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Napolitano G, Fasciolo G, Muscari Tomajoli MT, Venditti P. Changes in the Mitochondria in the Aging Process-Can α-Tocopherol Affect Them? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12453. [PMID: 37569829 PMCID: PMC10419829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic organisms use molecular oxygen in several reactions, including those in which the oxidation of substrate molecules is coupled to oxygen reduction to produce large amounts of metabolic energy. The utilization of oxygen is associated with the production of ROS, which can damage biological macromolecules but also act as signaling molecules, regulating numerous cellular processes. Mitochondria are the cellular sites where most of the metabolic energy is produced and perform numerous physiological functions by acting as regulatory hubs of cellular metabolism. They retain the remnants of their bacterial ancestors, including an independent genome that encodes part of their protein equipment; they have an accurate quality control system; and control of cellular functions also depends on communication with the nucleus. During aging, mitochondria can undergo dysfunctions, some of which are mediated by ROS. In this review, after a description of how aging affects the mitochondrial quality and quality control system and the involvement of mitochondria in inflammation, we report information on how vitamin E, the main fat-soluble antioxidant, can protect mitochondria from age-related changes. The information in this regard is scarce and limited to some tissues and some aspects of mitochondrial alterations in aging. Improving knowledge of the effects of vitamin E on aging is essential to defining an optimal strategy for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Napolitano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, Via Acton n. 38, I-80133 Naples, Italy; (G.N.); (M.T.M.T.)
| | - Gianluca Fasciolo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Napoli Federico II’, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Muscari Tomajoli
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, Via Acton n. 38, I-80133 Naples, Italy; (G.N.); (M.T.M.T.)
| | - Paola Venditti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Napoli Federico II’, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy;
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Montag K, Ivanov R, Bauer P. Role of SEC14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins in membrane identity and dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1181031. [PMID: 37255567 PMCID: PMC10225987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane identity and dynamic processes, that act at membrane sites, provide important cues for regulating transport, signal transduction and communication across membranes. There are still numerous open questions as to how membrane identity changes and the dynamic processes acting at the surface of membranes are regulated in diverse eukaryotes in particular plants and which roles are being played by protein interaction complexes composed of peripheral and integral membrane proteins. One class of peripheral membrane proteins conserved across eukaryotes comprises the SEC14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (SEC14L-PITPs). These proteins share a SEC14 domain that contributes to membrane identity and fulfills regulatory functions in membrane trafficking by its ability to sense, bind, transport and exchange lipophilic substances between membranes, such as phosphoinositides and diverse other lipophilic substances. SEC14L-PITPs can occur as single-domain SEC14-only proteins in all investigated organisms or with a modular domain structure as multi-domain proteins in animals and streptophytes (comprising charales and land plants). Here, we present an overview on the functional roles of SEC14L-PITPs, with a special focus on the multi-domain SEC14L-PITPs of the SEC14-nodulin and SEC14-GOLD group (PATELLINs, PATLs in plants). This indicates that SEC14L-PITPs play diverse roles from membrane trafficking to organism fitness in plants. We concentrate on the structure of SEC14L-PITPs, their ability to not only bind phospholipids but also other lipophilic ligands, and their ability to regulate complex cellular responses through interacting with proteins at membrane sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Montag
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rumen Ivanov
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
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3
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Zhang LW, Liu B, Peng DT. Clinical and genetic study of ataxia with vitamin E deficiency: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:8271-8276. [PMID: 36159513 PMCID: PMC9403667 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i23.8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED) is a type of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia. Clinical manifestations include progressive cerebellar ataxia and movement disorders. TTPA gene mutations cause the disease.
CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 32-year-old woman who presented with progressive cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, dystonic tremors and a remarkably decreased serum vitamin E concentration. Brain magnetic resonance images showed that her brainstem and cerebellum were within normal limits. Acquired causes of ataxia were excluded. Whole exome sequencing subsequently identified a novel homozygous variant (c.473T>C, p.F158S) of the TPPA gene. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that F185S is harmful to protein function. After supplementing the patient with vitamin E 400 mg three times per day for 2 years, her symptoms remained stable.
CONCLUSION We identified an AVED patient caused by novel mutation in TTPA gene. Our findings widen the known TTPA gene mutation spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dan-Tao Peng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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4
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Arai H. [Physiological Function and Congenital Deficiency of α-TTP, a Determinant of Vitamin E Transport in the Body -One Portion of the Research for Which the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan Award Was Given]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:775-795. [PMID: 35908939 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes one portion of the research for which the author received the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan Award. The complete title of the awarded research is "Pharmacological Studies on Metabolism and Functions of Biomembrane Lipids". Because the awarded research is a very broad study, this review describes the discovery, physiological functions, and congenital defects of α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), a critical factor in determining the transport of vitamin E in the body, which has been the focus of the author's work throughout his research career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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5
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Trela-Makowej A, Leśkiewicz M, Kruk J, Żądło A, Basta-Kaim A, Szymańska R. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Activity of Vitamin E Homologues: In Vitro Study. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070608. [PMID: 35888732 PMCID: PMC9315808 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present comparative data on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by a variety of tocochromanols in liposomes. We also show for the first time the potential neuroprotective role of all the vitamin E homologues investigated on the neuronally differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. α-Tocopherol had nearly no effect in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, while β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols inhibited the reaction completely when it was initiated in a lipid phase. Similar effects were observed for tocotrienol homologues. Moreover, in this respect plastochromanol-8 was as effective as β-, γ-, and δ-tocochromanols. When the prenyllipids were investigated in a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and incorporated into different lipid carriers, the radical oxidation was most pronounced in liposomes, followed by mixed micelles and the micellar system. When the reaction of tocochromanols was examined in niosomes, the oxidation was most pronounced for α-tocopherol and plastochromanol-8, followed by α-tocotrienol. Next, using retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, we tested the protective effects of the compounds investigated on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell damage. We showed that tocotrienols were more active than tocopherols in the oxidative stress model. Plastochromanol-8 had a strong inhibitory effect on H2O2-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and H2O2-induced decrease in cell viability. The water-soluble α-tocopherol phosphate had neuroprotective effects at all the concentrations analyzed. The results clearly indicate that structural differences between vitamin E homologues reflect their different biological activity and indicate their potential application in pharmacological treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. In this respect, the application of optimal tocochromanol-carrying structures might be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Trela-Makowej
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland; (M.L.); (A.B.-K.)
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Żądło
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland;
- Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, św. Łazarza 16, 31-530 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland; (M.L.); (A.B.-K.)
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-175-688
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6
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Zaaboul F, Liu Y. Vitamin E in foodstuff: Nutritional, analytical, and food technology aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:964-998. [PMID: 35181987 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is a group of isoprenoid chromanols with different biological activities. It comprises eight oil-soluble compounds: four tocopherols, namely, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols; and four tocotrienols, namely, α-, β-, γ, and δ-tocotrienols. Vitamin E isomers are well-known for their antioxidant activity, gene-regulation effects, and anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective properties. Considering that vitamin E is exclusively synthesized by photosynthetic organisms, animals can only acquire it through their diet. Plant-based food is the primary source of vitamin E; hence, oils, nuts, fruits, and vegetables with high contents of vitamin E are mostly consumed after processing, including industrial processes and home-cooking, which involve vitamin E profile and content alteration during their preparation. Accordingly, it is essential to identify the vitamin E content and profile in foodstuff to match daily intake requirements. This review summarizes recent advances in vitamin E chemistry, metabolism and metabolites, current knowledge on their contents and profiles in raw and processed plant foods, and finally, their modern developments in analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Zaaboul
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic China
| | - YuanFa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic China
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7
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Ulatowski L, Ghelfi M, West R, Atkinson J, Finno CJ, Manor D. The tocopherol transfer protein TTP mediates Vitamin Vitamin E trafficking between cerebellar astrocytes and neurons. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101712. [PMID: 35150738 PMCID: PMC8913317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) is an essential nutrient that functions as a major lipid-soluble antioxidant in humans. The tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) binds α-tocopherol with high affinity and selectivity and regulates whole-body distribution of the vitamin. Heritable mutations in the TTPA gene result in familial vitamin E deficiency, elevated indices of oxidative stress, and progressive neurodegeneration that manifest primarily in spinocerebellar ataxia. Although the essential role of vitamin E in neurological health has been recognized for over 50 years, the mechanisms by which this essential nutrient is transported in the central nervous system are poorly understood. Here we found that, in the murine cerebellum, TTP is selectively expressed in GFAP-positive astrocytes, where it facilitates efflux of vitamin E to neighboring neurons. We also show that induction of oxidative stress enhances the transcription of the TtpA gene in cultured cerebellar astrocytes. Furthermore, secretion of vitamin E from astrocytes is mediated by an ABC-type transporter, and uptake of the vitamin into neurons involves the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) receptor. Taken together, our data indicate that TTP-expressing astrocytes control the delivery of vitamin E from astrocytes to neurons, and that this process is homeostatically responsive to oxidative stress. These are the first observations that address the detailed molecular mechanisms of vitamin E transport in the central nervous system, and these results have important implications for understanding the molecular underpinnings of oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ulatowski
- Department of Biology, Ursuline College, Pepper Pike, OH 44124
| | - Mikel Ghelfi
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ryan West
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - J Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - D Manor
- Departments of Nutrition and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Case Western Reserve University and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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8
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Jiang Q. Metabolism of natural forms of vitamin E and biological actions of vitamin E metabolites. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:375-387. [PMID: 34785321 PMCID: PMC9018116 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural forms of vitamin E comprise four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. During the last twenty years, there have been breakthroughs in our understanding of vitamin E metabolism and biological activities of vitamin E metabolites. Research has established that tocopherols and tocotrienols are metabolized via ω-hydroxylase (CYP4F2)-initiated side chain oxidation to form 13'-hydroxychromanol and 13'-carobyxychromanol (13'-COOH). 13'-COOHs are further metabolized via β-oxidation and sulfation to intermediate carboxychromanols, terminal metabolite carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (CEHC), and sulfated analogs. Animal and human studies show that γ-, δ-tocopherol and tocotrienols are more extensively metabolized than α-tocopherol (αT), as indicated by higher formation of CEHCs and 13'-COOHs from non-αT forms than those from αT. 13'-COOHs are shown to be inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-1/-2 and 5-lipoxygenase and much stronger than CEHCs for these activities. 13'-COOHs inhibit cancer cell growth, modulate cellular lipids and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and pregnane X receptor. Consistent with mechanistic findings, αT-13'-COOH or δTE-13'-COOH, respective metabolites of αT or δ-tocotrienol, show anti-inflammatory and cancer-preventive effects, modulates the gut microbiota and prevents β-amyloid formation in mice. Therefore, 13'-COOHs are a new class of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities and potentially capable of modulating lipid and drug metabolism. Based on the existing evidence, this author proposes that metabolites may contribute to disease-preventing effects of γ-, δ-tocopherol and tocotrienols. The role of metabolites in αT's actions may be somewhat limited considering controlled metabolism of αT because of its association with tocopherol-transport protein and less catabolism by CYP4F2 than other vitamin E forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA.
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9
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Jiang Q, Im S, Wagner JG, Hernandez ML, Peden DB. Gamma-tocopherol, a major form of vitamin E in diets: Insights into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mechanisms, and roles in disease management. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:347-359. [PMID: 34896589 PMCID: PMC8826491 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
γ-Tocopherol (γT) is a major form of vitamin E in the US diet and the second most abundant vitamin E in the blood and tissues, while α-tocopherol (αT) is the predominant vitamin E in tissues. During the last >25 years, research has revealed that γT has unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities relevant to disease prevention compared to αT. While both compounds are potent lipophilic antioxidants, γT but not αT can trap reactive nitrogen species by forming 5-nitro-γT, and appears to show superior protection of mitochondrial function. γT inhibits ionophore-stimulated leukotrienes by blocking 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) translocation in leukocytes, decreases cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-catalyzed prostaglandins in macrophages and blocks the growth of cancer cells but not healthy cells. For these activities, γT is stronger than αT. Moreover, γT is more extensively metabolized than αT via cytochrome P-450 (CYP4F2)-initiated side-chain oxidation, which leads to formation of metabolites including 13'-carboxychromanol (13'-COOH) and carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (γ-CEHC). 13'-COOH and γ-CEHC are shown to be the predominant metabolites found in feces and urine, respectively. Interestingly, γ-CEHC has natriuretic activity and 13'-COOH inhibits both COX-1/-2 and 5-LOX activity. Consistent with these mechanistic findings of γT and metabolites, studies show that supplementation of γT mitigates inflammation and disease symptoms in animal models with induced inflammation, asthma and cancer. In addition, supplementation of γT decreased inflammation markers in patients with kidney diseases and mild asthma. These observations support that γT may be useful against inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA.
| | - Suji Im
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - James G Wagner
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Michelle L Hernandez
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, USA
| | - David B Peden
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, USA
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Traber MG, Head B. Vitamin E: How much is enough, too much and why! Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:212-225. [PMID: 34699937 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol (α-T) is a required dietary nutrient for humans and thus is a vitamin. This narrative review focuses on vitamin E structures, functions, biological determinants and its deficiency symptoms in humans. The mechanisms for the preferential α-T tissue enrichment in the human body include the α-T transfer protein (TTPA) and the preferential metabolism of non-α-T forms. Potential new α-T biomarkers, pharmacokinetic data, and whether there are better approaches to evaluate and set the α-T dietary requirement are discussed. Finally, the possible role of α-T supplements in delay of chronic diseases and the evaluation of vitamin E safety are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, USA; School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, USA.
| | - Brian Head
- Linus Pauling Institute, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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11
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Arai H, Kono N. α-Tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP). Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:162-175. [PMID: 34563650 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) is so far the only known protein that specifically recognizes α-tocopherol (α-Toc), the most abundant and most biologically active form of vitamin E, in higher animals. α-TTP is highly expressed in the liver where α-TTP selects α-Toc among vitamin E forms taken up via plasma lipoproteins and promotes its secretion to circulating lipoproteins. Thus, α-TTP is a major determinant of plasma α-Toc concentrations. Familial vitamin E deficiency, also called Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, is caused by mutations in the α-TTP gene. More than 20 different mutations have been found in the α-TTP gene worldwide, among which some missense mutations provided valuable clues to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular α-Toc transport. In hepatocytes, α-TTP catalyzes the vectorial transport of α-Toc from the endocytotic compartment to the plasma membrane (PM) by targeting phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) such as PI(4,5)P2. By binding PIPs at the PM, α-TTP opens the lid covering the hydrophobic pocket, thus facilitating the release of bound α-Toc to the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arai
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Mitochondrial Management of Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111824. [PMID: 34829696 PMCID: PMC8614740 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria in aerobic eukaryotic cells are both the site of energy production and the formation of harmful species, such as radicals and other reactive oxygen species, known as ROS. They contain an efficient antioxidant system, including low-molecular-mass molecules and enzymes that specialize in removing various types of ROS or repairing the oxidative damage of biological molecules. Under normal conditions, ROS production is low, and mitochondria, which are their primary target, are slightly damaged in a similar way to other cellular compartments, since the ROS released by the mitochondria into the cytosol are negligible. As the mitochondrial generation of ROS increases, they can deactivate components of the respiratory chain and enzymes of the Krebs cycle, and mitochondria release a high amount of ROS that damage cellular structures. More recently, the feature of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which does not specifically deal with intramitochondrial ROS, was discovered. Indeed, the mitochondrial antioxidant system detoxifies exogenous ROS species at the expense of reducing the equivalents generated in mitochondria. Thus, mitochondria are also a sink of ROS. These observations highlight the importance of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which should be considered in our understanding of ROS-regulated processes. These processes include cell signaling and the progression of metabolic and neurodegenerative disease.
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RedEfish: Generation of the Polycistronic mScarlet: GSG-T2A: Ttpa Zebrafish Line. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060965. [PMID: 34208660 PMCID: PMC8235169 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin E regulatory protein, the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (Ttpa), is necessary for zebrafish embryo development. To evaluate zebrafish embryo Ttpa function, we generated a fluorescent-tagged zebrafish transgenic line using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. One-cell stage embryos (from Casper (colorless) zebrafish adults) were injected the mScarlet coding sequence in combination with cas9 protein complexed to single guide RNA molecule targeting 5′ of the ttpa genomic region. Embryos were genotyped for proper insertion of the mScarlet coding sequence, raised to adulthood and successively in-crossed to produce the homozygote RedEfish (mScarlet: GSG-T2A: Ttpa). RedEfish were characterized by in vivo fluorescence detection at 1, 7 and 14 days post-fertilization (dpf). Fluorescent color was detectable in RedEfish embryos at 1 dpf; it was distributed throughout the developing brain, posterior tailbud and yolk sac. At 7 dpf, the RedEfish was identifiable by fluorescence in olfactory pits, gill arches, pectoral fins, posterior tail region and residual yolk sac. Subsequently (14 dpf), the mScarlet protein was found in olfactory pits, distributed throughout the digestive tract, along the lateral line and especially in caudal vertebrae. No adverse morphological outcomes or developmental delays were observed. The RedEfish will be a powerful model to study Ttpa function during embryo development.
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The Physiological Roles of Vitamin E and Hypovitaminosis E in the Transition Period of High-Yielding Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041088. [PMID: 33920342 PMCID: PMC8070221 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In high-yield cows, most production diseases occur during transition periods. Alpha-tocopherol, the most biologically active form of vitamin E, declines in blood and reaches the lowest levels (hypovitaminosis E) around calving. Hypovitaminosis E is associated with the incidence of peripartum diseases. Therefore, many studies which have been published for more than 30 years have investigated the effects of α-tocopherol supplementation. This α-tocopherol deficiency was thought to be caused by complex factors. However, until recently, the physiological factors or pathways underlying hypovitaminosis E in the transition period have been poorly understood. In the last 10 years, the α-tocopherol-related genes expression, which regulate the metabolism, transportation, and tissue distribution of α-tocopherol in humans and rodents, has been reported in ruminant tissues. In this paper, we discuss at least six physiological phenomena that occur during the transition period and may be candidate factors predisposing to a decreased blood α-tocopherol level and hypovitaminosis E with changes in α-tocopherol-related genes expression. Abstract Levels of alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) decline gradually in blood throughout prepartum, reaching lowest levels (hypovitaminosis E) around calving. Despite numerous reports about the disease risk in hypovitaminosis E and the effect of α-Toc supplementation on the health of transition dairy cows, its risk and supplemental effects are controversial. Here, we present some novel data about the disease risk of hypovitaminosis E and the effects of α-Toc supplementation in transition dairy cows. These data strongly demonstrate that hypovitaminosis E is a risk factor for the occurrence of peripartum disease. Furthermore, a study on the effectiveness of using serum vitamin levels as biomarkers to predict disease in dairy cows was reported, and a rapid field test for measuring vitamin levels was developed. By contrast, evidence for how hypovitaminosis E occurred during the transition period was scarce until the 2010s. Pioneering studies conducted with humans and rodents have identified and characterised some α-Toc-related proteins, molecular players involved in α-Toc regulation followed by a study in ruminants from the 2010s. Based on recent literature, the six physiological factors: (1) the decline in α-Toc intake from the close-up period; (2) changes in the digestive and absorptive functions of α-Toc; (3) the decline in plasma high-density lipoprotein as an α-Toc carrier; (4) increasing oxidative stress and consumption of α-Toc; (5) decreasing hepatic α-Toc transfer to circulation; and (6) increasing mammary α-Toc transfer from blood to colostrum, may be involved in α-Toc deficiency during the transition period. However, the mechanisms and pathways are poorly understood, and further studies are needed to understand the physiological role of α-Toc-related molecules in cattle. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hypovitaminosis E will contribute to the prevention of peripartum disease and high performance in dairy cows.
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Steatitis in Cold-Stunned Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles ( Lepidochelys kempii). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030898. [PMID: 33801097 PMCID: PMC8004043 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of steatitis that infrequently occurs in cold-stunned Kemp's ridley sea turtles (KRT; Lepidochelys kempii) has been undetermined. The objectives of this study were to investigate the clinical (n = 23) and histologic findings (n = 11) in cold-stunned KRT, and to compare plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol (vitamin E), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the TBARS to vitamin E (T/E) ratio (an assessment of oxidative stress) between cold-stunned KRT with clinically and/or histologically confirmed steatitis (n = 10) and free-ranging KRT (n = 9). None of the cold-stunned turtles had clinically detectable steatitis at admission, and the median number of days to diagnosis of steatitis was 71 (range 33-469). Histologic findings of affected adipose tissue included heterophilic (n = 9) and/or histiocytic (n = 5) steatitis, fat necrosis (n = 7), myonecrosis (n = 2), and intralesional bacteria (n = 6). Cold-stunned KRT had significantly lower plasma vitamin E concentrations (median = 3.5 nmol/g), lower plasma TBARS concentrations (median = 1.6 nmol/g), and higher T/E ratios (median = 0.37), than controls (208.8 nmol/g; 2.1 nmol/g; 0.01, respectively). These results suggest a multifactorial etiology for the development of steatitis in KRT during rehabilitation, including tissue injury, septicemia, and various factors resulting in imbalances of anti-/oxidative status. By highlighting the need to provide more effective vitamin E supplementation, and the need to re-assess specific components of the diet, this study may lead to reduced incidence and improved medical management of steatitis in cold-stunned sea turtles.
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Chiroma AA, Khaza’ai H, Abd. Hamid R, Chang SK, Zakaria ZA, Zainal Z. Analysis of expression of vitamin E-binding proteins in H2O2 induced SK-N-SH neuronal cells supplemented with α-tocopherol and tocotrienol-rich fraction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241112. [PMID: 33232330 PMCID: PMC7685504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural α-tocopherol (α-TCP), but not tocotrienol, is preferentially retained in the human body. α-Tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) is responsible for binding α-TCP for cellular uptake and has high affinity and specificity for α-TCP but not α-tocotrienol. The purpose of this study was to examine the modification of α-TTP together with other related vitamin E-binding genes (i.e., TTPA, SEC14L2, and PI-TPNA) in regulating vitamin E uptake in neuronal cells at rest and under oxidative stress. Oxidative stress was induced with H2O2 for an hour which was followed by supplementation with different ratios of α-TCP and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) for four hours. The cellular levels of vitamin E were quantified to determine bioavailability at cellular levels. The expression levels of TTPA, SEC14L2, and PI-TPNA genes in 0% α-TCP were found to be positively correlated with the levels of vitamin E in resting neuronal cells. In addition, the regulation of all the above-mentioned genes affect the distribution of vitamin E in the neuronal cells. It was observed that, increased levels of α-TCP secretion occur under oxidative stress. Thus, our results showed that in conclusion vitamin E-binding proteins may be modified in the absence of α-TCP to produce tocotrienols (TCT), as a source of vitamin E. The current study suggests that the expression levels of vitamin E transport proteins may influence the cellular concentrations of vitamin E levels in the neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishatu Ali Chiroma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Huzwah Khaza’ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Roslida Abd. Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (IPROMISE), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zaida Zainal
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
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Vitamin E is necessary for zebrafish nervous system development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15028. [PMID: 32958954 PMCID: PMC7506018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E (VitE) deficiency results in embryonic lethality. Knockdown of the gene ttpa encoding for the VitE regulatory protein [α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP)] in zebrafish embryos causes death within 24 h post-fertilization (hpf). To test the hypothesis that VitE, not just α-TTP, is necessary for nervous system development, adult 5D strain zebrafish, fed either VitE sufficient (E+) or deficient (E-) diets, were spawned to obtain E+ and E- embryos, which were subjected to RNA in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR. Ttpa was expressed ubiquitously in embryos up to 12 hpf. Early gastrulation (6 hpf) assessed by goosecoid expression was unaffected by VitE status. By 24 hpf, embryos expressed ttpa in brain ventricle borders, which showed abnormal closure in E- embryos. They also displayed disrupted patterns of paired box 2a (pax2a) and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (sox10) expression in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. In E- embryos, the collagen sheath notochord markers (col2a1a and col9a2) appeared bent. Severe developmental errors in E- embryos were characterized by improper nervous system patterning of the usually carefully programmed transcriptional signals. Histological analysis also showed developmental defects in the formation of the fore-, mid- and hindbrain and somites of E- embryos at 24 hpf. Ttpa expression profile was not altered by the VitE status demonstrating that VitE itself, and not ttpa, is required for development of the brain and peripheral nervous system in this vertebrate embryo model.
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Zulkiflee NS, Awang SA, Ming WX, Kamilan MFW, Mariappan MY, Kit TJ. In Silico Docking of Vitamin E Isomers on Transport Proteins. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2020; 16:467-472. [DOI: 10.2174/1573409915666190614113733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Vitamin E is comprised of α, β, γ and δ-tocopherols (Ts) and α, β, γ and δ-
tocotrienols (T3s). Vitamin E has neuroprotective antioxidant, anti-cancer, and cholesterol-lowering
effects. Intracellular trafficking of these isomers remains largely unknown, except for αT which is
selectively transported by αT transfer protein (αTTP).
Objective:
This study aimed to determine the binding of vitamin E isomers on transport proteins
using in silico docking.
Methods:
Transport proteins were selected using AmiGo Gene Ontology tool based on the same
molecular function annotation as αTTP. Protein structures were obtained from the Protein Data
Bank. Ligands structures were obtained from ZINC database. In silico docking was performed
using SwissDock.
Results and Discussion:
A total of 6 transport proteins were found: SEC14-like protein 2,
glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP), pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 8,
collagen type IV alpha-3-binding protein, ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein and afamin.
Compared with other transport proteins, αTTP had the highest affinities for all isomers except βT3.
Binding order of vitamin E isomers toward αTTP was γT > βT > αT > δT > αT3 > γT3 > δT3 > βT3.
GLTP had a higher affinity for tocotrienols than tocopherols. βT3 bound stronger to GLTP than αTTP.
Conclusion:
αTTP remained as the most preferred transport protein for most of the isomers. The
binding affinity of αT toward αTTP was not the highest than other isomers suggested that other
intracellular trafficking mechanisms of these isomers may exist. GLTP may mediate the intracellular
transport of tocotrienols, especially βT3. Improving the bioavailability of these isomers may enhance
their beneficial effects to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Syeefa Zulkiflee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Siti Amilia Awang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Woo Xian Ming
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia
| | | | - M Yuveneshwari Mariappan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Tan Jen Kit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia
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19
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Tamura T, Otulakowski G, Post M, Kavanagh BP. α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein Enhances α-Tocopherol Protective Effects in Lung A549 Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:810-813. [PMID: 32469275 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0404le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tamura
- Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontario, Canada.,Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoya, Japanand
| | | | - Martin Post
- Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian P Kavanagh
- Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
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Violet PC, Ebenuwa IC, Wang Y, Niyyati M, Padayatty SJ, Head B, Wilkins K, Chung S, Thakur V, Ulatowski L, Atkinson J, Ghelfi M, Smith S, Tu H, Bobe G, Liu CY, Herion DW, Shamburek RD, Manor D, Traber MG, Levine M. Vitamin E sequestration by liver fat in humans. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133309. [PMID: 31821172 PMCID: PMC7030816 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDWe hypothesized that obesity-associated hepatosteatosis is a pathophysiological chemical depot for fat-soluble vitamins and altered normal physiology. Using α-tocopherol (vitamin E) as a model vitamin, pharmacokinetics and kinetics principles were used to determine whether excess liver fat sequestered α-tocopherol in women with obesity-associated hepatosteatosis versus healthy controls.METHODSCustom-synthesized deuterated α-tocopherols (d3- and d6-α-tocopherols) were administered to hospitalized healthy women and women with hepatosteatosis under investigational new drug guidelines. Fluorescently labeled α-tocopherol was custom-synthesized for cell studies.RESULTSIn healthy subjects, 85% of intravenous d6-α-tocopherol disappeared from the circulation within 20 minutes but reappeared within minutes and peaked at 3-4 hours; d3- and d6-α-tocopherols localized to lipoproteins. Lipoprotein redistribution occurred only in vivo within 1 hour, indicating a key role of the liver in uptake and re-release. Compared with healthy subjects who received 2 mg, subjects with hepatosteatosis had similar d6-α-tocopherol entry rates into liver but reduced initial release rates (P < 0.001). Similarly, pharmacokinetics parameters were reduced in hepatosteatosis subjects, indicating reduced hepatic d6-α-tocopherol output. Reductions in kinetics and pharmacokinetics parameters in hepatosteatosis subjects who received 2 mg were echoed by similar reductions in healthy subjects when comparing 5- and 2-mg doses. In vitro, fluorescent-labeled α-tocopherol localized to lipid in fat-loaded hepatocytes, indicating sequestration.CONCLUSIONSThe unique role of the liver in vitamin E physiology is dysregulated by excess liver fat. Obesity-associated hepatosteatosis may produce unrecognized hepatic vitamin E sequestration, which might subsequently drive liver disease. Our findings raise the possibility that hepatosteatosis may similarly alter hepatic physiology of other fat-soluble vitamins.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00862433.FUNDINGNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and NIH grants DK053213-13, DK067494, and DK081761.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Christian Violet
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ifechukwude C. Ebenuwa
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mahtab Niyyati
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sebastian J. Padayatty
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Head
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kenneth Wilkins
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stacey Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Varsha Thakur
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lynn Ulatowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Saint Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikel Ghelfi
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Saint Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Smith
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongbin Tu
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - David W. Herion
- Clinical Research Informatics, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert D. Shamburek
- Cardiovascular Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Danny Manor
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Maret G. Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark Levine
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Napolitano G, Fasciolo G, Di Meo S, Venditti P. Vitamin E Supplementation and Mitochondria in Experimental and Functional Hyperthyroidism: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122900. [PMID: 31805673 PMCID: PMC6950234 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are both the main sites of production and the main target of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction with harmful consequences for the cells and the whole organism, resulting in metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, dementia, and aging. To protect themselves from ROS, mitochondria are equipped with an efficient antioxidant system, which includes low-molecular-mass molecules and enzymes able to scavenge ROS or repair the oxidative damage. In the mitochondrial membranes, a major role is played by the lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin E, which reacts with the peroxyl radicals faster than the molecules of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and in doing so, protects membranes from excessive oxidative damage. In the present review, we summarize the available data concerning the capacity of vitamin E supplementation to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage in hyperthyroidism, a condition that leads to increased mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative damage. Vitamin E supplementation to hyperthyroid animals limits the thyroid hormone-induced increases in mitochondrial ROS and oxidative damage. Moreover, it prevents the reduction of the high functionality components of the mitochondrial population induced by hyperthyroidism, thus preserving cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Napolitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, via Acton n. 38, I-0133 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Fasciolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Sergio Di Meo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Paola Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.F.); (S.D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2535080; Fax: +39-081-679233
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22
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Traber MG, Leonard SW, Ebenuwa I, Violet PC, Wang Y, Niyyati M, Padayatty S, Tu H, Courville A, Bernstein S, Choi J, Shamburek R, Smith S, Head B, Bobe G, Ramakrishnan R, Levine M. Vitamin E absorption and kinetics in healthy women, as modulated by food and by fat, studied using 2 deuterium-labeled α-tocopherols in a 3-phase crossover design. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1148-1167. [PMID: 31495886 PMCID: PMC6821549 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the human vitamin E [α-tocopherol (α-T)] requirement is difficult, and novel approaches to assess α-T absorption and trafficking are needed. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the dual-isotope technique, using 2 deuterium-labeled [intravenous (IV) d6- and oral d3-] α-T, would be effective in determining α-T fractional absorption. Further, defined liquid meal (DLM) fat or fasting would modulate α-T fractional absorption and lipoprotein transport. METHODS A 3-phase cr ossover design was used. At 0 h, participants received IV d6-α-T and consumed d3-α-T with a 600-kcal DLM (40% or 0% fat) followed by controlled meals or by the 0% fat DLM, a 12-h fast, and then controlled meals. Blood samples and fecal samples were collected at intervals and analyzed by LC-MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from plasma tracer concentrations and enrichments. Fractional absorption was calculated from d3- to d6-α-T areas under the curve, from a novel mathematical model, and from the balance method (oral d3-α-T minus fecal d3-α-T excreted). RESULTS Estimated α-T fractional absorption during the 40% fat intervention was 55% ± 3% (mean ± SEM; n = 10), which was 9% less than during the 0% fat intervention (64% ± 3%, n = 10; P < 0.02). Fasting had no apparent effect (56% ± 3%, n = 7), except it slowed plasma oral d3-α-T appearance. Both balance data and model outcomes confirmed that the DLM fat did not potentiate d3-α-T absorption. During the IV emulsion clearance, HDL rapidly acquired d6-α-T (21 ± 2 nmol/L plasma per minute). During the first 8 h postdosing, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) were preferentially d3-α-T enriched relative to LDL or HDL, showing the TRL precursor role. CONCLUSIONS Quantitatively, α-T absorption is not limited by fat absence or by fasting. However, α-T leaves the intestine by a process that is prolonged during fasting and potentiated by eating, suggesting that α-T absorption is highly dependent on chylomicron assembly processes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00862433.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA,School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA,Address correspondence to MGT (e-mail: )
| | - Scott W Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ifechukwude Ebenuwa
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pierre-Christian Violet
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mahtab Niyyati
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Padayatty
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongbin Tu
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amber Courville
- Clinical Center Nutrition Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Shanna Bernstein
- Clinical Center Nutrition Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robert Shamburek
- Cardiovascular Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheila Smith
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian Head
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Levine
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Torquato P, Bartolini D, Giusepponi D, Piroddi M, Sebastiani B, Saluti G, Galarini R, Galli F. Increased plasma levels of the lipoperoxyl radical-derived vitamin E metabolite α-tocopheryl quinone are an early indicator of lipotoxicity in fatty liver subjects. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:115-125. [PMID: 30508576 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is one of the earliest pathogenic events of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this context, an increased oxidation of the lipoperoxyl radical scavenger α-tocopherol (α-TOH) should occur already in the subclinical phases of the disease to compensate for the increase oxidation of the lipid excess of liver and possibly of other tissues. However, this assumption remains unsupported by direct analytical evidence. In this study, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS procedures have been developed and applied for the first time to measure the vitamin E oxidation metabolite α-tocopheryl quinone (α-TQ) in plasma of fatty liver (FL) subjects that were compared in a pilot cross-sectional study with healthy controls. The protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and the free form of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFA) were measured as surrogate indicators of lipid peroxidation. α-TQ formation was also investigated in human liver cells after supplementation with α-TOH and/or fatty acids (to induce steatosis). Compared with controls, FL subjects showed increased (absolute and α-TOH-corrected) levels of plasma α-TQ and 4-HNE, and decreased concentrations of PUFA. α-TQ levels positively correlated with indices of liver damage and metabolic dysfunction, such as alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin and triglycerides, and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol. Fatty acid supplementation in human hepatocytes stimulated the generation of cellular oxidants and α-TOH uptake leading to increased α-TQ formation and secretion in the extracellular medium - both were markedly stimulated by α-TOH supplementation. In conclusion, plasma α-TQ represents an early biomarker of the lipoperoxyl radical-induced oxidation of vitamin E and lipotoxicity of the fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Marta Piroddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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24
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Rengaraj D, Truong AD, Hong Y, Pitargue FM, Kim JH, Hong YH, Han JY, Kil DY. Identification and expression analysis of alpha tocopherol transfer protein in chickens fed diets containing different concentrations of alpha-tocopherol. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:99-110. [PMID: 30599294 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the eight forms of vitamin E, the liver preferentially releases α-tocopherol into the circulation and it is distributed to the non-liver tissues. In the hepatocytes, alpha tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) specifically recognizes α-tocopherol with 2R-configuration and facilitates its intracellular transfer. The identification and characterization of TTPA expression have not been demonstrated in avian species. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify avian TTPAs, to compare the sequence conservation, phylogenetic relationship, protein interactions, and disease associations of chicken TTPA with those of human and vertebrate TTPA, and to characterize the tissue expression of the TTPA gene in chickens fed diets supplemented with different amounts of α-tocopherol. Our results suggest that the chicken TTPA was highly conserved with the human and vertebrate TTPA, and consisted of a cellular retinaldehyde binding protein and TRIO guanine exchange factor (CRAL_TRIO) domain. Feeding diets supplemented with increasing amounts of α-tocopherol (25 IU/Kg, 50 IU/Kg, or 100 IU/Kg) to broiler chickens had no effects on growth performance compared with feeding basal diets containing no supplemental α-tocopherol. The expression of TTPA gene was detected high in the liver of chickens in response to dietary α-tocopherol concentrations, whereas its expression was very low or undetectable in the non-liver tissues. In conclusion, the chicken TTPA protein sequence is highly conserved with other avian and vertebrate TTPA protein sequences. The higher expression of TTPA gene in the chicken liver in response to dietary α-tocopherol concentrations may suggest its crucial role in transporting α-tocopherol in the chicken liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Franco Martinez Pitargue
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Lee P, Ulatowski LM. Vitamin E: Mechanism of transport and regulation in the CNS. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:424-429. [PMID: 30556640 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although vitamin E has been recognized as a critical micronutrient to neuronal health for more than half a century, vitamin E transport and regulation in the brain remain a mystery. Currently, the majority of what is known about vitamin E transport has been delineated in the liver. However, clues from the pathogenesis of neurological-related vitamin E deficient diseases point to compromised neuronal integrity and function, underlining the critical need to understand vitamin E regulation in the CNS. Additionally, most of the same molecular players involved in vitamin E transport in the liver are also found in CNS, including sterol SRB1, TTP, and ABCA/ABCG, suggesting similar intracellular pathways between these organ systems. Finally, based on chemical similarities, intracellular CNS shuttling of vitamin E likely resembles cholesterol's use of ApoE particles. Utilizing this information, this review will address what is currently known about trafficking vitamin E across the blood brain barrier in order to ensure an adequate supply of the essential nutrient to the brain. Although debatable, the health of the brain in relation to vitamin E levels has been demonstrated, most notably in oxidative stress-related conditions such as ataxias, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Future vitamin E research is vital in understanding how the regulation of the vitamin can aid in the prevention, treatment, and curing of neurological diseases. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(4):424-429, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Lee
- Ursuline College, Department of Biology, 2550 Lander Rd Pepper Pike, Ohio 44124
| | - Lynn M Ulatowski
- Ursuline College, Department of Biology, 2550 Lander Rd Pepper Pike, Ohio 44124
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26
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Zingg JM. Vitamin E: Regulatory Role on Signal Transduction. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:456-478. [PMID: 30556637 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E modulates signal transduction pathways by several molecular mechanisms. As a hydrophobic molecule located mainly in membranes it contributes together with other lipids to the physical and structural characteristics such as membrane stability, curvature, fluidity, and the organization into microdomains (lipid rafts). By acting as the main lipid-soluble antioxidant, it protects other lipids such as mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) against chemical reactions with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) and prevents membrane destabilization and cellular dysfunction. In cells, vitamin E affects signaling in redox-dependent and redox-independent molecular mechanisms by influencing the activity of enzymes and receptors involved in modulating specific signal transduction and gene expression pathways. By protecting and preventing depletion of MUFA and PUFA it indirectly enables regulatory effects that are mediated by the numerous lipid mediators derived from these lipids. In recent years, some vitamin E metabolites have been observed to affect signal transduction and gene expression and their relevance for the regulatory function of vitamin E is beginning to be elucidated. In particular, the modulation of the CD36/FAT scavenger receptor/fatty acids transporter by vitamin E may influence many cellular signaling pathways relevant for lipid homeostasis, inflammation, survival/apoptosis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and senescence. Thus, vitamin E has an important role in modulating signal transduction and gene expression pathways relevant for its uptake, distribution, metabolism, and molecular action that when impaired affect physiological and patho-physiological cellular functions relevant for the prevention of a number of diseases. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(4):456-478, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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27
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Tamura T, Otulakowski G, Kavanagh BP. Could nanotechnology make vitamin E therapeutically effective? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 316:L1-L5. [PMID: 30407864 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00430.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E (VitE) has important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and is necessary for normal physiological function. α-Tocopherol (α-T), the predominant form of VitE in human tissues, has been extensively studied. Other VitE forms, particularly γ-tocopherol (γ-T), are also potent bioactive molecules. The effects are complex, involving both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, but trials of VitE have been generally negative. We propose that a nanoparticle approach to delivery of VitE might provide effective delivery and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tamura
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Research Institute, and the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Gail Otulakowski
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Research Institute, and the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Brian P Kavanagh
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Research Institute, and the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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28
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Irías-Mata A, Sus N, Flory S, Stock D, Woerner D, Podszun M, Frank J. α-Tocopherol transfer protein does not regulate the cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of α- and γ-tocopherols and -tocotrienols in cultured liver cells. Redox Biol 2018; 19:28-36. [PMID: 30098456 PMCID: PMC6082990 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cells express a cytosolic α-tocopherol transfer protein (αTTP) with high binding affinity for α-tocopherol (αT) and much lower affinities for the non-αT congeners. The role of αTTP in the intracellular distribution of the different vitamin E forms is currently unknown. We therefore investigated the intracellular localization of αT, γ-tocopherol (γT), α-tocotrienol (αT3), and γ-tocotrienol (γT3) in cultured hepatic cells with and without stable expression of αTTP. We first determined cellular uptake of the four congeners and found the methylation of the chromanol ring and saturation of the sidechain to be important factors, with tocotrienols being taken up more efficiently than tocopherols and the γ-congeners more than the α-congeners, irrespective of the expression of αTTP. This, however, could perhaps also be due to an observed higher stability of tocotrienols, compared to tocopherols, in culture media rather than a higher absorption. We then incubated HepG2 cells and αTTP-expressing HepG2 cells with αT, γT, αT3, or γT3, isolated organelle fractions by density gradient centrifugation, and determined the concentrations of the congeners in the subcellular fractions. All four congeners were primarily associated with the lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane, whereas only αT correlated with mitochondria. Neither the chromanol ring methylation or sidechain saturation, nor the expression of αTTP were important factors for the intracellular distribution of vitamin E. In conclusion, αTTP does not appear to regulate the uptake and intracellular localization of different vitamin E congeners in cultured liver cells. We studied how αTTP affects intracellular distribution of αT, γT, αT3, γT3 in HepG2 cells. All congeners associated with lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. Only αT significantly correlated with mitochondria. Neither the chemical structure, nor αTTP were important for intracellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Irías-Mata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Sus
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sandra Flory
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniela Stock
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Denise Woerner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maren Podszun
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Jaafar F, Abdullah A, Makpol S. Cellular Uptake and Bioavailability of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in SIRT1-Inhibited Human Diploid Fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10471. [PMID: 29992988 PMCID: PMC6041292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) is palm vitamin E that consists of tocopherol and tocotrienol. TRF is involved in important cellular regulation including delaying cellular senescence. A key regulator of cellular senescence, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is involved in lipid metabolism. Thus, SIRT1 may regulate vitamin E transportation and bioavailability at cellular level. This study aimed to determine the role of SIRT1 on cellular uptake and bioavailability of TRF in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). SIRT1 gene in young HDFs was silenced by small interference RNA (siRNA) while SIRT1 activity was inhibited by sirtinol. TRF treatment was given for 24 h before or after SIRT1 inhibition. Cellular concentration of TRF isomers was determined according to the time points of before and after TRF treatment at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Our results showed that all tocotrienol isomers were significantly taken up by HDFs after 24 h of TRF treatment and decreased 24 h after TRF treatment was terminated but remained in the cell up to 72 h. The uptake of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and β-tocotrienol was significantly higher in senescent cells as compared to young HDFs indicating higher requirement for vitamin E in senescent cells. Inhibition of SIRT1 gene increased the uptake of all tocotrienol isomers but not α-tocopherol. However, SIRT1 inhibition at protein level decreased tocotrienol concentration. In conclusion, SIRT1 may regulate the cellular uptake and bioavailability of tocotrienol isomers in human diploid fibroblast cells while a similar regulation was not shown for α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Jaafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asmaa Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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30
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Peltzer RM, Kolli HB, Stocker A, Cascella M. Self-Assembly of α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein Nanoparticles: A Patchy Protein Model. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7066-7072. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mathias Peltzer
- Department of Chemistry, and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hima Bindu Kolli
- Department of Chemistry, and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Achim Stocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michele Cascella
- Department of Chemistry, and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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31
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Aeschimann W, Staats S, Kammer S, Olieric N, Jeckelmann JM, Fotiadis D, Netscher T, Rimbach G, Cascella M, Stocker A. Self-assembled α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein Nanoparticles Promote Vitamin E Delivery Across an Endothelial Barrier. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4970. [PMID: 28694484 PMCID: PMC5504013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is one of the most important natural antioxidants, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membranes of cells. Among different chemical isoforms assimilated from dietary regimes, RRR-α-tocopherol is the only one retained in higher animals. This is possible thanks to α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein (α-TTP), which extracts α-tocopherol from endosomal compartments in liver cells, facilitating its distribution into the body. Here we show that, upon binding to its substrate, α-TTP acquires tendency to aggregation into thermodynamically stable high molecular weight oligomers. Determination of the structure of such aggregates by X-ray crystallography revealed a spheroidal particle formed by 24 protein monomers. Oligomerization is triggered by refolding of the N-terminus. Experiments with cultured cell monolayers demonstrate that the same oligomers are efficiently transported through an endothelial barrier (HUVEC) and not through an epithelial one (Caco-2). Discovery of a human endogenous transport protein with intrinsic capability of crossing endothelial tissues opens to new ways of drug delivery into the brain or other tissues protected by endothelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Aeschimann
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Staats
- University of Kiel, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Kammer
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Marc Jeckelmann
- University of Bern, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- University of Bern, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerald Rimbach
- University of Kiel, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michele Cascella
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Achim Stocker
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bern, Switzerland.
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32
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Traber MG, Mah E, Leonard SW, Bobe G, Bruno RS. Metabolic syndrome increases dietary α-tocopherol requirements as assessed using urinary and plasma vitamin E catabolites: a double-blind, crossover clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:571-579. [PMID: 28077381 PMCID: PMC5320409 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin E supplementation improves liver histology in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We reported previously that α-tocopherol bioavailability in healthy adults is higher than in those with MetS, thereby suggesting that the latter group has increased requirements.Objective: We hypothesized that α-tocopherol catabolites α-carboxyethyl hydroxychromanol (α-CEHC) and α-carboxymethylbutyl hydroxychromanol (α-CMBHC) are useful biomarkers of α-tocopherol status.Design: Adults (healthy or with MetS; n = 10/group) completed a double-blind, crossover clinical trial with four 72-h interventions during which they co-ingested 15 mg hexadeuterium-labeled RRR-α-tocopherol (d6-α-T) with nonfat, reduced-fat, whole, or soy milk. During each intervention, we measured α-CEHC and α-CMBHC excretions in three 8-h urine collections (0-24 h) and plasma α-tocopherol, α-CEHC, and α-CMBHC concentrations at various times ≤72 h.Results: During the first 24 h, participants with MetS compared with healthy adults excreted 41% less α-CEHC (all values are least-squares means ± SEMs: 0.6 ± 0.1 compared with 1.0 ± 0.1 μmol/g creatinine, respectively; P = 0.002), 63% less hexadeuterium-labeled (d6)-α-CEHC (0.04 ± 0.02 compared with 0.13 ± 0.02 μmol/g creatinine, respectively; P = 0.002), and 58% less d6-α-CMBHC (0.017 ± 0.004 compared with 0.041 ± 0.004 μmol/g creatinine, respectively; P = 0.0009) and had 52% lower plasma d6-α-CEHC areas under the concentration curves [area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24h): 27.7 ± 7.9 compared with 58.4 ± 7.9 nmol/L × h, respectively; P = 0.01]. d6-α-CEHC peaked before d6-α-T in 77 of 80 paired plasma concentration curves. Urinary d6-α-CEHC 24-h concentrations were associated with the plasma AUC0-24 h of d6-α-T (r = 0.53, P = 0.02) and d6-α-CEHC (r = 0.72, P = 0.0003), and with urinary d6-α-CMBHC (r = 0.88, P < 0.0001), and inversely with the plasma inflammation biomarkers C-reactive protein (r = -0.70, P = 0.0006), interleukin-10 (r = -0.59, P = 0.007), and interleukin-6 (r = -0.54, P = 0.01).Conclusion: Urinary α-CEHC and α-CMBHC are useful biomarkers to noninvasively assess α-tocopherol adequacy, especially in populations with MetS-associated hepatic dysfunction that likely impairs α-tocopherol trafficking. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01787591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; and
| | - Eunice Mah
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Scott W Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; and
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; and
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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