeast library screening, a candidate interaction partner of BnaMAPK1 regulating in shading stress, BnaLHCB3, was obtained. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and split-luciferase complementation assays confirmed the physical interaction relationship between BnaLHCB3 and BnaMAPK1, suggesting that BnaMAPK1 may involve in stabilizing the photosystem II-LHC II supercomplex. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BnaMAPK1 positively regulates photosynthesis capability to respond to shading stress in rapeseed, possibly by controlling antenna proteins complex in photosystem II, and could provide valuable information for further breeding for rapeseed stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mengnan Yao
- Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai Du
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiana Li
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
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6
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Current Knowledge on Mechanisms Preventing Photosynthesis Redox Imbalance in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111789. [PMID: 34829660 PMCID: PMC8614926 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis includes a set of redox reactions that are the source of reducing power and energy for the assimilation of inorganic carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, thus generating organic compounds, and oxygen, which supports life on Earth. As sessile organisms, plants have to face continuous changes in environmental conditions and need to adjust the photosynthetic electron transport to prevent the accumulation of damaging oxygen by-products. The balance between photosynthetic cyclic and linear electron flows allows for the maintenance of a proper NADPH/ATP ratio that is adapted to the plant’s needs. In addition, different mechanisms to dissipate excess energy operate in plants to protect and optimise photosynthesis under adverse conditions. Recent reports show an important role of redox-based dithiol–disulphide interchanges, mediated both by classical and atypical chloroplast thioredoxins (TRXs), in the control of these photoprotective mechanisms. Moreover, membrane-anchored TRX-like proteins, such as HCF164, which transfer electrons from stromal TRXs to the thylakoid lumen, play a key role in the regulation of lumenal targets depending on the stromal redox poise. Interestingly, not all photoprotective players were reported to be under the control of TRXs. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the mechanisms that allow an appropriate electron flux to avoid the detrimental consequences of photosynthesis redox imbalances.
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7
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Stuart D, Sandström M, Youssef HM, Zakhrabekova S, Jensen PE, Bollivar D, Hansson M. Barley Viridis-k links an evolutionarily conserved C-type ferredoxin to chlorophyll biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2834-2849. [PMID: 34051099 PMCID: PMC8408499 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins are single-electron carrier proteins involved in various cellular reactions. In chloroplasts, the most abundant ferredoxin accepts electrons from photosystem I and shuttles electrons via ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase to generate NADPH or directly to ferredoxin dependent enzymes. In addition, plants contain other isoforms of ferredoxins. Two of these, named FdC1 and FdC2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, have C-terminal extensions and functions that are poorly understood. Here we identified disruption of the orthologous FdC2 gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants at the Viridis-k locus; these mutants are deficient in the aerobic cyclase reaction of chlorophyll biosynthesis. The magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase is one of the least characterized enzymes of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway and its electron donor has long been sought. Agroinfiltrations showed that the viridis-k phenotype could be complemented in vivo by Viridis-k but not by canonical ferredoxin. VirK could drive the cyclase reaction in vitro and analysis of cyclase mutants showed that in vivo accumulation of VirK is dependent on cyclase enzyme levels. The chlorophyll deficient phenotype of viridis-k mutants suggests that VirK plays an essential role in chlorophyll biosynthesis that cannot be replaced by other ferredoxins, thus assigning a specific function to this isoform of C-type ferredoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stuart
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | | | - Helmy M. Youssef
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
- Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK-1958, Denmark
| | - David Bollivar
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61702-2900, USA
| | - Mats Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
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8
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Chen Y, Zhong D, Yang X, Zhao Y, Dai L, Zeng D, Wang Q, Gao L, Li S. ZmFdC2 Encoding a Ferredoxin Protein With C-Terminus Extension Is Indispensable for Maize Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646359. [PMID: 33968104 PMCID: PMC8104031 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As important electron carriers, ferredoxin (Fd) proteins play important roles in photosynthesis, and the assimilation of CO2, nitrate, sulfate, and other metabolites. In addition to the well-studied Fds, plant genome encodes two Fd-like protein members named FdC1 and FdC2, which have extension regions at the C-terminus of the 2Fe-2S cluster. Mutation or overexpression of FdC genes caused alterations in photosynthetic electron transfer rate in rice and Arabidopsis. Maize genome contains one copy of each FdC gene. However, the functions of these genes have not been reported. In this study, we identified the ZmFdC2 gene by forward genetics approach. Mutation of this gene causes impaired photosynthetic electron transport and collapsed chloroplasts. The mutant plant is seedling-lethal, indicating the indispensable function of ZmFdC2 gene in maize development. The ZmFdC2 gene is specifically expressed in photosynthetic tissues and induced by light treatment, and the encoded protein is localized on chloroplast, implying its specialized function in photosynthesis. Furthermore, ZmFdC2 expression was detected in both mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells, the two cell types specialized for C4 and C3 photosynthesis pathways in maize. Epigenomic analyses showed that ZmFdC2 locus was enriched for active histone modifications. Our results demonstrate that ZmFdC2 is a key component of the photosynthesis pathway and is crucial for the development of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyi Zhong
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- Plant Phenomics Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengben Li
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Plant Phenomics Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Luu Trinh MD, Miyazaki D, Ono S, Nomata J, Kono M, Mino H, Niwa T, Okegawa Y, Motohashi K, Taguchi H, Hisabori T, Masuda S. The evolutionary conserved iron-sulfur protein TCR controls P700 oxidation in photosystem I. iScience 2021; 24:102059. [PMID: 33554065 PMCID: PMC7848650 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural habitats, plants have developed sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to optimize the photosynthetic electron transfer rate at the maximum efficiency and cope with the changing environments. Maintaining proper P700 oxidation at photosystem I (PSI) is the common denominator for most regulatory processes of photosynthetic electron transfers. However, the molecular complexes and cofactors involved in these processes and their function(s) have not been fully clarified. Here, we identified a redox-active chloroplast protein, the triplet-cysteine repeat protein (TCR). TCR shared similar expression profiles with known photosynthetic regulators and contained two triplet-cysteine motifs (CxxxCxxxC). Biochemical analysis indicated that TCR localizes in chloroplasts and has a [3Fe-4S] cluster. Loss of TCR limited the electron sink downstream of PSI during dark-to-light transition. Arabidopsis pgr5-tcr double mutant reduced growth significantly and showed unusual oxidation and reduction of plastoquinone pool. These results indicated that TCR is involved in electron flow(s) downstream of PSI, contributing to P700 oxidation. P700 oxidation at photosystem I is important for regulation of photosynthesis TCR is a redox active chloroplast protein harboring a 3Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster TCR controls electron flow around photosystem I, contributing to P700 oxidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Duy Luu Trinh
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Daichi Miyazaki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Sumire Ono
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Jiro Nomata
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Kono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mino
- Division of Materials Science (Physics), Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Niwa
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Okegawa
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Taguchi
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Corresponding author
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10
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Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101303. [PMID: 33023108 PMCID: PMC7600499 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the nitrate assimilation into amino acids in photosynthetic leaf tissues is active under the light, the studies during 1950s and 1970s in the dark nitrate assimilation provided fragmental and variable activities, and the mechanism of reductant supply to nitrate assimilation in darkness remained unclear. 15N tracing experiments unraveled the assimilatory mechanism of nitrogen from nitrate into amino acids in the light and in darkness by the reactions of nitrate and nitrite reductases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and asparagine synthetase. Nitrogen assimilation in illuminated leaves and non-photosynthetic roots occurs either in the redundant way or in the specific manner regarding the isoforms of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in their cellular compartments. The electron supplying systems necessary to the enzymatic reactions share in part a similar electron donor system at the expense of carbohydrates in both leaves and roots, but also distinct reducing systems regarding the reactions of Fd-nitrite reductase and Fd-glutamate synthase in the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs.
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He L, Li M, Qiu Z, Chen D, Zhang G, Wang X, Chen G, Hu J, Gao Z, Dong G, Ren D, Shen L, Zhang Q, Guo L, Qian Q, Zeng D, Zhu L. Primary leaf-type ferredoxin 1 participates in photosynthetic electron transport and carbon assimilation in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:44-58. [PMID: 32603511 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (Fds) play a crucial role in photosynthesis by regulating the distribution of electrons to downstream enzymes. Multiple Fd genes have been annotated in the Oryza sativa L. (rice) genome; however, their specific functions are not well understood. Here, we report the functional characterization of rice Fd1. Sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis of seven rice Fd proteins and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that rice Fd1 is a primary leaf-type Fd. Electron transfer assays involving NADP+ and cytochrome c indicated that Fd1 can donate electrons from photosystem I (PSI) to ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. Loss-of-function fd1 mutants showed chlorosis and seedling lethality at the three-leaf stage. The deficiency of Fd1 impaired photosynthetic electron transport, which affected carbon assimilation. Exogenous glucose treatment partially restored the mutant phenotype, suggesting that Fd1 plays an important role in photosynthetic electron transport in rice. In addition, the transcript levels of Fd-dependent genes were affected in fd1 mutants, and the trend was similar to that observed in fdc2 plants. Together, these results suggest that OsFd1 is the primary Fd in photosynthetic electron transport and carbon assimilation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhennan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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Massmig M, Reijerse E, Krausze J, Laurich C, Lubitz W, Jahn D, Moser J. Carnitine metabolism in the human gut: characterization of the two-component carnitine monooxygenase CntAB from Acinetobacter baumannii. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13065-13078. [PMID: 32694223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial formation of trimethylamine (TMA) from carnitine in the gut microbiome has been linked to cardiovascular disease. During this process, the two-component carnitine monooxygenase (CntAB) catalyzes the oxygen-dependent cleavage of carnitine to TMA and malic semialdehyde. Individual redox states of the reductase CntB and the catalytic component CntA were investigated based on mutagenesis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic approaches. Protein ligands of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and the plant-type [2Fe-2S] cluster of CntB and also of the Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster and the mononuclear [Fe] center of CntA were identified. EPR spectroscopy of variant CntA proteins suggested a hierarchical metallocenter maturation, Rieske [2Fe-2S] followed by the mononuclear [Fe] center. NADH-dependent electron transfer via the redox components of CntB and within the trimeric CntA complex for the activation of molecular oxygen was investigated. EPR experiments indicated that the two electrons from NADH were allocated to the plant-type [2Fe-2S] cluster and to FMN in the form of a flavin semiquinone radical. Single-turnover experiments of this reduced CntB species indicated the translocation of the first electron onto the [Fe] center and the second electron onto the Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster of CntA to finally allow for oxygen activation as a basis for carnitine cleavage. EPR spectroscopic investigation of CntA variants indicated an unusual intermolecular electron transfer between the subunits of the CntA trimer via the "bridging" residue Glu-205. On the basis of these data, a redox catalytic cycle for carnitine monooxygenase was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Massmig
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Edward Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Joern Krausze
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Laurich
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Braunschweig Centre of Integrated Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Moser
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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13
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An alternative plant-like cyanobacterial ferredoxin with unprecedented structural and functional properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:148084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Takeda S, Yoza M, Amano T, Ohshima I, Hirano T, Sato MH, Sakamoto T, Kimura S. Comparative transcriptome analysis of galls from four different host plants suggests the molecular mechanism of gall development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223686. [PMID: 31647845 PMCID: PMC6812778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galls are plant structures generated by gall–inducing organisms including insects, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Those made by insects generally consist of inner callus–like cells surrounded by lignified hard cells, supplying both nutrients and protection to the gall insects living inside. This indicates that gall insects hijack developmental processes in host plants to generate tissues for their own use. Although galls are morphologically diverse, the molecular mechanism for their development remains poorly understood. To identify genes involved in gall development, we performed RNA–sequencing based transcriptome analysis for leaf galls. We examined the young and mature galls of Glochidion obovatum (Phyllanthaceae), induced by the micromoth Caloptilia cecidophora (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), the leaf gall from Eurya japonica (Pentaphylacaceae) induced by Borboryctis euryae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), and the strawberry-shaped leaf gall from Artemisia montana (Asteraceae) induced by gall midge Rhopalomyia yomogicola (Oligotrophini: Cecidomyiidae). Gene ontology (GO) analyses suggested that genes related to developmental processes are up–regulated, whereas ones related to photosynthesis are down–regulated in these three galls. Comparison of transcripts in these three galls together with the gall on leaves of Rhus javanica (Anacardiaceae), induced by the aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea), suggested 38 genes commonly up–regulated in galls from different plant species. GO analysis showed that peptide biosynthesis and metabolism are commonly involved in the four different galls. Our results suggest that gall development involves common processes across gall inducers and plant taxa, providing an initial step towards understanding how they manipulate host plant developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takeda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center, Seika, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (ST); (SK)
| | - Makiko Yoza
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taisuke Amano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Issei Ohshima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hirano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masa H. Sato
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Industrial Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (ST); (SK)
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15
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Mellor SB, Vinde MH, Nielsen AZ, Hanke GT, Abdiaziz K, Roessler MM, Burow M, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Jensen PE. Defining optimal electron transfer partners for light-driven cytochrome P450 reactions. Metab Eng 2019; 55:33-43. [PMID: 31091467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants and cyanobacteria are promising heterologous hosts for metabolic engineering, and particularly suited for expression of cytochrome P450 (P450s), enzymes that catalyse key steps in biosynthetic pathways leading to valuable natural products such as alkaloids, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. P450s are often difficult to express and require a membrane-bound NADPH-dependent reductase, complicating their use in metabolic engineering and bio-production. We previously demonstrated targeting of heterologous P450s to thylakoid membranes both in N. benthamiana chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, and functional substitution of their native reductases with the photosynthetic apparatus via the endogenous soluble electron carrier ferredoxin. However, because ferredoxin acts as a sorting hub for photosynthetic reducing power, there is fierce competition for reducing equivalents, which limits photosynthesis-driven P450 output. This study compares the ability of four electron carriers to increase photosynthesis-driven P450 activity. These carriers, three plant ferredoxins and a flavodoxin-like engineered protein derived from cytochrome P450 reductase, show only modest differences in their electron transfer to our model P450, CYP79A1 in vitro. However, only the flavodoxin-like carrier supplies appreciable reducing power in the presence of competition for reduced ferredoxin, because it possesses a redox potential that renders delivery of reducing equivalents to endogenous processes inefficient. We further investigate the efficacy of these electron carrier proteins in vivo by expressing them transiently in N. benthamiana fused to CYP79A1. All but one of the fusion enzymes show improved sequestration of photosynthetic reducing power. Fusion with the flavodoxin-like carrier offers the greatest improvement in this comparison - nearly 25-fold on a per protein basis. Thus, this study demonstrates that synthetic electron transfer pathways with optimal redox potentials can alleviate the problem of endogenous competition for reduced ferredoxin and sets out a new metabolic engineering strategy useful for producing valuable natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Busck Mellor
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marcos Hamborg Vinde
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Zygadlo Nielsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Guy Thomas Hanke
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Kaltum Abdiaziz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Maxie M Roessler
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Meike Burow
- DyNaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Villum Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Villum Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Zhang X, Li X, Fang H, Guo F, Li F, Chen A, Huang S. Flavonoids as inducers of white adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis: signalling pathways and molecular triggers. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:47. [PMID: 31346342 PMCID: PMC6637576 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flavonoids are a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites and are the most common group of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet. In recent studies, flavonoids have been shown to induce browning of white adipocytes, increase energy consumption, inhibit high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and improve metabolic status. Promoting the activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inducing white adipose tissue (WAT) browning are promising means to increase energy expenditure and improve glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarizes recent advances in the knowledge of flavonoid compounds and their metabolites. Methods We searched the following databases for all research related to flavonoids and WAT browning published through March 2019: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Web of Science. All included studies are summarized and listed in Table 1. Result We summarized the effects of flavonoids on fat metabolism and the specific underlying mechanisms in sub-categories. Flavonoids activated the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), promoted the release of adrenaline and thyroid hormones to increase thermogenesis and induced WAT browning through the AMPK-PGC-1α/Sirt1 and PPAR signalling pathways. Flavonoids may also promote brown preadipocyte differentiation, inhibit apoptosis and produce inflammatory factors in BAT. Conclusion Flavonoids induced WAT browning and activated BAT to increase energy consumption and non-shivering thermogenesis, thus inhibiting weight gain and preventing metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First People's Hospital of Yichang, No.4 Hudi Street, Yichang, 443000 Hubei Province China
| | - Xin Li
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei Province China
| | - Huang Fang
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei Province China
| | - Fengjin Guo
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei Province China
| | - Feng Li
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei Province China
| | - Anmin Chen
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei Province China
| | - Shilong Huang
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei Province China
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17
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Grossman A, Sanz-Luque E, Yi H, Yang W. Building the GreenCut2 suite of proteins to unmask photosynthetic function and regulation. Microbiology (Reading) 2019; 165:697-718. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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18
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Guan X, Chen S, Voon CP, Wong KB, Tikkanen M, Lim BL. FdC1 and Leaf-Type Ferredoxins Channel Electrons From Photosystem I to Different Downstream Electron Acceptors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:410. [PMID: 29670639 PMCID: PMC5893904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant-type ferredoxins in Arabidopsis transfer electrons from the photosystem I to multiple redox-driven enzymes involved in the assimilation of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Leaf-type ferredoxins also modulate the switch between the linear and cyclic electron routes of the photosystems. Recently, two novel ferredoxin homologs with extra C-termini were identified in the Arabidopsis genome (AtFdC1, AT4G14890; AtFdC2, AT1G32550). FdC1 was considered as an alternative electron acceptor of PSI under extreme ferredoxin-deficient conditions. Here, we showed that FdC1 could interact with some, but not all, electron acceptors of leaf-type Fds, including the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), sulfite reductase (SiR), and nitrite reductase (NiR). Photoreduction assay on cytochrome c and enzyme assays confirmed its capability to receive electrons from PSI and donate electrons to the Fd-dependent SiR and NiR but not to the ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR). Hence, FdC1 and leaf-type Fds may play differential roles by channeling electrons from photosystem I to different downstream electron acceptors in photosynthetic tissues. In addition, the median redox potential of FdC1 may allow it to receive electrons from FNR in non-photosynthetic plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Guan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chia Pao Voon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Boon L. Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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19
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Koskela MM, Dahlström KM, Goñi G, Lehtimäki N, Nurmi M, Velazquez-Campoy A, Hanke G, Bölter B, Salminen TA, Medina M, Mulo P. Arabidopsis FNRL protein is an NADPH-dependent chloroplast oxidoreductase resembling bacterial ferredoxin-NADP + reductases. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:177-190. [PMID: 28833218 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastidic ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductases (FNRs; EC:1.18.1.2) together with bacterial type FNRs (FPRs) form the plant-type FNR family. Members of this group contain a two-domain scaffold that forms the basis of an extended superfamily of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent oxidoreductases. In this study, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana At1g15140 [Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase-like (FNRL)] is an FAD-containing NADPH dependent oxidoreductase present in the chloroplast stroma. Determination of the kinetic parameters using the DCPIP NADPH-dependent diaphorase assay revealed that the reaction catalysed by a recombinant FNRL protein followed a saturation Michaelis-Menten profile on the NADPH concentration with kcat = 3.2 ± 0.2 s-1 , KmNADPH = 1.6 ± 0.3 μM and kcat /KmNADPH = 2.0 ± 0.4 μM-1 s-1 . Biochemical assays suggested that FNRL is not likely to interact with Arabidopsis ferredoxin 1, which is supported by the sequence analysis implying that the known Fd-binding residues in plastidic FNRs differ from those of FNRL. In addition, based on structural modelling FNRL has an FAD-binding N-terminal domain built from a six-stranded β-sheet and one α-helix, and a C-terminal NADP+ -binding α/β domain with a five-stranded β-sheet with a pair of α-helices on each side. The FAD-binding site is highly hydrophobic and predicted to bind FAD in a bent conformation typically seen in bacterial FPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M Koskela
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Käthe M Dahlström
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Guillermina Goñi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and GBsC-CSIC Joint Units), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nina Lehtimäki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Nurmi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and GBsC-CSIC Joint Units), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Diputación General de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guy Hanke
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Milagros Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and GBsC-CSIC Joint Units), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Mulo
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Roland M, Gaymard F, Couturier J, Rouhier N. Roles and maturation of iron-sulfur proteins in plastids. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:545-566. [PMID: 29349662 PMCID: PMC6006212 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One reason why iron is an essential element for most organisms is its presence in prosthetic groups such as hemes or iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters, which are notably required for electron transfer reactions. As an organelle with an intense metabolism in plants, chloroplast relies on many Fe–S proteins. This includes those present in the electron transfer chain which will be, in fact, essential for most other metabolic processes occurring in chloroplasts, e.g., carbon fixation, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation, pigment, amino acid, and vitamin biosynthetic pathways to cite only a few examples. The maturation of these Fe–S proteins requires a complex and specific machinery named SUF (sulfur mobilisation). The assembly process can be split in two major steps, (1) the de novo assembly on scaffold proteins which requires ATP, iron and sulfur atoms, electrons, and thus the concerted action of several proteins forming early acting assembly complexes, and (2) the transfer of the preformed Fe–S cluster to client proteins using a set of late-acting maturation factors. Similar machineries, having in common these basic principles, are present in the cytosol and in mitochondria. This review focuses on the currently known molecular details concerning the assembly and roles of Fe–S proteins in plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Przybyla-Toscano
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mélanie Roland
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro Campus, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Couturier
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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21
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Hantzis LJ, Kroh GE, Jahn CE, Cantrell M, Peers G, Pilon M, Ravet K. A Program for Iron Economy during Deficiency Targets Specific Fe Proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:596-610. [PMID: 29150559 DOI: 10.1104/pp1701497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plants, utilized in nearly every cellular process. Because the adjustment of uptake under Fe limitation cannot satisfy all demands, plants need to acclimate their physiology and biochemistry, especially in their chloroplasts, which have a high demand for Fe. To investigate if a program exists for the utilization of Fe under deficiency, we analyzed how hydroponically grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) adjusts its physiology and Fe protein composition in vegetative photosynthetic tissue during Fe deficiency. Fe deficiency first affected photosynthetic electron transport with concomitant reductions in carbon assimilation and biomass production when effects on respiration were not yet significant. Photosynthetic electron transport function and protein levels of Fe-dependent enzymes were fully recovered upon Fe resupply, indicating that the Fe depletion stress did not cause irreversible secondary damage. At the protein level, ferredoxin, the cytochrome-b6f complex, and Fe-containing enzymes of the plastid sulfur assimilation pathway were major targets of Fe deficiency, whereas other Fe-dependent functions were relatively less affected. In coordination, SufA and SufB, two proteins of the plastid Fe-sulfur cofactor assembly pathway, were also diminished early by Fe depletion. Iron depletion reduced mRNA levels for the majority of the affected proteins, indicating that loss of enzyme was not just due to lack of Fe cofactors. SufB and ferredoxin were early targets of transcript down-regulation. The data reveal a hierarchy for Fe utilization in photosynthetic tissue and indicate that a program is in place to acclimate to impending Fe deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Hantzis
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Gretchen E Kroh
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Courtney E Jahn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1177
| | - Michael Cantrell
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Graham Peers
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Marinus Pilon
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Karl Ravet
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
- INRA, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, 34060 Montpellier, France
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22
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Hantzis LJ, Kroh GE, Jahn CE, Cantrell M, Peers G, Pilon M, Ravet K. A Program for Iron Economy during Deficiency Targets Specific Fe Proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:596-610. [PMID: 29150559 PMCID: PMC5761800 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plants, utilized in nearly every cellular process. Because the adjustment of uptake under Fe limitation cannot satisfy all demands, plants need to acclimate their physiology and biochemistry, especially in their chloroplasts, which have a high demand for Fe. To investigate if a program exists for the utilization of Fe under deficiency, we analyzed how hydroponically grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) adjusts its physiology and Fe protein composition in vegetative photosynthetic tissue during Fe deficiency. Fe deficiency first affected photosynthetic electron transport with concomitant reductions in carbon assimilation and biomass production when effects on respiration were not yet significant. Photosynthetic electron transport function and protein levels of Fe-dependent enzymes were fully recovered upon Fe resupply, indicating that the Fe depletion stress did not cause irreversible secondary damage. At the protein level, ferredoxin, the cytochrome-b6f complex, and Fe-containing enzymes of the plastid sulfur assimilation pathway were major targets of Fe deficiency, whereas other Fe-dependent functions were relatively less affected. In coordination, SufA and SufB, two proteins of the plastid Fe-sulfur cofactor assembly pathway, were also diminished early by Fe depletion. Iron depletion reduced mRNA levels for the majority of the affected proteins, indicating that loss of enzyme was not just due to lack of Fe cofactors. SufB and ferredoxin were early targets of transcript down-regulation. The data reveal a hierarchy for Fe utilization in photosynthetic tissue and indicate that a program is in place to acclimate to impending Fe deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Hantzis
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Gretchen E Kroh
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Courtney E Jahn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1177
| | - Michael Cantrell
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Graham Peers
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Marinus Pilon
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
| | - Karl Ravet
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1878
- INRA, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, 34060 Montpellier, France
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23
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Pierella Karlusich JJ, Carrillo N. Evolution of the acceptor side of photosystem I: ferredoxin, flavodoxin, and ferredoxin-NADP + oxidoreductase. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:235-250. [PMID: 28150152 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of oxygenic photosynthesis by primordial cyanobacteria ~2.7 billion years ago led to major changes in the components and organization of photosynthetic electron transport to cope with the challenges of an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. We review herein, following the seminal contributions as reported by Jaganathan et al. (Functional genomics and evolution of photosynthetic systems, vol 33, advances in photosynthesis and respiration, Springer, Dordrecht, 2012), how these changes affected carriers and enzymes at the acceptor side of photosystem I (PSI): the electron shuttle ferredoxin (Fd), its isofunctional counterpart flavodoxin (Fld), their redox partner ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR), and the primary PSI acceptors F x and F A/F B. Protection of the [4Fe-4S] centers of these proteins from oxidative damage was achieved by strengthening binding between the F A/F B polypeptide and the reaction center core containing F x, therefore impairing O2 access to the clusters. Immobilization of F A/F B in the PSI complex led in turn to the recruitment of new soluble electron shuttles. This function was fulfilled by oxygen-insensitive [2Fe-2S] Fd, in which the reactive sulfide atoms of the cluster are shielded from solvent by the polypeptide backbone, and in some algae and cyanobacteria by Fld, which employs a flavin as prosthetic group and is tolerant to oxidants and iron limitation. Tight membrane binding of FNR allowed solid-state electron transfer from PSI bridged by Fd/Fld. Fine tuning of FNR catalytic mechanism led to formidable increases in turnover rates compared with FNRs acting in heterotrophic pathways, favoring Fd/Fld reduction instead of oxygen reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Pierella Karlusich
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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24
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Atkinson JT, Campbell I, Bennett GN, Silberg JJ. Cellular Assays for Ferredoxins: A Strategy for Understanding Electron Flow through Protein Carriers That Link Metabolic Pathways. Biochemistry 2016; 55:7047-7064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Atkinson
- Systems,
Synthetic, and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, MS-180, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ian Campbell
- Biochemistry
and Cell Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, MS-140, 6100
Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - George N. Bennett
- Department
of Biosciences, Rice University, MS-140, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, MS-362,
6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Silberg
- Department
of Biosciences, Rice University, MS-140, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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25
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Takagi D, Takumi S, Hashiguchi M, Sejima T, Miyake C. Superoxide and Singlet Oxygen Produced within the Thylakoid Membranes Both Cause Photosystem I Photoinhibition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1626-34. [PMID: 26936894 PMCID: PMC4936555 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) photoinhibition suppresses plant photosynthesis and growth. However, the mechanism underlying PSI photoinhibition has not been fully clarified. In this study, in order to investigate the mechanism of PSI photoinhibition in higher plants, we applied repetitive short-pulse (rSP) illumination, which causes PSI-specific photoinhibition in chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves. We found that rSP treatment caused PSI photoinhibition, but not PSII photoinhibition in isolated chloroplasts in the presence of O2 However, chloroplastic superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities failed to protect PSI from its photoinhibition. Importantly, PSI photoinhibition was largely alleviated in the presence of methyl viologen, which stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the stromal region by accepting electrons from PSI, even under the conditions where CuZn-superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were inactivated by KCN. These results suggest that the ROS production site, but not the ROS production rate, is critical for PSI photoinhibition. Furthermore, we found that not only superoxide (O2 (-)) but also singlet oxygen ((1)O2) is involved in PSI photoinhibition induced by rSP treatment. From these results, we suggest that PSI photoinhibition is caused by both O2 (-) and (1)O2 produced within the thylakoid membranes when electron carriers in PSI become highly reduced. Here, we show, to our knowledge, new insight into the PSI photoinhibition in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takagi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (D.T., S.T., M.H., T.S., C.M.); andCore Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan (C.M.)
| | - Shigeo Takumi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (D.T., S.T., M.H., T.S., C.M.); andCore Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan (C.M.)
| | - Masaki Hashiguchi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (D.T., S.T., M.H., T.S., C.M.); andCore Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan (C.M.)
| | - Takehiro Sejima
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (D.T., S.T., M.H., T.S., C.M.); andCore Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan (C.M.)
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (D.T., S.T., M.H., T.S., C.M.); andCore Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan (C.M.)
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26
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Nielsen AZ, Mellor SB, Vavitsas K, Wlodarczyk AJ, Gnanasekaran T, Perestrello Ramos H de Jesus M, King BC, Bakowski K, Jensen PE. Extending the biosynthetic repertoires of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:87-102. [PMID: 27005523 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts in plants and algae and photosynthetic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria are emerging hosts for sustainable production of valuable biochemicals, using only inorganic nutrients, water, CO2 and light as inputs. In the past decade, many bioengineering efforts have focused on metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in the chloroplast or in cyanobacteria for the production of fuels, chemicals and complex, high-value bioactive molecules. Biosynthesis of all these compounds can be performed in photosynthetic organelles/organisms by heterologous expression of the appropriate pathways, but this requires optimization of carbon flux and reducing power, and a thorough understanding of regulatory pathways. Secretion or storage of the compounds produced can be exploited for the isolation or confinement of the desired compounds. In this review, we explore the use of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria as biosynthetic compartments and hosts, and we estimate the levels of production to be expected from photosynthetic hosts in light of the fraction of electrons and carbon that can potentially be diverted from photosynthesis. The supply of reducing power, in the form of electrons derived from the photosynthetic light reactions, appears to be non-limiting, but redirection of the fixed carbon via precursor molecules presents a challenge. We also discuss the available synthetic biology tools and the need to expand the molecular toolbox to facilitate cellular reprogramming for increased production yields in both cyanobacteria and chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zygadlo Nielsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Silas Busck Mellor
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos Vavitsas
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Artur Jacek Wlodarczyk
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thiyagarajan Gnanasekaran
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Maria Perestrello Ramos H de Jesus
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Brian Christopher King
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kamil Bakowski
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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27
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Zhao J, Qiu Z, Ruan B, Kang S, He L, Zhang S, Dong G, Hu J, Zeng D, Zhang G, Gao Z, Ren D, Hu X, Chen G, Guo L, Qian Q, Zhu L. Functional Inactivation of Putative Photosynthetic Electron Acceptor Ferredoxin C2 (FdC2) Induces Delayed Heading Date and Decreased Photosynthetic Rate in Rice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143361. [PMID: 26598971 PMCID: PMC4657970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferredoxin (Fd) protein as unique electron acceptor, involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes, which is indispensable for plant growth. The molecular mechanisms of Fd such as regulation of electron partitioning, impact of photosynthetic rate and involvement in the carbon fixing remain elusive in rice. Here we reported a heading date delay and yellowish leaf 1 (hdy1) mutant derived from Japonica rice cultivar “Nipponbare” subjected to EMS treatment. In the paddy field, the hdy1 mutant appeared at a significantly late heading date and had yellow-green leaves during the whole growth stage. Further investigation indicated that the abnormal phenotype of hdy1 was connected with depressed pigment content and photosynthetic rate. Genetic analysis results showed that the hdy1 mutant phenotype was caused by a single recessive nuclear gene mutation. Map-based cloning revealed that OsHDY1 is located on chromosome 3 and encodes an ortholog of the AtFdC2 gene. Complementation and overexpression, transgenic plants exhibited the mutant phenotype including head date, leaf color and the transcription levels of the FdC2 were completely rescued by transformation with OsHDY1. Real-time PCR revealed that the expression product of OsHDY1 was detected in almost all of the organs except root, whereas highest expression levels were observed in seeding new leaves. The lower expression levels of HDY1 and content of iron were detected in hdy1 than WT’s. The FdC2::GFP was detected in the chloroplasts of rice. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression of many photosynthetic electron transfer related genes in hdy1 were higher than WT. Our results suggest that OsFdC2 plays an important role in photosynthetic rate and development of heading date by regulating electron transfer and chlorophyll content in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhennan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Banpu Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shujing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xingming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Li C, Hu Y, Huang R, Ma X, Wang Y, Liao T, Zhong P, Xiao F, Sun C, Xu Z, Deng X, Wang P. Mutation of FdC2 gene encoding a ferredoxin-like protein with C-terminal extension causes yellow-green leaf phenotype in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:127-34. [PMID: 26259181 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (Fds) are small iron-sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a wide range of metabolic reactions. Besides Fds, there is a type of Fd-like proteins designated as FdC, which have conserved elements of Fds, but contain a significant C-terminal extension. So far, only two FdC genes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have been identified in higher plants and thus the functions of FdC proteins remain largely unknown. In this study, we isolated a yellow-green leaf mutant, 501ys, in rice (Oryza sativa). The mutant exhibited yellow-green leaf phenotype and reduced chlorophyll level. The phenotype of 501ys was caused by mutation of a gene on rice chromosome 3. Map-based cloning of this mutant resulted in identification of OsFdC2 gene (LOC_Os03g48040) showing high identity with Arabidopsis FdC2 gene (AT1G32550). OsFdC2 was expressed most abundantly in leaves and its encoded protein was targeted to the chloroplast. In 501ys mutant, a missense mutation was detected in DNA sequence of the gene, resulting in an amino acid change in the encoded protein. The mutant phenotype was rescued by introduction of the wild-type gene. Therefore, we successfully identified FdC2 gene via map-based cloning approach, and demonstrated that mutation of this gene caused yellow-green leaf phenotype in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaozhi Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tingting Liao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fuliang Xiao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Changhui Sun
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaojian Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Pingrong Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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29
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Singh R, Singh S, Parihar P, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Retrograde signaling between plastid and nucleus: A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 181:55-66. [PMID: 25974370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling, defined as the signaling events leading from the plastids to the nucleus, coordinates the expression of plastid and nuclear genes and is crucial for metabolic as well as developmental processes of the plastids. In the recent past, the identification of various components that are involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-originated retrograde signals and the regulation of nuclear gene expression has only provided a glimpse of the plastid retrograde signaling network, which remains poorly understood. The basic assumptions underlying our current understanding of retrograde signaling stayed untouched for many years. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this review article to summarize established facts and recent advances regarding various retrograde signaling pathways derived from different sources, the identification of key elements mediating retrograde signal transduction and also to give an overview of possible signaling molecules that remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Govt Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Baikunthpur, Koriya-497335, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India.
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30
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Pierella Karlusich JJ, Lodeyro AF, Carrillo N. The long goodbye: the rise and fall of flavodoxin during plant evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5161-78. [PMID: 25009172 PMCID: PMC4400536 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins are electron shuttles harbouring iron-sulfur clusters that connect multiple oxido-reductive pathways in organisms displaying different lifestyles. Some prokaryotes and algae express an isofunctional electron carrier, flavodoxin, which contains flavin mononucleotide as cofactor. Both proteins evolved in the anaerobic environment preceding the appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis. The advent of an oxygen-rich atmosphere proved detrimental to ferredoxin owing to iron limitation and oxidative damage to the iron-sulfur cluster, and many microorganisms induced flavodoxin expression to replace ferredoxin under stress conditions. Paradoxically, ferredoxin was maintained throughout the tree of life, whereas flavodoxin is absent from plants and animals. Of note is that flavodoxin expression in transgenic plants results in increased tolerance to multiple stresses and iron deficit, through mechanisms similar to those operating in microorganisms. Then, the question remains open as to why a trait that still confers plants such obvious adaptive benefits was not retained. We compare herein the properties of ferredoxin and flavodoxin, and their contrasting modes of expression in response to different environmental stimuli. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the flavodoxin gene was already absent in the algal lineages immediately preceding land plants. Geographical distribution of phototrophs shows a bias against flavodoxin-containing organisms in iron-rich coastal/freshwater habitats. Based on these observations, we propose that plants evolved from freshwater macroalgae that already lacked flavodoxin because they thrived in an iron-rich habitat with no need to back up ferredoxin functions and therefore no selective pressure to keep the flavodoxin gene. Conversely, ferredoxin retention in the plant lineage is probably related to its higher efficiency as an electron carrier, compared with flavodoxin. Several lines of evidence supporting these contentions are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Pierella Karlusich
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anabella F Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
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31
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Liu J, Wang P, Liu B, Feng D, Zhang J, Su J, Zhang Y, Wang JF, Wang HB. A deficiency in chloroplastic ferredoxin 2 facilitates effective photosynthetic capacity during long-term high light acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:861-874. [PMID: 24118453 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic electron transport is the major energy source for cellular metabolism in plants, and also has the potential to generate excess reactive oxygen species that cause irreversible damage to photosynthetic apparatus under adverse conditions. Ferredoxins (Fds), as the electron-distributing hub in the chloroplast, contribute to redox regulation and antioxidant defense. However, the steady-state levels of photosynthetic Fd decrease in plants when they are exposed to environmental stress conditions. To understand the effect of Fd down-regulation on plant growth, we characterized Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking Fd2 (Fd2-KO) under long-term high light (HL) conditions. Unexpectedly, Fd2-KO plants exhibited efficient photosynthetic capacity and stable thylakoid protein complexes. At the transcriptional level, photoprotection-related genes were up-regulated more in the mutant plants, suggesting that knockout Fd2 lines possess a relatively effective photo-acclimatory responses involving enhanced plastid redox signaling. In contrast to the physiological characterization of Fd2-KO under short-term HL, the plastoquinone pool returned to a relatively balanced redox state via elevated PGR5-dependent cyclic electron flow during extended HL. fd2 pgr5 double mutant plants displayed severely impaired photosynthetic capacity under HL treatment, further supporting a role for PGR5 in adaptation to HL in the Fd2-KO plants. These results suggest potential benefits of reducing Fd levels in plants grown under long-term HL conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
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Sun F, Liang C, Whelan J, Yang J, Zhang P, Lim BL. Global transcriptome analysis of AtPAP2--overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana with elevated ATP. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:752. [PMID: 24180234 PMCID: PMC3829102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AtPAP2 is a purple acid phosphatase that is targeted to both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Over-expression (OE) lines of AtPAP2 grew faster, produced more seeds, and contained higher leaf sucrose and glucose contents. The present study aimed to determine how high energy status affects leaf and root transcriptomes. RESULTS ATP and ADP levels in the OE lines are 30-50% and 20-50% higher than in the wild-type (WT) plants. Global transcriptome analyses indicated that transcriptional regulation does play a role in sucrose and starch metabolism, nitrogen, potassium and iron uptake, amino acids and secondary metabolites metabolism when there is an ample supply of energy. While the transcript abundance of genes encoding protein components of photosystem I (PS I), photosystem II (PS II) and light harvesting complex I (LHCI) were unaltered, changes in transcript abundance for genes encoding proteins of LHCII are significant. The gene expressions of most enzymes of the Calvin cycle, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were unaltered, as these enzymes are known to be regulated by light/redox status or allosteric modulation by the products (e.g. citrate, ATP/ADP ratio), but not at the level of transcription. CONCLUSIONS AtPAP2 overexpression resulted in a widespread reprogramming of the transcriptome in the transgenic plants, which is characterized by changes in the carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and iron metabolism. The fast-growing AtPAP2 OE lines provide an interesting tool for studying the regulation of energy system in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Whelan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Botany Department, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Hanke G, Mulo P. Plant type ferredoxins and ferredoxin-dependent metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1071-1084. [PMID: 23190083 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin (Fd) is a small [2Fe-2S] cluster-containing protein found in all organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis. Fd is the first soluble acceptor of electrons on the stromal side of the chloroplast electron transport chain, and as such is pivotal to determining the distribution of these electrons to different metabolic reactions. In chloroplasts, the principle sink for electrons is in the production of NADPH, which is mostly consumed during the assimilation of CO2 . In addition to this primary function in photosynthesis, Fds are also involved in a number of other essential metabolic reactions, including biosynthesis of chlorophyll, phytochrome and fatty acids, several steps in the assimilation of sulphur and nitrogen, as well as redox signalling and maintenance of redox balance via the thioredoxin system and Halliwell-Asada cycle. This makes Fds crucial determinants of the electron transfer between the thylakoid membrane and a variety of soluble enzymes dependent on these electrons. In this article, we will first describe the current knowledge on the structure and function of the various Fd isoforms present in chloroplasts of higher plants and then discuss the processes involved in oxidation of Fd, introducing the corresponding enzymes and discussing what is known about their relative interaction with Fd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Hanke
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, DE-49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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Barajas-López JDD, Blanco NE, Strand Å. Plastid-to-nucleus communication, signals controlling the running of the plant cell. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013. [PMID: 22749883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.020 [epub ahead of print]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of genes encoding organellar proteins in both the nucleus and the organelle necessitates tight coordination of expression by the different genomes, and this has led to the evolution of sophisticated intracellular signaling networks. Organelle-to-nucleus signaling, or retrograde control, coordinates the expression of nuclear genes encoding organellar proteins with the metabolic and developmental state of the organelle. Complex networks of retrograde signals orchestrate major changes in nuclear gene expression and coordinate cellular activities and assist the cell during plant development and stress responses. It has become clear that, even though the chloroplast depends on the nucleus for its function, plastid signals play important roles in an array of different cellular processes vital to the plant. Hence, the chloroplast exerts significant control over the running of the cell. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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35
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Blanco NE, Ceccoli RD, Vía MVD, Voss I, Segretin ME, Bravo-Almonacid FF, Melzer M, Hajirezaei MR, Scheibe R, Hanke GT. Expression of the minor isoform pea ferredoxin in tobacco alters photosynthetic electron partitioning and enhances cyclic electron flow. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:866-79. [PMID: 23370717 PMCID: PMC3561025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.211078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (Fds) are ferrosulfoproteins that function as low-potential electron carriers in plants. The Fd family is composed of several isoforms that share high sequence homology but differ in functional characteristics. In leaves, at least two isoforms conduct linear and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport around photosystem I, and mounting evidence suggests the existence of at least partial division of duties between these isoforms. To evaluate the contribution of different kinds of Fds to the control of electron fluxes along the photosynthetic electron transport chain, we overexpressed a minor pea (Pisum sativum) Fd isoform (PsFd1) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. The transplastomic OeFd1 plants exhibited variegated leaves and retarded growth and developmental rates. Photosynthetic studies of these plants indicated a reduction in carbon dioxide assimilation rates, photosystem II photochemistry, and linear electron flow. However, the plants showed an increase in nonphotochemical quenching, better control of excitation pressure at photosystem II, and no evidence of photoinhibition, implying a better dynamic regulation to remove excess energy from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Finally, analysis of P700 redox status during illumination confirmed that the minor pea Fd isoform promotes enhanced cyclic flow around photosystem I. The two novel features of this work are: (1) that Fd levels achieved in transplastomic plants promote an alternative electron partitioning even under greenhouse light growth conditions, a situation that is exacerbated at higher light intensity measurements; and (2) that an alternative, minor Fd isoform has been overexpressed in plants, giving new evidence of labor division among Fd isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás E Blanco
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
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36
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37
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Twachtmann M, Altmann B, Muraki N, Voss I, Okutani S, Kurisu G, Hase T, Hanke GT. N-terminal structure of maize ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase determines recruitment into different thylakoid membrane complexes. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2979-91. [PMID: 22805436 PMCID: PMC3426127 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.094532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to different light intensities, photosynthetic organisms manipulate the flow of electrons through several alternative pathways at the thylakoid membrane. The enzyme ferredoxin:NADP(+) reductase (FNR) has the potential to regulate this electron partitioning because it is integral to most of these electron cascades and can associate with several different membrane complexes. However, the factors controlling relative localization of FNR to different membrane complexes have not yet been established. Maize (Zea mays) contains three chloroplast FNR proteins with totally different membrane association, and we found that these proteins have variable distribution between cells conducting predominantly cyclic electron transport (bundle sheath) and linear electron transport (mesophyll). Here, the crystal structures of all three enzymes were solved, revealing major structural differences at the N-terminal domain and dimer interface. Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana of maize FNRs as chimeras and truncated proteins showed the N-terminal determines recruitment of FNR to different membrane complexes. In addition, the different maize FNR proteins localized to different thylakoid membrane complexes on expression in Arabidopsis, and analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence and photosystem I absorbance demonstrates the impact of FNR location on photosynthetic electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Twachtmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabruck 49076, Germany
| | - Bianca Altmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabruck 49076, Germany
| | - Norifumi Muraki
- Laboratory of Protein Crystalography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ingo Voss
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabruck 49076, Germany
| | - Satoshi Okutani
- Laboratory for the Regulation of Biological Reactions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Laboratory of Protein Crystalography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Laboratory for the Regulation of Biological Reactions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabruck 49076, Germany
- Laboratory for the Regulation of Biological Reactions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Barajas-López JDD, Blanco NE, Strand Å. Plastid-to-nucleus communication, signals controlling the running of the plant cell. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:425-37. [PMID: 22749883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of genes encoding organellar proteins in both the nucleus and the organelle necessitates tight coordination of expression by the different genomes, and this has led to the evolution of sophisticated intracellular signaling networks. Organelle-to-nucleus signaling, or retrograde control, coordinates the expression of nuclear genes encoding organellar proteins with the metabolic and developmental state of the organelle. Complex networks of retrograde signals orchestrate major changes in nuclear gene expression and coordinate cellular activities and assist the cell during plant development and stress responses. It has become clear that, even though the chloroplast depends on the nucleus for its function, plastid signals play important roles in an array of different cellular processes vital to the plant. Hence, the chloroplast exerts significant control over the running of the cell. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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39
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Warman AJ, Robinson JW, Luciakova D, Lawrence AD, Marshall KR, Warren MJ, Cheesman MR, Rigby SEJ, Munro AW, McLean KJ. Characterization of Cupriavidus metallidurans CYP116B1--a thiocarbamate herbicide oxygenating P450-phthalate dioxygenase reductase fusion protein. FEBS J 2012; 279:1675-93. [PMID: 22356105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel cytochrome P450/redox partner fusion enzyme CYP116B1 from Cupriavidus metallidurans was expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli. Isolated CYP116B1 exhibited a characteristic Fe(II)CO complex with Soret maximum at 449 nm. EPR and resonance Raman analyses indicated low-spin, cysteinate-coordinated ferric haem iron at both 10 K and ambient temperature, respectively, for oxidized CYP116B1. The EPR of reduced CYP116B1 demonstrated stoichiometric binding of a 2Fe-2S cluster in the reductase domain. FMN binding in the reductase domain was confirmed by flavin fluorescence studies. Steady-state reduction of cytochrome c and ferricyanide were supported by both NADPH/NADH, with NADPH used more efficiently (K(m[NADPH]) = 0.9 ± 0.5 μM and K(m[NADH]) = 399.1 ± 52.1 μM). Stopped-flow studies of NAD(P)H-dependent electron transfer to the reductase confirmed the preference for NADPH. The reduction potential of the P450 haem iron was -301 ± 7 mV, with retention of haem thiolate ligation in the ferrous enzyme. Redox potentials for the 2Fe-2S and FMN cofactors were more positive than that of the haem iron. Multi-angle laser light scattering demonstrated CYP116B1 to be monomeric. Type I (substrate-like) binding of selected unsaturated fatty acids (myristoleic, palmitoleic and arachidonic acids) was shown, but these substrates were not oxidized by CYP116B1. However, CYP116B1 catalysed hydroxylation (on propyl chains) of the herbicides S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) and S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate), and the subsequent N-dealkylation of vernolate. CYP116B1 thus has similar thiocarbamate-oxidizing catalytic properties to Rhodoccocus erythropolis CYP116A1, a P450 involved in the oxidative degradation of EPTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Warman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Scheibe R, Dietz KJ. Reduction-oxidation network for flexible adjustment of cellular metabolism in photoautotrophic cells. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:202-16. [PMID: 21410714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis generates the energy carriers NADPH and ATP to be consumed in assimilatory processes. Continuous energy conversion and optimal use of the available light energy are only guaranteed when all reduction-oxidation (redox) processes are tightly controlled. A robust network links metabolism with regulation and signalling. Information on the redox situation is generated and transferred by various redox components that are parts of this network. Any imbalance in the network is sensed, and the information is transmitted in order to elicit a response at the various levels of regulation and in the different cellular compartments. Redox information within the chloroplast is derived from intersystem electron transport, the ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase (FNR)/NADPH branch of the redox network, the thioredoxin branch and from reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in a high diversity of responses that are able to adjust photosynthesis, as well as poising and antioxidant systems accordingly in each specific situation. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) represents a central step in CO(2) reduction and in carbohydrate oxidation involving both forms of energy, namely NAD(P)H and ATP, with its various isoforms that are located in plastids, cytosol and nucleus. GAPDH is used as an example to demonstrate complexity, flexibility and robustness of the regulatory redox network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Scheibe
- Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
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