1
|
Kang W, Xu Q, Dong H, Wang W, Huang G, Zhang J. Eriodictyol attenuates osteoarthritis progression through inhibiting inflammation via the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18853. [PMID: 39143134 PMCID: PMC11324885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Eriodictyol, a flavonoid distributed in citrus fruits, has been known to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, destabilized medial meniscus (DMM)-induced OA model was used to investigate the protective role of eriodictyol on OA. Meanwhile, we used an IL-1β-stimulated human osteoarthritis chondrocytes model to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of eriodictyol on OA. The production of nitric oxide was detected by Griess reaction. The productions of MMP1, MMP3, and PGE2 were detected by ELISA. The expression of LXRα, ABCA1, PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB were measured by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that eriodictyol could alleviate DMM-induced OA in mice. In vitro, eriodictyol inhibited IL-1β-induced NO, PGE2, MMP1, and MMP3 production in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Eriodictyol also suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, NF-κB p65, and IκBα induced by IL-1β. Meanwhile, eriodictyol significantly increased the expression of LXRα and ABCA1. Furthermore, eriodictyol disrupted lipid rafts formation through reducing the cholesterol content. And cholesterol replenishment experiment showed that adding water-soluble cholesterol could reverse the anti-inflammatory effect of eriodictyol. In conclusion, the results indicated eriodictyol inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes through suppressing lipid rafts formation, which subsequently inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinli Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanning Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhe Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Liu L, Calhoun R, Cheng L, Merrick D, Steger DJ, Seale P. Transcriptional regulation of adipocyte lipolysis by IRF2BP2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.31.605689. [PMID: 39211193 PMCID: PMC11360913 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.31.605689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Adipocyte lipolysis controls systemic energy levels and metabolic homeostasis. Lipolysis is regulated by post-translational modifications of key lipolytic enzymes. However, less is known about the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate lipolysis. Here, we identify the transcriptional factor interferon regulatory factor-2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2) as a repressor of adipocyte lipolysis. Deletion of IRF2BP2 in primary human adipocytes increases lipolysis without affecting glucose uptake, whereas IRF2BP2 overexpression decreases lipolysis. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses reveal that IRF2BP2 directly represses several lipolysis-related genes, including LIPE ( HSL , hormone sensitive lipase), which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in lipolysis. Adipocyte-selective deletion of Irf2bp2 in mice increases Lipe expression and free fatty acid levels, resulting in elevated adipose tissue inflammation and glucose intolerance. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that IRF2BP2 restrains adipocyte lipolysis and opens new avenues to target lipolysis for the treatment of metabolic disease.
Collapse
|
3
|
Burkhardt P, Palma-Duran SA, Tuck ARR, Norgren K, Li X, Nikiforova V, Griffin JL, Munic Kos V. Environmental chemicals change extracellular lipidome of mature human white adipocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140852. [PMID: 38048832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain environmental chemicals affect the body's energy balance and are known as metabolism disrupting chemicals (MDCs). MDCs have been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. In contrast to their well-known impact on developing adipocytes, MDC effects leading to altered energy balance and development of insulin resistance in mature white adipocytes, constituents of adult adipose tissue, are largely unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of six well-established environmental MDCs (bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), triclosan (TCS), p,p-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (ppDDE), tributyltin chloride (TBT) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP)) on mature human white adipocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. We aimed to identify biomarkers and sensitive endpoints of their metabolism disrupting effects. While most of the tested exposures had no effect on adipocyte glucose consumption, lipid storage and assessed gene expression endpoints, the highest concentration of triclosan affected the total lipid storage and adipocyte size, as well as glucose consumption and mRNA expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1, leptin and adiponectin. Additionally, an increased expression of adiponectin was observed with TPP and the positive control PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. In contrast, the lipidomic analysis of the cell culture medium after a 3-day exposure was extremely sensitive and revealed concentration-dependent changes in the extracellular lipidome of adipocytes exposed to nearly all studied chemicals. While some of the extracellular lipidome changes were specific for the MDC used, some effects were found common to several tested chemicals and included increases in lysophosphatidylcholines, glycerophospholipids and ceramides and a decrease in fatty acids, with possible implications in inflammation, lipid and glucose uptake. This study points to early signs of metabolic disruption and likely systemic effects of mature adipocyte exposure to environmental chemicals, as well as to the need to include lipidomic endpoints in the assessment of adverse effects of MDCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Burkhardt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susana Alejandra Palma-Duran
- Metabolomics STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Food Science, Research Center in Food and Development A.C., Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Astrud R R Tuck
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kalle Norgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Violetta Nikiforova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang C, Hucik B, Sarr O, Brown LH, Wells KRD, Brunt KR, Nakamura MT, Harasim-Symbor E, Chabowski A, Mutch DM. Delta-6 desaturase (Fads2) deficiency alters triacylglycerol/fatty acid cycling in murine white adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100376. [PMID: 37085033 PMCID: PMC10323924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Δ-6 desaturase (D6D) enzyme is not only critical for the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from α-linolenic acid (ALA), but recent evidence suggests that it also plays a role in adipocyte lipid metabolism and body weight; however, the mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to investigate if a D6D deficiency would inhibit triacylglycerol storage and alter lipolytic and lipogenic pathways in mouse white adipose tissue (WAT) depots due to a disruption in EPA and DHA production. Male C57BL/6J D6D knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed either a 7% w/w lard or flax (ALA rich) diet for 21 weeks. Energy expenditure, physical activity, and substrate utilization were measured with metabolic caging. Inguinal and epididymal WAT depots were analyzed for changes in tissue weight, fatty acid composition, adipocyte size, and markers of lipogenesis, lipolysis, and insulin signaling. KO mice had lower body weight, higher serum nonesterified fatty acids, smaller WAT depots, and reduced adipocyte size compared to WT mice without altered food intake, energy expenditure, or physical activity, regardless of the diet. Markers of lipogenesis and lipolysis were more highly expressed in KO mice compared to WT mice in both depots, regardless of the diet. These changes were concomitant with lower basal insulin signaling in WAT. Collectively, a D6D deficiency alters triacylglycerol/fatty acid cycling in WAT by promoting lipolysis and reducing fatty acid re-esterification, which may be partially attributed to a reduction in WAT insulin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Wang
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Barbora Hucik
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ousseynou Sarr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Liam H Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle R D Wells
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Manabu T Nakamura
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ewa Harasim-Symbor
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Y, Jiang H, Zhan Z, Lu J, Gu T, Yu P, Liang W, Zhang X, Liu S, Bi H, Zhong S, Tang L. Restoration of lipid homeostasis between TG and PE by the LXRα-ATGL/EPT1 axis ameliorates hepatosteatosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:85. [PMID: 36746922 PMCID: PMC9902534 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Converting lipid disturbances in response to energy oversupply into healthy lipid homeostasis is a promising therapy to alleviate hepatosteatosis. Our clinical studies found that a further elevation of triglyceride (TG) in obese patients with the body mass index (BMI) greater than 28 was accompanied by a further reduction of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Shorter survival and poor prognosis were shown for the patients with high TG and low PE levels. Liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) knockout mice aggravated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and lipid disorders, making the TG enrichment and the PE decrease more pronounced according to the liver lipidomics analysis. The RNA-seq from mice liver exhibited that these metabolism disorders were attributed to the decline of Atgl (encoding the TG metabolism enzyme ATGL) and Ept1 (encoding the PE synthesis enzyme EPT1) expression. Mechanistic studies uncovered that LXRα activated the ATGL and EPT1 gene via direct binding to a LXR response element (LXRE) in the promoter. Moreover, both the supplement of PE in statin or fibrate therapy, and the LXRα inducer (oridonin) ameliorated cellular lipid deposition and lipotoxicity. Altogether, restoration of lipid homeostasis of TG and PE via the LXRα-ATGL/EPT1 axis may be a potential approach for the management of hepatosteatosis and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanguo Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikun Zhan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jindi Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilong Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lustig RH, Collier D, Kassotis C, Roepke TA, Ji Kim M, Blanc E, Barouki R, Bansal A, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Choudhury M, Gilbertson M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Howard S, Lind L, Tomlinson CR, Vondracek J, Heindel JJ. Obesity I: Overview and molecular and biochemical mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115012. [PMID: 35393120 PMCID: PMC9050949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by excess body fat. Its prevalence has increased globally since the 1970s, and the number of obese and overweight people is now greater than those underweight. Obesity is a multifactorial condition, and as such, many components contribute to its development and pathogenesis. This is the first of three companion reviews that consider obesity. This review focuses on the genetics, viruses, insulin resistance, inflammation, gut microbiome, and circadian rhythms that promote obesity, along with hormones, growth factors, and organs and tissues that control its development. It shows that the regulation of energy balance (intake vs. expenditure) relies on the interplay of a variety of hormones from adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. It details how integrating central neurotransmitters and peripheral metabolic signals (e.g., leptin, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY3-36) is essential for controlling energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. It describes the distinct types of adipocytes and how fat cell development is controlled by hormones and growth factors acting via a variety of receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, retinoid X, insulin, estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, liver X, constitutive androstane, pregnane X, farnesoid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Finally, it demonstrates that obesity likely has origins in utero. Understanding these biochemical drivers of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction throughout the life cycle lends plausibility and credence to the "obesogen hypothesis" (i.e., the importance of environmental chemicals that disrupt these receptors to promote adiposity or alter metabolism), elucidated more fully in the two companion reviews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Christopher Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Troy A Roepke
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Rennes, France
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shared genetic loci for body fat storage and adipocyte lipolysis in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3666. [PMID: 35256633 PMCID: PMC8901764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Total body fat and central fat distribution are heritable traits and well-established predictors of adverse metabolic outcomes. Lipolysis is the process responsible for the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols stored in adipocytes. To increase our understanding of the genetic regulation of body fat distribution and total body fat, we set out to determine if genetic variants associated with body mass index (BMI) or waist-hip-ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI) in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) mediate their effect by influencing adipocyte lipolysis. We utilized data from the recent GWAS of spontaneous and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis in the unique GENetics of Adipocyte Lipolysis (GENiAL) cohort. GENiAL consists of 939 participants who have undergone abdominal subcutaneous adipose biopsy for the determination of spontaneous and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. We report 11 BMI and 15 WHRadjBMI loci with SNPs displaying nominal association with lipolysis and allele-dependent gene expression in adipose tissue according to in silico analysis. Functional evaluation of candidate genes in these loci by small interfering RNAs (siRNA)-mediated knock-down in adipose-derived stem cells identified ZNF436 and NUP85 as intrinsic regulators of lipolysis consistent with the associations observed in the clinical cohorts. Furthermore, candidate genes in another BMI-locus (STX17) and two more WHRadjBMI loci (NID2, GGA3, GRB2) control lipolysis alone, or in conjunction with lipid storage, and may hereby be involved in genetic control of body fat. The findings expand our understanding of how genetic variants mediate their impact on the complex traits of fat storage and distribution.
Collapse
|
8
|
Latorre J, Ortega F, Oliveras-Cañellas N, Comas F, Lluch A, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Morón-Ros S, Ricart W, Villarroya F, Giralt M, Fernández-Real JM, Moreno-Navarrete JM. Specific adipose tissue Lbp gene knockdown prevents diet-induced body weight gain, impacting fat accretion-related gene and protein expression. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:870-879. [PMID: 35141047 PMCID: PMC8807983 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp) has been recently identified as a relevant component of innate immunity response associated to adiposity. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of adipose tissue Lbp on weight gain and white adipose tissue (WAT) in male and female mice fed an obesogenic diet. Specific adipose tissue Lbp gene knockdown was achieved through lentiviral particles containing shRNA-Lbp injected through surgery intervention. In males, WAT Lbp mRNA levels increased in parallel to fat accretion, and specific WAT Lbp gene knockdown led to reduced body weight gain, decreased fat accretion-related gene and protein expression, and increased inguinal WAT basal lipase activity, in parallel to lowered plasma free fatty acids, leptin, triglycerides but higher glycerol levels, resulting in slightly improved insulin action in the insulin tolerance test. In both males and females, inguinal WAT Lbp gene knockdown resulted in increased Ucp1 and Ppargc1a mRNA and Ucp1 protein levels, confirming adipose Lbp as a WAT browning repressor. In perigonadal WAT, Lbp gene knockdown also resulted in increased Ucp1 mRNA levels, but only in female mice, in which it was 500-fold increased. These data suggest specific adipose tissue Lbp gene knockdown as a possible therapeutic approach in the prevention of obesity-associated fat accretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Latorre
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), 17190 Salt, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), 17190 Salt, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Oliveras-Cañellas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), 17190 Salt, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Comas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), 17190 Salt, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina Lluch
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), 17190 Salt, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina-Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samantha Morón-Ros
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina-Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), 17190 Salt, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina-Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina-Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), 17190 Salt, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), 17190 Salt, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
- Corresponding author J.M. Moreno-Navarrete, Ph.D, Section of Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona “Dr Josep Trueta”, C/ Dr. Castany s/n, 17190 Salt, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Enterocyte-specific ATGL overexpression affects intestinal and systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159121. [PMID: 35150895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytes of the small intestine (SI) play an important role in maintaining systemic lipid levels by regulating dietary lipid absorption and postprandial lipoprotein secretion. An excessive amount of dietary-derived triglycerides (TGs) taken up by the apical side of enterocytes or basolaterally internalized lipoprotein remnants can be transiently stored in cytosolic lipid droplets (cLDs). As mice lacking adipose TG lipase (ATGL) in the SI display massive accumulation of cLDs but also delayed cholesterol absorption, we hypothesized that SI-specific overexpression of ATGL (Atgl iTg) might have beneficial effects on lipid homeostasis in the gut and possibly throughout the body. Here, we demonstrate that Atgl iTg mice had only modestly increased enzymatic activity despite drastically elevated Atgl mRNA levels (up to 120-fold) on chow diet, and was highly induced upon high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (HF/HCD) feeding. Atgl iTg mice showed markedly reduced intestinal TG concentrations after acute and chronic lipid challenge without affecting chylomicron TG secretion. Circulating plasma cholesterol levels were significantly lower in Atgl iTg mice under different feeding conditions, contrasting the accelerated uptake of dietary cholesterol into the circulation after HF/HCD feeding. In the fasted state, gene expression analysis revealed modulation of PPARα and liver X receptor (LXR) target genes by an increased fatty acid release, whereas the decreased plasma cholesterol concentrations in refed mice were more likely due to changes in HDL synthesis and secretion. We conclude that ATGL, in addition to its role in TG catabolism, plays a critical role in whole-body cholesterol homeostasis by modulating PPARα and LXR signaling in intestinal enterocytes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Grabner GF, Xie H, Schweiger M, Zechner R. Lipolysis: cellular mechanisms for lipid mobilization from fat stores. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1445-1465. [PMID: 34799702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perception that intracellular lipolysis is a straightforward process that releases fatty acids from fat stores in adipose tissue to generate energy has experienced major revisions over the last two decades. The discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators, the demonstration that lipophagy and lysosomal lipolysis contribute to the degradation of cellular lipid stores and the characterization of numerous factors and signalling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels have revolutionized our understanding of lipolysis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that facilitate intracellular fatty-acid mobilization, drawing on canonical and noncanonical enzymatic pathways. We summarize how intracellular lipolysis affects lipid-mediated signalling, metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis in multiple organs. Finally, we examine how these processes affect pathogenesis and how lipolysis may be targeted to potentially prevent or treat various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mileti E, Kwok KHM, Andersson DP, Mathelier A, Raman A, Bäckdahl J, Jalkanen J, Massier L, Thorell A, Gao H, Arner P, Mejhert N, Daub CO, Rydén M. Human White Adipose Tissue Displays Selective Insulin Resistance in the Obese State. Diabetes 2021; 70:1486-1497. [PMID: 33863803 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective hepatic insulin resistance is a feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Whether similar mechanisms operate in white adipose tissue (WAT) of those with obesity and to what extent these are normalized by weight loss are unknown. We determined insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and insulin response in subcutaneous WAT by RNA sequencing in 23 women with obesity before and 2 years after bariatric surgery. To control for effects of surgery, women postsurgery were matched to never-obese women. Multidimensional analyses of 138 samples allowed us to classify the effects of insulin into three distinct expression responses: a common set was present in all three groups and included genes encoding several lipid/cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes; a set of obesity-attenuated genes linked to tissue remodeling and protein translation was selectively regulated in the two nonobese states; and several postobesity-enriched genes encoding proteins involved in, for example, one-carbon metabolism were only responsive to insulin in the women who had lost weight. Altogether, human WAT displays a selective insulin response in the obese state, where most genes are normalized by weight loss. This comprehensive atlas provides insights into the transcriptional effects of insulin in WAT and may identify targets to improve insulin action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrichetta Mileti
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kelvin H M Kwok
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel P Andersson
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthony Mathelier
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jesper Bäckdahl
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jutta Jalkanen
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucas Massier
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mejhert
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten O Daub
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun Y, Zhai G, Li R, Zhou W, Li Y, Cao Z, Wang N, Li H, Wang Y. RXRα Positively Regulates Expression of the Chicken PLIN1 Gene in a PPARγ-Independent Manner and Promotes Adipogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:349. [PMID: 32478078 PMCID: PMC7240111 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilipin1 (PLIN1), the most abundant lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein, plays a vital role in regulating lipid storage and breakdown in adipocytes. Recently, we found that the overexpression of PLIN1 promotes chicken preadipocyte lipid accumulation. However, the mechanisms by which transcription of the chicken PLIN1 gene is regulated remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in transcription of the chicken PLIN1 gene. Notably, reporter gene and expression assays showed that RXRα activates transcription of the chicken PLIN1 gene in a PPARγ-independent manner. Furthermore, promoter deletion and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis revealed that the chicken PLIN1 gene promoter region (-774/-785) contains an RXRα-binding site. Further study demonstrated that RXRα overexpression promotes differentiation of an immortalized chicken preadipocyte cell line (ICP1), causing a concomitant increase in PLIN1 transcripts. Taken together, our results show for the first time that RXRα activates transcription of the chicken PLIN1 gene in a PPARγ-independent manner, which might be at least in part responsible for RXRα-induced adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiying Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weinan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yumao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Balasubramanian B, Kim HJ, Mothana RA, Kim YO, Siddiqui NA. Role of LXR alpha in regulating expression of glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes — Investigation on improvement of health of diabetic patients. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:244-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
14
|
The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:281-334. [PMID: 33263877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles. In eukaryotes, the internal membranes comprise on the one hand the general endomembrane system, a dynamic network including organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope, etc. and also the plasma membrane, which are linked via direct lateral connectivity (e.g. between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear outer envelope membrane) or indirectly via vesicular trafficking. On the other hand, semi-autonomous organelles, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts, are disconnected from the endomembrane system and request vertical transmission following cell division. Membranes are organized as lipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded. The budding of some of these membranes, leading to the formation of the so-called lipid droplets (LDs) loaded with hydrophobic molecules, most notably triacylglycerol, is conserved in all clades. The evolution of eukaryotes is marked by the acquisition of mitochondria and simple plastids from Gram-positive bacteria by primary endosymbiosis events and the emergence of extremely complex plastids, collectively called secondary plastids, bounded by three to four membranes, following multiple and independent secondary endosymbiosis events. There is currently no consensus view of the evolution of LDs in the Tree of Life. Some features are conserved; others show a striking level of diversification. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the architecture, dynamics, and multitude of functions of the lipid droplets in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes deriving from primary and secondary endosymbiosis events.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun Y, Li R, Zhai G, Zhang X, Wang Y. DNA methylation of the PLIN1 promoter downregulates expression in chicken lines. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:375-382. [PMID: 31807648 PMCID: PMC6852845 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-375-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that Perilipin-1 (PLIN1) is subject to functional regulation by epigenetic modifications in women with obesity. However, whether chicken PLIN1 expression is regulated by DNA methylation is unknown. Here, Sequenom MassARRAY and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted to analyze the promoter methylation status and expression of the PLIN1 gene in Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content. We found that chicken PLIN1 expression was significantly higher in adipose tissue of fat-line broilers than in lean lines at 1-7 weeks of age, and was significantly positively correlated with abdominal fat percentage (AFP) in chicken adipose development (Pearson's r = 0.627 , P < 0.001 ). The region analyzed for DNA methylation was from - 12 to - 520 bp upstream of the translation start codon ATG, and had five CpG sites, where only the DNA methylation levels of CpG5 located at position - 490 bp were significantly higher in lean compared to fat chickens at 5 and 6 weeks ( P < 0.05 ) and were significantly negatively correlated with PLIN1 mRNA levels and AFP ( P < 0.05 ). These results shed new light on the regulation of hypertrophic growth in chicken adipose development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang 150030, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang 150030, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Guiying Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang 150030, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang 150030, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang 150030, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yao Y, Li X, Wang W, Liu Z, Chen J, Ding M, Huang X. MRT, Functioning with NURF Complex, Regulates Lipid Droplet Size. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2972-2984. [PMID: 30208321 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are highly dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids. Through a gene overexpression screen in the Drosophila larval fat body, we have identified that MRT, an Myb/switching-defective protein 3 (Swi3), Adaptor 2 (Ada2), Nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR), Transcription factor (TF)IIIB (SANT)-like DNA-binding domain-containing protein, regulates LD size and lipid storage. MRT directly interacts with, and is functionally dependent on, the PZG and NURF chromatin-remodeling complex components. MRT binds to the promoter of plin1, the gene encoding the LD-resident protein perilipin, and inhibits the transcription of plin1. In vitro LD coalescence assays suggest that mrt overexpression or loss of plin1 function facilitates LD coalescence. Our findings suggest that MRT functions together with chromatin-remodeling factors to regulate LD size, likely through the transcriptional repression of plin1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Mei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kassotis CD, Stapleton HM. Endocrine-Mediated Mechanisms of Metabolic Disruption and New Approaches to Examine the Public Health Threat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30792693 PMCID: PMC6374316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders are of great societal concern and generate substantial human health care costs globally. Interventions have resulted in only minimal impacts on disrupting this worsening health trend, increasing attention on putative environmental contributors. Exposure to numerous environmental contaminants have, over decades, been demonstrated to result in increased metabolic dysfunction and/or weight gain in cell and animal models, and in some cases, even in humans. There are numerous mechanisms through which environmental contaminants may contribute to metabolic dysfunction, though certain mechanisms, such as activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma or the retinoid x receptor, have received considerably more attention than less-studied mechanisms such as antagonism of the thyroid receptor, androgen receptor, or mitochondrial toxicity. As such, research on putative metabolic disruptors is growing rapidly, as is our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Concurrent with these advances, new research has evaluated current models of adipogenesis, and new models have been proposed. Only in the last several years have studies really begun to address complex mixtures of contaminants and how these mixtures may disrupt metabolic health in environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Several studies have begun to assess environmental mixtures from various environments and study the mechanisms underlying their putative metabolic dysfunction; these studies hold real promise in highlighting crucial mechanisms driving observed organismal effects. In addition, high-throughput toxicity databases (ToxCast, etc.) may provide future benefits in prioritizing chemicals for in vivo testing, particularly once the causative molecular mechanisms promoting dysfunction are better understood and expert critiques are used to hone the databases. In this review, we will review the available literature linking metabolic disruption to endocrine-mediated molecular mechanisms, discuss the novel application of environmental mixtures and implications for in vivo metabolic health, and discuss the putative utility of applying high-throughput toxicity databases to answering complex organismal health outcome questions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Knockdown of LXRα Inhibits Goat Intramuscular Preadipocyte Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103037. [PMID: 30301149 PMCID: PMC6213902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat intramuscular fat (IMF) content is mainly determined by the processes of intramuscular preadipocytes adipogenic differentiation and mature adipocyte lipid accumulation. However, the underlying regulators of these biological processes remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the expression of Liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) reaches a peak at early stage and then gradually decreases during goat intramuscular adipogenesis. Knockdown of LXRα mediated by two independent siRNAs significantly inhibits intramuscular adipocytes lipid accumulation and upregulates preadipocytes marker- preadipocyte factor 1 (pref1) expression. Consistently, siRNA treatments robustly decrease mRNA level of adipogenic related genes, including CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (Cebpα), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (Pparg), Sterol regulatory element binding protein isoform 1c (Srebp1c), Fatty acids binding protein (aP2) and Lipoprotein lipase (Lpl). Next, adenovirus overexpression of LXRα does not affect intramuscular adipocytes adipogenesis manifested by Oil Red O signal measurement and adipogenic specific genes detection. Mechanically, we found that both CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (Cebpβ) and Kruppel like factor 8 (Klf8) are potential targets of LXRα, indicated by having putative binding sites of LXRα at the promoter of these genes and similar expression pattern during adipogenesis comparing to LXRα. Importantly, mRNA levels of Cebpβ and Klf8 are downregulated significantly in goat LXRα knockdown intramuscular adipocyte. These results demonstrate that loss function of LXRα inhibits intramuscular adipogenesis possibly through down-regulation of Cebpβ and Klf8. Our research will provide new insights into mechanical regulation of goat IMF deposition.
Collapse
|
19
|
Arner P, Andersson DP, Bäckdahl J, Dahlman I, Rydén M. Weight Gain and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Women Are Predicted by Inefficient Subcutaneous Fat Cell Lipolysis. Cell Metab 2018; 28:45-54.e3. [PMID: 29861390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte mobilization of fatty acids (lipolysis) is instrumental for energy expenditure. Lipolysis displays both spontaneous (basal) and hormone-stimulated activity. It is unknown if lipolysis is important for future body weight gain and associated disturbed glucose metabolism, and this was presently investigated in subcutaneous adipocytes from two female cohorts before and after ≥10-year follow-up. High basal and low stimulated lipolysis at baseline predicted future weight gain (odds ratios ≥4.6) as well as development of insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose/type 2 diabetes (odds ratios ≥3.2). At baseline, weight gainers displayed lower adipose expression of several established lipolysis-regulating genes. Thus, inefficient lipolysis (high basal/low stimulated) involving altered gene expression is linked to future weight gain and impaired glucose metabolism and may constitute a treatment target. Finally, low stimulated lipolysis could be accurately estimated in vivo by simple clinical/biochemical measures and may be used to identify risk individuals for intensified preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden.
| | - Daniel P Andersson
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Jesper Bäckdahl
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saeed A, Dullaart RPF, Schreuder TCMA, Blokzijl H, Faber KN. Disturbed Vitamin A Metabolism in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010029. [PMID: 29286303 PMCID: PMC5793257 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is required for important physiological processes, including embryogenesis, vision, cell proliferation and differentiation, immune regulation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Many of vitamin A’s functions are executed through retinoic acids that activate transcriptional networks controlled by retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs).The liver plays a central role in vitamin A metabolism: (1) it produces bile supporting efficient intestinal absorption of fat-soluble nutrients like vitamin A; (2) it produces retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) that distributes vitamin A, as retinol, to peripheral tissues; and (3) it harbors the largest body supply of vitamin A, mostly as retinyl esters, in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In times of inadequate dietary intake, the liver maintains stable circulating retinol levels of approximately 2 μmol/L, sufficient to provide the body with this vitamin for months. Liver diseases, in particular those leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis, are associated with impaired vitamin A homeostasis and may lead to vitamin A deficiency. Liver injury triggers HSCs to transdifferentiate to myofibroblasts that produce excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis. HSCs lose the retinyl ester stores in this process, ultimately leading to vitamin A deficiency. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); it may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. NASH is projected to be the main cause of liver failure in the near future. Retinoic acids are key regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, but it is unknown whether impaired vitamin A homeostasis contributes to or suppresses the development of NAFLD. A genetic variant of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3-I148M) is the most prominent heritable factor associated with NAFLD. Interestingly, PNPLA3 harbors retinyl ester hydrolase activity and PNPLA3-I148M is associated with low serum retinol level, but enhanced retinyl esters in the liver of NAFLD patients. Low circulating retinol in NAFLD may therefore not reflect true “vitamin A deficiency”, but rather disturbed vitamin A metabolism. Here, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin A metabolism in NAFLD and its putative role in the progression of liver disease, as well as the therapeutic potential of vitamin A metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Bio-Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim C M A Schreuder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Epigenetic Regulation of PLIN 1 in Obese Women and its Relation to Lipolysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10152. [PMID: 28860604 PMCID: PMC5578955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased adipocyte lipolysis links obesity to insulin resistance. The lipid droplet coating-protein Perilipin participates in regulation of lipolysis and is implicated in obesity. In the present study we investigate epigenetic regulation of the PLIN1 gene by correlating PLIN1 CpG methylation to gene expression and lipolysis, and functionally evaluating PLIN1 promoter methylation. PLIN1 CpG methylation in adipocytes and gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was quantified in two cohorts by array. Basal lipolysis in WAT explants and adipocytes was quantified by measuring glycerol release. CpG-methylation of the PLIN1 promoter in adipocytes from obese women was higher as compared to never-obese women. PLIN1 promoter methylation was inversely correlated with PLIN1 mRNA expression and the lipolytic activity. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) differentiated in vitro into adipocytes and harboring methylated PLIN1 promoter displayed decreased reporter gene activity as compared to hMSCs harboring unmethylated promoter. Treatment of hMSCs differentiated in vitro into adipocytes with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor increased levels of PLIN1 mRNA and protein. In conclusion, the PLIN1 gene is epigenetically regulated and promoter methylation is inversely correlated with basal lipolysis in women suggesting that epigenetic regulation of PLIN1 is important for increased adipocyte lipolysis in insulin resistance states.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kimmel AR, Sztalryd C. The Perilipins: Major Cytosolic Lipid Droplet-Associated Proteins and Their Roles in Cellular Lipid Storage, Mobilization, and Systemic Homeostasis. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 36:471-509. [PMID: 27431369 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery by Dr. Constantine Londos of perilipin 1, the major scaffold protein at the surface of cytosolic lipid droplets in adipocytes, marked a fundamental conceptual change in the understanding of lipolytic regulation. Focus then shifted from the enzymatic activation of lipases to substrate accessibility, mediated by perilipin-dependent protein sequestration and recruitment. Consequently, the lipid droplet became recognized as a unique, metabolically active cellular organelle and its surface as the active site for novel protein-protein interactions. A new area of investigation emerged, centered on lipid droplets' biology and their role in energy homeostasis. The perilipin family is of ancient origin and has expanded to include five mammalian genes and a growing list of evolutionarily conserved members. Universally, the perilipins modulate cellular lipid storage. This review provides a summary that connects the perilipins to both cellular and whole-body homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kimmel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Carole Sztalryd
- The Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dong Y, Xu Z, Zhang Z, Yin X, Lin X, Li H, Zheng F. Impaired adipose expansion caused by liver X receptor activation is associated with insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:141-154. [PMID: 28258092 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are deemed as potential drug targets for atherosclerosis, whereas a role in adipose tissue expansion and its relation to insulin sensitivity remains unclear. To assess the metabolic effects of LXR activation by the dual LXRα/β agonist T0901317, C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were treated with T0901317 (30 mg/kg once daily by intraperitoneal injection) for 3 weeks. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for analysing the effect of T0901317 on glucose uptake. The following results were obtained from this study. T0901317 reduced fat mass, accompanied by a massive fatty liver and lower serum adipokine levels in HFD mice. Increased adipocyte apoptosis was found in epididymal fat of T0901317-treated HFD mice. In addition, T0901317 treatment promoted basal lipolysis, but blunted the anti-lipolytic action of insulin. Furthermore, LXR activation antagonised PPARγ target genes in epididymal fat and PPARγ-PPRE-binding activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Although the glucose tolerance was comparable to that in HFD mice, the insulin response during IPGTT was significantly higher and the insulin tolerance was significantly impaired in T0901317-treated HFD mice, indicating decreased insulin sensitivity by T0901317 administration, and which was further supported by impaired insulin signalling found in epididymal fat and decreased insulin-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by T0901317 administration. In conclusion, these findings reveal that LXR activation impairs adipose expansion by increasing adipocyte apoptosis, lipolysis and antagonising PPARγ-mediated transcriptional activity, which contributes to decreased insulin sensitivity in whole body. The potential of LXR activation being a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis might be limited by the possibility of exacerbating insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Dong
- Department of EndocrinologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiye Xu
- Department of EndocrinologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyao Yin
- Department of EndocrinologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihua Lin
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang ProvinceSir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of EndocrinologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenping Zheng
- Department of EndocrinologySir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Miroshnikova VV, Panteleeva AA, Bazhenova EA, Demina EP, Usenko TS, Nikolaev MA, Semenova IA, Neimark AE, He J, Belyaeva OD, Berkovich OA, Baranova EI, Pchelina SN. [Regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene expression in the intraabdominal adipose tissue]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 62:283-9. [PMID: 27420620 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166203283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue specific expression of genes encoding cholesterol transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 as well as genes encoding the most important transcriptional regulators of adipogenesis - LXRa, LXRb, PPARg and RORa has been investigated in intraabdominal adipose tissue (IAT) samples.A direct correlation between the content of ABCA1 and ABCG1 proteins with RORa protein level (r=0.480, p<0.05; r=0.435, p<0.05, respectively) suggests the role of the transcription factor RORa in the regulation of IAT ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein levels. ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene expression positively correlated with obesity indicators such as body mass index (BMI) (r=0.522, p=0.004; r=0.594, p=0.001, respectively) and waist circumference (r=0.403, p=0.033; r=0.474, p=0.013, respectively). The development of obesity is associated with decreased IAT levels of RORa and LXRb mRNA (p=0.016 and p=0.002, respectively). These data suggest that the nuclear factor RORa can play a significant role in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and control IAT expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, while the level of IAT LXRb gene expression may be an important factor associated with the development of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Miroshnikova
- Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Panteleeva
- Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Bazhenova
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E P Demina
- Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina, Russia
| | - T S Usenko
- Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - M A Nikolaev
- Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina, Russia
| | - I A Semenova
- Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina, Russia
| | - A E Neimark
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - J He
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - O D Belyaeva
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - O A Berkovich
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E I Baranova
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - S N Pchelina
- Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nakhuda A, Josse AR, Gburcik V, Crossland H, Raymond F, Metairon S, Good L, Atherton PJ, Phillips SM, Timmons JA. Biomarkers of browning of white adipose tissue and their regulation during exercise- and diet-induced weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:557-65. [PMID: 27488235 PMCID: PMC4997298 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.132563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hypothesis exists whereby an exercise- or dietary-induced negative energy balance reduces human subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) mass through the formation of brown-like adipocyte (brite) cells. However, the validity of biomarkers of brite formation has not been robustly evaluated in humans, and clinical data that link brite formation and weight loss are sparse. OBJECTIVES We used rosiglitazone and primary adipocytes to stringently evaluate a set of biomarkers for brite formation and determined whether the expression of biomarker genes in scWAT could explain the change in body composition in response to exercise training combined with calorie restriction in obese and overweight women (n = 79). DESIGN Gene expression was derived from exon DNA microarrays and preadipocytes from obesity-resistant and -sensitive mice treated with rosiglitazone to generate candidate brite biomarkers from a microarray. These biomarkers were evaluated against data derived from scWAT RNA from obese and overweight women before and after supervised exercise 5 d/wk for 16 wk combined with modest calorie restriction (∼0.84 MJ/d). RESULTS Forty percent of commonly used brite gene biomarkers exhibited an exon or strain-specific regulation. No biomarkers were positively related to weight loss in human scWAT. Greater weight loss was significantly associated with less uncoupling protein 1 expression (P = 0.006, R(2) = 0.09). In a follow-up global analysis, there were 161 genes that covaried with weight loss that were linked to greater CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α activity (z = 2.0, P = 6.6 × 10(-7)), liver X receptor α/β agonism (z = 2.1, P = 2.8 × 10(-7)), and inhibition of leptin-like signaling (z = -2.6, P = 3.9 × 10(-5)). CONCLUSION We identify a subset of robust RNA biomarkers for brite formation and show that calorie-restriction-mediated weight loss in women dynamically remodels scWAT to take on a more-white rather than a more-brown adipocyte phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Nakhuda
- School of Medicine, Derby Royal Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea R Josse
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | | | - Hannah Crossland
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Raymond
- Functional Genomics, Nestle Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Sylviane Metairon
- Functional Genomics, Nestle Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Liam Good
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- School of Medicine, Derby Royal Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - James A Timmons
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mostafa AM, Hamdy NM, Abdel-Rahman SZ, El-Mesallamy HO. Effect of vildagliptin and pravastatin combination on cholesterol efflux in adipocytes. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:535-43. [PMID: 27251372 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many reports suggested that some statins are almost ineffective in reducing triglycerides or enhancing HDL-C plasma levels, although statin treatment was still efficacious in reducing LDL-C. In diabetic dyslipidemic patients, it may therefore be necessary to use a combination therapy with other drugs to achieve either LDL-C- and triglyceride-lowering or HDL-C-enhancing goals. Such ineffectiveness of statins can be attributed to their effect on the liver X receptor (LXR) which regulates the expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. A decrease in the expression of these transporters eventually leads to decreased cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissues leading to low levels of HDL-C. Although manipulating the LXR pathway may complement the effects of statins, LXR synthetic ligands as T091317 have shown significant hypertriglyceridemic action which limits their use. We recently found that the antidiabetic drug vildagliptin stimulates LXR expression leading to increased ABCB1/ABCG1 expression which improves cholesterol efflux from adipocytes. Therefore, a combination of vildagliptin and statin may provide a solution without the hypertriglyceridemic action observed with LXR agonist. We hypothesize that a combination of vildagliptin and pravastatin will improve cholesterol efflux in adipocytes. Statin-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with vildagliptin, and the expression of LXR-ABCA1/ABCG1 cascade and the cholesterol efflux were then determined. Our data indicate that a combination of vildagliptin and pravastatin significantly induces the expression of LXR-ABCA1/ABCG1 cascade and improves cholesterol efflux (P > 0.05) in adipocytes. Our data may explain, at least in part, the improvement in HDL-C levels observed in patients receiving both medications. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(7):535-543, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mostafa
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-Development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Z Abdel-Rahman
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-Development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Machado MV, Michelotti GA, Jewell ML, Pereira TA, Xie G, Premont RT, Diehl AM. Caspase-2 promotes obesity, the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2096. [PMID: 26890135 PMCID: PMC5399190 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its resulting metabolic disturbances are major health threats. In response to energy surplus, overtaxed adipocytes release fatty acids and pro-inflammatory factors into the circulation, promoting organ fat accumulation (including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Recently, caspase-2 was linked to lipoapoptosis, so we hypothesized that caspase-2 might be a critical determinant of metabolic syndrome pathogenesis. Caspase-2-deficient and wild-type mice were fed a Western diet (high-fat diet, enriched with saturated fatty acids and 0.2% cholesterol, supplemented with fructose and glucose in the drinking water) for 16 weeks. Metabolic and hepatic outcomes were evaluated. In vitro studies assessed the role of caspase-2 in adipose tissue proliferative properties and susceptibility for lipoapoptosis. Caspase-2-deficient mice fed a Western diet were protected from abdominal fat deposition, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Adipose tissue in caspase-2-deficient mice was more proliferative, upregulated mitochondrial uncoupling proteins consistent with browning, and was resistant to cell hypertrophy and cell death. The liver was protected from steatohepatitis through a decrease in circulating fatty acids and more efficient hepatic fat metabolism, and from fibrosis as a consequence of reduced fibrogenic stimuli from fewer lipotoxic hepatocytes. Caspase-2 deficiency protected mice from diet-induced obesity, metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Further studies are necessary to assess caspase-2 as a therapeutic target for those conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G A Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M L Jewell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T A Pereira
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R T Premont
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A M Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Korach-André M, Gustafsson JÅ. Liver X receptors as regulators of metabolism. Biomol Concepts 2016; 6:177-90. [PMID: 25945723 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) are crucial regulators of metabolism. After ligand binding, they regulate gene transcription and thereby mediate changes in metabolic pathways. Modulation of LXR and their downstream targets has appeared to be a promising treatment for metabolic diseases especially atherosclerosis and cholesterol metabolism. However, the complexity of LXR action in various metabolic tissues and the liver side effect of LXR activation have slowed down the interest for LXR drugs. In this review, we summarized the role of LXR in the main metabolically active tissues with a special focus on obesity and associated diseases in mammals. We will also discuss the dual interplay between the two LXR isoforms suggesting that they may collaborate to establish a fine and efficient system for the maintenance of metabolism homeostasis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ouadah-Boussouf N, Babin PJ. Pharmacological evaluation of the mechanisms involved in increased adiposity in zebrafish triggered by the environmental contaminant tributyltin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 294:32-42. [PMID: 26812627 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One proposed contributing factor to the rise in overweight and obesity is exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Tributyltin chloride (TBT), an organotin, induces adipogenesis in cell culture models and may increases adipose mass in vivo in vertebrate model organisms. It has been hypothesized that TBT acts via the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)γ-dependent pathway. However, the mechanisms involved in the effects of TBT exposure on in vivo adipose tissue metabolism remain unexplored. Semitransparent zebrafish larvae, with their well-developed white adipose tissue, offer a unique opportunity for studying the effects of toxicant chemicals and pharmaceuticals on adipocyte biology and whole-organism adiposity in a vertebrate model. Within hours, zebrafish larvae, treated at environmentally-relevant nanomolar concentrations of TBT, exhibited a remarkable increase in adiposity linked to adipocyte hypertrophy. Under the experimental conditions used, we also demonstrated that zebrafish larvae adipose tissue proved to be highly responsive to selected human nuclear receptor agonists and antagonists. Retinoid X receptor (RXR) homodimers and RXR/liver X receptor heterodimers were suggested to be in vivo effectors of the obesogenic effect of TBT on zebrafish white adipose tissue. RXR/PPARγ heterodimers may be recruited to modulate adiposity in zebrafish but were not a necessary requirement for the short term in vivo TBT obesogenic effect. Together, the present results suggest that TBT may induce the promotion of triacylglycerol storage in adipocytes via RXR-dependent pathways without necessary using PPAR isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nafia Ouadah-Boussouf
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, U1211, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, U1211, F-33615 Pessac, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Björk C, Wilhelm U, Mandrup S, Larsen BD, Bordoni A, Hedén P, Rydén M, Arner P, Laurencikiene J. Effects of selected bioactive food compounds on human white adipocyte function. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26788115 PMCID: PMC4717570 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggest that intake of specific bioactive compounds may have beneficial clinical effects on adipose tissue partly due to their anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties. With the overall aim to contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms of selected bioactive nutrients on fat metabolism, we investigated their role on human white adipocyte function. Methods The influence of the omega-3-fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the anthocyanin (AC) cyanidin-3-glucoside and its metabolite protocatechuic acid, and the beta-glucan metabolite propionic acid (PI) on adipokine secretion, fatty acid metabolism (lipolysis/lipogenesis) and adipocyte differentiation (lipid accumulation) was studied in human fat cells differentiated in vitro. To investigate possible synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects, DHA was also combined with AC or PI. Results Each compound, alone or together with DHA, suppressed basal adipocyte lipolysis compared to control treated cells. DHA alone attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines such as chemerin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), whereas AC suppressed only the latter two. Treatment with PI decreased IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and adiponectin secretion. A combination of DHA and AC decreased TNFα secretion and increased insulin-stimulated lipogenesis. No effect was found on adipocyte differentiation. At the selected concentrations, none of the compounds was found to be cytotoxic. Conclusion The studied bioactive food compounds or their metabolites have beneficial effects in human primary fat cells measured as decreased basal lipolytic activity and secretion of inflammatory markers. A minor effect was also observed on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake albeit only with the combination of DHA and AC. Taken together, our results may link the reported health benefits of the selected bioactives on metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia to effects on white adipocytes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0064-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Björk
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Lipid Laboratory, Novum, NVS D4, Hälsovägen 7, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Uta Wilhelm
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Bjørk Ditlev Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agro-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Per Hedén
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Akademikliniken, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Emerging role of liver X receptors in cardiac pathophysiology and heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 111:3. [PMID: 26611207 PMCID: PMC4661180 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of metabolism and have been studied for their pharmacological potential in vascular and metabolic disease. Besides their established role in metabolic homeostasis and disease, there is mounting evidence to suggest that LXRs may exert direct beneficial effects in the heart. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual framework to explain the broad mode of action of LXRs and how LXR signaling may be an important local and systemic target for the treatment of heart failure. We discuss the potential role of LXRs in systemic conditions associated with heart failure, such as hypertension, diabetes, and renal and vascular disease. Further, we expound on recent data that implicate a direct role for LXR activation in the heart, for its impact on cardiomyocyte damage and loss due to ischemia, and effects on cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and myocardial metabolism. Taken together, the accumulating evidence supports the notion that LXRs may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mostafa AM, Hamdy NM, El-Mesallamy HO, Abdel-Rahman SZ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based therapy upregulates LXR-ABCA1/ABCG1 cascade in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:900-5. [PMID: 26603933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A promising treatment for obesity involves the use of therapeutic agents that increase the level of the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) which reduces appetite and food intake. Native GLP-1 is rapidly metabolized by the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme and, as such, GLP-1 mimetics or DPP-4 inhibitors represent promising treatment approaches. Interestingly, obese patient receiving such medications showed improved lipid profiles and cholesterol homeostasis, however the mechanism(s) involved are not known. Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, including ABCA1 and ABCG1, play essential roles in reverse cholesterol transport and in high density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. These transporters are under the transcriptional regulation of liver X receptor alpha (LXR-α). We hypothesize that GLP-1 mimetics and/or DPP-4 inhibitors modulate ABCA1/ABCG1 expression in adipocytes through an LXR-α mediated process and thus affecting cholesterol homeostasis. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin (2 nM) or the GLP-1 mimetic exendin-4 (5 nM). Gene and protein expression of ABCA1, ABCG1 and LXR-α were determined and correlated with cholesterol efflux. Expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin and the glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) were also determined. Treatment with both medications significantly increased the expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, LXR-α and GLUT-4, decreased IL-6 and leptin, and improved cholesterol efflux from adipocytes (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that GLP-1-based therapy modulate ABCA1/ABCG1 expression in adipocytes potentially through an LXR-α mediated process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mostafa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif Z Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li J, Papadopoulos V. Translocator protein (18 kDa) as a pharmacological target in adipocytes to regulate glucose homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:99-110. [PMID: 26123521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a major regulator in obesity and its associated metabolic complications, the proper functioning of adipocytes is crucial for health maintenance, thus serving as an important target for the development of anti-obese and anti-diabetic therapies. There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial malfunction is a pivotal event in disturbing adipocyte cell homeostasis. Among major mitochondrial structure components, the high-affinity drug- and cholesterol-binding outer mitochondrial membrane translocator protein (18 kDa; TSPO) has shown importance across a broad spectrum of mitochondrial functions. Recent studies demonstrated the presence of TSPO in white adipocyte mitochondria of mice, and administration of TSPO drug ligands to obese mice reduced weight gain and lowered glucose level. Therefore, it is of great interest to assess whether TSPO in adipocytes could serve as a drug target to regulate adipocyte activities with potential influence on weight control and glucose metabolism. Two structurally distinct TSPO drug ligands, PK 11195 and FGIN-1-27, improved the intracellular dynamics of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, such as the production and release of adipokines, glucose uptake, and adipogenesis. TSPO knockdown in either differentiated adipocytes or preadipocytes impaired these functions. Findings from 3T3-L1 cells were related to human primary cells, where TSPO expression was tightly associated with the metabolic state of primary adipocytes and the differentiation of primary preadipocytes. These results suggest that TSPO expression is essential to safeguard healthy adipocyte functions, and that TSPO activation in adipocytes improves their metabolic status in regulating glucose homeostasis. Adipocyte TSPO may serve as a pharmacologic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiehan Li
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Regassa A, Kim WK. Transcriptome analysis of hen preadipocytes treated with an adipogenic cocktail (DMIOA) with or without 20(S)-hydroxylcholesterol. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:91. [PMID: 25765115 PMCID: PMC4347561 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol (20(S)) potentially reduces adipogenesis in mammalian cells. The role of this oxysterol and molecular mechanisms underlying the adipogenesis of preadipocytes from laying hens have not been investigated. This study was conducted to 1. Analyze genes differentially expressed between preadipocytes treated with an adipogenic cocktail (DMIOA) containing 500 nM dexamethasone, 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 20 μg/mL insulin and 300 μM oleic acid (OA) and control cells and 2. Analyze genes differentially expressed between preadipocytes treated with DMIOA and those treated with DMIOA + 20(S) using Affymetrix GeneChip® Chicken Genome Arrays. Results In experiment one, where we compared the gene expression profile of non-treated (control) cells with those treated with DMIOA, out of 1,221 differentially expressed genes, 755 were over-expressed in control cells, and 466 were over-expressed in cells treated with DMIOA. In experiment two, where we compared the gene expression profile of DMIOA treated cells with those treated with DMIOA+20(S), out of 212 differentially expressed genes, 90 were over-expressed in cells treated with DMIOA, and 122 were over-expressed in those treated with DMIOA+20(S). Genes over-expressed in control cells compared to those treated with DMIOA include those involved in cell-to-cell signaling and interaction (IL6, CNN2, ITGB3), cellular assembly and organization (BMP6, IGF1, ACTB), and cell cycle (CD4, 9, 38). Genes over-expressed in DMIOA compared to control cells include those involved in cellular development (ADAM22, ADAMTS9, FIGF), lipid metabolism (FABP3, 4 and 5), and molecular transport (MAP3K8, PDK4, AGTR1). Genes over-expressed in cells treated with DMIOA compared with those treated with DMIOA+20(S) include those involved in lipid metabolism (ENPP2, DHCR7, DHCR24), molecular transport (FADS2, SLC6A2, CD36), and vitamin and mineral metabolism (BCMO1, AACS, AR). Genes over-expressed in cells treated with DMIOA+20(S) compared with those treated with DMIOA include those involved in cellular growth and proliferation (CD44, CDK6, IL1B), cellular development (ADORA2B, ATP6VOD2, TNFAIP3), and cell-to-cell signaling and interaction (VCAM1, SPON2, VLDLR). Conclusion We identified important adipogenic regulators and key pathways that would help to understand the molecular mechanism of the in vitro adipogenesis in laying hens and demonstrated that 20(S) is capable of suppressing DMIOA-induced adipogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1231-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alemu Regassa
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. .,Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, 303 Poultry Science Building, Athens, GA, 30602, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hijmans BS, Tiemann CA, Grefhorst A, Boesjes M, van Dijk TH, Tietge UJF, Kuipers F, van Riel NAW, Groen AK, Oosterveer MH. A systems biology approach reveals the physiological origin of hepatic steatosis induced by liver X receptor activation. FASEB J 2014; 29:1153-64. [PMID: 25477282 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists exert potent antiatherosclerotic actions but simultaneously induce excessive triglyceride (TG) accumulation in the liver. To obtain a detailed insight into the underlying mechanism of hepatic TG accumulation, we used a novel computational modeling approach called analysis of dynamic adaptations in parameter trajectories (ADAPT). We revealed that both input and output fluxes to hepatic TG content are considerably induced on LXR activation and that in the early phase of LXR agonism, hepatic steatosis results from only a minor imbalance between the two. It is generally believed that LXR-induced hepatic steatosis results from increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL). In contrast, ADAPT predicted that the hepatic influx of free fatty acids is the major contributor to hepatic TG accumulation in the early phase of LXR activation. Qualitative validation of this prediction showed a 5-fold increase in the contribution of plasma palmitate to hepatic monounsaturated fatty acids on acute LXR activation, whereas DNL was not yet significantly increased. This study illustrates that complex effects of pharmacological intervention can be translated into distinct patterns of metabolic regulation through state-of-the-art mathematical modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda S Hijmans
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian A Tiemann
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Boesjes
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A W van Riel
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zheng F, Zhang S, Lu W, Wu F, Yin X, Yu D, Pan Q, Li H. Regulation of insulin resistance and adiponectin signaling in adipose tissue by liver X receptor activation highlights a cross-talk with PPARγ. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101269. [PMID: 24972069 PMCID: PMC4074121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been recognized as a promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis; however, their role in insulin sensitivity is controversial. Adiponectin plays a unique role in maintaining insulin sensitivity. Currently, no systematic experiments elucidating the role of LXR activation in insulin function based on adiponectin signaling have been reported. Here, we investigated the role of LXR activation in insulin resistance based on adiponectin signaling, and possible mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice maintained on a regular chow received the LXR agonist, T0901317 (30 mg/kg.d) for 3 weeks by intraperitoneal injection, and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with T0901317 or GW3965. T0901317 treatment induced significant insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice. It decreased adiponectin gene transcription in epididymal fat, as well as serum adiponectin levels. Activity of AMPK, a key mediator of adiponectin signaling, was also decreased, resulting in decreased Glut-4 membrane translocation in epididymal fat. In contrast, adiponectin activity was not changed in the liver of T0901317 treated mice. In vitro, both T0901317 and GW3965 decreased adiponectin expression in adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, an effect which was diminished by LXRα silencing. ChIP-qPCR studies demonstrated that T0901317 decreased the binding of PPARγ to the PPAR-responsive element (PPRE) of the adiponectin promoter in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, T0901317 exerted an antagonistic effect on the expression of adiponectin in adipocytes co-treated with 3 µM Pioglitazone. In luciferase reporter gene assays, T0901317 dose-dependently inhibited PPRE-Luc activity in HEK293 cells co-transfected with LXRα and PPARγ. These results suggest that LXR activation induces insulin resistance with decreased adiponectin signaling in epididymal fat, probably due to negative regulation of PPARγ signaling. These findings indicate that the potential of LXR activation as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis may be limited by the possibility of exacerbating insulin resistance-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenping Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Saifei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weina Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xueyao Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Pan
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gao H, Mejhert N, Fretz JA, Arner E, Lorente-Cebrián S, Ehrlund A, Dahlman-Wright K, Gong X, Strömblad S, Douagi I, Laurencikiene J, Dahlman I, Daub CO, Rydén M, Horowitz MC, Arner P. Early B cell factor 1 regulates adipocyte morphology and lipolysis in white adipose tissue. Cell Metab 2014; 19:981-92. [PMID: 24856929 PMCID: PMC4109056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) morphology characterized by hypertrophy (i.e., fewer but larger adipocytes) associates with increased adipose inflammation, lipolysis, insulin resistance, and risk of diabetes. However, the causal relationships and the mechanisms controlling WAT morphology are unclear. Herein, we identified EBF1 as an adipocyte-expressed transcription factor with decreased expression/activity in WAT hypertrophy. In human adipocytes, the regulatory targets of EBF1 were enriched for genes controlling lipolysis and adipocyte morphology/differentiation, and in both humans and murine models, reduced EBF1 levels associated with increased lipolysis and adipose hypertrophy. Although EBF1 did not affect adipose inflammation, TNFα reduced EBF1 gene expression. High-fat diet intervention in Ebf1(+/-) mice resulted in more pronounced WAT hypertrophy and attenuated insulin sensitivity compared with wild-type littermate controls. We conclude that EBF1 is an important regulator of adipose morphology and fat cell lipolysis and may constitute a link between WAT inflammation, altered lipid metabolism, adipose hypertrophy, and insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mejhert
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Jackie A Fretz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Erik Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Anna Ehrlund
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Karin Dahlman-Wright
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, SE-171 21, Sweden
| | - Xiaowei Gong
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Staffan Strömblad
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Iyadh Douagi
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Carsten O Daub
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kulyté A, Belarbi Y, Lorente-Cebrián S, Bambace C, Arner E, Daub CO, Hedén P, Rydén M, Mejhert N, Arner P. Additive effects of microRNAs and transcription factors on CCL2 production in human white adipose tissue. Diabetes 2014; 63:1248-58. [PMID: 24379347 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation is present in insulin-resistant conditions. We recently proposed a network of microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors (TFs) regulating the production of the proinflammatory chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) in adipose tissue. We presently extended and further validated this network and investigated if the circuits controlling CCL2 can interact in human adipocytes and macrophages. The updated subnetwork predicted that miR-126/-193b/-92a control CCL2 production by several TFs, including v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (avian) (ETS1), MYC-associated factor X (MAX), and specificity protein 12 (SP1). This was confirmed in human adipocytes by the observation that gene silencing of ETS1, MAX, or SP1 attenuated CCL2 production. Combined gene silencing of ETS1 and MAX resulted in an additive reduction in CCL2 production. Moreover, overexpression of miR-126/-193b/-92a in different pairwise combinations reduced CCL2 secretion more efficiently than either miRNA alone. However, although effects on CCL2 secretion by co-overexpression of miR-92a/-193b and miR-92a/-126 were additive in adipocytes, the combination of miR-126/-193b was primarily additive in macrophages. Signals for miR-92a and -193b converged on the nuclear factor-κB pathway. In conclusion, TF and miRNA-mediated regulation of CCL2 production is additive and partly relayed by cell-specific networks in human adipose tissue that may be important for the development of insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agné Kulyté
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Lipid Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Beyer C, Huang J, Beer J, Zhang Y, Palumbo-Zerr K, Zerr P, Distler A, Dees C, Maier C, Munoz L, Krönke G, Uderhardt S, Distler O, Jones S, Rose-John S, Oravecz T, Schett G, Distler JHW. Activation of liver X receptors inhibits experimental fibrosis by interfering with interleukin-6 release from macrophages. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1317-24. [PMID: 24618263 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of liver X receptors (LXRs) in experimental skin fibrosis and evaluate their potential as novel antifibrotic targets. METHODS We studied the role of LXRs in bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, in the model of sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease (sclGvHD) and in tight skin-1 (Tsk-1) mice, reflecting different subtypes of fibrotic disease. We examined both LXR isoforms using LXRα-, LXRβ- and LXR-α/β-double-knockout mice. Finally, we investigated the effects of LXRs on fibroblasts and macrophages to establish the antifibrotic mode of action of LXRs. RESULTS LXR activation by the agonist T0901317 had antifibrotic effects in bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, in the sclGvHD model and in Tsk-1 mice. The antifibrotic activity of LXRs was particularly prominent in the inflammation-driven bleomycin and sclGvHD models. LXRα-, LXRβ- and LXRα/β-double-knockout mice showed a similar response to bleomycin as wildtype animals. Low levels of the LXR target gene ABCA-1 in the skin of bleomycin-challenged and control mice suggested a low baseline activation of the antifibrotic LXR signalling, which, however, could be specifically activated by T0901317. Fibroblasts were not the direct target cells of LXRs agonists, but LXR activation inhibited fibrosis by interfering with infiltration of macrophages and their release of the pro-fibrotic interleukin-6. CONCLUSIONS We identified LXRs as novel targets for antifibrotic therapies, a yet unknown aspect of these nuclear receptors. Our data suggest that LXR activation might be particularly effective in patients with inflammatory disease subtypes. Activation of LXRs interfered with the release of interleukin-6 from macrophages and, thus, inhibited fibroblast activation and collagen release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jingang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Palumbo-Zerr
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pawel Zerr
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfiya Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Louis Munoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Uderhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Jones
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tamas Oravecz
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., The Woodlands, Texas, USA
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Archer A, Laurencikiene J, Ahmed O, Steffensen KR, Parini P, Gustafsson JÅ, Korach-André M. Skeletal muscle as a target of LXR agonist after long-term treatment: focus on lipid homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E494-502. [PMID: 24368671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00410.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR)α and LXRβ are transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor family, which play a central role in metabolic homeostasis, being master regulators of key target genes in the glucose and lipid pathways. Wild-type (WT), LXRα(-/-), and LXRβ(-/-) mice were fed a chow diet with (treated) or without (control) the synthetic dual LXR agonist GW3965 for 5 wk. GW3965 raised intrahepatic triglyceride (TG) level but, surprisingly, reduced serum TG level through the activation of serum lipase activity. The serum TG reduction was associated with a repression of both catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis and relative glucose incorporation into lipid in isolated adipocytes through activation of LXRβ. We also demonstrated that LXRα is required for basal (nonstimulated) adipocyte metabolism, whereas LXRβ acts as a repressor of lipolysis. On the contrary, in skeletal muscle (SM), the lipogenic and cholesterol transporter LXR target genes were markedly induced in WT and LXRα(-/-) mice and to a lesser extent in LXRβ(-/-) mice following treatment with GW3965. Moreover, TG content was reduced in SM of LXRβ(-/-) mice, associated with increased expression of the main TG-lipase genes Hsl and Atgl. Energy expenditure was increased, and a switch from glucose to lipid oxidation was observed. In conclusion, we provide evidence that LXR might be an essential regulator of the lipid balance between tissues to ensure appropriate control of the flux of fuel. Importantly, we show that, after chronic treatment with GW3965, SM becomes the target tissue for LXR activation, as opposed to liver, in acute treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amena Archer
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Biosciences at NOVUM, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kulyté A, Lorente-Cebrián S, Gao H, Mejhert N, Agustsson T, Arner P, Rydén M, Dahlman I. MicroRNA profiling links miR-378 to enhanced adipocyte lipolysis in human cancer cachexia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E267-74. [PMID: 24326420 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is associated with pronounced adipose tissue loss due to, at least in part, increased fat cell lipolysis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been implicated in controlling several aspects of adipocyte function. To gain insight into the possible impact of miRNAs on adipose lipolysis in cancer cachexia, global miRNA expression was explored in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from gastrointestinal cancer patients with (n = 10) or without (n = 11) cachexia. Effects of miRNA overexpression or inhibition on lipolysis were determined in human in vitro differentiated adipocytes. Out of 116 miRNAs present in adipose tissue, five displayed distinct cachexia-associated expression according to both microarray and RT-qPCR. Four (miR-483-5p/-23a/-744/-99b) were downregulated, whereas one (miR-378) was significantly upregulated in cachexia. Adipose expression of miR-378 associated strongly and positively with catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. This correlation is most probably causal because overexpression of miR-378 in human adipocytes increased catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis. In addition, inhibition of miR-378 expression attenuated stimulated lipolysis and reduced the expression of LIPE, PLIN1, and PNPLA2, a set of genes encoding key lipolytic regulators. Taken together, increased miR-378 expression could play an etiological role in cancer cachexia-associated adipose tissue loss via effects on adipocyte lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agné Kulyté
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dib L, Bugge A, Collins S. LXRα fuels fatty acid-stimulated oxygen consumption in white adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:247-57. [PMID: 24259533 PMCID: PMC3886663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m043422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors known for their role in hepatic cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Though highly expressed in fat, the role of LXR in this tissue is not well characterized. We generated adipose tissue LXRα knockout (ATaKO) mice and showed that these mice gain more weight and fat mass on a high-fat diet compared with wild-type controls. White adipose tissue (WAT) accretion in ATaKO mice results from both a decrease in WAT lipolytic and oxidative capacities. This was demonstrated by decreased expression of the β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors, reduced level of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase, and lower oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in WAT of ATaKO mice. Furthermore, LXR activation in vivo and in vitro led to decreased adipocyte size in WAT and increased glycerol release from primary adipocytes, respectively, with a concomitant increase in OCR in both models. Our findings show that absence of LXRα in adipose tissue results in elevated adiposity through a decrease in WAT oxidation, secondary to attenuated FA availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Dib
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Anne Bugge
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Sheila Collins
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
MicroRNAs regulate human adipocyte lipolysis: effects of miR-145 are linked to TNF-α. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86800. [PMID: 24475180 PMCID: PMC3901697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and have multiple effects in various tissues including adipose inflammation, a condition characterized by increased local release of the pro-lipolytic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Whether miRNAs regulate adipocyte lipolysis is unknown. We set out to determine whether miRNAs affect adipocyte lipolysis in human fat cells. To this end, eleven miRNAs known to be present in human adipose tissue were over-expressed in human in vitro differentiated adipocytes followed by assessments of TNF-α and glycerol levels in conditioned media after 48 h. Three miRNAs (miR-145, -26a and let-7d) modulated both parameters in parallel. However, while miR-26a and let-7d decreased, miR-145 increased both glycerol release and TNF-α secretion. Further studies were focused therefore on miR-145 since this was the only stimulator of lipolysis and TNF-α secretion. Time-course analysis demonstrated that miR-145 over-expression up-regulated TNF-α expression/secretion followed by increased glycerol release. Increase in TNF-α production by miR-145 was mediated via activation of p65, a member of the NF-κB complex. In addition, miR-145 down-regulated the expression of the protease ADAM17, resulting in an increased fraction of membrane bound TNF-α, which is the more biologically active form of TNF-α. MiR-145 overexpression also increased the phosphorylation of activating serine residues in hormone sensitive lipase and decreased the mRNA expression of phosphodiesterase 3B, effects which are also observed upon TNF-α treatment in human adipocytes. We conclude that miR-145 regulates adipocyte lipolysis via multiple mechanisms involving increased production and processing of TNF-α in fat cells.
Collapse
|
44
|
Valanti E, Tsompanidis A, Sanoudou D. Pharmacogenomics in the development and characterization of atheroprotective drugs. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:259-300. [PMID: 25150873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. The clinically available atheroprotective drugs aim mainly at reducing the levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL), increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and attenuating inflammation. However, the cardiovascular risk remains high, along with morbidity, mortality, and incidence of adverse drug events. Pharmacogenomics is increasingly contributing towards the characterization of existing atheroprotective drugs, the evaluation of novel ones, and the identification of promising, unexplored therapeutic targets, at the global molecular pathway level. This chapter presents highlights of pharmacogenomics investigations and discoveries that have contributed towards the elucidation of pharmacological atheroprotection, while opening the way to new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efi Valanti
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
LXRα gene expression, genetic variation and association analysis between novel SNPs and growth traits in Chinese native cattle. J Appl Genet 2013; 55:65-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
46
|
Transcriptional regulatory network analysis of the over-expressed genes in adipose tissue. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
47
|
Pettersson AML, Stenson BM, Lorente-Cebrián S, Andersson DP, Mejhert N, Krätzel J, Aström G, Dahlman I, Chibalin AV, Arner P, Laurencikiene J. LXR is a negative regulator of glucose uptake in human adipocytes. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2044-54. [PMID: 23765184 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterised by impaired insulin-mediated glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Liver X receptor (LXR) is a positive regulator of adipocyte glucose transport in murine models and a possible target for diabetes treatment. However, the levels of LXRα are increased in obese adipose tissue in humans. We aimed to investigate the transcriptome of LXR and the role of LXR in the regulation of glucose uptake in primary human adipocytes. METHODS The insulin responsiveness of human adipocytes differentiated in vitro was characterised, adipocytes were treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 and global transcriptome profiling was determined by microarray, followed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot and ELISA. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured and the effect on plasma membrane translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was assayed. RESULTS LXR activation resulted in transcriptional suppression of several insulin signalling genes, such as AKT2, SORBS1 and CAV1, but caused only minor changes (<15%) in microRNA expression. Activation of LXR impaired the plasma membrane translocation of GLUT4, but not the expression of its gene, SLC2A4. LXR activation also diminished insulin-stimulated glucose transport and lipogenesis in adipocytes obtained from overweight individuals. Furthermore, AKT2 expression was reduced in obese adipose tissue, and AKT2 and SORBS1 expression was inversely correlated with BMI and HOMA index. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In contrast to murine models, LXR downregulates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in human adipocytes from overweight individuals. This could be due to suppression of Akt2, c-Cbl-associated protein and caveolin-1. These findings challenge the idea of LXR as a drug target in the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M L Pettersson
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mejhert N, Wilfling F, Esteve D, Galitzky J, Pellegrinelli V, Kolditz CI, Viguerie N, Tordjman J, Näslund E, Trayhurn P, Lacasa D, Dahlman I, Stich V, Lång P, Langin D, Bouloumié A, Clément K, Rydén M. Semaphorin 3C is a novel adipokine linked to extracellular matrix composition. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1792-801. [PMID: 23666167 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Alterations in white adipose tissue (WAT) function, including changes in protein (adipokine) secretion and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, promote an insulin-resistant state. We set out to identify novel adipokines regulated by body fat mass in human subcutaneous WAT with potential roles in adipose function. METHODS Adipose transcriptome data and secretome profiles from conditions with increased/decreased WAT mass were combined. WAT donors were predominantly women. In vitro effects were assessed using recombinant protein. Results were confirmed by quantitative PCR/ELISA, metabolic assays and immunochemistry in human WAT and adipocytes. RESULTS We identified a hitherto uncharacterised adipokine, semaphorin 3C (SEMA3C), the expression of which correlated significantly with body weight, insulin resistance (HOMA of insulin resistance [HOMAIR], and the rate constant for the insulin tolerance test [KITT]) and adipose tissue morphology (hypertrophy vs hyperplasia). SEMA3C was primarily found in mature adipocytes and had no direct effect on human adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis, glucose transport or the expression of β-oxidation genes. This could in part be explained by the significant downregulation of its cognate receptors during adipogenesis. In contrast, in pre-adipocytes, SEMA3C increased the production/secretion of several ECM components (fibronectin, elastin and collagen I) and matricellular factors (connective tissue growth factor, IL6 and transforming growth factor-β1). Furthermore, the expression of SEMA3C in human WAT correlated positively with the degree of fibrosis in WAT. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION SEMA3C is a novel adipokine regulated by weight changes. The correlation with WAT hypertrophy and fibrosis in vivo, as well as its effects on ECM production in human pre-adipocytes in vitro, together suggest that SEMA3C constitutes an adipocyte-derived paracrine signal that influences ECM composition and may play a pathophysiological role in human WAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Mejhert
- Department of Medicine, Lipid Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gao M, Bu L, Ma Y, Liu D. Concurrent activation of liver X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha exacerbates hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65641. [PMID: 23762402 PMCID: PMC3676322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) activation improves glucose homeostasis in obesity. This improvement, however, is associated with several side effects including hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), on the other hand, increases fatty acid oxidation, leading to a reduction of hyperlipidemia. The objective of this study was to investigate whether concurrent activation of LXR/PPARα can produce synergistic benefits in treating obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Treatment of high fat diet-induced obese mice with T0901317, an LXR activator, or fenofibrate, the PPARα agonist, or in combination alleviated insulin resistance and improved glucose tolerance. The combined treatment dramatically exacerbated hepatic steatosis. Gene expression analysis in the liver showed that combined treatment increased the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid transport, including srebp-1c, chrebp, acc1, fas, scd1 and cd36. Histochemistry and ex vivo glycerol releasing assay showed that combined treatment accelerated lipid mobilization in adipose tissue. Combined treatment also increased the transcription of glut4, hsl, atgl and adiponectin, and decreased that of plin1, cd11c, ifnγ and leptin. Combined treatment markedly elevated the transcription of fgf21 in liver but not in adipose tissue. These results suggest that concurrent activation of LXR and PPARα as a strategy to control glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity is beneficial but could lead to elevation of lipid accumulation in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Le Bu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dexi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Konige M, Wang H, Sztalryd C. Role of adipose specific lipid droplet proteins in maintaining whole body energy homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:393-401. [PMID: 23688782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excess or insufficient lipid storage in white adipose tissue lipid droplets is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and increased risk for diabetes type 2. Thus, maintenance of adipose lipid droplet growth and function is critical to preserve whole body insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis. Progress in understanding biology of lipid droplets has underscored the role of proteins that interact with lipid droplets. Here, we review the current knowledge of adipose specific lipid droplet proteins, which share unique functions controlling adipocyte lipid storage, limiting lipid spill-over and lipotoxic effects thought to contribute to disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manige Konige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Carole Sztalryd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|