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Elnwasany A, Ewida HA, Menendez-Montes I, Mizerska M, Fu X, Kim CW, Horton JD, Burgess SC, Rothermel BA, Szweda PA, Szweda LI. Reciprocal regulation of cardiac β-oxidation and pyruvate dehydrogenase by insulin. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107412. [PMID: 38796064 PMCID: PMC11231754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The heart alters the rate and relative oxidation of fatty acids and glucose based on availability and energetic demand. Insulin plays a crucial role in this process diminishing fatty acid and increasing glucose oxidation when glucose availability increases. Loss of insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility can result in cardiovascular disease. It is therefore important to identify mechanisms by which insulin regulates substrate utilization in the heart. Mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is the key regulatory site for the oxidation of glucose for ATP production. Nevertheless, the impact of insulin on PDH activity has not been fully delineated, particularly in the heart. We sought in vivo evidence that insulin stimulates cardiac PDH and that this process is driven by the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Mice injected with insulin exhibited dephosphorylation and activation of cardiac PDH. This was accompanied by an increase in the content of malonyl-CoA, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), and, thus, mitochondrial import of fatty acids. Administration of the CPT1 inhibitor oxfenicine was sufficient to activate PDH. Malonyl-CoA is produced by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Pharmacologic inhibition or knockout of cardiac ACC diminished insulin-dependent production of malonyl-CoA and activation of PDH. Finally, circulating insulin and cardiac glucose utilization exhibit daily rhythms reflective of nutritional status. We demonstrate that time-of-day-dependent changes in PDH activity are mediated, in part, by ACC-dependent production of malonyl-CoA. Thus, by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation, insulin reciprocally activates PDH. These studies identify potential molecular targets to promote cardiac glucose oxidation and treat heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Elnwasany
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Heba A Ewida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt (FUE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ivan Menendez-Montes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Monika Mizerska
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chai-Wan Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jay D Horton
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela A Szweda
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luke I Szweda
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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2
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Venetos NM, Stomberski CT, Qian Z, Premont RT, Stamler JS. Activation of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase by S-nitrosylation in response to diet. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100542. [PMID: 38641009 PMCID: PMC11126798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced primarily by nitric oxide synthase enzymes, is known to influence energy metabolism by stimulating fat uptake and oxidation. The effects of NO on de novo lipogenesis (DNL), however, are less clear. Here we demonstrate that hepatic expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is reduced following prolonged administration of a hypercaloric high-fat diet. This results in marked reduction in the amount of S-nitrosylation of liver proteins including notably acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the rate-limiting enzyme in DNL. We further show that ACC S-nitrosylation markedly increases enzymatic activity. Diminished endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and ACC S-nitrosylation may thus represent a physiological adaptation to caloric excess by constraining lipogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that S-nitrosylation of liver proteins is subject to dietary control and suggest that DNL is coupled to dietary and metabolic conditions through ACC S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Venetos
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Colin T Stomberski
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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3
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Cao M, Li X, Dong L, Wen H, Jiang M, Lu X, Huang F, Tian J. Molecular cloning and gene expression of acc2 from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and the regulation of glucose metabolism by ACCs inhibitor. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:402. [PMID: 38456942 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA, which plays a key role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, is not only a substrate for fatty acid synthesis but also an inhibitor of the oxidation pathway. ACC exists as two isoenzymes that are encoded by two different genes. ACC1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) has been cloned and sequenced. However, studies on the cloning, tissue distribution, and function of ACC2 in grass carp were still rare. METHODS AND RESULTS The full-length cDNA of acc2 was 8537 bp with a 7146 bp open reading frame encoding 2381 amino acids. ACC2 had a calculated molecular weight of 268.209 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.85. ACC2 of the grass carp shared the closest relationship with that of the common carp (Sinocyclocheilus grahami). The expressions of acc1 and acc2 mRNA were detected in all examined tissues. The expression level of acc1 was high in the brain and fat but absent in the midgut and hindgut. The expression level of acc2 in the kidney was significantly higher than in other tissues, followed by the heart, brain, muscle, and spleen. ACCs inhibitor significantly reduced the levels of glucose, malonyl-CoA, and triglyceride in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the function of ACC2 was evolutionarily conserved from fish to mammals. ACCs inhibitor inhibited the biological activity of ACCs, and reduced fat accumulation in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxia Cao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Lixue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Hua Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Juan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 8, Wudayuan 1st Road, Donghu Hi-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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4
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Liu B, Liu C, Chai X, Fan X, Huang T, Zhan J, Zhu Q, Zeng D, Gong Z, He L, Yang Y, Zhou X, Jiang B, Zhang X, Liu M. Real-Time NMR-Based Drug Discovery to Identify Inhibitors against Fatty Acid Synthesis in Living Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38334355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal fatty acid metabolism is recognized as a key driver of tumor development and progression. Although numerous inhibitors have been developed to target this pathway, finding drugs with high specificity that do not disrupt normal cellular metabolism remains a formidable challenge. In this paper, we introduced a novel real-time NMR-based drug screening technique that operates within living cells. This technique provides a direct way to putatively identify molecular targets involved in specific metabolic processes, making it a powerful tool for cell-based drug screening. Using 2-13C acetate as a tracer, combined with 3D cell clusters and a bioreactor system, our approach enables real-time detection of inhibitors that target fatty acid metabolism within living cells. As a result, we successfully demonstrated the initial application of this method in the discovery of traditional Chinese medicines that specifically target fatty acid metabolism. Elucidating the mechanisms behind herbal medicines remains challenging due to the complex nature of their compounds and the presence of multiple targets. Remarkably, our findings demonstrate the significant inhibitory effect of P. cocos on fatty acid synthesis within cells, illustrating the potential of this approach in analyzing fatty acid metabolism events and identifying drug candidates that selectively inhibit fatty acid synthesis at the cellular level. Moreover, this systematic approach represents a valuable strategy for discovering the intricate effects of herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Caixiang Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Chai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinyu Fan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianhua Zhan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinjun Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Danyun Zeng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhou Gong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lichun He
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunhuang Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Maili Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, China
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5
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Esler WP, Cohen DE. Pharmacologic inhibition of lipogenesis for the treatment of NAFLD. J Hepatol 2024; 80:362-377. [PMID: 37977245 PMCID: PMC10842769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic accumulation of excess triglycerides is a seminal event in the initiation and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hepatic steatosis occurs when the hepatic accrual of fatty acids from the plasma and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is no longer balanced by rates of fatty acid oxidation and secretion of very low-density lipoprotein-triglycerides. Accumulating data indicate that increased rates of DNL are central to the development of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. Whereas the main drivers in NAFLD are transcriptional, owing to both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycaemia, the effectors of DNL are a series of well-characterised enzymes. Several have proven amenable to pharmacologic inhibition or oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown, with lead compounds showing liver fat-lowering efficacy in phase II clinical trials. In humans with NAFLD, percent reductions in liver fat have closely mirrored percent inhibition of DNL, thereby affirming the critical contributions of DNL to NAFLD pathogenesis. The safety profiles of these compounds have so far been encouraging. It is anticipated that inhibitors of DNL, when administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, will become important agents in the management of human NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 United States.
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 United States.
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6
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Mallick R, Bhowmik P, Duttaroy AK. Targeting fatty acid uptake and metabolism in cancer cells: A promising strategy for cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115591. [PMID: 37774669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite scientific development, cancer is still a fatal disease. The development of cancer is thought to be significantly influenced by fatty acids. Several mechanisms that control fatty acid absorption and metabolism are reported to be altered in cancer cells to support their survival. Cancer cells can use de novo synthesis or uptake of extracellular fatty acid if one method is restricted. This factor makes it more difficult to target one pathway while failing to treat the disease properly. Side effects may also arise if several inhibitors simultaneously target many targets. If a viable inhibitor could work on several routes, the number of negative effects might be reduced. Comparative investigations against cell viability have found several potent natural and manmade substances. In this review, we discuss the complex roles that fatty acids play in the development of tumors and the progression of cancer, newly discovered and potentially effective natural and synthetic compounds that block the uptake and metabolism of fatty acids, the adverse side effects that can occur when multiple inhibitors are used to treat cancer, and emerging therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Prasenjit Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Limberakis C, Smith AC, Bagley SW, Yayla HG, Kung DW, Griffith DA. Convergent Syntheses of Isomeric Imidazolospiroketones as Templates for Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13727-13740. [PMID: 37751412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of imidazole fused spirocyclic ketones as templates for acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors is reported. By completing the spirocyclic ring closure via divergent pathways, the synthesis of these regioisomers from common intermediates was developed. Through an aldehyde homologation/transmetalation strategy, one isomer was formed selectively. The second desired isomer was obtained via an intramolecular aromatic homolytic substitution reaction. Preparation of these isomeric spiroketones provided templates which, upon elaboration, led to key structure-activity relationship (SAR) points for delivery of potent ACC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Limberakis
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aaron C Smith
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott W Bagley
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hatice G Yayla
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Kung
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Griffith
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Akbarabadi A, Ismaili A, Nazarian Firouzabadi F, Ercisli S, Kahrizi D. Assessment of ACC and P450 Genes Expression in Wild Oat (Avena ludoviciana) in Different Tissues Under Herbicide Application. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:1867-1879. [PMID: 36877417 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Target-site resistance (TSR) and non-target-site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides in arable weeds are increasing rapidly all over the world and threatening universal food safety. Resistance to herbicides that inhibit ACCase activity has been identified in wild oat. In this study, expression of ACC1, ACC2, CYP71R4 and CYP81B1 genes under herbicide stress conditions were studied in two TSR (resistant in the residue Ile1781-Leu and Ile2041-Asn of ACCase) biotypes, two NTSR biotypes and one susceptible biotype of A. ludoviciana for the first time. Treated and untreated biotypes with ACCase-inhibitor clodinafop propargyl herbicide were sampled from the stem and leaf tissues at 24 h after treatment. Our results showed an increase in gene expression levels in different tissues of both types of resistance biotypes that occurred under herbicide treatment compared with non-herbicide treatment. In all samples, the expression levels of leaf tissue in all studied genes were higher than in stem tissue. The results of ACC gene expression showed that the expression level of ACC1 was significantly higher than that of ACC2. Also, expression levels of TSR biotypes were higher than NTSR biotypes for the ACC1 gene. For both CYP71R4 and CYP81B1 genes, the expression ratio increased significantly in TSR and NTSR biotypes in different tissues after herbicide treatment. In contrast, the expression levels of CYP genes in NTSR biotypes were higher than in TSR biotypes. Our results support the hypothesis that the reaction of plants to herbicide is carried out through a different regulation of genes, which can be the result of the interaction of resistance type in the target or non-target-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbarabadi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ismaili
- Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farhad Nazarian Firouzabadi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Danial Kahrizi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Khalifeh M, Santos RD, Oskuee RK, Badiee A, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Sahebkar A. A novel regulatory facet for hypertriglyceridemia: The role of microRNAs in the regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101197. [PMID: 36400247 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is one of the major leading global causes of death. Genetic and epidemiological studies strongly support the causal association between triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TAGRL) and atherogenesis, even in statin-treated patients. Recent genetic evidence has clarified that variants in several key genes implicated in TAGRL metabolism are strongly linked to the increased ASCVD risk. There are several triacylglycerol-lowering agents; however, new therapeutic options are in development, among which are miRNA-based therapeutic approaches. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (18-25 nucleotides) that negatively modulate gene expression through translational repression or degradation of target mRNAs, thereby reducing the levels of functional genes. MiRNAs play a crucial role in the development of hypertriglyceridemia as several miRNAs are dysregulated in both synthesis and clearance of TAGRL particles. MiRNA-based therapies in ASCVD have not yet been applied in human trials but are attractive. This review provides a concise overview of current interventions for hypertriglyceridemia and the development of novel miRNA and siRNA-based drugs. We summarize the miRNAs involved in the regulation of key genes in the TAGRLs synthesis pathway, which has gained attention as a novel target for therapeutic applications in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Khalifeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Centre, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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10
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Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) Inhibitor, CP640186, Effectively Inhibited Dengue Virus (DENV) Infection via Regulating ACC Phosphorylation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238583. [PMID: 36500675 PMCID: PMC9739643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease and is caused by the dengue virus (DENV). There is still a lack of efficient drugs against DENV infection, so it is urgent to develop new inhibitors for future clinical use. Our previous research indicated the role of VEGFR2/AMPK in regulating cellular metabolism during DENV infection, while acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is located downstream of AMPK and plays a crucial role in mediating cellular lipid synthesis; therefore, we speculated that an ACC inhibitor could serve as an antiviral agent against DENV. Luckily, we found that CP640186, a reported noncompetitive ACC inhibitor, significantly inhibited DENV proliferation, and CP640186 clearly reduced DENV2 proliferation at an early stage with an EC50 of 0.50 μM. A mechanism study indicated that CP640186 inhibited ACC activation and destroyed the cellular lipid environment for viral proliferation. In the DENV2 infection mice model, oral CP640186 administration (10 mg/kg/day) significantly improved the mice survival rate after DENV2 infection. In summary, our research suggests that lipid synthesis plays an important role during DENV2 proliferation and indicates that CP640186 is a promising drug candidate against DNEV2 in the future.
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11
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Approaches to Measuring the Activity of Major Lipolytic and Lipogenic Enzymes In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911093. [PMID: 36232405 PMCID: PMC9570359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1950s, one of the goals of adipose tissue research has been to determine lipolytic and lipogenic activity as the primary metabolic pathways affecting adipocyte health and size and thus representing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and associated diseases. Nowadays, there is a relatively large number of methods to measure the activity of these pathways and involved enzymes, but their applicability to different biological samples is variable. Here, we review the characteristics of mean lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes, their inhibitors, and available methodologies for assessing their activity, and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies and their applicability in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro, i.e., in cells, organs and their respective extracts, with the emphasis on adipocytes and adipose tissue.
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12
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Yang L, Li JZ, Li MR. Progress in research of lipogenesis inhibitors for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:735-742. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i16.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease. At present, the main clinical treatment for NAFLD is diet adjustment, exercise, and weight loss, but the effect is poor, and there is still a lack of recognized drugs with significant efficacy in NAFLD. In recent years, with the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of NAFLD, it has been found that the core enzymes that inhibit intrahepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), including citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), can improve hepatic steatosis and provide a new method for the treatment of NAFLD. This article reviews the research progress of five different types of lipogenesis inhibitors for treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Zhong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min-Ran Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
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13
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Liu T, Yu J, Ge C, Zhao F, Chen J, Miao C, Jin W, Zhou Q, Geng Q, Lin H, Tian H, Chen T, Xie H, Cui Y, Yao M, Xiao X, Li J, Li H. Sperm associated antigen 4 promotes SREBP1-mediated de novo lipogenesis via interaction with lamin A/C and contributes to tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215642. [PMID: 35307486 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor and its progression is associated with altered lipid metabolism in precancerous lesions, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we identified sperm associated antigen 4 (SPAG4), and explored its oncogenic role in HCC progression. Database analysis and immunohistochemistry indicated increased level of SPAG4 in HCC tissues which was of prognostic value. Gain/loss-of-function experiments showed that SPAG4 exerted oncogenic roles in HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing revealed activation of a lipogenic state and SREBP1-mediated pathway following SPAG4 overexpression. Mechanistically, the N-terminal region of SPAG4 bound to lamin A/C, which increased SREBP1 expression, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity. Treatment with orlistat, a lipid synthesis inhibitor, reversed SPAG4-mediated oncogenic effects, and its efficacy varied with SPAG4 level. The effect of orlistat was further amplified when combined with sorafenib in tumor xenograft mouse models. Our study provides evidence that SPAG4 mediates HCC progression by affecting lipid metabolism. Administration of orlistat combined with sorafenib reverses SPAG4-mediated oncogenesis in HCC cells and ectopic xenograft tumors in mice, suggesting that this pathway represents a potential target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Junming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunxiao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenjiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Rui jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Qin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hechun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Taoyang Chen
- Qi Dong Liver Cancer Institute, Qi Dong, 226200, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Cancer Institute of Guangxi, Nanning, 530027, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiuying Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Small J, Joblin-Mills A, Carbone K, Kost-Alimova M, Ayukawa K, Khodier C, Dancik V, Clemons PA, Munkacsi AB, Wagner BK. Phenotypic Screening for Small Molecules that Protect β-Cells from Glucolipotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1131-1142. [PMID: 35439415 PMCID: PMC9127801 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is marked by progressive β-cell failure, leading to loss of β-cell mass. Increased levels of circulating glucose and free fatty acids associated with obesity lead to β-cell glucolipotoxicity. There are currently no therapeutic options to address this facet of β-cell loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients. To identify small molecules capable of protecting β-cells, we performed a high-throughput screen of 20,876 compounds in the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1E in the presence of elevated glucose and palmitate. We found 312 glucolipotoxicity-protective small molecules (1.49% hit rate) capable of restoring INS-1E viability, and we focused on 17 with known biological targets. 16 of the 17 compounds were kinase inhibitors with activity against specific families including but not limited to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), PI-3 kinase (PI3K), Janus kinase (JAK), and Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2). 7 of the 16 kinase inhibitors were PI3K inhibitors. Validation studies in dissociated human islets identified 10 of the 17 compounds, namely, KD025, ETP-45658, BMS-536924, AT-9283, PF-03814735, torin-2, AZD5438, CP-640186, ETP-46464, and GSK2126458 that reduced glucolipotoxicity-induced β-cell death. These 10 compounds decreased markers of glucolipotoxicity including caspase activation, mitochondrial depolarization, and increased calcium flux. Together, these results provide a path forward toward identifying novel treatments to preserve β-cell viability in the face of glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnell
C. Small
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Chemistry
Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aidan Joblin-Mills
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kaycee Carbone
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kumiko Ayukawa
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- JT
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Carol Khodier
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Vlado Dancik
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew B. Munkacsi
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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15
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Ryder TF, Bergman A, King-Ahmad A, Amin NB, Lall MS, Ballard TE, Kalgutkar AS. Pharmacokinetics, Mass Balance, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Liver-Targeted Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitor PF-05221304 (Clesacostat) in Humans. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:240-253. [PMID: 35382680 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2062487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The disposition of the hepatoselective ACC inhibitor PF-05221304 (Clesacostat) was studied after a single 50-mg oral dose of [14C]-PF-05221304 to healthy human subjects.Mass balance was achieved with 89.9% of the administered dose recovered in urine and faeces, over the 11-day study period. The total administered radioactivity excreted in faeces and urine was 81.7% and 8.2%, respectively. Unchanged PF-05221304 accounted for 35.6% of the radioactive dose in faeces, suggesting ∼64% of the administered dose was absorbed.PF-05221304 was principally metabolized via oxidative and reductive pathways involving: (a) N-dealkylation, (b) isopropyl group monohydroxylation to yield enantiomeric metabolites (M2a and M2b), (c) hydroxylation on the 3-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-8-one moiety to metabolites M5 and 519c, and (d) carbonyl group reduction to enantiomeric alcohol metabolites M3, and M4. Secondary metabolites (521a, 521b, and 533), derived from a combination of oxidation and reduction of the primary metabolites accounted for ∼14.8% of the dose. In plasma, unchanged PF-05221304 represented 96.1% circulating radioactivity. Metabolites M1, M2b, and M2a represented 1.94, 1.76, and 0.18% of circulating radioactivity, respectively.Overall, these data suggest that PF-05221304 is well absorbed in humans and eliminated largely via phase I metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim F Ryder
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Neeta B Amin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manjinder S Lall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Wang Y, Yu W, Li S, Guo D, He J, Wang Y. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylases and Diseases. Front Oncol 2022; 12:836058. [PMID: 35359351 PMCID: PMC8963101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.836058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are enzymes that catalyze the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA. In mammals, ACC1 and ACC2 are two members of ACCs. ACC1 localizes in the cytosol and acts as the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway. ACC2 localizes on the outer membrane of mitochondria and produces malonyl-CoA to regulate the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) that involves in the β-oxidation of fatty acid. Fatty acid synthesis is central in a myriad of physiological and pathological conditions. ACC1 is the major member of ACCs in mammalian, mountains of documents record the roles of ACC1 in various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, obesity. Besides, acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are cofactors in protein acetylation and malonylation, respectively, so that the manipulation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA by ACC1 can also markedly influence the profile of protein post-translational modifications, resulting in alternated biological processes in mammalian cells. In the review, we summarize our understandings of ACCs, including their structural features, regulatory mechanisms, and roles in diseases. ACC1 has emerged as a promising target for diseases treatment, so that the specific inhibitors of ACC1 for diseases treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixing Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dingyuan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yugang Wang,
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17
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He W, Fang X, Lu X, Liu Y, Li G, Zhao Z, Li J, Yang R. Function Identification of Bovine ACSF3 Gene and Its Association With Lipid Metabolism Traits in Beef Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:766765. [PMID: 35071379 PMCID: PMC8770830 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.766765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 (ACSF3) carries out the first step of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis II, which is the linkage of malonate and, to a lesser extent, methylmalonate onto CoA. Malonyl-coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) is a central metabolite in mammalian fatty acid biochemistry that is generated and utilized in the cytoplasm. In this research, we verified the relationship between expression of the ACSF3 and the production of triglycerides (TGs) at the cellular level by silencing and over-expressing ACSF3. Subsequently, through Sanger sequencing, five polymorphisms were found in the functional domain of the bovine ACSF3, and the relationship between ACSF3 polymorphism and the economic traits and fatty acid composition of Chinese Simmental cattle was analyzed by a means of variance analysis and multiple comparison. The results illustrated that the expression of ACSF3 promoted triglyceride synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells and bovine fetal fibroblast cells. Further association analysis also indicated that individuals with the AG genotype (g.14211090 G > A) of ACSF3 were significantly associated with the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat (higher content of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid), and that CTCAG haplotype individuals were significantly related to the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat (higher linoleic acid content). Individuals with the AA genotypes of g.14211055 A > G and g.14211090 G > A were substantially associated with a larger eye muscle area in the Chinese Simmental cattle population. ACSF3 played a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular triacylglycerol and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels, and polymorphism could serve as a useful molecular marker for future marker-assisted selection in the breeding of intramuscular fat deposition traits in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xibi Fang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Lu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Junya Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runjun Yang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Xylopic Acid on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:4524877. [PMID: 35098133 PMCID: PMC8799360 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4524877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Xylopic acid (XA), the major constituent of the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica, has shown several pharmacological properties. Traditionally, the plant is used to treat several diseases and is being used in the preparation of several local foods despite the lack of information about its safety, food-drug interaction, and other pharmacokinetic properties. This study, therefore, investigated the effect of XA on rat liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in vivo and in vitro. Methods Inhibition or induction of some isoforms of CYP450 enzymes: CYP 1A1/1A2, 1A2, 2B1/2B2, 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9 were investigated using microsomal fractions of the liver obtained from rats pretreated with a low dose of xylopic acid (LDT) 30 mg/kg, high dose of xylopic acid (HDT) 100 mg/kg, phenobarbitone (PC) 80 mg/kg, and ketoconazole (NC) 100 mg/kg, and a no-treatment group received distilled water, with (n = 5) animals in each group. The in vitro inhibition of CYP 3A4 was assessed by treating rat liver microsomes with XA. Results Xylopic acid induced CYP 1A1/1A2, 1A2, 2D6, and 2C9, inhibited CYP 3A4, and had no effect on 2B1/2B2. Conclusion The findings would help mitigate toxicity and therapeutic failure especially in cases of coadministration of medications with food containing XA, with metabolism altered by the latter.
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19
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Batchuluun B, Pinkosky SL, Steinberg GR. Lipogenesis inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:283-305. [PMID: 35031766 PMCID: PMC8758994 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential for survival, acting as bioenergetic substrates, structural components and signalling molecules. Given their vital role, cells have evolved mechanisms to generate fatty acids from alternative carbon sources, through a process known as de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Despite the importance of DNL, aberrant upregulation is associated with a wide variety of pathologies. Inhibiting core enzymes of DNL, including citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. Despite challenges related to efficacy, selectivity and safety, several new classes of synthetic DNL inhibitors have entered clinical-stage development and may become the foundation for a new class of therapeutics. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is vital for the maintenance of whole-body and cellular homeostasis, but aberrant upregulation of the pathway is associated with a broad range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and cancers. Here, Steinberg and colleagues provide an overview of the physiological and pathological roles of the core DNL enzymes and assess strategies and agents currently in development to therapeutically target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Octave M, Pirotton L, Ginion A, Robaux V, Lepropre S, Ambroise J, Bouzin C, Guigas B, Giera M, Foretz M, Bertrand L, Beauloye C, Horman S. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitor CP640.186 Increases Tubulin Acetylation and Impairs Thrombin-Induced Platelet Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313129. [PMID: 34884932 PMCID: PMC8658010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the first enzyme regulating de novo lipid synthesis via the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA. The inhibition of its activity decreases lipogenesis and, in parallel, increases the acetyl-CoA content, which serves as a substrate for protein acetylation. Several findings support a role for acetylation signaling in coordinating signaling systems that drive platelet cytoskeletal changes and aggregation. Therefore, we investigated the impact of ACC inhibition on tubulin acetylation and platelet functions. Human platelets were incubated 2 h with CP640.186, a pharmacological ACC inhibitor, prior to thrombin stimulation. We have herein demonstrated that CP640.186 treatment does not affect overall platelet lipid content, yet it is associated with increased tubulin acetylation levels, both at the basal state and after thrombin stimulation. This resulted in impaired platelet aggregation. Similar results were obtained using human platelets that were pretreated with tubacin, an inhibitor of tubulin deacetylase HDAC6. In addition, both ACC and HDAC6 inhibitions block key platelet cytoskeleton signaling events, including Rac1 GTPase activation and the phosphorylation of its downstream effector, p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2). However, neither CP640.186 nor tubacin affects thrombin-induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling, while ACC inhibition results in decreased thrombin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. We conclude that when using washed human platelets, ACC inhibition limits tubulin deacetylation upon thrombin stimulation, which in turn impairs platelet aggregation. The mechanism involves a downregulation of the Rac1/PAK2 pathway, being independent of actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Octave
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Laurence Pirotton
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Audrey Ginion
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Valentine Robaux
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Sophie Lepropre
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- IREC Imaging Platform, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Giera
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Marc Foretz
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.O.); (L.P.); (A.G.); (V.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-764-55-66
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21
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ACC inhibitor alone or co-administered with a DGAT2 inhibitor in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: two parallel, placebo-controlled, randomized phase 2a trials. Nat Med 2021; 27:1836-1848. [PMID: 34635855 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in lipid metabolism might contribute to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, no pharmacological agents are currently approved in the United States or the European Union for the treatment of NAFLD. Two parallel phase 2a studies investigated the effects of liver-directed ACC1/2 inhibition in adults with NAFLD. The first study ( NCT03248882 ) examined the effects of monotherapy with a novel ACC1/2 inhibitor, PF-05221304 (2, 10, 25 and 50 mg once daily (QD)), versus placebo at 16 weeks of treatment; the second study ( NCT03776175 ) investigated the effects of PF-05221304 (15 mg twice daily (BID)) co-administered with a DGAT2 inhibitor, PF-06865571 (300 mg BID), versus placebo after 6 weeks of treatment. The primary endpoint in both studies was percent change from baseline in liver fat assessed by magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction. Dose-dependent reductions in liver fat reached 50-65% with PF-05221304 monotherapy doses ≥10 mg QD; least squares mean (LSM) 80% confidence interval (CI) was -7.2 (-13.9, 0.0), -17.1 (-22.7, -11.1), -49.9 (-53.3, -46.2), -55.9 (-59.0, -52.4) and -64.8 (-67.5, -62.0) with 16 weeks placebo and PF-05221304 2, 10, 25 and 50 mg QD, respectively. The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) did not increase with increasing PF-05221304 dose, except for a dose-dependent elevation in serum triglycerides (a known consequence of hepatic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) inhibition) in 23/305 (8%) patients, leading to withdrawal in 13/305 (4%), and a dose-dependent elevation in other serum lipids. Co-administration of PF-05221304 and PF-06865571 lowered liver fat compared to placebo (placebo-adjusted LSM (90% CI) -44.6% (-54.8, -32.2)). Placebo-adjusted LSM (90% CI) reduction in liver fat was -44.5% (-55.0, -31.7) and -35.4% (-47.4, -20.7) after 6 weeks with PF-05221304 or PF-06865571 alone. AEs were reported for 10/28 (36%) patients after co-administered PF-05221304 and PF-06865571, with no discontinuations due to AEs, and the ACC inhibitor-mediated effect on serum triglycerides was mitigated, suggesting that PF-05221304 and PF-06865571 co-administration has the potential to address some of the limitations of ACC inhibition alone.
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22
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Tamura YO, Sugama J, Iwasaki S, Sasaki M, Yasuno H, Aoyama K, Watanabe M, Erion DM, Yashiro H. Selective acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 inhibitor improves hepatic steatosis and hepatic fibrosis in a pre-clinical NASH model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:280-289. [PMID: 34535562 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 and ACC2 are essential rate-limiting enzymes that synthesize malonyl-CoA (M-CoA) from acetyl-CoA. ACC1 is predominantly expressed in lipogenic tissues and regulates the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) flux. It is upregulated in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ultimately leading to the formation of fatty liver. Therefore, selective ACC1 inhibitors may prevent the pathophysiology of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by reducing hepatic fat, inflammation, and fibrosis. Many studies have suggested ACC1/2 dual inhibitors for treating NAFLD/NASH; however, reports on selective ACC1 inhibitors are lacking. In this study, we investigated the effects of compound-1, a selective ACC1 inhibitor for treating NAFLD/NASH, using pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo models. Compound-1 reduced M-CoA content and inhibited the incorporation of [14C] acetate into fatty acids in HepG2 cells. Additionally, it reduced hepatic M-CoA content and inhibited DNL in C57BL/6J mice after a single dose. Further, compound-1 treatment for 8 weeks in western diet-fed melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) knockout mice-NAFLD/NASH mouse model-improved liver hypertrophy and reduced hepatic triglyceride content. The reduction of hepatic M-CoA by the selective ACC1 inhibitor was highly correlated with reduction in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. These findings support further investigations of the use of this ACC1 inhibitor as a new treatment for NFLD/NASH. Significance Statement This is the first study to demonstrate that a novel selective inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) has anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and anti-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) effects in pre-clinical models. Treatment with this compound significantly improved hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in a mouse model. These findings support the use of this ACC1 inhibitor as a new treatment for NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Okano Tamura
- Strategy Planning Office, Takeda Development Center Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Derek M Erion
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, United States
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23
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Liefwalker DF, Ryan M, Wang Z, Pathak KV, Plaisier S, Shah V, Babra B, Dewson GS, Lai IK, Mosley AR, Fueger PT, Casey SC, Jiang L, Pirrotte P, Swaminathan S, Sears RC. Metabolic convergence on lipogenesis in RAS, BCR-ABL, and MYC-driven lymphoid malignancies. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:31. [PMID: 34399819 PMCID: PMC8369789 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming is a central feature in many cancer subtypes and a hallmark of cancer. Many therapeutic strategies attempt to exploit this feature, often having unintended side effects on normal metabolic programs and limited efficacy due to integrative nature of metabolic substrate sourcing. Although the initiating oncogenic lesion may vary, tumor cells in lymphoid malignancies often share similar environments and potentially similar metabolic profiles. We examined cells from mouse models of MYC-, RAS-, and BCR-ABL-driven lymphoid malignancies and find a convergence on de novo lipogenesis. We explore the potential role of MYC in mediating lipogenesis by 13C glucose tracing and untargeted metabolic profiling. Inhibition of lipogenesis leads to cell death both in vitro and in vivo and does not induce cell death of normal splenocytes. METHODS We analyzed RNA-seq data sets for common metabolic convergence in lymphoma and leukemia. Using in vitro cell lines derived in from conditional MYC, RAS, and BCR-ABL transgenic murine models and oncogene-driven human cell lines, we determined gene regulation, metabolic profiles, and sensitivity to inhibition of lipogenesis in lymphoid malignancies. We utilize preclinical murine models and transgenic primary model of T-ALL to determine the effect of lipogenesis blockade across BCR-ABL-, RAS-, and c-MYC-driven lymphoid malignancies. Statistical significance was calculated using unpaired t-tests and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS This study illustrates that de novo lipid biogenesis is a shared feature of several lymphoma subtypes. Using cell lines derived from conditional MYC, RAS, and BCR-ABL transgenic murine models, we demonstrate shared responses to inhibition of lipogenesis by the acetyl-coA carboxylase inhibitor 5-(tetradecloxy)-2-furic acid (TOFA), and other lipogenesis inhibitors. We performed metabolic tracing studies to confirm the influence of c-MYC and TOFA on lipogenesis. We identify specific cell death responses to TOFA in vitro and in vivo and demonstrate delayed engraftment and progression in vivo in transplanted lymphoma cell lines. We also observe delayed progression of T-ALL in a primary transgenic mouse model upon TOFA administration. In a panel of human cell lines, we demonstrate sensitivity to TOFA treatment as a metabolic liability due to the general convergence on de novo lipogenesis in lymphoid malignancies driven by MYC, RAS, or BCR-ABL. Importantly, cell death was not significantly observed in non-malignant cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that de novo lipogenesis may be a common survival strategy for many lymphoid malignancies and may be a clinically exploitable metabolic liability. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study does not include any clinical interventions on human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Liefwalker
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Meital Ryan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Seema Plaisier
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Vidhi Shah
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Bobby Babra
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Gabrielle S Dewson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Ian K Lai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adriane R Mosley
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Patrick T Fueger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Srividya Swaminathan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
- Department of Hematological Malignancies, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
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24
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Bence KK, Birnbaum MJ. Metabolic drivers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101143. [PMID: 33346069 PMCID: PMC8324696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly increasing worldwide parallel to the global obesity epidemic. NAFLD encompasses a range of liver pathologies and most often originates from metabolically driven accumulation of fat in the liver, or non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). In a subset of NAFL patients, the disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a more severe form of liver disease characterized by hepatocyte injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in our understanding of NASH pathogenesis, but gaps remain in our mechanistic knowledge of the precise metabolic triggers for disease worsening. SCOPE OF REVIEW The transition from NAFL to NASH likely involves a complex constellation of multiple factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the liver. This review focuses on early metabolic events in the establishment of NAFL and initial stages of NASH. We discuss the association of NAFL with obesity as well as the role of adipose tissue in disease progression and highlight early metabolic drivers implicated in the pathological transition from hepatic fat accumulation to steatohepatitis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The close association of NAFL with features of metabolic syndrome highlight plausible mechanistic roles for adipose tissue health and the release of lipotoxic lipids, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and disruption of the intestinal barrier in not only the initial establishment of hepatic steatosis, but also in mediating disease progression. Human genetic variants linked to NASH risk to date are heavily biased toward genes involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, providing compelling support for the hypothesis that NASH is fundamentally a metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
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25
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Wu X, Yu Y, Huang T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-phenoxy-phenyl isoxazoles as novel acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1236-1247. [PMID: 34100310 PMCID: PMC8205039 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1936514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a crucial enzyme in fatty acid metabolism, which plays a major role in the occurrence and development of certain tumours. Herein, one potential ACC inhibitor (6a) was identified through high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS), and a series of 4-phenoxy-phenyl isoxazoles were synthesised for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Among these compounds, 6g exhibited the most potent ACC inhibitory activity (IC50=99.8 nM), which was comparable to that of CP-640186. Moreover, the antiproliferation assay revealed that compound 6l exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 0.22 µM (A549), 0.26 µM (HepG2), and 0.21 µM (MDA-MB-231), respectively. The preliminary mechanistic studies on 6g and 6l suggested that the compounds decreased the malonyl-CoA levels, arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Overall, these results indicated that the 4-phenoxy-phenyl isoxazoles are potential for further study in cancer therapeutics as ACC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongbo Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tonghui Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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26
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Nguyen-Phuong T, Chung H, Jang J, Kim JS, Park CG. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1/2 blockade locks dendritic cells in the semimature state associated with FA deprivation by favoring FAO. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:539-551. [PMID: 34028877 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1a0920-561rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism is rising as an intriguing topic that reveals the connection between immune cell function and metabolic processes. Especially, fatty acid metabolism plays an essential role in the dendritic cells (DCs) during the differentiation and maturation period. We questioned whether regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2-(ACC1/2), the core enzymes of fatty acid synthesis (FAS), would control DC function. Here, we report that blocking ACC1/2 to prevent FAS during DC maturation switched their cellular metabolism into fatty acid oxidation to fuel oxidative phosphorylation. This action turned DCs to utilize exogenous fatty acids to sustain their basal energy demand and maintain a stable cellular respiration rate. Coincidentally, under the ACC1/2 inhibitor treatment, LPS-treated DCs exhibited a semimaturation phenotype with a maturation-resistance feature, with decreased expression of costimulatory molecules including CD86 and CD40, along with the reduction of IL-12 and IL-6. The migratory capability of DCs has been known to relate to the glycolysis pathway, and here we showed that the ACC1/2 blockade did not affect the expression of CCR7 and DC migration. Furthermore, we found that under the ACC1/2 blocking condition, DCs pulsed with OVA failed to activate OVA-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation even though their antigen uptake capacity was intact. Together, our data suggest ACC1/2 as a promising target to control DC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen-Phuong
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyun Jang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Tebbe AW, Hanson J, Weiss WP. Effects of metabolizable protein concentration, amino acid profile, and fiber source on the messenger RNA expression of skeletal muscle in peripartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7888-7901. [PMID: 33814155 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
After parturition, dairy cows mobilize AA from skeletal muscle to meet metabolizable protein (MP) requirements. High mobilization may compromise cow health and longer-term milk production. Postpartum diets with higher MP concentrations, improved AA profiles, or MP increased at the expense of forages rather than nonforage fiber sources may attenuate muscle catabolism; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible need investigation. We evaluated mRNA expression in the longissimus dorsi of cows fed postpartum diets differing in MP concentration, AA profile, and fiber source. From 0 to 25 d after parturition, 40 multiparous cows received the following diets: (1) 13% deficient in MP (D-MP), (2) adequate in MP using primarily soy protein (A-MP), (3) adequate in MP using blends of proteins and individual AA to improve the AA profile (Blend), or (4) similar to Blend except additional protein replaced forage (Blend-fNDF). Biopsies were taken approximately -5, 7, and 25 d relative to parturition. Greater dietary MP concentration (D-MP vs. A-MP and Blend) decreased expression of genes related to protein synthesis (MTOR, RPS6KB1) and degradation (FOXO1), inflammation (IFNG, TLR4), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (HSPA5, DDIT) and increased genes associated with lipogenesis (PPARG) and glucose oxidation (LDH, MB). In Blend versus A-MP (i.e., effect of AA profile), expression related to apoptosis (CASP8) and inflammation (TNFA) decreased and genes associated with cell cycle progression (E2F1) and fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fiber type (MYH4) increased. Less forage (Blend-fNDF vs. Blend) decreased genes associated with lipogenesis (PPARG, ACACA) and ER stress (BCL2, DDIT3, EIF2AK3, PPP1R15A) and increased genes associated with inflammation (TNF), inhibition of myogenesis (MSTN), and autophagy (PEBP1). In summary and based on mRNA expression, increasing MP supply may attenuate muscle turnover and ER stress. However, an unbalanced AA supply reduced cell cycle progression and protein synthesis. Lower energy supplies may reduce cell growth and cause autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Tebbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - William P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
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28
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Schlein C, Fischer AW, Sass F, Worthmann A, Tödter K, Jaeckstein MY, Behrens J, Lynes MD, Kiebish MA, Narain NR, Bussberg V, Darkwah A, Jespersen NZ, Nielsen S, Scheele C, Schweizer M, Braren I, Bartelt A, Tseng YH, Heeren J, Scheja L. Endogenous Fatty Acid Synthesis Drives Brown Adipose Tissue Involution. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108624. [PMID: 33440156 PMCID: PMC8240962 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoneutral conditions typical for standard human living environments result in brown adipose tissue (BAT) involution, characterized by decreased mitochondrial mass and increased lipid deposition. Low BAT activity is associated with poor metabolic health, and BAT reactivation may confer therapeutic potential. However, the molecular drivers of this BAT adaptive process in response to thermoneutrality remain enigmatic. Using metabolic and lipidomic approaches, we show that endogenous fatty acid synthesis, regulated by carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP), is the central regulator of BAT involution. By transcriptional control of lipogenesis-related enzymes, ChREBP determines the abundance and composition of both storage and membrane lipids known to regulate organelle turnover and function. Notably, ChREBP deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of lipogenesis during thermoneutral adaptation preserved mitochondrial mass and thermogenic capacity of BAT independently of mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, we establish lipogenesis as a potential therapeutic target to prevent loss of BAT thermogenic capacity as seen in adult humans. Schlein et al. show that carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) controls de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and determines BAT whitening in response to thermoneutral housing. ChREBP deficiency prevents enrichment of DNL-derived lipids and mitophagy during BAT involution, which is associated with higher thermogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Tödter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Y Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Behrens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Naja Zenius Jespersen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingke Braren
- Vector Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Molecular Metabolism & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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29
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Fatty acid synthesis and cancer: Aberrant expression of the ACACA and ACACB genes increases the risk for cancer. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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30
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Catlin NR, Bowman CJ, Campion SN, Davenport SD, Esler WP, Kumpf SW, Lewis EM, Nowland WS, Ross TT, Stedman DS, Stethem C, Cappon GD. Inhibition of ACC causes malformations in rats and rabbits: comparison of mammalian findings and alternative assays. Toxicol Sci 2020; 179:183-194. [PMID: 33247737 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is an enzyme within the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway and plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism. Pharmacologic ACC inhibition has been an area of interest for multiple potential indications including oncology, acne vulgaris, metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A critical role for ACC in de novo synthesis of long-chain fatty acids during fetal development has been demonstrated in studies in mice lacking Acc1, where the absence of Acc1 results in early embryonic lethality. Following positive predictions of developmental toxicity in alternative in vitro assays (positive in murine embryonic stem cell [mESC] assay and rat whole embryo culture, but negative in zebrafish), developmental toxicity (growth retardation and dysmorphogenesis associated with disrupted midline fusion) was observed with the oral administration of the dual ACC1 and 2 inhibitor, PF-05175157, in Sprague Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits. The results of these studies are presented here to make comparisons across the assays, as well as mechanistic insights from the mESC assay demonstrating high ACC expression in the mESC and that ACC induced developmental toxicity can be rescued with palmitic acid providing supportive evidence for DNL pathway inhibition as the underlying mechanism. Ultimately, while the battery of alternative approaches and weight-of-evidence case were useful for hazard identification, the embryo-fetal development studies were necessary to inform the risk assessment on the adverse fetal response, as malformations and/or embryo fetal lethality were limited to doses that caused near complete inhibition of DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha R Catlin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christopher J Bowman
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Sarah N Campion
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Scott D Davenport
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven W Kumpf
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Elise M Lewis
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Safety Assessment, Horsham, PA, USA
| | - William S Nowland
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Donald S Stedman
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christine Stethem
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Gregg D Cappon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
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31
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Kelly KL, Reagan WJ, Sonnenberg GE, Clasquin M, Hales K, Asano S, Amor PA, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Shirai N, Matthews MD, Li KW, Hellerstein MK, Vera NB, Ross TT, Cappon G, Bergman A, Buckeridge C, Sun Z, Qejvanaj EZ, Schmahai T, Beebe D, Pfefferkorn JA, Esler WP. De novo lipogenesis is essential for platelet production in humans. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1163-1178. [PMID: 32929234 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyses the first step of de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Pharmacologic inhibition of ACC has been of interest for therapeutic intervention in a wide range of diseases. We demonstrate here that ACC and DNL are essential for platelet production in humans and monkeys, but in not rodents or dogs. During clinical evaluation of a systemically distributed ACC inhibitor, unexpected dose-dependent reductions in platelet count were observed. While platelet count reductions were not observed in rat and dog toxicology studies, subsequent studies in cynomolgus monkeys recapitulated these platelet count reductions with a similar concentration response to that in humans. These studies, along with ex vivo human megakaryocyte maturation studies, demonstrate that platelet lowering is a consequence of DNL inhibition likely to result in impaired megakaryocyte demarcation membrane formation. These observations demonstrate that while DNL is a minor quantitative contributor to global lipid balance in humans, DNL is essential to specific lipid pools of physiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Kelly
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William J Reagan
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Gabriele E Sonnenberg
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Hales
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shoh Asano
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul A Amor
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Marcy D Matthews
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin W Li
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregg Cappon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clare Buckeridge
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Sun
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Enida Ziso Qejvanaj
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - David Beebe
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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32
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Huard K, Smith AC, Cappon G, Dow RL, Edmonds DJ, El-Kattan A, Esler WP, Fernando DP, Griffith DA, Kalgutkar AS, Ross TT, Bagley SW, Beebe D, Bi YA, Cabral S, Crowley C, Doran SD, Dowling MS, Liras S, Mascitti V, Niosi M, Pfefferkorn JA, Polivkova J, Préville C, Price DA, Shavnya A, Shirai N, Smith AH, Southers JR, Tess DA, Thuma BA, Varma MV, Yang X. Optimizing the Benefit/Risk of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitors through Liver Targeting. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10879-10896. [PMID: 32809824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical data suggest that acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors have the potential to rebalance disordered lipid metabolism, leading to improvements in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Consistent with these observations, first-in-human clinical trials with our ACC inhibitor PF-05175157 led to robust reduction of de novo lipogenesis (DNL), albeit with concomitant reductions in platelet count, which were attributed to the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis within bone marrow. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of carboxylic acid-based ACC inhibitors with organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) substrate properties, which facilitated selective distribution of the compounds at the therapeutic site of action (liver) relative to the periphery. These efforts led to the discovery of clinical candidate PF-05221304 (12), which selectively inhibits liver DNL in animals, while demonstrating considerable safety margins against platelet reduction in a nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Huard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron C Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregg Cappon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert L Dow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Edmonds
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ayman El-Kattan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William P Esler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dilinie P Fernando
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Griffith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott W Bagley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Beebe
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Collin Crowley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn D Doran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S Dowling
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Spiros Liras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vincent Mascitti
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Niosi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jana Polivkova
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cathy Préville
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Price
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew H Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James R Southers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Tess
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Benjamin A Thuma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Manthena V Varma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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33
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Montesdeoca N, López M, Ariza X, Herrero L, Makowski K. Inhibitors of lipogenic enzymes as a potential therapy against cancer. FASEB J 2020; 34:11355-11381. [PMID: 32761847 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000705r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells rely on several metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism to meet the increase in energy demand, cell division, and growth and successfully adapt to challenging environments. Fatty acid synthesis is therefore commonly enhanced in many cancer cell lines. Thus, relevant efforts are being made by the scientific community to inhibit the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism to disrupt cancer cell proliferation. We review the rapidly expanding body of inhibitors that target lipid metabolism, their side effects, and current status in clinical trials as potential therapeutic approaches against cancer. We focus on their molecular, biochemical and structural properties, selectivity and effectiveness and discuss their potential role as antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Montesdeoca
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Marta López
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Xavier Ariza
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kamil Makowski
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador
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34
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Liu T, Gou L, Yan S, Huang T. Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by PP-7a exerts beneficial effects on metabolic dysregulation in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:521-529. [PMID: 32550887 PMCID: PMC7296295 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) is a critical regulator of fatty acid metabolism and represents a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Recently, a novel ACC inhibitor, PP-7a, was developed by our group by utilizing a structure-based drug design. In the present study, the pharmacological effects of PP-7a on the metabolic dysregulation in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. The inhibitory effect on ACC activities was confirmed by assessing the level of malonyl-CoA, a product synthesized by the catalyzation of ACC. Following 16 weeks of being fed an HFD, the mice were administered PP-7a (15, 45 or 75 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The effects of PP-7a on weight gain, glucose intolerance, hepatic lipid accumulation and the increase of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and free fatty acids (FFA) in mice were assessed. CP-640186 was used as a positive control drug and administered in the same manner as PP-7a. Chronic administration of PP-7a lowered the malonyl-CoA levels in liver and heart tissues of mice in the HFD group. In addition, HFD-induced weight gain and glucose intolerance were improved by PP-7a treatment in the mice fed the HFD. Furthermore, PP-7a suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and the increase in TG, TC and FFA levels. Taken together, these results suggest that ACC inhibition by PP-7a may have a beneficial effect on metabolic dysregulation in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianya Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Lingshan Gou
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Shirong Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Tonghui Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
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35
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Esler WP, Tesz GJ, Hellerstein MK, Beysen C, Sivamani R, Turner SM, Watkins SM, Amor PA, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Geoly FJ, Biddle KE, Purkal JJ, Fitch M, Buckeridge C, Silvia AM, Griffith DA, Gorgoglione M, Hassoun L, Bosanac SS, Vera NB, Rolph TP, Pfefferkorn JA, Sonnenberg GE. Human sebum requires de novo lipogenesis, which is increased in acne vulgaris and suppressed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/492/eaau8465. [PMID: 31092695 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau8465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sebum plays important physiological roles in human skin. Excess sebum production contributes to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, and suppression of sebum production reduces acne incidence and severity. We demonstrate that sebum production in humans depends on local flux through the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway within the sebocyte. About 80 to 85% of sebum palmitate (16:0) and sapienate (16:1n10) were derived from DNL, based on stable isotope labeling, much higher than the contribution of DNL to triglyceride palmitate in circulation (~20%), indicating a minor contribution by nonskin sources to sebum lipids. This dependence on local sebocyte DNL was not recapitulated in two widely used animal models of sebum production, Syrian hamsters and Göttingen minipigs. Confirming the importance of DNL for human sebum production, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor, ACCi-1, dose-dependently suppressed DNL and blocked synthesis of fatty acids, triglycerides, and wax esters but not free sterols in human sebocytes in vitro. ACCi-1 dose-dependently suppressed facial sebum excretion by ~50% (placebo adjusted) in human individuals dosed orally for 2 weeks. Sebum triglycerides, wax esters, and free fatty acids were suppressed by ~66%, whereas non-DNL-dependent lipid species, cholesterol, and squalene were not reduced, confirming selective modulation of DNL-dependent lipids. Last, individuals with acne vulgaris exhibited increased sebum production rates relative to individuals with normal skin, with >80% of palmitate and sapienate derived from DNL. These findings highlight the importance of local sebocyte DNL for human skin sebaceous gland biology and illuminate a potentially exploitable therapeutic target for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Esler
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Gregory J Tesz
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Raja Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95816, USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Amor
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Santos Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Frank J Geoly
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kathleen E Biddle
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Julie J Purkal
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Clare Buckeridge
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Annette M Silvia
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David A Griffith
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Gorgoglione
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lauren Hassoun
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95816, USA
| | - Suzana S Bosanac
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95816, USA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabriele E Sonnenberg
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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36
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Lambrecht J, van Grunsven LA, Tacke F. Current and emerging pharmacotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1637-1650. [PMID: 32543284 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1774553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic liver disease is due to various causes of persistent liver damage and will eventually lead to the development of liver fibrosis. If no treatment is initiated, this condition may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatments comprise the elimination of the cause of injury, such as by lifestyle changes, alcohol abstinence, and antiviral agents. However, such etiology-driven therapy is often insufficient in patients with late-stage fibrosis/cirrhosis, therefore maintaining the need for efficient antifibrotic pharmacotherapeutic interventions. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the recent advances in the development of antifibrotic drugs, which target various pathways of the fibrogenesis process, including cell death, inflammation, gut-liver axis, and myofibroblast activation. Due to the significant burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), various agents which specifically target metabolic pathways and their related receptors/ligands have been developed. For some of them, e.g., obeticholic acid, advanced stage clinical trials indicate antifibrotic efficacy in NAFLD and NASH. EXPERT OPINION Significant advances have been made in the development of novel antifibrotic pharmacotherapeutics. The authors expect that the development of combinatorial therapies, which combine compounds that target various pathways of fibrosis progression, will have a major impact as future etiology-independent therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Lambrecht
- Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center , Berlin, Germany
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37
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Ross TT, Crowley C, Kelly KL, Rinaldi A, Beebe DA, Lech MP, Martinez RV, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Boucher M, Hirenallur-Shanthappa D, Morin J, Opsahl AC, Vargas SR, Bence KK, Pfefferkorn JA, Esler WP. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibition Improves Multiple Dimensions of NASH Pathogenesis in Model Systems. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:829-851. [PMID: 32526482 PMCID: PMC7509217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Disordered metabolism, steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis contribute to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the first committed step in de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and modulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Increased hepatic DNL flux and reduced fatty acid oxidation are hypothesized to contribute to steatosis. Some proinflammatory cells also show increased dependency on DNL, suggesting that ACC may regulate aspects of the inflammatory response in NASH. PF-05221304 is an orally bioavailable, liver-directed ACC1/2 inhibitor. The present studies sought to evaluate the effects of PF-05221304 on NASH pathogenic factors in experimental model systems. METHODS The effects of PF-05221304 on lipid metabolism, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis were investigated in both primary human-derived in vitro systems and in vivo rodent models. RESULTS PF-05221304 inhibited DNL, stimulated fatty acid oxidation, and reduced triglyceride accumulation in primary human hepatocytes, and reduced DNL and steatosis in Western diet-fed rats in vivo, showing the potential to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation and potentially lipotoxicity. PF-05221304 blocked polarization of human T cells to proinflammatory but not anti-inflammatory T cells, and suppressed activation of primary human stellate cells to myofibroblasts in vitro, showing direct effects on inflammation and fibrogenesis. Consistent with these observations, PF-05221304 also reduced markers of inflammation and fibrosis in the diethylnitrosamine chemical-induced liver injury model and the choline-deficient, high-fat-fed rat model. CONCLUSIONS The liver-directed dual ACC1/ACC2 inhibitor directly improved multiple nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/NASH pathogenic factors including steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in both human-derived in vitro systems and rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton T Ross
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Collin Crowley
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth L Kelly
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Anthony Rinaldi
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - David A Beebe
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Matthew P Lech
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Robert V Martinez
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - Magalie Boucher
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeffrey Morin
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Alan C Opsahl
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Sarah R Vargas
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge Massachusetts.
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Recent development in acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors and their potential as novel drugs. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:533-561. [PMID: 32048880 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a critical enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, has emerged as an attractive target for a plethora of emerging diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, bacterial infections and so on. With decades of efforts in medicinal chemistry, significant progress has been made toward the design and discovery of a considerable number of inhibitors of this enzyme. In this review, we not only clarify the role of ACC in emerging diseases, but also summarize recent developments of potent ACC inhibitors and discuss their molecular mechanisms of action and potentials as novel drugs as well as future perspectives toward the design and discovery of novel ACC inhibitors.
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Lu Y, Su X, Zhao M, Zhang Q, Liu C, Lai Q, Wu S, Fang A, Yang J, Chen X, Yao Y. Comparative RNA-sequencing profiled the differential gene expression of liver in response to acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor GS-0976 in a mouse model of NASH. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8115. [PMID: 31879571 PMCID: PMC6927352 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease characterized by hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation and fibrosis. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) isoform 1 and 2 involved in de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and fatty acid oxidation have been identified as a therapeutic target in NASH. GS-0976, the inhibitor of ACC1 and ACC2, has achieved favorable therapeutic effects in clinical trials with NASH. The purpose of this study was to explore the transcriptional alterations regulated by GS-0976 in NASH. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed on a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) or normal diet for 12 weeks. Mice were treated with or without GS-0976 (3 mg/kg per day) in the last 8 weeks. Oil Red O, Haematoxylin-eosin (H & E), and Sirius Red were used to evaluate hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. The comparative RNA-sequencing was conducted to analyse the hepatic gene expression profiles in mice. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to validate the differential expression of representative genes. Results GS-0976 attenuated the steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis of NASH in CDAHFD mouse model. High-throughput sequencing and differential gene expression analysis showed that there were 516 up-regulated genes and 525 down-regulated genes after GS-0976 treatment. Genes involved in the metabolic process, extracellular matrix formation, immune response, and angiogenesis were significantly enriched. The “Metabolic pathways” and “ECM-receptor interaction” pathways were the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways in the up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Conclusions Transcriptome analysis showed that GS-0976 could regulate the expression of genes related to metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. The global transcriptomic changes in gene expression promote the further understanding for the inhibition mechanisms of GS-0976 in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manyu Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhuai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijia Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Patel BM, Goyal RK. Liver and insulin resistance: New wine in old bottle!!! Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen L, Duan Y, Wei H, Ning H, Bi C, Zhao Y, Qin Y, Li Y. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) as a therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and recent developments in ACC1/2 inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:917-930. [PMID: 31430206 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1657825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) is an essential rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid metabolism. For many years, ACC inhibitors have gained great attention for developing therapeutics for various human diseases including microbial infections, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Areas covered: We present a comprehensive review and update of ACC inhibitors. We look at the current advance of ACC inhibitors in clinical studies and the implications in drug discovery. We searched ScienceDirect ( https://www.sciencedirect.com/ ), ACS ( https://pubs.acs.org/ ), Wiley ( https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ), NCBI ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ) and World Health Organization ( https://www.who.int/ ). The keywords used were Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, lipid, inhibitors and metabolic syndrome. All documents were published before June 2019. Expert opinion: The key regulatory role of ACC in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation pathways makes it an attractive target for various metabolic diseases. In particular, the combination of ACC inhibitors with other drugs is a new strategy for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expanding the clinical indications for ACC inhibitors will be one of the hot directions in the future. It is also worth looking forward to exploring safe and efficient inhibitors that act on the BC domain of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Huiqiang Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Hongxin Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Changfen Bi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology , Chongqing , China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Yiliang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
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Esler WP, Bence KK. Metabolic Targets in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:247-267. [PMID: 31004828 PMCID: PMC6698700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise worldwide and currently has no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy. The increase in disease burden of NAFLD and a more severe form of this progressive liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), largely mirrors the increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and reflects the hepatic manifestation of an altered metabolic state. Indeed, metabolic syndrome, defined as a constellation of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, is the major risk factor predisposing the NAFLD and NASH. There are multiple potential pharmacologic strategies to rebalance aspects of disordered metabolism in NAFLD. These include therapies aimed at reducing hepatic steatosis by directly modulating lipid metabolism within the liver, inhibiting fructose metabolism, altering delivery of free fatty acids from the adipose to the liver by targeting insulin resistance and/or adipose metabolism, modulating glycemia, and altering pleiotropic metabolic pathways simultaneously. Emerging data from human genetics also supports a role for metabolic drivers in NAFLD and risk for progression to NASH. In this review, we highlight the prominent metabolic drivers of NAFLD pathogenesis and discuss the major metabolic targets of NASH pharmacotherapy.
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Key Words
- acc, acetyl-coa carboxylase
- alt, alanine aminotransferase
- aso, anti-sense oligonucleotide
- ast, aspartate aminotransferase
- chrebp, carbohydrate response element binding protein
- ci, confidence interval
- dgat, diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase
- dnl, de novo lipogenesis
- fas, fatty acid synthase
- ffa, free fatty acid
- fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- fxr, farnesoid x receptor
- glp-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- hdl, high-density lipoprotein
- homa-ir, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
- ldl, low-density lipoprotein
- nafld, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- nas, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score
- nash, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- or, odds ratio
- pdff, proton density fat fraction
- ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- sglt2, sodium glucose co-transporter 2
- srebp-1c, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c
- t2d, type 2 diabetes
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tg, triglyceride
- th, thyroid hormone
- thr, thyroid hormone receptor
- treg, regulatory t cells
- tzd, thiazolidinedione
- vldl, very low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Naini A, Sasse F, Brönstrup M. The intriguing chemistry and biology of soraphens. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1394-1411. [PMID: 30950477 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2018Soraphens are a class of polyketide natural products discovered from the myxobacterial strain Sorangium cellulosum. The review is intended to provide an overview on the biosynthesis, chemistry and biological properties of soraphens, that represent a prime example to showcase the value of natural products as tools to decipher cell biology, but also to open novel therapeutic options. The prototype soraphen A is an inhibitor of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC1/2), an enzyme that converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA and thereby controls essential cellular metabolic processes like lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. Soraphens illustrate how the inhibition of a single target (ACC1/2) may be explored to treat various pathological conditions: initially developed as a fungicide, efforts in the past decade were directed towards human diseases, including diabetes/obesity, cancer, hepatitis C, HIV, and autoimmune disease - and led to a synthetic molecule, discovered by virtual screening of the allosteric binding site of soraphen in ACC, that is currently in phase 2 clinical trials. We will summarize how structural analogs of soraphen A have been generated through extensive isolation efforts, genetic engineering of the biosynthetic gene cluster, semisynthesis as well as partial and total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Naini
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University, 30159 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florenz Sasse
- Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University, 30159 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University, 30159 Hannover, Germany and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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44
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Nguyen TH, Waldrop GL, Gilman SD. Capillary electrophoretic assay of human acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1558-1564. [PMID: 30828828 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2 catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl coenzyme A to form malonyl coenzyme A, along with the conversion of magnesium-adenosine triphosphate complex to magnesium-adenosine diphosphate complex. A simple off-column capillary electrophoresis assay for human acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2 was developed based on the separation of magnesium-adenosine triphosphate complex, magnesium-adenosine diphosphate complex, acetyl coenzyme A and malonyl coenzyme A with detection by ultraviolet absorption at 256 nm. When Mg2+ was absent from the separation buffer, the zones due to magnesium-adenosine triphosphate complex and magnesium-adenosine diphosphate complex both split and migrated as two separate peaks. With Mg2+ added to the separation buffer, magnesium-adenosine triphosphate complex and magnesium-adenosine diphosphate complex produced single peaks, and the reproducibility of peak shape and area improved for human acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2 assay components. The final separation buffer used was 30.0 mM HEPES, 3.0 mM MgCl2 , 2.5 mM KHCO3 , and 2.5 mM potassium citrate at pH 7.50. The same buffer was used for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction (off-column). Inhibition of human acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2 by CP-640186, a known inhibitor, was detected using the capillary electrophoresis assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Grover L Waldrop
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - S Douglass Gilman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Xie L, Zhang Y, Li X, Chai L, Wang H. Exposure to nitrate alters the histopathology and gene expression in the liver of Bufo gargarizans tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:308-319. [PMID: 30419385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is a ubiquitous component in aquatic environment and the concentrations of anthropogenic nitrate-nitrogen (NO3N) can exceed 25 mg/L in surface waters and 100 mg/L in ground waters. The exceed nitrate has adverse effects on survival, development, and metamorphosis of amphibian. Liver is the hub of many biological processes, including lipid metabolism and bile salts secretion. However, there is little information about the effects of nitrate on the liver in amphibians during metamorphosis. In this study, B. gargarizans was exposed to different concentrations of nitrate from embryo to metamorphosis climax to investigate the effects of nitrate on the liver. The survival rate, metamorphosis percent, body mass, total length, and hind-limb length were measured. The histopathological changes and transcriptome responses in the liver of B. gargarizans to nitrate were examined. Results indicated exposure to 50 and 100 mg/L NO3N delayed the metamorphosis and decreased the metamorphosis percent of B. gargarizans. The body size of B. gargarizans at 10 and 50 mg/L NO3N groups were decreased while it was increased at 100 mg/L NO3N group. In addition, exposure to 100 mg/L NO3N caused severe histopathological changes, including cellular atrophy, increased intercellular areas, degraded lipid droplets, hepatic fibrosis, bile canaliculus contraction and degraded mitochondria in liver. The results of RNA-seq and qRT-PCR interpreted the molecular responses, which might be the factors to induce histopathological changes in the liver of B. gargarizans under the pressure of nitrate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Resistance determination of the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide of clodinafop propargyl in Avena ludoviciana (Durieu), and study of their interaction using molecular docking and simulation. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:415-424. [PMID: 30448893 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Structural mutations providing herbicide resistance may cause a modification of the three dimensional structure of a protein which will lead to a decrease in the herbicide efficacy. Wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu.) is an increasingly disruptive weed in areas of intensive cereal production, thus the aim of this research was to identify mutations conferring resistance to ACCase-inhibitor herbicides at greenhouse, laboratory and in silico scales. Among the selected biotypes, No. 3 in the position 1781 (Ile1781-Leu) and No. 14 in the position 2041 (Ile2041-Asn), showed resistance to ACCase-inhibitor. The above mutations were confirmed using the specific primers and PCR-based methods. Analysis of molecular docking indicated that residues of Trp1948 and Pro2001 are important in the binding site and showed remarkable variation in the mutation types. Using molecular dynamic simulation analysis, we demonstrated that mutation types changed the conformation of the enzyme. These changes resulted in compressed conformation in the active site, which limited the availability of binding herbicide-enzyme. In present, no crystallography molecular structure and modeling reported on the ACCase of plants and this study investigated interactions of clodinafop propargyl and ACCase CT domain in A. ludoviciana by modeling, docking and simulations for the first time. Totally, bioinformatics analysis as well as PCR-based method confirmed that herbicide resistance conferred by nucleotide mutations in the gene sequence.
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Lee TY, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Schilder RJ, Kim CH, Richard SD, Rosenblum NG, Johnson JM. Metformin as a Therapeutic Target in Endometrial Cancers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:341. [PMID: 30211120 PMCID: PMC6121131 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Its increasing incidence is thought to be related in part to the rise of metabolic syndrome, which has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of hyperestrogenic and hyperinsulinemic states. This has consequently lead to an increase in other hormone-responsive cancers as well e.g., breast and ovarian cancer. The correlation between obesity, hyperglycemia, and endometrial cancer has highlighted the important role of metabolism in cancer establishment and persistence. Tumor-mediated reprogramming of the microenvironment and macroenvironment can range from induction of cytokines and growth factors to stimulation of surrounding stromal cells to produce energy-rich catabolites, fueling the growth, and survival of cancer cells. Such mechanisms raise the prospect of the metabolic microenvironment itself as a viable target for treatment of malignancies. Metformin is a biguanide drug that is a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes that has beneficial effects on various markers of the metabolic syndrome. Many studies suggest that metformin shows potential as an adjuvant treatment for uterine and other cancers. Here, we review the evidence for metformin as a treatment for cancers of the endometrium. We discuss the available clinical data and the molecular mechanisms by which it may exert its effects, with a focus on how it may alter the tumor microenvironment. The pleiotropic effects of metformin on cellular energy production and usage as well as intercellular and hormone-based interactions make it a promising candidate for reprogramming of the cancer ecosystem. This, along with other treatments aimed at targeting tumor metabolic pathways, may lead to novel treatment strategies for endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Y Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Russell J Schilder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christine H Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott D Richard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Norman G Rosenblum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Chemoproteomics reveals baicalin activates hepatic CPT1 to ameliorate diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5896-E5905. [PMID: 29891721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801745115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic diseases are becoming worldwide epidemics that lead to increased death rates and heavy health care costs. Effective treatment options have not been found yet. Here, based on the observation that baicalin, a flavonoid from the herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis, has unique antisteatosis activity, we performed quantitative chemoproteomic profiling and identified carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), the controlling enzyme for fatty acid oxidation, as the key target of baicalin. The flavonoid directly activated hepatic CPT1 with isoform selectivity to accelerate the lipid influx into mitochondria for oxidation. Chronic treatment of baicalin ameliorated diet-induced obesity (DIO) and hepatic steatosis and led to systemic improvement of other metabolic disorders. Disruption of the predicted binding site of baicalin on CPT1 completely abolished the beneficial effect of the flavonoid. Our discovery of baicalin as an allosteric CPT1 activator opens new opportunities for pharmacological treatment of DIO and associated sequelae.
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Park SS, Lee YJ, Song S, Kim B, Kang H, Oh S, Kim E. Lactobacillus acidophilus NS1 attenuates diet-induced obesity and fatty liver. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:87-100. [PMID: 29507043 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major threat to public health, and it is strongly associated with insulin resistance and fatty liver disease. Here, we demonstrated that administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus NS1 (LNS1) significantly reduced obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation, with a concomitant improvement in insulin sensitivity, in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Furthermore, administration of LNS1 inhibited the effect of HFD feeding on the SREBP-1c and PPARα signaling pathways and reduced lipogenesis with an increase in fatty acid oxidation in ex vivo livers from HFD-fed mice. These LNS1 effects were confirmed in HepG2 cells and ex vivo livers by treatment with LNS1 culture supernatant (LNS1-CS). Interestingly, AMPK phosphorylation and activity in the liver of HFD-fed mice were increased by administration of LNS1. Consistently, chemical inhibition of AMPK with compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMPK, dramatically reduced the effect of LNS1-CS on lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells and ex vivo livers by modulating the SREBP-1c and PPARα signaling pathways. Furthermore, administration of LNS1 to HFD-fed mice significantly improved insulin resistance and increased Akt phosphorylation in the liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Together, these data suggest that LNS1 may prevent diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders by improving lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity through an AMPK→SREBP-1c/PPARα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Biological SciencesCollege of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Joo Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesCollege of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sooyeon Song
- Division of Animal ScienceCollege of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Boyong Kim
- Gwangju CenterKorea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyuno Kang
- Gwangju CenterKorea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Division of Animal ScienceCollege of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eungseok Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesCollege of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Nexus of Metabolic and Hepatic Diseases. Cell Metab 2018; 27:22-41. [PMID: 28867301 PMCID: PMC5762395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD is closely linked with hepatic insulin resistance. Accumulation of hepatic diacylglycerol activates PKC-ε, impairing insulin receptor activation and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. Peripheral insulin resistance indirectly influences hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by increasing flux of substrates that promote lipogenesis (glucose and fatty acids) and gluconeogenesis (glycerol and fatty acid-derived acetyl-CoA, an allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase). Weight loss with diet or bariatric surgery effectively treats NAFLD, but drugs specifically approved for NAFLD are not available. Some new pharmacological strategies act broadly to alter energy balance or influence pathways that contribute to NAFLD (e.g., agonists for PPAR γ, PPAR α/δ, FXR and analogs for FGF-21, and GLP-1). Others specifically inhibit key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (e.g., mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and monoacyl- and diacyl-glycerol transferases). Finally, a novel class of liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupling agents increases hepatocellular energy expenditure, reversing the metabolic and hepatic complications of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varman T Samuel
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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