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Alharbi KS, Nadeem MS, Afzal O, Alzarea SI, Altamimi ASA, Almalki WH, Mubeen B, Iftikhar S, Shah L, Kazmi I. Gingerol, a Natural Antioxidant, Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Downstream Complications. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121274. [PMID: 36557312 PMCID: PMC9782005 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is seen in approximately 68 percent of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). In many acute circumstances, such as myocardial infarction, brain, injury and stroke, it is an independent predictor of mortality. Hyperglycemia is induced by a mix of genetic, environmental, and immunologic variables in people with type 1 diabetes. These factors cause pancreatic beta cell death and insulin insufficiency. Insulin resistance and irregular insulin production cause hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. Hyperglycemia activates a number of complicated interconnected metabolic processes. Hyperglycemia is a major contributor to the onset and progression of diabetes' secondary complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, periodontitis, and bone and joint issues. Studies on the health benefits of ginger and its constituent's impact on hyperglycemia and related disorders have been conducted and gingerol proved to be a potential pharmaceutically active constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) that has been shown to lower blood sugar levels, because it possesses antioxidant properties and it functions as an antioxidant in the complicated biochemical process that causes hyperglycemia to be activated. Gingerol not only helps in treating hyperglycemia but also shows effectivity against diseases related to it, such as cardiopathy, kidney failure, vision impairments, bone and joint problems, and teeth and gum infections. Moreover, fresh ginger has various gingerol analogues, with 6-gingerol being the most abundant. However, it is necessary to investigate the efficacy of its other analogues against hyperglycemia and associated disorders at various concentrations in order to determine the appropriate dose for treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.S.N.); (I.K.)
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bismillah Mubeen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saima Iftikhar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Luqman Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.S.N.); (I.K.)
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Mima A, Horii Y. Treatment of Renal Anemia in Patients With Hemodialysis Using Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF) Stabilizer, Roxadustat: A Short-term Clinical Study. In Vivo 2022; 36:1785-1789. [PMID: 35738640 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Renal anemia is a major complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis, increasing morbidity and mortality. Roxadustat is a novel oral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (PHI), which is administrated for renal anemia. Different from erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), Roxadustat could increase erythropoietin physiologically, improving the therapeutic effects. It has not been so long since Roxadustat was approved by the European Commission (EC). Thus, only a few studies have reported on the treatment of renal anemia using Roxadustat. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Roxadustat in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Nine patients under HD (72±10 years old) were enrolled in this study. Patients received Roxadustat first time or changed from ESAs (5-10 mg, 3 times a week after HD). Observation period was 5.3±2.9 months. RESULTS Roxadustat treatment effectively increased and maintained hemoglobin levels. Levels of ferritin and C-reactive protein tended to decrease, but the difference was not statistically significant. No significant adverse effects were observed in all patients during the study. CONCLUSION Roxadustat is effective and relatively tolerant for treating renal anemia in patients subjected to hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mima
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan;
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Wang Z, Chen X, Li C, Tang W. Application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify novel key genes in diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 13:112-124. [PMID: 34245661 PMCID: PMC8756323 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is among the leading causes of end-stage renal disease worldwide. DN pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis is a powerful bioinformatic tool for identifying key genes in diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The datasets GSE30122, GSE104948, GSE37463 and GSE47185 containing 23 DN and 23 normal glomeruli samples were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus database. After data pre-processing, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was carried out to cluster significant modules. Then, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis-based Gene Ontology analysis and visualization of network were carried out to screen the key genes in the most significant modules. The connectivity map analysis was carried out to find the significant chemical compounds. Finally, some key genes were validated in in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS A total of 454 upregulated and 392 downregulated genes were identified. A total of 16 modules were clustered, and the most significant modules (green, red and yellow modules) were determined. The green module was associated with extracellular matrix organization, the red module was associated with immunity reaction and the yellow module was associated with kidney development. We found several key genes in these three modules separately, and part of them were validated in vivo and in vitro successfully. We found the top 15 chemical compounds that could perturb the overall expression of key genes in DN. CONCLUSION Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was applied to DN expression profiling in combination with connectivity map analysis. Several novel key genes and chemical compounds were screened out, providing new molecular targets for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of NephrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- Department of NephrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chao Li
- Department of NephrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Wanxin Tang
- Department of NephrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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Almatroodi SA, Alnuqaydan AM, Babiker AY, Almogbel MA, Khan AA, Husain Rahmani A. 6-Gingerol, a Bioactive Compound of Ginger Attenuates Renal Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Regulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030317. [PMID: 33670981 PMCID: PMC7997342 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study is to investigate the role of 6-gingerol in ameliorating the renal injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The diabetes was induced by using a single dose of freshly prepared STZ (55 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally which causes the degeneration of pancreatic Langerhans islet β-cells. The diabetic rats were treated with oral gavage of 6-gingerol (10 mg/kg b.w.). The treatment plan was continued for 8 weeks successively and the body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were weekly checked. The biochemical parameters like lipid profile, kidney profile, antioxidant enzyme levels, lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory marker levels were investigated after the treatment plant. The pathological condition of kidneys was examined by haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining besides this analysis of NF-κB protein expression by immuno-histochemistry was performed. Some of the major parameters in diabetes control vs. normal control were reported as fasting blood glucose (234 ± 10 vs. 102 ± 8 mg/dL), serum creatinine (109.7 ± 7.2 vs. 78.9 ± 4.5 μmol/L) and urea (39.9 ± 1.8 vs. 18.6 mg/dL), lipid profile levels were significantly enhanced in diabetic rats. Moreover, diabetic rats were marked with decreased antioxidant enzyme levels and increased inflammatory markers. Treatment with 6-gingerol significantly restored the fasting blood glucose level, hyperlipidaemia, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and inflammatory marker levels, NF-κB protein expression and augmented the antioxidant enzyme levels in the kidneys of diabetic rats. The kidney damage was significantly normalized by the treatment of 6-gingerol and it provides an evidence that this novel compound plays a significant role in the protection of kidney damage. These findings demonstrate that 6-gingerol reduces lipid parameters, inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic rats, thereby inhibiting the renal damage. Our results demonstrate that use of 6-gingerol could be a novel therapeutic approach to prevent the kidney damage associated with the diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A. Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (A.Y.B.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Abdullah M. Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Yousif Babiker
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (A.Y.B.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mashael Abdullah Almogbel
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (A.Y.B.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (A.Y.B.); (M.A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-16-3800050 (ext. 15477)
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Frohlich J, Vinciguerra M. Candidate rejuvenating factor GDF11 and tissue fibrosis: friend or foe? GeroScience 2020; 42:1475-1498. [PMID: 33025411 PMCID: PMC7732895 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11 or bone morphogenetic protein 11, BMP11) belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and is closely related to other family member-myostatin (also known as GDF8). GDF11 was firstly identified in 2004 due to its ability to rejuvenate the function of multiple organs in old mice. However, in the past few years, the heralded rejuvenating effects of GDF11 have been seriously questioned by many studies that do not support the idea that restoring levels of GDF11 in aging improves overall organ structure and function. Moreover, with increasing controversies, several other studies described the involvement of GDF11 in fibrotic processes in various organ setups. This review paper focuses on the GDF11 and its pro- or anti-fibrotic actions in major organs and tissues, with the goal to summarize our knowledge on its emerging role in regulating the progression of fibrosis in different pathological conditions, and to guide upcoming research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frohlich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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Abstract
Islet dysfunction is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Compelling evidence suggests that accumulation of islet amyloid in the islets of Langerhans significantly contribute to β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. Emerging evidence implicates a role for cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator in the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. Impaired first-phase insulin responses and glucose homeostasis have also been reported in cystic fibrosis patients. The transforming growth factor-β protein superfamily is central regulators of pancreatic cell function, and has a key role in pancreas development and pancreatic disease, including diabetes and islet dysfunction. It is also becoming clear that islet inflammation plays a key role in the development of islet dysfunction. Inflammatory changes, including accumulation of macrophages, have been documented in type 2 diabetic islets. Islet dysfunction leads to hyperglycemia and ultimately the development of diabetes. In this review, we describe these risk factors and their associations with islet dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Department of nephrology, Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Eastern Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University
| | - Shizhong Bu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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The caveolin-1 regulated protein follistatin protects against diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96:1134-1149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Perera N, Ritchie RH, Tate M. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Diabetic Complications. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 3:11-20. [PMID: 32259084 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions and is placing a significant burden on healthcare systems globally. Diabetes has a detrimental impact on many organs in the human body, including accelerating the development of micro- and macrovascular complications. Current therapeutic options to treat diabetic complications have their limitations. Importantly, many slow but fail to reverse the progression of diabetic complications. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved subgroup of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, signaling via serine/threonine kinase receptors, that have recently been implicated in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in the setting of diabetes. Downstream of the receptors, the signal can be transduced via the canonical Smad-dependent pathway or the noncanonical Smad-independent pathways. BMPs are essential in organ development, tissue homeostasis, and, as expected, disease pathogenesis. In fact, deletion of BMPs can be embryonically lethal or result in severe organ abnormalities. This review outlines the BMP signaling pathway and its relevance to diabetic complications, namely, diabetic nephropathy, diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. Understanding the complexities of BMP signaling and particularly its tissue-, cellular-, and time-dependent actions will help delineate the underlying pathogenesis of the disease and may ultimately be harnessed in the treatment of diabetes-induced complications. This would replicate progress made in numerous other diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimna Perera
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mitchel Tate
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Sakurai A, Ono H, Ochi A, Matsuura M, Yoshimoto S, Kishi S, Murakami T, Tominaga T, Nagai K, Abe H, Doi T. Involvement of Elf3 on Smad3 activation-dependent injuries in podocytes and excretion of urinary exosome in diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216788. [PMID: 31150422 PMCID: PMC6544199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is among the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus, and often leads to end-stage renal disease ultimately requiring dialysis or renal transplantation. The loss of podocytes has been reported to have a role in the onset and progression of DN. Here, we addressed the activation mechanism of Smad3 signaling in podocytes. Expression of RII and activation of Smad3 were induced by AGE exposure (P<0.05). Reduction of the activation of RII-Smad3 signaling ameliorated podocyte injuries in Smad3-knockout diabetic mice. The bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) significantly regulated activation of RII-Smad3 signalings (P<0.05). Moreover, the epithelium-specific transcription factor, Elf3was induced by AGE stimulation and, subsequently, upregulated RII expression in cultured podocytes. Induction of Elf3 and activation of RII-Smad3 signaling, leading to a decrease in WT1 expression, were observed in podocytes in diabetic human kidneys. Moreover, AGE treatment induced the secretion of Elf3-containing exosomes from cultured podocytes, which was dependent on the activation of the TGF-β-Smad3 signaling pathway. In addition, exosomal Elf3 protein in urine could be measured only in urinary exosomes from patients with DN. The appearance of urinary exosomal Elf3 protein in patients with DN suggested the existence of irreversible injuries in podocytes. The rate of decline in the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) after measurement of urinary exosomal Elf3 protein levels in patients with DN (R2 = 0.7259) might be useful as an early non-invasive marker for podocyte injuries in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sakurai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Arisa Ochi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Motokazu Matsuura
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sakiya Yoshimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Chen C, Lin J, Li L, Zhu T, Gao L, Wu W, Liu Q, Ou S. The role of the BMP4/Smad1 signaling pathway in mesangial cell proliferation: A possible mechanism of diabetic nephropathy. Life Sci 2019; 220:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tamaki M, Tominaga T, Fujita Y, Koezuka Y, Ichien G, Murakami T, Kishi S, Yamamoto K, Abe H, Nagai K, Doi T. All-trans retinoic acid suppresses bone morphogenetic protein 4 in mouse diabetic nephropathy through a unique retinoic acid response element. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E418-E431. [PMID: 30601699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00218.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) causes mesangial matrix expansion, which results in glomerulosclerosis and renal failure. Collagen IV (COL4) is a major component of the mesangial matrix that is positively regulated by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)/suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad1) signaling. Because previous studies showed that retinoids treatment had a beneficial effect on kidney disease, we investigated the therapeutic potential of retinoids in DN, focusing especially on the regulatory mechanism of BMP4. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in 12-wk-old male Crl:CD1(ICR) mice, and, 1 mo later, we initiated intraperitoneal injection of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) three times weekly. Glomerular matrix expansion, which was associated with increased BMP4, phosphorylated Smad1, and COL4 expression, worsened in diabetic mice at 24 wk of age. ATRA administration alleviated DN and downregulated BMP4, phosopho-Smad1, and COL4. In cultured mouse mesangial cells, treatment with ATRA or a retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) agonist significantly decreased BMP4 and COL4 expression. Genomic analysis suggested two putative retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) for the mouse Bmp4 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and reporter assays indicated a putative RARE of the Bmp4 gene, located 11,488-11,501 bp upstream of exon 1A and bound to RARα and retinoid X receptor (RXR), which suppressed BMP4 expression after ATRA addition. ATRA suppressed BMP4 via binding of a RARα/RXR heterodimer to a unique RARE, alleviating glomerular matrix expansion in diabetic mice. These findings provide a novel regulatory mechanism for treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tamaki
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Yui Fujita
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | | | | | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | | | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
- Research Institute for Production Development , Kyoto , Japan
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Yin Q, Liu H. Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:365-380. [PMID: 31399974 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CCN2, also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is one of important members of the CCN family. Generally, CTGF expresses at low levels in normal adult kidney, while increases significantly in various kidney diseases, playing an important role in the development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in progressive kidney diseases. CTGF is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and can promote the progression of fibrosis directly or act as a downstream factor of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). CTGF also regulates the expression and activity of TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), thereby playing an important role in the process of kidney repair. In patients with chronic kidney disease, elevated plasma CTGF is an independent risk factor for progression to end-stage renal disease and is closely related to glomerular filtration rate. Therefore, CTGF may be a potential biological marker of kidney fibrosis, but more clinical studies are needed to confirm this view. This section briefly describes the role and molecular mechanisms of CTGF in renal fibrosis and also discusses the potential value of targeting CCN2 for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Jia Q, Yang R, Liu XF, Ma SF, Wang L. Genistein attenuates renal fibrosis in streptozotocin‑induced diabetic rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:423-431. [PMID: 30431100 PMCID: PMC6297769 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the antifibrogenic effects of genistein (GEN) on the kidney in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and to determine the associated mechanisms. Rats were randomized into four groups: Normal control (N), STZ (S), L (STZ + low-dose GEN) and H (STZ + high-dose GEN). After 8 weeks, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, the ratio of kidney weight to body weight (renal index), 24-h urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), renal total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) contents were measured. The histomorphology and ultrastructure of the kidney were also assessed. In addition, mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and protein expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), TGF-β1, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3), phosphorylated (p)-Smad3 and collagen IV were estimated. Compared with group N, the levels of FBG, renal index, 24-h urine protein, BUN, SCr, LPO, MDA and Hyp were increased, whereas the levels of T-AOC and SOD were decreased in group S. The structure of renal tissue was damaged, and the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 were reduced, whereas the expression of TGF-β1, Smad3, p-Smad3 and collagen IV were increased in group S. Compared with group S, the aforementioned indices were improved in groups L and H. In conclusion, GEN exhibited reno-protective effects in diabetic rats and its mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2-HO-1/NQO1 pathway, and the alleviation of renal fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Jia
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fen Liu
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Feng Ma
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
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14
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Fujita Y, Tominaga T, Abe H, Kangawa Y, Fukushima N, Ueda O, Jishage KI, Kishi S, Murakami T, Saga Y, Kanwar YS, Nagai K, Doi T. An adjustment in BMP4 function represents a treatment for diabetic nephropathy and podocyte injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13011. [PMID: 30158674 PMCID: PMC6115362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury has been proposed to play an important role in diabetic nephropathy; however, its pathological mechanism remains unclear. We have shown that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling leads to the glomerular changes characteristic of this disorder. To analyze the molecular mechanism of podocyte injury, the effect of BMP4 was investigated using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced, Bmp4 heterozygous knockout (Bmp4+/−) and podocyte-specific Bmp4 knockout mice. Mice with STZ-induced diabetes exhibited glomerular matrix hyperplasia and decreased numbers of podocyte nucleus-specific WT1-positive cells. The number of podocytes and proteinuria were improved in both diabetic Bmp4 knockout mouse models compared to the effects observed in the control mice. The effect of BMP4 overexpression on Bmp4-induced or podocyte-specific transgenic mice was examined. Tamoxifen-induced Bmp4-overexpressing mice exhibited mesangial matrix expansion and decreased numbers of WT1-positive cells. Podocyte-specific Bmp4-overexpressing mice displayed increased kidney BMP4 expression and mesangial matrix expansion but decreased nephrin expression and numbers of WT1-positive cells. Both lines of Bmp4-overexpressing mice exhibited increased albuminuria. In cultured podocytes, BMP4 increased phospho-p38 levels. BMP4 decreased nephrin expression but increased cleaved caspase-3 levels. p38 suppression inhibited caspase-3 activation. Apoptosis was confirmed in STZ-diabetic glomeruli and Bmp4-overexpressing mice. Bmp4 +/− mice with diabetes displayed reduced apoptosis. Based on these data, the BMP4 signaling pathway plays important roles in the development of both podocyte injury and mesangial matrix expansion in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Fujita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yumi Kangawa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoshi Fukushima
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Otoya Ueda
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kou-Ichi Jishage
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan.,Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Division of Mammalian Development, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Department of Pathology & Medicine-Nephrology, FSM, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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15
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Novel Interplay Between Smad1 and Smad3 Phosphorylation via AGE Regulates the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10548. [PMID: 30002389 PMCID: PMC6043613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major cause of end-stage renal failure and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared with other causes of renal diseases. We previously found that Smad1 plays a critical role in the development of DN both in vitro and in vivo. However, functional interaction between Smad1 and Smad3 signaling in DN is unclear. Here, we addressed the molecular interplay between Smad1 and Smad3 signaling under a diabetic condition by using Smad3-knockout diabetic mice. Extracellular matrix (ECM) protein overexpression and Smad1 activation were observed in the glomeruli of db/db mice but were suppressed in the glomeruli of Smad3+/-; db/db mice. Smad3 activation enhanced the phosphorylation of Smad1 C-terminal domain but decreased the phosphorylation of linker domain, thus regulating Smad1 activation in advanced glycation end product-treated mesangial cells (MCs). However, forced phosphorylation of the Smad1 linker domain did not affect Smad3 activation in MCs. Phosphorylation of the Smad1 linker domain increased in Smad3+/-; db/db mice and probucol-treated db/db mice, which was consistent with the attenuation of ECM overproduction. These results indicate that Smad3 expression and activation or probucol treatment alters Smad1 phosphorylation, thus suggesting new molecular mechanisms underlying DN development and progression.
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16
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Yurekli BS, Kocabas GU, Aksit M, Kutbay NO, Suner A, Yurekli I, Cakir H, Bozkaya G, Cetinkalp S. The low levels of bone morphogenic protein-4 and its antagonist noggin in type 2 diabetes. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:247-253. [PMID: 29943307 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP-4) is a proinflammatory cytokine which is controlled by BMP-4 antagonists. Our aim was to investigate the levels of BMP-4 and its antagonists, noggin and matrix Gla protein (MGP), in prediabetes and diabetes. DESIGN One hundred and forty-two type 2 diabetic, 32 prediabetic, and 58 control subjects participated in this cross-sectional study. BMP-4, noggin, and MGP were measured with the ELISA method. RESULTS There was a significant difference between the three groups in relation to sex, hypertension, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profiles, and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). BMP-4 levels were significantly lower in the diabetic group compared to the control group (108.5 and 127.5 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.001 diabetes vs. control). Noggin levels were significantly lower in the diabetic group compared to the prediabetic and control groups (10.5, 11.5, and 12.0 ng/mL, as median, respectively, p < 0.001; diabetes vs. control, p = 0.002; diabetes vs. prediabetes). BMP-4 was associated significantly with noggin in the entire study population (ß coefficient = 0.796, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.708 (95% CI 0.551-0.864, p = 0.011) for BMP-4 levels. The optimal cutoff value of BMP-4 for detecting albuminuria was 118.5 ng/mL for which sensitivity was 71.4% and specificity was 66.4%. CONCLUSIONS BMP-4 and noggin levels were lower in the diabetic group. High BMP-4 levels were significantly associated with albuminuria. Further studies are warranted to determine the role of BMP-4 in the pathogenic processes underlying albuminuria and hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Sarer Yurekli
- Department of Endocrinology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Street, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gokcen Unal Kocabas
- Department of Endocrinology, Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Aksit
- Department of Biochemistry, Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Ozdemir Kutbay
- Department of Endocrinology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Street, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aslı Suner
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yurekli
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Izmir Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Habib Cakir
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Izmir Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Giray Bozkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevki Cetinkalp
- Department of Endocrinology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Street, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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17
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Doi T, Moriya T, Fujita Y, Minagawa N, Usami M, Sasaki T, Abe H, Kishi S, Murakami T, Ouchi M, Ichien G, Yamamoto K, Ikeda H, Koezuka Y, Takamatsu N, Shima K, Mauer M, Nagai K, Tominaga T. Urinary IgG4 and Smad1 Are Specific Biomarkers for Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Early Stages of Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes 2018; 67:986-993. [PMID: 29490904 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major cause of end-stage kidney disease, but early biomarkers of DN risk are limited. Herein we examine urinary IgG4 and Smad1 as additional early DN biomarkers. We recruited 815 patients with type 2 diabetes; 554 patients fulfilled the criteria of an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >60 mL/min and no macroalbuminuria at baseline, with follow-up for 5 years. Patients without macroalbuminuria were also recruited for renal biopsies. Urinary IgG4 and Smad1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassays using specific antibodies. The specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility were confirmed for each assay. Increased urinary IgG4 was significantly associated with lower eGFR. The level of urinary IgG4 also significantly correlated with surface density of peripheral glomerular basement membrane (Sv PGBM/Glom), whereas Smad1 was associated with the degree of mesangial expansion-both classic pathological findings in DN. Baseline eGFR did not differ between any groups; however, increases in both urinary IgG4 and Smad1 levels at baseline significantly predicted later development of eGFR decline in patients without macroalbuminuria. These data suggest that urinary IgG4 and Smad1 at relatively early stages of DN reflect underlying DN lesions and are relevant to later clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Moriya
- Health Care Center, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yui Fujita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Mauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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18
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Calpe S, Correia ACP, Sancho-Serra MDC, Krishnadath KK. Comparison of newly developed anti-bone morphogenetic protein 4 llama-derived antibodies with commercially available BMP4 inhibitors. MAbs 2017; 8:678-88. [PMID: 26967714 PMCID: PMC4966848 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1158380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to improved understanding of the role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in an increasing number of diseases, the development of selective inhibitors of BMP4 is an attractive therapeutic option. The currently available BMP4 inhibitors are not suitable as therapeutics because of their low specificity and low effectiveness. Here, we compared newly generated anti-BMP4 llama-derived antibodies (VHHs) with 3 different types of commercially available BMP4 inhibitors, natural antagonists, small molecule BMPR inhibitors and conventional anti-BMP4 monoclonal antibodies. We found that the anti-BMP4 VHHs were as effective as the natural antagonist or small molecule inhibitors, but had higher specificity. We also showed that commercial anti-BMP4 antibodies were inferior in terms of both specificity and effectiveness. These findings might result from the fact that the VHHs C4C4 and C8C8 target a small region within the BMPR1 epitope of BMP4, whereas the commercial antibodies target other areas of the BMP4 molecule. Our results show that the newly developed anti-BMP4 VHHs are promising antibodies with better specificity and effectivity for inhibition of BMP4, making them an attractive tool for research and for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Calpe
- a Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ana C P Correia
- a Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Del Carmen Sancho-Serra
- a Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Kausilia K Krishnadath
- a Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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19
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Ikuta K, Segawa H, Sasaki S, Hanazaki A, Fujii T, Kushi A, Kawabata Y, Kirino R, Sasaki S, Noguchi M, Kaneko I, Tatsumi S, Ueda O, Wada NA, Tateishi H, Kakefuda M, Kawase Y, Ohtomo S, Ichida Y, Maeda A, Jishage KI, Horiba N, Miyamoto KI. Effect of Npt2b deletion on intestinal and renal inorganic phosphate (Pi) handling. Clin Exp Nephrol 2017; 22:517-528. [PMID: 29128884 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-017-1497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperphosphatemia is common in chronic kidney disease and is associated with morbidity and mortality. The intestinal Na+-dependent phosphate transporter Npt2b is thought to be an important molecular target for the prevention of hyperphosphatemia. The role of Npt2b in the net absorption of inorganic phosphate (Pi), however, is controversial. METHODS In the present study, we made tamoxifen-inducible Npt2b conditional knockout (CKO) mice to analyze systemic Pi metabolism, including intestinal Pi absorption. RESULTS Although the Na+-dependent Pi transport in brush-border membrane vesicle uptake levels was significantly decreased in the distal intestine of Npt2b CKO mice compared with control mice, plasma Pi and fecal Pi excretion levels were not significantly different. Data obtained using the intestinal loop technique showed that Pi uptake in Npt2b CKO mice was not affected at a Pi concentration of 4 mM, which is considered the typical luminal Pi concentration after meals in mice. Claudin, which may be involved in paracellular pathways, as well as claudin-2, 12, and 15 protein levels were significantly decreased in the Npt2b CKO mice. Thus, Npt2b deficiency did not affect Pi absorption within the range of Pi concentrations that normally occurs after meals. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that abnormal Pi metabolism may also be involved in tight junction molecules such as Cldns that are affected by Npt2b deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Ikuta
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Shohei Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ai Hanazaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toru Fujii
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Aoi Kushi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawabata
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ruri Kirino
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sumire Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Miwa Noguchi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sawako Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Otoya Ueda
- Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko A Wada
- Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tateishi
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mami Kakefuda
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawase
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohtomo
- Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ichida
- Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Maeda
- Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kou-Ichi Jishage
- Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoshi Horiba
- Fuji Gotemba Research Labs., Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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20
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Muñoz-Félix JM, Cuesta C, Perretta-Tejedor N, Subileau M, López-Hernández FJ, López-Novoa JM, Martínez-Salgado C. Identification of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) as a novel profibrotic factor in vitro. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1252-1261. [PMID: 27208502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upregulated synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by myofibroblasts is a common phenomenon in the development of fibrosis. Although the role of TGF-β in fibrosis development has been extensively studied, the involvement of other members of this superfamily of cytokines, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in organ fibrosis has given contradictory results. BMP9 is the main ligand for activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK1) TGF-β1 type I receptor and its effect on fibrosis development is unknown. Our purpose was to study the effect of BMP9 in ECM protein synthesis in fibroblasts, as well as the involved receptors and signaling pathways. In cultured mice fibroblasts, BMP9 induces an increase in collagen, fibronectin and connective tissue growth factor expression, associated with Smad1/5/8, Smad2/3 and Erk1/2 activation. ALK5 inhibition with SB431542 or ALK1/2/3/6 with dorsomorphin-1, inhibition of Smad3 activation with SIS3, and inhibition of the MAPK/Erk1/2 with U0126, demonstrates the involvement of these pathways in BMP9-induced ECM synthesis in MEFs. Whereas BMP9 induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation through ALK1, it also induces Smad2/3 phosphorylation through ALK5 but only in the presence of ALK1. Summarizing, this is the first study that accurately identifies BMP9 as a profibrotic factor in fibroblasts that promotes ECM protein expression through ALK1 and ALK5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Muñoz-Félix
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Cuesta
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nuria Perretta-Tejedor
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mariela Subileau
- Inserm, U1036, CEA, DSV, Irtsv, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Francisco J López-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M López-Novoa
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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21
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Ali IHA, Brazil DP. Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists: current and emerging clinical uses. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3620-32. [PMID: 24758361 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGFβ superfamily of secreted cysteine knot proteins that includes TGFβ1, nodal, activins and inhibins. BMPs were first discovered by Urist in the 1960s when he showed that implantation of demineralized bone into intramuscular tissue of rabbits induced bone and cartilage formation. Since this seminal discovery, BMPs have also been shown to play key roles in several other biological processes, including limb, kidney, skin, hair and neuronal development, as well as maintaining vascular homeostasis. The multifunctional effects of BMPs make them attractive targets for the treatment of several pathologies, including bone disorders, kidney and lung fibrosis, and cancer. This review will summarize current knowledge on the BMP signalling pathway and critically evaluate the potential of recombinant BMPs as pharmacological agents for the treatment of bone repair and tissue fibrosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran H A Ali
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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22
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Grgurevic L, Christensen GL, Schulz TJ, Vukicevic S. Bone morphogenetic proteins in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and adipose tissue energy metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:105-18. [PMID: 26762842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bore morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, a group of secreted proteins that regulate embryonic development. This review summarizes the effects of BMPs on physiological processes not exclusively linked to the musculoskeletal system. Specifically, we focus on the involvement of BMPs in inflammatory disorders, e.g. fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, anchylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, we discuss the role of BMPs in the context of vascular disorders, and explore the role of these signalling proteins in iron homeostasis (anaemia, hemochromatosis) and oxidative damage. The second and third parts of this review focus on BMPs in the development of metabolic pathologies such as type-2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The pancreatic beta cells are the sole source of the hormone insulin and BMPs have recently been implicated in pancreas development as well as control of adult glucose homeostasis. Lastly, we review the recently recognized role of BMPs in brown adipose tissue formation and their consequences for energy expenditure and adiposity. In summary, BMPs play a pivotal role in metabolism beyond their role in skeletal homeostasis. However, increased understanding of these pleiotropic functions also highlights the necessity of tissue-specific strategies when harnessing BMP action as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Grgurevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tim J Schulz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Ding HH, Ni WJ, Tang LQ, Wei W. G protein-coupled receptors: potential therapeutic targets for diabetic nephropathy. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:411-421. [PMID: 26675443 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy, a lethal microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, is characterized by progressive albuminuria, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, thickened glomerular basement membrane, podocyte abnormalities, and podocyte loss. The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have attracted considerable attention in diabetic nephropathy, but the specific effects have not been elucidated yet. Likewise, abnormal signaling pathways are closely interrelated to the pathologic process of diabetic nephropathy, despite the fact that the mechanisms have not been explored clearly. Therefore, GPCRs and its mediated signaling pathways are essential for priority research, so that preventative strategies and potential targets might be developed for diabetic nephropathy. This article will give us comprehensive overview of predominant GPCR types, roles, and correlative signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Ding
- a Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China.,b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jian Ni
- b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qin Tang
- b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- a Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
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24
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Endothelial Gata5 transcription factor regulates blood pressure. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8835. [PMID: 26617239 PMCID: PMC4696516 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its high prevalence and economic burden, the aetiology of human hypertension remains incompletely understood. Here we identify the transcription factor GATA5, as a new regulator of blood pressure (BP). GATA5 is expressed in microvascular endothelial cells and its genetic inactivation in mice (Gata5-null) leads to vascular endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Endothelial-specific inactivation of Gata5 mimics the hypertensive phenotype of the Gata5-null mice, suggestive of an important role for GATA5 in endothelial homeostasis. Transcriptomic analysis of human microvascular endothelial cells with GATA5 knockdown reveals that GATA5 affects several genes and pathways critical for proper endothelial function, such as PKA and nitric oxide pathways. Consistent with a role in human hypertension, we report genetic association of variants at the GATA5 locus with hypertension traits in two large independent cohorts. Our results unveil an unsuspected link between GATA5 and a prominent human condition, and provide a new animal model for hypertension. Unravelling the molecular basis of hypertension remains a major challenge. Here, the authors identify the transcription factor GATA5 as a novel regulator of blood pressure and potential genetic determinant of human hypertension and describe a unique mouse model for research of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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25
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Jumabay M, Moon JH, Yeerna H, Boström KI. Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Adipocyte-Derived Stem Cells in Rat. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2821-8. [PMID: 25854185 PMCID: PMC4516692 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects the adipose tissue and mesenchymal stem cells derived from the adipose stroma and other tissues. Previous reports suggest that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is involved in diabetic complications, at the same time playing an important role in the maintenance of stem cells. In this study, we used rats transgenic for human islet amyloid polypeptide (HIP rats), a model of type 2 diabetes, to study the effect of diabetes on adipocyte-derived stem cells, referred to as dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells. Our results show that BMP4 expression in inguinal adipose tissue is significantly increased in HIP rats compared to controls, whereas matrix Gla protein (MGP), an inhibitor of BMP4 is decreased as determined by quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence. In addition, adipose vascularity and expression of multiple endothelial cell markers was increased in the diabetic tissue, visualized by immunofluorescence for endothelial markers. The endothelial markers co-localized with the enhanced BMP4 expression, suggesting that vascular cells play a role BMP4 induction. The DFAT cells are multipotent stem cells derived from white mature adipocytes that undergo endothelial and adipogenic differentiation. DFAT cells prepared from the inguinal adipose tissue in HIP rats exhibited enhanced proliferative capacity compared to wild type. In addition, their ability to undergo both endothelial cell and adipogenic lineage differentiation was enhanced, as well as their response to BMP4, as assessed by lineage marker expression. We conclude that the DFAT cells are affected by diabetic changes and may contribute to the adipose dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Jeremiah H. Moon
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Huwate Yeerna
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA
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Matsubara T, Araki M, Abe H, Ueda O, Jishage KI, Mima A, Goto C, Tominaga T, Kinosaki M, Kishi S, Nagai K, Iehara N, Fukushima N, Kita T, Arai H, Doi T. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 and Smad1 Mediate Extracellular Matrix Production in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes 2015; 64:2978-90. [PMID: 25995358 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. It is pathologically characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the mesangium, of which the main component is α1/α2 type IV collagen (Col4a1/a2). Recently, we identified Smad1 as a direct regulator of Col4a1/a2 under diabetic conditions in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that Smad1 plays a key role in diabetic nephropathy through bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in vivo. Smad1-overexpressing mice (Smad1-Tg) were established, and diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Nondiabetic Smad1-Tg did not exhibit histological changes in the kidney; however, the induction of diabetes resulted in an ∼1.5-fold greater mesangial expansion, consistent with an increase in glomerular phosphorylated Smad1. To address regulatory factors of Smad1, we determined that BMP4 and its receptor are increased in diabetic glomeruli and that diabetic Smad1-Tg and wild-type mice treated with a BMP4-neutralizing antibody exhibit decreased Smad1 phosphorylation and ∼40% less mesangial expansion than those treated with control IgG. Furthermore, heterozygous Smad1 knockout mice exhibit attenuated mesangial expansion in the diabetic condition. The data indicate that BMP4/Smad1 signaling is a critical cascade for the progression of mesangial expansion and that blocking this signal could be a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto Araki
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Otoya Ueda
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Akira Mima
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chisato Goto
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Kita
- Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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27
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Christensen GL, Jacobsen MLB, Wendt A, Mollet IG, Friberg J, Frederiksen KS, Meyer M, Bruun C, Eliasson L, Billestrup N. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits insulin secretion from rodent beta cells through regulation of calbindin1 expression and reduced voltage-dependent calcium currents. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1282-90. [PMID: 25828920 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is characterised by progressive loss of pancreatic beta cell mass and function. Therefore, it is of therapeutic interest to identify factors with the potential to improve beta cell proliferation and insulin secretion. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) expression is increased in diabetic animals and BMP4 reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism behind this inhibition. METHODS BMP4-mediated inhibition of GSIS was investigated in detail using single cell electrophysiological measurements and live cell Ca(2+) imaging. BMP4-mediated gene expression changes were investigated by microarray profiling, quantitative PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Prolonged exposure to BMP4 reduced GSIS from rodent pancreatic islets. This inhibition was associated with decreased exocytosis due to a reduced Ca(2+) current through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. To identify proteins involved in the inhibition of GSIS, we investigated global gene expression changes induced by BMP4 in neonatal rat pancreatic islets. Expression of the Ca(2+)-binding protein calbindin1 was significantly induced by BMP4. Overexpression of calbindin1 in primary islet cells reduced GSIS, and the effect of BMP4 on GSIS was lost in islets from calbindin1 (Calb1) knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We found BMP4 treatment to markedly inhibit GSIS from rodent pancreatic islets in a calbindin1-dependent manner. Calbindin1 is suggested to mediate the effect of BMP4 by buffering Ca(2+) and decreasing Ca(2+) channel activity, resulting in diminished insulin exocytosis. Both BMP4 and calbindin1 are potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of beta cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte L Christensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 20, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gremlin1 preferentially binds to bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and BMP-4 over BMP-7. Biochem J 2015; 466:55-68. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gremlin1 has a distinct preference for which bone morphogenetic protein it binds to in kidney epithelial cells. Grem1–BMP-2 complexes are favoured over other BMPs, and this may play an important role in fibrotic kidney disease.
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29
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Takeiri A, Wada NA, Motoyama S, Matsuzaki K, Tateishi H, Matsumoto K, Niimi N, Sassa A, Grúz P, Masumura K, Yamada M, Mishima M, Jishage KI, Nohmi T. In vivo evidence that DNA polymerase kappa is responsible for error-free bypass across DNA cross-links induced by mitomycin C. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 24:113-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bruun C, Christensen GL, Jacobsen MLB, Kanstrup MB, Jensen PR, Fjordvang H, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Billestrup N. Inhibition of beta cell growth and function by bone morphogenetic proteins. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2546-54. [PMID: 25260823 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Impairment of beta cell mass and function is evident in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In healthy physiological conditions pancreatic beta cells adapt to the body's increasing insulin requirements by proliferation and improved function. We hypothesised that during the development of diabetes, there is an increase in the expression of inhibitory factors that prevent the beta cells from adapting to the increased need for insulin. We evaluated the effects of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and -4 on beta cells. METHODS The effects of BMP2 and -4 on beta cell proliferation, apoptosis, gene expression and insulin release were studied in isolated islets of Langerhans from rats, mice and humans. The expression of BMPs was analysed by immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR. The role of endogenous BMP was investigated using a soluble and neutralising form of the BMP receptor 1A. RESULTS BMP2 and -4 were found to inhibit basal as well as growth factor-stimulated proliferation of primary beta cells from rats and mice. Bmp2 and Bmp4 mRNA and protein were expressed in islets and regulated by inflammatory cytokines. Neutralisation of endogenous BMP activity resulted in enhanced proliferation of rodent beta cells. The expression of Id mRNAs was induced by BMP4 in rat and human islets. Finally, glucose-induced insulin secretion was significantly impaired in rodent and human islets pre-treated with BMP4, and inhibition of BMP activity resulted in enhanced insulin release. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data show that BMP2 and -4 exert inhibitory actions on beta cells in vitro and suggest that BMPs exert regulatory roles of beta cell growth and function.
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Li Q, Feng L, Li J, Chen Q. Urinary Smad1 is a new biomarker for diagnosis and evaluating the severity of diabetic nephropathy. Endocrine 2014; 46:83-9. [PMID: 23943254 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze urinary Smad1 level in patients with type 2 diabetes, explore the possibility of Smad1 being a biomarker for early diagnosis and evaluation of severity of diabetic nephropathy, and explore the impact factors affecting urinary Smad1 concentration. In this study, 132 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 50 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Subjects were grouped according to urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) into: normal albumin in urine (NAU), low albumin in urine (LAU), high albumin in urine (HAU), and very high albumin in urine (VHAU). Among those, LAU, HAU, and VHAU were regarded as the diabetic nephropathy group (DN group), NAU was regarded as nondiabetic nephropathy (non-DN group), and the healthy volunteers were the controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the urinary Smad1 concentration, urinary Smad1 to creatinine ratio (SCR) was used as the standard reference. Compared with non-DN group, SCR of DN group was higher (P < 0.05), while there was no difference between the non-DN group and controls (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference for SCR between LAU and NAU groups (P > 0.05). The SCR was higher in VHAU group than those in HAU and LAU groups, and higher in HAU than that in LAU group (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that SCR measures were positively correlated to ACR, duration and diabetic retinopathy of the disease (r = 0.285, 0.230, 0.202; P = 0.001, 0.008, 0.019, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that ACR and duration were independent impact factors for SCR (P < 0.05). This is the first known study examining the correlation of Smad1 and DN in clinical practice. It suggested that the urinary Smad1 may be a potential diagnostic parameter for DN and may be used to evaluate the severity of DN. However, it cannot predict those in patients with the earliest DN and low urine albumin concentration. Furthermore, ACR and duration may be independent impact factors for urinary Smad1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 613#, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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32
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Badal SS, Danesh FR. New insights into molecular mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 63:S63-83. [PMID: 24461730 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease remains a major microvascular complication of diabetes and the most common cause of chronic kidney failure requiring dialysis in the United States. Medical advances over the past century have substantially improved the management of diabetes mellitus and thereby have increased patient survival. However, current standards of care reduce but do not eliminate the risk of diabetic kidney disease, and further studies are warranted to define new strategies for reducing the risk of diabetic kidney disease. In this review, we highlight some of the novel and established molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of the disease and its outcomes. In particular, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease, with special emphasis on the mitochondrial oxidative stress and microRNA targets. Additionally, candidate genes associated with susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease and alterations in various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors are addressed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn S Badal
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Farhad R Danesh
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Reis GSD, Silva ACSE, Freitas IS, Heilbuth TR, Marco LAD, Oliveira EA, Miranda DM. Study of the association between the BMP4 gene and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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34
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Tian XY, Wong WT, Chen Y, Wang L, Luo J, Cheang WS, Lau CW, Kwan KM, Wang N, Yao X, Huang Y. Inhibition of Bone Morphogenic Protein 4 Restores Endothelial Function in
db/db
Diabetic Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:152-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Jian Liu
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Yangchao Chen
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Li Wang
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Jiangyun Luo
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Wai San Cheang
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Nanping Wang
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
| | - Yu Huang
- From the Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences (Y.Z., L.W., J.L., W.S.C., C.W.L., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Biomedical Sciences (J.L., Y.C., X.Y., Y.H.), School of Life Sciences (K.M.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (X.Y.T., W.T.W.); and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (N.W.)
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Study of the association between the BMP4 gene and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2014; 90:58-64. [PMID: 24131739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of different phenotypes for congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in a Brazilian sample, and to evaluate the association between the CAKUT phenotypes and the BMP4 gene. METHODS In this study, 457 Brazilian individuals were analyzed in an attempt to establish the association between the BMP4 gene and the CAKUT diagnosis. A case-control sample was genotyped for three BMP4 gene polymorphisms. RESULTS Association data was established with CAKUT sample as a whole and with the three most important CAKUT phenotypes: multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MDK), ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). When the sample was segregated in these three phenotypes, associations between the BMP4 gene were observed with UPJO and with MDK. Conversely, VUR was not associated to the polymorphisms of the BMP4 gene. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that Brazilian individuals with polymorphisms of the BMP4 gene have a higher risk to develop CAKUT, especially the malformations related to nephrogenesis and initial branching such as MDK and UPJO. Conversely, VUR appeared not to be related to BMP4 gene.
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36
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Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and hypertension: cross talk in RAS, BMP4, and ROS-dependent COX-2-derived prostanoids. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:204-14. [PMID: 23232839 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31827fe46e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelium regulates cardiovascular function, and endothelial dysfunction is the key initiator for arteriosclerosis and thrombosis and their complications. The endothelium is a dynamic interface that responds to various stimuli and synthesizes and liberates vasoactive molecules such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, hyperpolarizing factor, and endothelin. Risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and hyperglycemia impair the ability of the endothelium to respond to physical or chemical stimulation appropriately, and increased oxidative stress is believed to be a major culprit. This brief article reviews the interplay among several oxidative stress regulators in the vascular wall and highlights therapeutic relevance through deeper understanding of the interplay between the renin-angiotensin system, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced oxidase, bone morphogenic protein 4, and cyclooxygenase 2-derived prostaglandins as a concerted pathogenic cascade in inducing and maintaining endothelial dysfunction in hypertension and diabetes.
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Dual involvement of growth arrest-specific gene 6 in the early phase of human IgA nephropathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66759. [PMID: 23826128 PMCID: PMC3691258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gas6 is a growth factor that causes proliferation of mesangial cells in the development of glomerulonephritis. Gas6 can bind to three kinds of receptors; Axl, Dtk, and Mer. However, their expression and functions are not entirely clear in the different glomerular cell types. Meanwhile, representative cell cycle regulatory protein p27 has been reported to be expressed in podocytes in normal glomeruli with decreased expression in proliferating glomeruli, which inversely correlated with mesangial proliferation in human IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods The aim of this study is to clarify Gas6 involvement in the progression of IgAN. Expression of Gas6/Axl/Dtk was examined in 31 biopsy proven IgAN cases. We compared the expression levels with histological severity or clinical data. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Gas6 and its receptors in cultured podocytes. Results In 28 of 31 cases, Gas6 was upregulated mainly in podocytes. In the other 3 cases, Gas6 expression was induced in endothelial and mesangial cells, which was similar to animal nephritis models. Among 28 podocyte type cases, the expression level of Gas6 correlated with the mesangial hypercellularity score of IgAN Oxford classification and urine protein excretion. It also inversely correlated with p27 expression in glomeruli. As for the receptors, Axl was mainly expressed in endothelial and mesangial cells, while Dtk was expressed in podocytes. In vitro, Dtk was expressed in cultured murine podocytes, and the expression of p27 was decreased by Gas6 stimulation. Conclusions Gas6 was uniquely upregulated in either endothelial/mesangial cells or podocytes in IgAN. The expression pattern can be used as a marker to classify IgAN. Gas6 has a possibility to be involved in not only mesangial proliferation via Axl, but also podocyte injury via Dtk in IgAN.
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New targets for treatment of diabetic nephropathy: what we have learned from animal models. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013. [PMID: 23207723 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32835b3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been an advance in our understanding of the mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy over the past few years and much of that has occurred because of studies in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in animal models of diabetic nephropathy, especially in mice, have underlined the multifactorial nature of the pathogenesis of the disease process and the recognition that these models only partly replicate the changes found in human disease. Despite these limitations, recent animal model studies have identified a number of new, specific molecular abnormalities that point to pathways and specific molecules as potential targets for preventive or therapeutic intervention. These specific targets include the diabetic nephropathy related decreases in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and renal dopamine production and the increases in Nrf-2, JAK/STAT, and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling. These and other altered signaling pathways are described in this review. We emphasize the use of a unique investigative resource, Nephromine, to utilize a library of mRNA expression data obtained from the kidney biopsies of humans with diabetic nephropathy, to compare and validate findings in mouse models with human disease. SUMMARY Several new pathways have been implicated in the progression of diabetic nephropathy through studies of animal models. Some of these appear to be altered in human diabetic nephropathy and may be targets for therapy.
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Gu L, Johno H, Nakajima S, Kato H, Takahashi S, Katoh R, Kitamura M. Blockade of Smad signaling by 3'-deoxyadenosine: a mechanism for its anti-fibrotic potential. J Transl Med 2013; 93:450-61. [PMID: 23439432 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been used in Eastern countries for the treatment of various diseases including chronic kidney diseases. However, there are no reports that identified its active entities and molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effectiveness. 3'-Deoxyadenosine is a major nucleoside derivative isolated from C. militaris. Some reports suggested that both C. militaris and 3'-deoxyadenosine have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. In the present report, we investigated whether and how 3'-deoxyadenosine interferes with fibrogenic processes in the kidney. For this purpose, we examined effects of 3'-deoxyadenosine on the expression of collagens triggered by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), especially focusing on the regulation of Smad signaling in vitro and in vivo. We found that 3'-deoxyadenosine suppressed expression of collagens induced by TGF-β1 and BMP-4 dose dependently. This suppression occurred at the transcriptional level and was correlated with blunted activation of the CAGA box and the BMP-responsive element. The suppressive effect on the TGF-β/BMP signaling was mediated mainly by adenosine transporter and partially by the A3 adenosine receptor, but not A1/A2 adenosine receptors. 3'-Deoxyadenosine reduced levels of both phosphorylated and total Smad proteins (Smad1, 2 and 3) dose dependently. It was mainly ascribed to transcriptional suppression, but not to enhanced protein degradation and eIF2α-mediated translational suppression. Consistent with the in vitro results, in vivo administration with 3'-deoxyadenosine reduced the levels of phosphorylated and total Smad proteins, as well as the levels of Smad mRNAs, in the kidney subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction. It was associated with blunted induction of type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin, a decrease in the number of interstitial myofibroblasts and reduced fibrotic area. These results suggest that 3'-deoxyadenosine interferes with the TGF-β and BMP signaling via downregulation of Smads, which may underlie the anti-fibrotic effect of this agent. 3'-Deoxyadenosine may be useful for therapeutic intervention in various TGF-β-related fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubao Gu
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Effects of imposed defocus of opposite sign on temporal gene expression patterns of BMP4 and BMP7 in chick RPE. Exp Eye Res 2013; 109:98-106. [PMID: 23428741 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of imposed optical defocus on the expression patterns of bone morphogenetic protein 4 and 7 (BMP4, BMP7) in chick retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as indicators of roles in postnatal eye growth regulation. BMP4 and BMP7 gene and protein expression patterns were characterized for retina, RPE and choroid tissues of young normal White-Leghorn chickens. The effects of short-term (2 and 48 h) exposure to monocular +10 and -10 diopter (D) lenses on RPE gene expression of BMP4 and BMP7 were also examined. Tissues from both treated and fellow eyes as well as from eyes of age-matched untreated birds were included in the latter experiment. Of ocular tissues comprising the posterior wall of the chick eye, RPE showed the highest expression of BMP4 and BMP7 mRNA, compared to retina and choroid. Western blots and immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of BMP4 and BMP7 protein in all layers - retina, RPE, choroid and sclera. With imposed defocus, both BMP4 and BMP7 showed bidirectional changes in expression in RPE, however, with different temporal patterns. With +10 D lenses, BMP4 gene expression was up-regulated after both 2 and 48 h of treatment, while BMP7 expression was up-regulated only after 48 h of lens wear. With -10 D lenses, both BMP4 and BMP7 showed down-regulation of gene expression for both 2 and 48 h treatment durations. With the -10 D lens treatment applied for 48 h, gene expression for both BMP4 and BMP7 was also down-regulated in contralateral fellows of treated eyes compared to eyes of untreated chicks. The rapid changes in gene expression in chick RPE observed for both BMP4 and BMP7, up or down according to the sign of imposed optical defocus, resemble similar trends reported for BMP2. Further studies are needed to confirm the roles of BMPs as ocular growth modulators, as suggested by these data. The data also suggest a role for the RPE as a conduit for relaying growth modulatory retinal signals.
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Tang T, Thompson JC, Wilson PG, Nelson C, Williams KJ, Tannock LR. Decreased body fat, elevated plasma transforming growth factor-β levels, and impaired BMP4-like signaling in biglycan-deficient mice. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:5-13. [PMID: 22834985 PMCID: PMC4557867 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.715700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biglycan (BGN), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, binds the pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and inhibits its bioactivity in vitro. Nevertheless, it is controversial whether BGN plays an inhibitory role in vivo. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BGN deficiency on TGFβ activity in vivo by studying 1-year-old Bgn null and wild-type (WT) mice on an Ldlr-null background. Phenotypic and metabolic characterization showed that the Bgn null mice had lower body weight, shorter body length, and shorter femur length (all p < 0.05). Surprisingly, the Bgn null mice also exhibited a striking reduction in percent body fat compared to WT mice (p == 0.006), but no changes were observed in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, or glycohemoglobin. Both total and bioactive TGFβ1 concentrations in plasma were markedly elevated in Bgn null mice compared to WT mice (4-fold and 11-fold increase, respectively, both p < 0.001), but no changes were found in hepatic levels of mRNA for Tgfβ1 or its receptors. Bgn null mice exhibited elevated expression of hepatic fibronectin protein (p = 0.034) without changes in hepatic or renal histology, and Bgn null mice had decreased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (p = 0.01). Two key downstream targets of bone morphogenetic protein 4-like signaling, SMAD1/3/5 phosphorylation and Id2 gene expression, were found dramatically reduced in Bgn null livers (p = 0.034). Thus, BGN deficiency decreases body fat in this hyperlipidemic mouse model without changing liver or kidney histology. Overall, we propose that this unexpected phenotype arises from the effects of BGN deficiency in vivo to elevate TGFβ levels while decreasing bone morphogenetic protein 4-like signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joel C. Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia G. Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christina Nelson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa R. Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Lisa R. Tannock, Associate Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Room 567, Wethington Building, 900 S. Limestone, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, Tel: 859-323-4933 ext 81415, Fax: 859-257-3646,
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Mason RM. Fell-Muir lecture: Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) -- a pernicious and pleiotropic player in the development of kidney fibrosis. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 94:1-16. [PMID: 23110747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) is a member of the CCN family of matricellular proteins. It interacts with many other proteins, including plasma membrane proteins, modulating cell function. It is expressed at low levels in normal adult kidney cells but is increased in kidney diseases, playing important roles in inflammation and in the development of glomerular and interstitial fibrosis in chronic disease. This review reports the evidence for its expression in human and animal models of chronic kidney disease and summarizes data showing that anti-CTGF therapy can successfully attenuate fibrotic changes in several such models, suggesting that therapies targeting CTGF and events downstream of it in renal cells may be useful for the treatment of human kidney fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor stimulates the development of fibrosis in the kidney in many ways including activating cells to increase extracellular matrix synthesis, inducing cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy, and prolonging survival of activated cells. The relationship between CTGF and the pro-fibrotic factor TGFβ is examined and mechanisms by which CTGF promotes signalling by the latter are discussed. No specific cellular receptors for CTGF have been discovered but it interacts with and activates several plasma membrane proteins including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-1, LRP-6, tropomyosin-related kinase A, integrins and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Intracellular signalling and downstream events triggered by such interactions are reviewed. Finally, the relationships between CTGF and several anti-fibrotic factors, such as bone morphogenetic factor-4 (BMP4), BMP7, hepatocyte growth factor, CCN3 and Oncostatin M, are discussed. These may determine whether injured tissue heals or progresses to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Mason
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is rapidly becoming a global health issue that may overtake cancer during the next two decades as it covertly affects multiple organ systems that goes undiagnosed long after the onset. A number of complications are associated with poorly controlled hyperglycemia. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. Other than angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) there is not much in the armamentarium with which to treat patients with overt diabetic nephropathy. Research points towards a multifactorial etiology and complex interplay of several pathogenic pathways that can contribute to the declining kidney function in diabetes. Patients with diabetic nephropathy (and with any chronic kidney disease) eventually develop kidney fibrosis. Despite the financial and labor investment spent on determining the basic mechanism of fibrosis, not much progress has been made in terms of therapeutic targets available to us today. This may be in part due to paucity in the experimental animal models available. However, there now seems to be a concerted effort from several pharmaceutical companies to develop a drug that would halt/delay the process of fibrosis, if not reverse it. This review discusses the current state of research in the field while staying within the context of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Karihaloo
- Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Abstract
Mesangial cells originate from the metanephric mesenchyme and maintain structural integrity of the glomerular microvascular bed and mesangial matrix homeostasis. In response to metabolic, immunologic or hemodynamic injury, these cells undergo apoptosis or acquire an activated phenotype and undergo hypertrophy, proliferation with excessive production of matrix proteins, growth factors, chemokines and cytokines. These soluble factors exert autocrine and paracrine effects on the cells or on other glomerular cells, respectively. MCs are primary targets of immune-mediated glomerular diseases such as IGA nephropathy or metabolic diseases such as diabetes. MCs may also respond to injury that primarily involves podocytes and endothelial cells or to structural and genetic abnormalities of the glomerular basement membrane. Signal transduction and oxidant stress pathways are activated in MCs and likely represent integrated input from multiple mediators. Such responses are convenient targets for therapeutic intervention. Studies in cultured MCs should be supplemented with in vivo studies as well as examination of freshly isolated cells from normal and diseases glomeruli. In addition to ex vivo morphologic studies in kidney cortex, cells should be studied in their natural environment, isolated glomeruli or even tissue slices. Identification of a specific marker of MCs should help genetic manipulation as well as selective therapeutic targeting of these cells. Identification of biological responses of MCs that are not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system should help development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies to treat diseases characterized by MC pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Abboud
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Kishi S, Abe H, Akiyama H, Tominaga T, Murakami T, Mima A, Nagai K, Kishi F, Matsuura M, Matsubara T, Iehara N, Ueda O, Fukushima N, Jishage KI, Doi T. SOX9 protein induces a chondrogenic phenotype of mesangial cells and contributes to advanced diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32162-9. [PMID: 21795715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.244541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most important chronic kidney disease. We previously reported that Smad1 transcriptionally regulates the expression of extracellular matrix in DN. Phenotypic change in mesangial cells (MCs) is a key pathologic event in the progression of DN. The aim of this study is to investigate a novel mechanism underlying chondrogenic phenotypic change in MCs that results in the development of DN. MCs showed chondrogenic potential in a micromass culture, and BMP4 induced the expression of chondrocyte markers (SRY-related HMG Box 9 (SOX9) and type II collagen (COL2)). Advanced glycation end products induced the expression of chondrocyte marker proteins downstream from the BMP4-Smad1 signaling pathway in MCs. In addition, hypoxia also induced the expression of BMP4, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and chondrocyte markers. Overexpression of SOX9 caused ectopic expression of proteoglycans and COL2 in MCs. Furthermore, forced expression of Smad1 induced chondrocyte markers as well. Dorsomorphin inhibited these inductions. Glomerular expressions of HIF-1α, BMP4, and chondrocyte markers were observed in diabetic nephropathy mice. These positive stainings were observed in mesangial sclerotic lesions. SOX9 was partially colocalized with HIF-1α and BMP4 in diabetic glomeruli. BMP4 knock-in transgenic mice showed not only similar pathological lesions to DN, but also the induction of chondrocyte markers in the sclerotic lesions. Here we demonstrate that HIF-1α and BMP4 induce SOX9 expression and subsequent chondrogenic phenotype change in DN. The results suggested that the transdifferentiation of MCs into chondrocyte-like cells in chronic hypoxic stress may result in irreversible structural change in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Health-Bioscience Institute, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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