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Guerreiro C, Rinaldi A, Brandão E, de Jesus M, Gonçalves L, Mateus N, de Freitas V, Soares S. A look upon the adsorption of different astringent agents to oral models: Understanding the contribution of alternative mechanisms in astringency. Food Chem 2024; 448:139153. [PMID: 38569410 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Salivary proteins precipitation by interaction with polyphenols is the major mechanism for astringency. However, alternative mechanisms seem involved in the perception of different subqualities of astringency. In this study, adsorption of four astringent agents to in vitro oral models and their sensory properties were assessed. Overall, green tea infusion and tannic acid have shown a higher adsorption potential for models with oral cells and absence of saliva. Alum and grape seed extract presented higher adsorption in models with presence of oral cells and saliva. Multiple factor analysis suggested that adsorption may represent important mechanisms to elicit the astringency of alum. Models including saliva, were closely associated with overall astringency and aggressive subquality. Models with cells and absent saliva were closely associated with greenness, suggesting a taste receptor mechanism involvement in the perception. For the first time a correlation between an oral-cell based assay and astringency sensory perception was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guerreiro
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Elsa Brandão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica de Jesus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689, Porto, Portugal
| | - Victor de Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Harris ES, McIntire HJ, Mazur M, Schulz-Hildebrandt H, Leung HM, Tearney GJ, Krick S, Rowe SM, Barnes JW. Reduced sialylation of airway mucin impairs mucus transport by altering the biophysical properties of mucin. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16568. [PMID: 39019950 PMCID: PMC11255327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucus stasis is a pathologic hallmark of muco-obstructive diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF). Mucins, the principal component of mucus, are extensively modified with hydroxyl (O)-linked glycans, which are largely terminated by sialic acid. Sialic acid is a negatively charged monosaccharide and contributes to the biochemical/biophysical properties of mucins. Reports suggest that mucin sialylation may be altered in CF; however, the consequences of reduced sialylation on mucus clearance have not been fully determined. Here, we investigated the consequences of reduced sialylation on the charge state and conformation of the most prominent airway mucin, MUC5B, and defined the functional consequences of reduced sialylation on mucociliary transport (MCT). Reduced sialylation contributed to a lower charged MUC5B form and decreased polymer expansion. The inhibition of total mucin sialylation de novo impaired MCT in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and rat airways, and specific α-2,3 sialylation blockade was sufficient to recapitulate these findings. Finally, we show that ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal1) expression is downregulated in CF and partially restored by correcting CFTR via Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor treatment. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of mucin sialylation in mucus clearance and identifies decreased sialylation by ST3Gal1 as a possible therapeutic target in CF and potentially other muco-obstructive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elex S Harris
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 422, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hannah J McIntire
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 422, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marina Mazur
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 422, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Hui Min Leung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefanie Krick
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 422, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 422, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Jarrod W Barnes
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Blvd. Tinsley Harrison Tower, Suite 422, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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3
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Jaramillo AM, Vladar EK, Holguin F, Dickey BF, Evans CM. Emerging cell and molecular targets for treating mucus hypersecretion in asthma. Allergol Int 2024; 73:375-381. [PMID: 38692992 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucus provides a protective barrier that is crucial for host defense in the lungs. However, excessive or abnormal mucus can have pathophysiological consequences in many pulmonary diseases, including asthma. Patients with asthma are treated with agents that relax airway smooth muscle and reduce airway inflammation, but responses are often inadequate. In part, this is due to the inability of existing therapeutic agents to directly target mucus. Accordingly, there is a critical need to better understand how mucus hypersecretion and airway plugging are affected by the epithelial cells that synthesize, secrete, and transport mucus components. This review highlights recent advances in the biology of mucin glycoproteins with a specific focus on MUC5AC and MUC5B, the chief macromolecular components of airway mucus. An improved mechanistic understanding of key steps in mucin production and secretion will help reveal novel potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Jaramillo
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eszter K Vladar
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fernando Holguin
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Burton F Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas M.D., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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4
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Harris ES, McIntire HJ, Mazur M, Schulz-Hildebrandt H, Leung HM, Tearney GJ, Krick S, Rowe SM, Barnes JW. Reduced Sialylation of Airway Mucin Impairs Mucus Transport by Altering the Biophysical Properties of Mucin. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4421613. [PMID: 38853971 PMCID: PMC11160914 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421613/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Mucus stasis is a pathologic hallmark of muco-obstructive diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF). Mucins, the principal component of mucus, are extensively modified with hydroxyl (O)-linked glycans, which are largely terminated by sialic acid. Sialic acid is a negatively charged monosaccharide and contributes to the biochemical/biophysical properties of mucins. Reports suggest that mucin sialylation may be altered in CF; however, the consequences of reduced sialylation on mucus clearance have not been fully determined. Here, we investigated the consequences of reduced sialylation on the charge state and conformation of the most prominent airway mucin, MUC5B, and defined the functional consequences of reduced sialylation on mucociliary transport (MCT). Reduced sialylation contributed to a lower charged MUC5B form and decreased polymer expansion. The inhibition of total mucin sialylation de novo impaired MCT in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and rat airways, and specific α-2,3 sialylation blockade was sufficient to recapitulate these findings. Finally, we show that ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal1) expression is downregulated in CF and partially restored by correcting CFTR via Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor treatment. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of mucin sialylation in mucus clearance and identifies decreased sialylation by ST3Gal1 as a possible therapeutic target in CF and potentially other muco-obstructive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elex S Harris
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hannah J McIntire
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marina Mazur
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefanie Krick
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jarrod W Barnes
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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5
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Faruque MRJ, Taidouch K, Bikker FJ, Ligtenberg AJM. Exploring the Correlation between Salivary Spinnbarkeit and Caries Scores. Caries Res 2024; 58:111-116. [PMID: 38246142 PMCID: PMC10997273 DOI: 10.1159/000536402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, the relationship between the spinnbarkeit, i.e., the stretchability of saliva, and dental caries was investigated. METHODS Dentistry students were divided into a group with more than 2 decayed, missed, and filled teeth (DMFT ≥2, n = 30) and caries-free group (DMFT = 0, n = 36). RESULTS Unstimulated saliva flow rate, pH, and spinnbarkeit were determined. Salivary spinnbarkeit was significantly lower in the caries-prone group compared to the caries-free group (5.4 ± 3.9 mm vs. 13.5 ± 7.6 mm, respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This suggests that saliva with high spinnbarkeit protects better against dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouri R J Faruque
- Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kawtar Taidouch
- Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon J M Ligtenberg
- Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Kokkali M, Sveen L, Larsson T, Krasnov A, Giakovakis A, Sweetman J, Lyons P, Kousoulaki K. Optimisation of trace mineral supplementation in diets for Atlantic salmon smolt with reference to holistic fish performance in terms of growth, health, welfare, and potential environmental impacts. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1214987. [PMID: 37664428 PMCID: PMC10469859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1214987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquafeed ingredient inventory is ever changing, from marine to plant based, and recently evolving to incorporate increasing amounts of low trophic, side stream and circular economy based raw materials, each one contributing with variable amounts and qualities of macro- and micronutrients. Meeting the micronutrient requirement of farmed fish for healthy and efficient growth under normal and challenging conditions is of paramount importance. In this study we run a trial based on a 2 × 4 factorial design with three replications for each dietary treatment, where Atlantic salmon smolt were fed one of 8 experimental diets supplemented with either organic or inorganic mineral premixes (copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc) at four dietary inclusion levels. We saw a trend for higher growth rate in the organic mineral groups irrespective of the dietary mineral levels. Mineral digestibility was negatively correlated with increasing mineral supplementation levels for all tested minerals but Se which increased with the increasing supplementation in the inorganic and up to the 2nd inclusion level in the organic mineral groups. Increasing mineral supplementation affected retention efficiency of Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe while mineral source affected only the retention of Se which was higher in the organic mineral groups. Moreover, fish obtained higher EPA and DHA in their body and increased slaughter yield in the organic as compared to the inorganic mineral groups and corroborated that trace mineral inclusion levels play a key role on salmon fillet's technical quality. More effects from different origin and dietary inclusion levels of trace minerals were seen on fillet yield, fillet technical and nutritional quality, bone strength, skin morphology, organ mineralization and midgut transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lene Sveen
- Department of Fish Health, Nofima, Ås, Norway
| | - Thomas Larsson
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Nofima, Bergen, Norway
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7
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Faruque MRJ, Cukkemane N, Fu C, Nazmi K, Laine ML, Bikker FJ. Identification and Characterization of MUC5B Binding Peptides by Phage Display. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 147:105624. [PMID: 36701953 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MUC5B plays a multifactorial role in oral health. As a consequence, decreased MUC5B output leads to impaired salivary functions and xerostomia. Synthetic combinatorial technologies have been used to develop functional peptide libraries by phage display e.g. for therapeutic purposes. In this light, our primary aim was to identify peptide sequences with specific selectivity for salivary MUC5B in vitro using phage display. Our secondary aims were to analyze their effect on salivary spinnbarkeit in situ and their effect on acid-induced demineralization in vitro. METHODS MUC5B binding phages were selected by phage display. Peptide affinity to MUC5B was evaluated using MUC5B coated hydroxyapatite (HA) granules. The MUC5B binding peptides (MBPs) were then examined for their effects on salivary spinnbarkeit and protective effect on acid-induced demineralization in vitro. A competitive ELISA was performed to identify the binding epitope on MUC5B using F2, a MUC5B specific antibody. RESULTS MBP-12 and MBP-14 displayed the highest affinity to MUC5B. MBP-12 mildly stabilized the spinnbarkeit of serous saliva after overnight incubation and of mucous saliva at all timepoints tested. The addition of MBP-12 to a pellicle of unstimulated saliva on HA discs showed no additive protective effect against acid-induced demineralization. Epitope characterization suggested sulfo-Lewisa SO3-3Gal_1-3GlcNAc (galactose residue) as MBP-12 binding site on MUC5B. CONCLUSIONS The use of phage display in generating MBPs was successful. Characterization of the MBPs revealed a mild effect on spinnbarkeit in case of mucous saliva. Possibly, combinatorial peptide libraries might contribute to the development of novel formulations to treat xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouri R J Faruque
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Nivedita Cukkemane
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cuicui Fu
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Wagner CE, Krupkin M, Smith-Dupont KB, Wu CM, Bustos NA, Witten J, Ribbeck K. Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Native Mucus and Reconstituted Mucin Gels. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:628-639. [PMID: 36727870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Simulating native mucus with model systems such as gels made from reconstituted mucin or commercially available polymers presents experimental advantages including greater sample availability and reduced inter- and intradonor heterogeneity. Understanding whether these gels reproduce the complex physical and biochemical properties of native mucus at multiple length scales is critical to building relevant experimental models, but few systematic comparisons have been reported. Here, we compared bulk mechanical properties, microstructure, and biochemical responses of mucus from different niches, reconstituted mucin gels (with similar pH and polymer concentrations as native tissues), and commonly used commercially available polymers. To evaluate gel properties across these length scales, we used small-amplitude oscillatory shear, single-particle tracking, and microaffinity chromatography with small analytes. With the exception of human saliva, the mechanical response of mucin gels was qualitatively similar to that of native mucus. The transport behavior of charged peptides through native mucus gels was qualitatively reproduced in gels composed of corresponding isolated mucins. Compared to native mucus, we observed substantial differences in the physicochemical properties of gels reconstituted from commercially available mucins and the substitute carboxymethylcellulose, which is currently used in artificial tear and saliva treatments. Our study highlights the importance of selecting a mucus model system guided by the length scale relevant to the scientific investigation or disease application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Wagner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Miri Krupkin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Kathryn B Smith-Dupont
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Chloe M Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Nicole A Bustos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jacob Witten
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Computational and Systems Biology Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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9
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Agorastos G, van Halsema E, Bast A, Klosse P. On the importance of saliva in mouthfeel sensations. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Oral Nanomedicines for siRNA Delivery to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091969. [PMID: 36145716 PMCID: PMC9503894 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) therapies have significant potential for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although administering small interfering RNA (siRNA) via an oral route is desirable, various hurdles including physicochemical, mucus, and cellular uptake barriers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) impede both the delivery of siRNA to the target site and the action of siRNA drugs at the target site. In this review, we first discuss various physicochemical and biological barriers in the GI tract. Furthermore, we present recent strategies and the progress of oral siRNA delivery strategies to treat IBD. Finally, we consider the challenges faced in the use of these strategies and future directions of oral siRNA delivery strategies.
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11
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Puri V, Kaur VP, Singh A, Singh C. Recent advances on drug delivery applications of mucopenetrative/mucoadhesive particles: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Alexander RW, Tian J, Haddrell AE, Oswin HP, Neal E, Hardy DA, Otero-Fernandez M, Mann JFS, Cogan TA, Finn A, Davidson AD, Hill DJ, Reid JP. Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol. Viruses 2022; 14:1856. [PMID: 36146663 PMCID: PMC9503081 DOI: 10.3390/v14091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Alexander
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jianghan Tian
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Allen E. Haddrell
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Henry P. Oswin
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Edward Neal
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Daniel A. Hardy
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mara Otero-Fernandez
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jamie F. S. Mann
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Tristan A. Cogan
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Adam Finn
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Darryl J. Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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13
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Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Boyd H, Gutfreund P, Welbourn RJ, Robertsson C, Wickström C, Arnebrant T, Richardson RM, Prescott SW, Barker R, Sotres J. MUC5B mucin films under mechanical confinement: A combined neutron reflectometry and atomic force microscopy study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 614:120-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Ma T, Wang X, Chen J. In vitro stability study of saliva emulsions: The impact of time, calcium ion and pH. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Models using native tracheobronchial mucus in the context of pulmonary drug delivery research: Composition, structure and barrier properties. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114141. [PMID: 35149123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mucus covers all wet epithelia and acts as a protective barrier. In the airways of the lungs, the viscoelastic mucus meshwork entraps and clears inhaled materials and efficiently removes them by mucociliary escalation. In addition to physical and chemical interaction mechanisms, the role of macromolecular glycoproteins (mucins) and antimicrobial constituents in innate immune defense are receiving increasing attention. Collectively, mucus displays a major barrier for inhaled aerosols, also including therapeutics. This review discusses the origin and composition of tracheobronchial mucus in relation to its (barrier) function, as well as some pathophysiological changes in the context of pulmonary diseases. Mucus models that contemplate key features such as elastic-dominant rheology, composition, filtering mechanisms and microbial interactions are critically reviewed in the context of health and disease considering different collection methods of native human pulmonary mucus. Finally, the prerequisites towards a standardization of mucus models in a regulatory context and their role in drug delivery research are addressed.
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16
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Rodríguez-Hakim M, Räz L, Vermant J. Variations in human saliva viscoelasticity affect aerosolization propensity. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2528-2540. [PMID: 35113119 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some contagious diseases, such as COVID-19, spread through the transmission of aerosols and droplets. Aerosol and droplet formation occurs inside and outside of the respiratory tract, the latter being observed during speaking and sneezing. Upon sneezing, saliva is expelled as a flat sheet, which destabilizes into filaments that subsequently break up into droplets. The presence of macromolecules (such as mucins) in saliva influences the dynamics of aerosol generation, since elasticity is expected to stabilize both fluid sheets and filaments, hence deterring droplet formation. In this study, the process of aerosol formation outside the respiratory tract is systematically replicated using an impinging jet setup, where two liquid jets collide and form a thin fluid sheet that can fragment into ligaments and droplets. The experimental setup enables us to investigate a range of dynamic conditions, quantified by the relevant non-dimensional numbers, which encompass those experienced during sneezing. Experiments are conducted with human saliva provided by different donors, revealing significant variations in their stability and breakup. We quantify the effect of viscoelasticity via shear and extensional rheology experiments, concluding that the extensional relaxation time is the most adequate measure of a saliva's elasticity. We summarize our results in terms of the dimensionless Weber, Reynolds, and Deborah numbers and construct universal state diagrams that directly compare our data to human sneezing, concluding that the aerosolization propensity is correlated with diminished saliva elasticities, higher emission velocities, and larger ejecta volumes. This could entail variations in disease transmission between individuals which hitherto have not been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linard Räz
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Jan Vermant
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland.
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17
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Du J, Lewis OL, Keener JP, Fogelson AL. Modeling and Simulation of the Ion-Binding-Mediated Swelling Dynamics of Mucin-like Polyelectrolyte Gels. Gels 2021; 7:244. [PMID: 34940304 PMCID: PMC8702155 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volume phase transitions in polyeletrolyte gels play important roles in many biophysical processes such as DNA packaging, nerve excitation, and cellular secretion. The swelling and deswelling of these charged polymer gels depend strongly on their ionic environment. In this paper, we present an extension to our previous two-fluid model for ion-binding-mediated gel swelling. The extended model eliminates the assumptions about the size similarity between the network and solvent particles, which makes it suitable for investigating of a large family of biologically relevant problems. The model treats the polyeletrolyte gel as a mixture of two materials, the network and the solvent. The dynamics of gel swelling is governed by the balance between the mechanical and chemical forces on each of these two materials. Simulations based on the model illustrate that the chemical forces are significantly influenced by the binding/unbinding reactions between the ions and the network, as well as the resulting distribution of charges within the gel. The dependence of the swelling rate on ionic bath concentrations is analyzed and this analysis highlights the importance of the electromigration of ions and the induced electric field in regulating gel swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Owen L. Lewis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
| | - James P. Keener
- Department of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.P.K.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Aaron L. Fogelson
- Department of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.P.K.); (A.L.F.)
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18
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Helena Macedo M, Baião A, Pinto S, Barros AS, Almeida H, Almeida A, das Neves J, Sarmento B. Mucus-producing 3D cell culture models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113993. [PMID: 34619286 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell-based models have been used for a long time since they are normally easily obtained and have an advantageous cost-benefit. Besides, they can serve a variety of ends, from studying drug absorption and metabolism to disease modeling. However, some in vitro models are too simplistic, not accurately representing the living tissues. It has been shown, mainly in the last years, that fully mimicking a tissue composition and architecture can be paramount for cellular behavior and, consequently, for the outcomes of the studies using such models. Because of this, 3D in vitro cell models have been gaining much attention, since they are able to better replicate the in vivo environment. In this review we focus on 3D models that contain mucus-producing cells, as mucus can play a pivotal role in drug absorption. Being frequently overlooked, this viscous fluid can have an impact on drug delivery. Thus, the aim of this review is to understand to which extent can mucus affect mucosal drug delivery and to provide a state-of-the-art report on the existing 3D cell-based mucus models.
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19
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Sveen L, Krasnov A, Timmerhaus G, Bogevik AS. Responses to Mineral Supplementation and Salmon Lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infestation in Skin Layers of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040602. [PMID: 33921813 PMCID: PMC8073069 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The crustacean ectoparasite salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), which severely affects Atlantic salmon health and welfare is one of the main problems of commercial aquaculture. In the present study, fish were fed a diet supplemented with extra minerals through the inclusion of a commercial additive (Biofeed Forte Salmon), substituting wheat in the control diet, before experimental infestation with salmon lice. Lice counts reduced with time but with no apparent effect of the diets. Further, fish fed the mineral diet had an overall higher number of blue (acidic) mucous cells, while the ratio of purple mucous cells was higher in the mineral diet. The transcriptional response in skin was enhanced at 7 dpc (copepodite life stage) in fish fed the mineral diet including immune and stress responses, while at 21 dpc (pre-adult life stage), the difference disappeared, or reversed with stronger induction in the control diet. Overall, 9.3% of the genes affected with lice also responded to the feed, with marked differences in outer (scale + epidermis) and inner (dermis) skin layers. A comparison of transcriptome data with five datasets from previous trials revealed common features and gene markers of responses to lice, stress, and mechanically induced wounds. Results suggested a prevalence of generic responses in wounded skin and lice-infected salmon.
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20
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Protein intrinsic viscosity determination with the Viscosizer TD instrument: reaching beyond the initially expected applications. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2021; 50:587-595. [PMID: 33486532 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic viscosity is a key hydrodynamic parameter to understand molecular structure and hydration, as well as intramolecular interactions. Commercially available instruments measure intrinsic viscosity by recording the macromolecular mobility in a capillary. These instruments monitor Taylor dispersion using an absorbance or fluorescence detector. By design, these instruments behave like U-tube viscometers. To our knowledge, there are no studies to date showing that the Viscosizer TD instrument (Malvern-Panalytical) is able to measure the intrinsic viscosity of macromolecules. In this study, we then performed our assays on the Poly(ethylene oxide) polymer (PEO), used classically as a standard for viscometry measurements and on three model proteins: the bovine serum albumin (BSA), the bevacizumab monoclonal antibody, and the RTX Repeat Domain (RD) of the adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis (CyaA). The presence of P20 in the samples is critical to get reliable results. The data obtained with our in-house protocol show a strong correlation with intrinsic viscosity values obtained using conventional techniques. However, with respect to them, our measurements could be performed at relatively low concentrations, between 2 and 5 mg/ml, using only 7 µL per injection. Altogether, our results show that the Viscosizer TD instrument is able to measure intrinsic viscosities in a straightforward manner. This simple and innovative approach should give a new boost to intrinsic viscosity measurements and should reignite the interest of biophysicists, immunologists, structural biologists and other researchers for this key physicochemical parameter.
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21
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Boyd H, Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Welbourn RJL, Gutfreund P, Klechikov A, Robertsson C, Wickström C, Arnebrant T, Barker R, Sotres J. A comparison between the structures of reconstituted salivary pellicles and oral mucin (MUC5B) films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 584:660-668. [PMID: 33198975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Salivary pellicles i.e., thin films formed upon selective adsorption of saliva, protect oral surfaces against chemical and mechanical insults. Pellicles are also excellent aqueous lubricants. It is generally accepted that reconstituted pellicles have a two-layer structure, where the outer layer is mainly composed of MUC5B mucins. We hypothesized that by comparing the effect of ionic strength on reconstituted pellicles and MUC5B films we could gain further insight into the pellicle structure. EXPERIMENTS Salivary pellicles and MUC5B films reconstituted on solid surfaces were investigated at different ionic strengths by Force Spectroscopy, Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation, Null Ellipsometry and Neutron Reflectometry. FINDINGS Our results support the two-layer structure for reconstituted salivary pellicles. The outer layer swelled when ionic strength decreased, indicating a weak polyelectrolyte behavior. While initially the MUC5B films exhibited a similar tendency, this was followed by a drastic collapse indicating an interaction between exposed hydrophobic domains. This suggests that mucins in the pellicle outer layer form complexes with other salivary components that prevent this interaction. Lowering ionic strength below physiological values also led to a partial removal of the pellicle inner layer. Overall, our results highlight the importance that the interactions of mucins with other pellicle components play on their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Boyd
- Department of Biomedical Science & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Juan F Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Science & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rebecca J L Welbourn
- ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Philipp Gutfreund
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Alexey Klechikov
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Robertsson
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes Wickström
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Arnebrant
- Department of Biomedical Science & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Robert Barker
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Javier Sotres
- Department of Biomedical Science & Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden.
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22
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Cantin AM, Ouellet C, Cloutier A, McDonald PP. Airway Mucins Inhibit Oxidative and Non-Oxidative Bacterial Killing by Human Neutrophils. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:554353. [PMID: 33101020 PMCID: PMC7554606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.554353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil killing of bacteria is mediated by oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms. Oxidants are generated through the NADPH oxidase complex, whereas antimicrobial proteins and peptides rank amongst non-oxidative host defenses. Mucus hypersecretion, deficient hydration and poor clearance from the airways are prominent features of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. CF airways are commonly infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria. Whereas the former bacterium is highly sensitive to non-oxidative killing, the latter is only killed if the oxidative burst is intact. Despite an abundance of neutrophils, both pathogens thrive in CF airway secretions. In this study, we report that secreted mucins protect these CF pathogens against host defenses. Mucins were purified from CF sputum and from the saliva of healthy volunteers. Whereas mucins did not alter the phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia by neutrophils, they completely suppressed bacterial killing. Accordingly, mucins markedly inhibited non-oxidative bacterial killing by neutrophil granule extracts, or by lysozyme and the cationic peptide, human β defensin-2 (HBD2). Mucins also suppressed the neutrophil oxidative burst through a charge-dependent mechanism that could be reversed by the cationic aminoglycoside, tobramycin. Our data indicate that airway mucins protect Gram-negative bacteria against neutrophil killing by suppressing the oxidative burst and inhibiting the bactericidal capacity of cationic proteins and peptides. Mucin hypersecretion, dehydration, stasis and anionic charge represent key therapeutic targets for improving host defenses and airway inflammation in CF and other muco-secretory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M. Cantin
- Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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23
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Xie Y, Lu L, Tang XX, Moninger TO, Huang TJ, Stoltz DA, Welsh MJ. Acidic Submucosal Gland pH and Elevated Protein Concentration Produce Abnormal Cystic Fibrosis Mucus. Dev Cell 2020; 54:488-500.e5. [PMID: 32730755 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In response to respiratory insults, airway submucosal glands secrete copious mucus strands to increase mucociliary clearance and protect the lung. However, in cystic fibrosis, stimulating submucosal glands has the opposite effect, disrupting mucociliary transport. In cystic fibrosis (CF) pigs, loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channels produced submucosal gland mucus that was abnormally acidic with an increased protein concentration. To test whether these variables alter mucus, we produced a microfluidic model of submucosal glands using mucus vesicles from banana slugs. Acidic pH and increased protein concentration decreased mucus gel volume and increased mucus strand elasticity and tensile strength. However, once mucus strands were formed, changing pH or protein concentration largely failed to alter the biophysical properties. Likewise, raising pH or apical perfusion did not improve clearance of mucus strands from CF airways. These findings reveal mechanisms responsible for impaired mucociliary transport in CF and have important implications for potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas O Moninger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David A Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael J Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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24
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Curnutt A, Smith K, Darrow E, Walters KB. Chemical and Microstructural Characterization of pH and [Ca 2+] Dependent Sol-Gel Transitions in Mucin Biopolymer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8760. [PMID: 32472040 PMCID: PMC7260187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus is responsible for controlling transport and barrier function in biological systems, and its properties can be significantly affected by compositional and environmental changes. In this study, the impacts of pH and CaCl2 were examined on the solution-to-gel transition of mucin, the primary structural component of mucus. Microscale structural changes were correlated with macroscale viscoelastic behavior as a function of pH and calcium addition using rheology, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, surface tension, and FTIR spectroscopic characterization. Mucin solutions transitioned from solution to gel behavior between pH 4–5 and correspondingly displayed a more than ten-fold increase in viscoelastic moduli. Addition of CaCl2 increased the sol-gel transition pH value to ca. 6, with a twofold increase in loss moduli at low frequencies and ten-fold increase in storage modulus. Changing the ionic conditions—specifically [H+] and [Ca2+] —modulated the sol-gel transition pH, isoelectric point, and viscoelastic properties due to reversible conformational changes with mucin forming a network structure via non-covalent cross-links between mucin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Curnutt
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Kaylee Smith
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Emily Darrow
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Keisha B Walters
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA.
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25
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Sharma A, Kwak JG, Kolewe KW, Schiffman JD, Forbes NS, Lee J. In Vitro Reconstitution of an Intestinal Mucus Layer Shows That Cations and pH Control the Pore Structure That Regulates Its Permeability and Barrier Function. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2897-2909. [PMID: 34322659 PMCID: PMC8315583 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the intestinal mucus barrier causes disorders such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The function of this essential barrier may be affected by the periodically changing luminal environment. We hypothesized that the pH and ion concentration in mucus control its porosity, molecular permeability, and the penetration of microbes. To test this hypothesis, we developed a scalable method to extract porcine small intestinal mucus (PSIM). The aggregation and porosity of PSIM were determined using rheometry, spectrophotometry, and microscopy. Aggregation of PSIM at low pH increased both the elastic (G') and viscous (G″) moduli, and it slowed the transmigration of pathogenic Salmonella. Molecular transport was dependent on ion concentration. At moderate concentrations, many microscopic aggregates (2-5 μm in diameter) impeded diffusion. At higher concentrations, PSIM formed aggregate islands, increasing both porosity and diffusion. This in vitro model could lead to a better understanding of mucus barrier functions and improve the treatment of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jun-Goo Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kristopher W Kolewe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Neil S Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, and Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, and Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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26
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Hughes GW, Ridley C, Collins R, Roseman A, Ford R, Thornton DJ. The MUC5B mucin polymer is dominated by repeating structural motifs and its topology is regulated by calcium and pH. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17350. [PMID: 31758042 PMCID: PMC6874590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymeric mucin MUC5B provides the structural and functional framework of respiratory mucus, conferring both viscoelastic and antimicrobial properties onto this vital protective barrier. Whilst it is established that MUC5B forms disulfide-linked linear polymers, how this relates to their packaging in secretory granules, and their molecular form in mucus remain to be fully elucidated. Moreover, the role of the central heavily O-glycosylated mucin domains in MUC5B conformation is incompletely described. Here we have completed a detailed structural analysis on native MUC5B polymers purified from saliva and subsequently investigated how MUC5B conformation is affected by changes in calcium concentration and pH, factors important for mucin intragranular packaging and post-secretory expansion. The results identify that MUC5B has a beaded structure repeating along the polymer axis and suggest that these repeating motifs arise from distinct glycosylation patterns. Moreover, we demonstrate that the conformation of these highly entangled linear polymers is sensitive to calcium concentration and changes in pH. In the presence of calcium (Ca2+, 10 mM) at pH 5.0, MUC5B adopted a compact conformation which was lost either upon removal of calcium with EGTA, or by increasing the pH to 7.4. These results suggest a pathway of mucin collapse to enable intracellular packaging and mechanisms driving mucin expansion following secretion. They also point to the importance of the tight control of calcium and pH during different stages of mucin biosynthesis and secretion, and in the generation of correct mucus barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Hughes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Caroline Ridley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Richard Collins
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alan Roseman
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - David J Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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27
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Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is a crucial component of innate defense of the lung. In respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis, mucus with abnormal properties contributes to obstruction of the airways. The failure in function of mucus in airway clearance and pathogen protection leads to chronic infection and risk of death. Polymeric mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) provide the structural framework of the airway mucus gel. The intracellular synthesis and assembly of these enormous, polymeric O-linked glycoproteins is a complex, multistage process involving intra- and intermolecular disulfide bond formation and extensive addition of O-glycan chains. The fully formed polymers are packaged in a highly organized and condensed form within secretory granules inside specialized secretory cells, and after the appropriate stimulus, mucins are released and expand to form mucus. This short article brings together the current knowledge on the different steps in the production of mucin polymers and the molecular mechanisms that condense them into a packaged form in secretory granules. It is by unraveling the molecular mechanisms that control intracellular mucin supramolecular structure that we might gain new insight into what determines mucus gel properties in health and disease.
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28
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Rementzi K, Böni LJ, Adamcik J, Fischer P, Vlassopoulos D. Structure and dynamics of hagfish mucin in different saline environments. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8627-8637. [PMID: 31631202 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00971j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The defense mechanism of hagfish against predators is based on its ability to form slime within a few milliseconds. Hagfish slime consists of two main components, namely mucin-like glycoproteins and long protein threads, which together entrap vast amounts of water and thus form a highly dilute hydrogel. Here, we investigate the mucin part of this hydrogel, in particular the role of the saline marine environment on the viscoelasticity and structure. By means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), shear and extensional rheology we probe the diffusion dynamics, the flow behavior, and the longest filament breaking time of hagfish mucin solutions. Using DLS we find a concentration-independent diffusion coefficient - characteristic for polyelectrolytes - up to the entanglement regime of 0.2 mg ml-1, which is about ten times higher than the natural concentration of hagfish mucin in hagfish slime. We also observe a slow relaxation process associated with clustering, probably due to electrostatic interactions. Shear rheology further revealed that hagfish mucin possesses pronounced viscoelastic properties at high concentrations (3 mg ml-1), showing that mucin alone achieves mechanical properties similar to those of natural hagfish slime (mucins and protein threads). The main effects of added seawater salts, and predominantly CaCl2 is to reduce the intensity of the slow relaxation process, which suggests that calcium ions lead to an ionotropic gelation of hagfish mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Rementzi
- FORTH, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
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29
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Roblegg E, Coughran A, Sirjani D. Saliva: An all-rounder of our body. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:133-141. [PMID: 31220573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a multifaceted bodily fluid that is often taken for granted but is indispensable for oral health and overall well-being in humans. Although mainly comprised of water (99.5%), proteins, ions and enzymes turn saliva into a viscoelastic solution that performs a variety of vital tasks. This review article gives a brief overview of the salivary gland system, as well as the composition, output and functions of saliva. It also addresses the current applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes, the clinical relevance of saliva in oral diseases as well as current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Roblegg
- University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alanna Coughran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Davud Sirjani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Abstract
This review describes the organization and importance of mucus in the intestine and lungs in relation to the diseases cystic fibrosis (CF), ulcerative colitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The inner surfaces of the body are protected by mucus built around polymeric glycoproteins called mucins. In the disease CF, the small intestinal mucus is in contrast the normal attached to the epithelium, explaining the intestinal problems at this disease. The inner of the two mucus layers of colon is normally impenetrable to bacteria, keeping the commensals away from and protecting the epithelium. This impenetrable property is dependent on the bacterial composition and the host diet, observations that can explain the increased incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in the western world as bacteria reach the epithelial cells in active ulcerative colitis. The respiratory tract is normally cleared by thick mucus bundles that moved by the cilia sweep the epithelial surface. In CF, the bundles are nonmoving already at birth. Cholinergic stimulations stop the bundle movement explaining some of the beneficial effect of anticholinergic treatment in COPD. In this disease as well as in more developed CF, an attached mucus layer is formed. This mucus has features similar to the protective inner colon mucus and is by this able to separate bacteria from the epithelial surface. When formed in healthy individuals this mucus can be coughed up, but in chronically diseased lungs, bacteria colonizing the mucus will remain in the lungs and the resulting inflammation contribute to the destruction of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. C. Hansson
- Department of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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31
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Mucin adsorption on vaterite CaCO 3 microcrystals for the prediction of mucoadhesive properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 545:330-339. [PMID: 30901672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porous vaterite CaCO3 crystals are widely used as containers for drug loading and as sacrificial templates to assemble polymer-based nano- and micro-particles at mild conditions. Special attention is paid nowadays to mucosal delivery where the glycoprotein mucin plays a crucial role as a main component of a mucous. In this work mucoadhesive properties of vaterite crystals have been tested by investigation of mucin binding to the crystals as a function of (i) time, (ii) glycoprotein concentration, (iii) adsorption conditions and (iv) degree of mucin desialization. Mucin adsorption follows Bangham equation indicating that diffusion into crystal pores is the rate-limiting step. Mucin strongly binds to the crystals (ΔG = -35 ± 4 kJ mol-1) via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions forming a gel and thus giving the tremendous mucin mass content in the crystals of up to 16%. Despite strong intermolecular mucin-mucin interactions, pure mucin spheres formed after crystal dissolution are unstable. However, introduction of protamine, actively used for mucosal delivery, makes the spheres stable via additional electrostatic bonding. The results of this work indicate that the vaterite crystals are extremely promising carriers for mucosal drug delivery and for development of test-systems for the analysis of the mucoadhesion.
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Andreotta PW, Arold S, Kenyon J, Spicer D, Woodman P, Berry E, Brogan T, Kong S, Okerholm P, Russell V, Clarke RW, Hava DL. Inhaled calcium salts inhibit tobacco smoke-induced inflammation by modulating expression of chemokines and cytokines. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 53:86-99. [PMID: 30359782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke-induced lung inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worsens with disease progression and acute exacerbations caused by respiratory infections. Chronic therapies to manage COPD center on bronchodilators to improve lung function and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to help reduce the risk of exacerbations. Novel therapies are needed that reduce the underlying inflammation associated with COPD and the inflammation resulting from respiratory infections that worsen disease. The lung is lined with airway surface liquid (ASL), a rheologically active material that provides an innate defense for the airway against inhaled particulate and is continuously cleared from the airways by mucociliary clearance. The rheological properties of the ASL can be altered by changes in airway hydration and by cations, such as calcium, that interact with electronegative glycoproteins. The effect of inhaled salts on inflammation resulting from tobacco smoke exposure was studied to determine if cations could be used to alter the properties of the ASL and reduce inflammation. Inhaled calcium salts, but not sodium or magnesium salts, reduced cellular inflammation and key chemokines and cytokines that were induced by tobacco smoke exposure. Similar anti-inflammatory effects of calcium salts were observed using in vitro cultures of human monocyte derived macrophages and human bronchial epithelial cells. The data suggest that inhaled calcium salts may act broadly on both biophysical and biological pathways to reduce pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Arold
- Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Ave, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jennifer Kenyon
- Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Ave, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Diane Spicer
- Argenta Discovery, 8-9 Spire Green Centre, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Woodman
- Argenta Discovery, 8-9 Spire Green Centre, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Berry
- Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Ave, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Tim Brogan
- Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Ave, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Sophanna Kong
- Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Ave, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Pamela Okerholm
- Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Ave, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Vince Russell
- Argenta Discovery, 8-9 Spire Green Centre, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Clarke
- Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Ave, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - David L Hava
- Pulmatrix Inc., 99 Hayden Ave, Suite 390, Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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Abstract
We review what is currently understood about how the structure of the primary solid component of mucus, the glycoprotein mucin, gives rise to the mechanical and biochemical properties of mucus that are required for it to perform its diverse physiological roles. Macroscale processes such as lubrication require mucus of a certain stiffness and spinnability, which are set by structural features of the mucin network, including the identity and density of cross-links and the degree of glycosylation. At the microscale, these same features affect the mechanical environment experienced by small particles and play a crucial role in establishing an interaction-based filter. Finally, mucin glycans are critical for regulating microbial interactions, serving as receptor binding sites for adhesion, as nutrient sources, and as environmental signals. We conclude by discussing how these structural principles can be used in the design of synthetic mucin-mimetic materials and provide suggestions for directions of future work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wagner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K M Wheeler
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
- Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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Lewis OL, Keener JP, Fogelson AL. Electrodiffusion-Mediated Swelling of a Two-Phase Gel Model of Gastric Mucus. Gels 2018; 4:gels4030076. [PMID: 30674852 PMCID: PMC6209243 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric mucus gel is known to exhibit dramatic and unique swelling behaviors in response to the ionic composition of the hydrating solution. This swelling behavior is important in the maintenance of the mucus layer lining the stomach wall, as the layer is constantly digested by enzymes in the lumen, and must be replenished by new mucus that swells as it is secreted from the gastric wall. One hypothesis suggests that the condensed state of mucus at secretion is maintained by transient bonds with calcium that form crosslinks. These crosslinks are lost as monovalent cations from the environment displace divalent crosslinkers, leading to a dramatic change in the energy of the gel and inducing the swelling behavior. Previous modeling work has characterized the equilibrium behavior of polyelectrolyte gels that respond to calcium crosslinking. Here, we present an investigation of the dynamic swelling behavior of a polyelectrolytic gel model of mucus. In particular, we quantified the rate at which a globule of initially crosslinked gel swells when exposed to an ionic bath. The dependence of this swelling rate on several parameters was characterized. We observed that swelling rate has a non-monotone dependence on the molarity of the bath solution, with moderate concentrations of available sodium inducing the fastest swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen L Lewis
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4510, USA.
| | - James P Keener
- Departments of Mathematics and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Aaron L Fogelson
- Departments of Mathematics and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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35
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Mucins: the frontline defence of the lung. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1099-1106. [PMID: 30154090 PMCID: PMC6195635 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucus plays a vital role in protecting the lungs from environmental factors, but conversely, in muco-obstructive airway disease, mucus becomes pathologic. In its protective role, mucus entraps microbes and particles removing them from the lungs via the co-ordinated beating of motile cilia. This mechanism of lung defence is reliant upon a flowing mucus gel, and the major macromolecular components that determine the rheological properties of mucus are the polymeric mucins, MUC5AC and MUC5B. These large O-linked glycoproteins have direct roles in maintaining lung homeostasis. MUC5B is essential for interaction with the ciliary clearance system and MUC5AC is up-regulated in response to allergic inflammatory challenge. Mucus with abnormal biophysical properties is a feature of muco-obstructive respiratory disease and can result from many different mechanisms including alterations in mucin polymer assembly, mucin concentration and the macromolecular form in mucus, as well as changes in airway surface hydration, pH and ion composition. The abnormal mucus results in defective lung protection via compromised ciliary clearance, leading to infection and inflammation.
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36
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Witten J, Samad T, Ribbeck K. Selective permeability of mucus barriers. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 52:124-133. [PMID: 29674157 PMCID: PMC7132988 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a hydrogel that exhibits complex selective permeability, permitting the passage of some particles while restricting the passage of other particles including important therapeutics. In this review, we discuss biochemical mechanisms underlying mucus penetration and mucus binding, emphasizing the importance of steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions. We discuss emerging techniques for engineering nanoparticle surface chemistries for mucus penetration as well as recent advances in tuning mucus interactions with small molecule, peptide, or protein therapeutics. Finally, we highlight recent work suggesting that mucus permeability can serve as a biomarker for disease and physiological states such as pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Witten
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Computational and Systems Biology Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tahoura Samad
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Böni LJ, Zurflüh R, Baumgartner ME, Windhab EJ, Fischer P, Kuster S, Rühs PA. Effect of ionic strength and seawater cations on hagfish slime formation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9867. [PMID: 29959378 PMCID: PMC6026207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The defensive slime of hagfish consists of a polyanionic mucin hydrogel that synergistically interacts with a fiber network forming a coherent and elastic hydrogel in high ionic strength seawater. In seawater, the slime deploys in less than a second entrapping large quantities of water by a well-timed thread skein unravelling and mucous gel swelling. This rapid and vast hydrogel formation is intriguing, as high ionic strength conditions generally counteract the swelling speed and ratio of polyelectrolyte hydrogels. In this work we investigate the effect of ionic strength and seawater cations on slime formation dynamics and functionality. In the absence of ionic strength skeins swell radially and unravel uncontrolled, probably causing tangling and creating a confined thread network that entraps limited water. At high ionic strength skeins unravel, but create a collapsed and dense fiber network. High ionic strength conditions therefore seem crucial for controlled skein unraveling, however not sufficient for water retention. Only the presence of naturally occurring Ca2+ or Mg2+-ions allowed for an expanded network and full water retention probably due to Ca2+-mediated vesicle rupture and cross-linking of the mucin. Our study demonstrates that hagfish slime deployment is a well-timed, ionic-strength, and divalent-cation dependent dynamic hydrogel formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Böni
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - R Zurflüh
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M E Baumgartner
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E J Windhab
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Fischer
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Kuster
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P A Rühs
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1760, USA
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Self-Assembled Mucin-Containing Microcarriers via Hard Templating on CaCO₃ Crystals. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9060307. [PMID: 30424240 PMCID: PMC6187553 DOI: 10.3390/mi9060307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous vaterite crystals of CaCO3 are extensively used for the fabrication of self-assembled polymer-based microparticles (capsules, beads, etc.) utilized for drug delivery and controlled release. The nature of the polymer used plays a crucial role and discovery of new perspective biopolymers is essential to assemble microparticles with desired characteristics, such as biocompatibility, drug loading efficiency/capacity, release rate, and stability. Glycoprotein mucin is tested here as a good candidate to assemble the microparticles because of high charge due to sialic acids, mucoadhesive properties, and a tendency to self-assemble, forming gels. Mucin loading into the crystals via co-synthesis is twice as effective as via adsorption into preformed crystals. Desialylated mucin has weaker binding to the crystals most probably due to electrostatic interactions between sialic acids and calcium ions on the crystal surface. Improved loading of low-molecular-weight inhibitor aprotinin into the mucin-containing crystals is demonstrated. Multilayer capsules (mucin/protamine)3 have been made by the layer-by-layer self-assembly. Interestingly, the deposition of single mucin layers (mucin/water)3 has also been proven, however, the capsules were unstable, most probably due to additional (to hydrogen bonding) electrostatic interactions in the case of the two polymers used. Finally, approaches to load biologically-active compounds (BACs) into the mucin-containing microparticles are discussed.
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Role of mucins in lung homeostasis: regulated expression and biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:707-719. [PMID: 29802217 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In humans and mice, the first line of innate defense against inhaled pathogens and particles in the respiratory tract is airway mucus. The primary solid components of the mucus layer are the mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B, polymeric glycoproteins whose changes in abundance and structure can dramatically affect airway defense. Accordingly, MUC5AC/Muc5ac and MUC5B/Muc5b are tightly regulated at a transcriptional level by tissue-specific transcription factors in homeostasis and in response to injurious and inflammatory triggers. In addition to modulated levels of mucin gene transcription, translational and post-translational biosynthetic processes also exert significant influence upon mucin function. Mucins are massive macromolecules with numerous functional domains that contribute to their structural composition and biophysical properties. Single MUC5AC and MUC5B apoproteins have molecular masses of >400 kDa, and von Willebrand factor D-like as well as other cysteine-rich domain segments contribute to mucin polymerization and flexibility, thus increasing apoprotein length and complexity. Additional domains serve as sites for O-glycosylation, which increase further mucin mass several-fold. Glycosylation is a defining process for mucins that is specific with respect to additions of glycans to mucin apoprotein backbones, and glycan additions influence the physical properties of the mucins via structural modifications as well as charge interactions. Ultimately, through their tight regulation and complex assembly, airway mucins follow the biological rule of 'form fits function' in that their structural organization influences their role in lung homeostatic mechanisms.
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Teubl BJ, Stojkovic B, Docter D, Pritz E, Leitinger G, Poberaj I, Prassl R, Stauber RH, Fröhlich E, Khinast JG, Roblegg E. The effect of saliva on the fate of nanoparticles. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:929-940. [PMID: 28691145 PMCID: PMC5820401 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The design of nanocarriers for local drug administration to the lining mucosa requires a sound knowledge of how nanoparticles (NPs) interact with saliva. This contact determines whether NPs agglomerate and become immobile due to size- and interaction-filtering effects or adsorb on the cell surface and are internalized by epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to examine the behavior of NPs in saliva considering physicochemical NP properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The salivary pore-size distribution was determined, and the viscosity of the fluid inside of the pores was studied with optical tweezers. Distinct functionalized NPs (20 and 200 nm) were dispersed in saliva and salivary buffers and characterized, and surface-bound MUC5B and MUC7 were analyzed by 1D electrophoresis and immunoblotting. NP mobility was recorded, and cellular uptake studies were performed with TR146 cells. RESULTS The mode diameter of the salivary mesh pores is 0.7 μm with a peak width of 1.9 μm, and pores are filled with a low-viscosity fluid. The physicochemical properties of the NPs affected the colloidal stability and mobility: compared with non-functionalized particles, which did not agglomerate and showed a cellular uptake rate of 2.8%, functionalized particles were immobilized, which was correlated with agglomeration and increased binding to mucins. CONCLUSION The present study showed that the salivary microstructure facilitates NP adsorption. However, NP size and surface functionalization determine the colloidal stability and cellular interactions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The sound knowledge of NP interactions with saliva enables the improvement of current treatment strategies for inflammatory oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit J Teubl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Biljana Stojkovic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominic Docter
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Mainz University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Pritz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Igor Poberaj
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ruth Prassl
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Mainz University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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42
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Leal J, Smyth HDC, Ghosh D. Physicochemical properties of mucus and their impact on transmucosal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:555-572. [PMID: 28917986 PMCID: PMC5744044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a selective barrier to particles and molecules, preventing penetration to the epithelial surface of mucosal tissues. Significant advances in transmucosal drug delivery have recently been made and have emphasized that an understanding of the basic structure, viscoelastic properties, and interactions of mucus is of great value in the design of efficient drug delivery systems. Mucins, the primary non-aqueous component of mucus, are polymers carrying a complex and heterogeneous structure with domains that undergo a variety of molecular interactions, such as hydrophilic/hydrophobic, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. These properties are directly relevant to the numerous mucin-associated diseases, as well as delivering drugs across the mucus barrier. Therefore, in this review we discuss regional differences in mucus composition, mucus physicochemical properties, such as pore size, viscoelasticity, pH, and ionic strength. These factors are also discussed with respect to changes in mucus properties as a function of disease state. Collectively, the review seeks to provide a state of the art roadmap for researchers who must contend with this critical barrier to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmim Leal
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian-Marie Philippe
- Laboratoire
Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Luca Cipelletti
- Laboratoire
Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Domenico Larobina
- Institute
for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le E. Fermi 1, Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy
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44
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Richards TM, Hurley T, Grove L, Harrington KJ, Carpenter GH, Proctor GB, Nutting CM. The effect of parotid gland-sparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary composition, flow rate and xerostomia measures. Oral Dis 2017; 23:990-1000. [PMID: 28434191 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe parotid gland (PG) saliva organic and inorganic composition and flow rate changes, after curative intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer (HNC), and analyse the relationship between PG saliva analytes and xerostomia measures. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-six patients recruited to five prospective phase 2 or 3 trials which assessed toxicity and efficacy of IMRT by HNC subsite, provided longitudinal PG saliva. Salivary flow rate, and subjective and objective xerostomia measures were prospectively collected and saliva tested for inorganic and organic analytes. Statistical comparisons of longitudinal analyte changes and analysis for a relationship between dichotomized xerostomia score and saliva analytes were performed. RESULTS One hundred and forty-two PG saliva samples from 26 patients were analysed. At 3-6 months after IMRT, stimulated and unstimulated saliva showed significantly decreased flow rate, total protein (TP) secretion rate, phosphate concentration and increased lactoferrin (LF) concentration. Stimulated saliva alone had elevated LF secretion rate and beta-2-microglobulin (B2 M) concentration with decreased calcium (Ca2+ ) and magnesium (Mg2+ ) concentrations and Ca2+ secretion rate. At >12 months, under stimulated and unstimulated conditions, increased LF concentration and decreased Mg2+ and phosphate concentration persisted and, in stimulated saliva, there was decreased potassium (K+ ) and Mg2+ concentration. Unstimulated TP secretion rate was lower in the presence of high-grade xerostomia. Otherwise, no relationship between xerostomia grade and PG salivary flow rate, TP and Ca2+ secretion rate was found. CONCLUSION Fewer significant differences in PG saliva analytes >12 months after IMRT indicate good functional recovery. Residual xerostomia after IMRT will only be further reduced by addressing the sparing of subsites of the PG or other salivary gland tissues, in addition to the PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Richards
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, Surrey, UK
| | - T Hurley
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, Surrey, UK
| | - L Grove
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, Surrey, UK
| | - K J Harrington
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, Surrey, UK.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - G H Carpenter
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - G B Proctor
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - C M Nutting
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, Surrey, UK.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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45
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Cowley AC, Thornton DJ, Denning DW, Horsley A. Aspergillosis and the role of mucins in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:548-555. [PMID: 27870227 PMCID: PMC5396363 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of aspergillosis in CF patients has until recently been underestimated, but increasing evidence suggests that it may play an important role in the progression of CF lung disease. In healthy airways, Aspergillus fumigatus can be efficiently removed from the lung by mechanisms such as mucociliary clearance and cough. However, these mechanisms are defective in CF, allowing pathogens such as A. fumigatus to germinate and establish chronic infections within the airways. The precise means by which A. fumigatus contributes to CF lung disease remain largely unclear. As the first point of contact within the lung, and an important component of the innate immune system, it is likely that the mucus barrier plays an important role in this process. Study of the functional interplay between this vital protective barrier, and in particular its principal structural components, the polymeric gel-forming mucins, and CF pathogens such as A. fumigatus, is at an early stage. A. fumigatus protease activity has been shown to upregulate mucus production by inducing mucin mRNA and protein expression, and A. fumigatus proteases and glycosidases are able to degrade mucins. This may allow A. fumigatus to alter mucus barrier properties to promote fungal colonization of the airways and/or utilize mucins as a nutrient source. Moreover, conidial surface lectin binding to mucin glycans is a key aspect of clearance of Aspergillus from the lung in health but may be an important aspect of colonization, where mucociliary clearance is compromised, as in the CF lung. Here we discuss the nature of the mucus barrier and its mucin components in CF, and how they may be implicated in A. fumigatus infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017;52:548-555. © 2016 The Authors. Pediatric Pulmonology. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Cowley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David J Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David W Denning
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Horsley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Adult CF Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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46
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Chatelin R, Anne-Archard D, Murris-Espin M, Thiriet M, Poncet P. Numerical and experimental investigation of mucociliary clearance breakdown in cystic fibrosis. J Biomech 2017; 53:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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47
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Maddison JW, Rickard JP, Bernecic NC, Tsikis G, Soleilhavoup C, Labas V, Combes-Soia L, Harichaux G, Druart X, Leahy T, de Graaf SP. Oestrus synchronisation and superovulation alter the cervicovaginal mucus proteome of the ewe. J Proteomics 2017; 155:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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48
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Khaydukova M, Kirsanov D, Pein-Hackelbusch M, Immohr LI, Gilemkhanova V, Legin A. Critical view on drug dissolution in artificial saliva: A possible use of in-line e-tongue measurements. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 99:266-271. [PMID: 28042103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proper monitoring of drug's dissolution is a prerequisite for assessing of taste masking efficacy of pharmaceuticals. Corresponding dissolution procedure is likely to be performed with water. Since the objective of these tests is to examine fate of a pharmaceutical formulation in oral cavity, this choice of solvent seems unsuitable because physical and chemical properties of human saliva are quite far from those of water. Obviously, dissolution profiles registered in water may differ significantly from what really happens with a drug in a mouth cavity. In order to address this discrepancy we examined three different compositions of artificial saliva in dissolution test context in present study. It was found that certain compositions preclude the employment of traditional UV-vis spectroscopy as a detection tool due to strong light scattering in the media caused by viscosity and protein composition modifiers. This issue was circumvented by the use of in-line applied potentiometric multisensor system (e-tongue) and the potential of this new approach for more biorelevant dissolution tests was demonstrated with two model formulations of quinine and ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khaydukova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Mendeleev Center, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Pr., 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kirsanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Mendeleev Center, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Pr., 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch
- Life Science Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Detmold, Germany
| | - L Isabell Immohr
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Venera Gilemkhanova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Mendeleev Center, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Legin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Mendeleev Center, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Pr., 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
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49
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Davies HS, Singh P, Deckert-Gaudig T, Deckert V, Rousseau K, Ridley CE, Dowd SE, Doig AJ, Pudney PDA, Thornton DJ, Blanch EW. Secondary Structure and Glycosylation of Mucus Glycoproteins by Raman Spectroscopies. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11609-11615. [PMID: 27791356 PMCID: PMC5218386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
major structural components of protective mucus hydrogels on
mucosal surfaces are the secreted polymeric gel-forming mucins. The
very high molecular weight and extensive O-glycosylation of gel-forming
mucins, which are key to their viscoelastic properties, create problems
when studying mucins using conventional biochemical/structural techniques.
Thus, key structural information, such as the secondary structure
of the various mucin subdomains, and glycosylation patterns along
individual molecules, remains to be elucidated. Here, we utilized
Raman spectroscopy, Raman optical activity (ROA), circular dichroism
(CD), and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) to study the structure
of the secreted polymeric gel-forming mucin MUC5B. ROA indicated that
the protein backbone of MUC5B is dominated by unordered conformation,
which was found to originate from the heavily glycosylated central
mucin domain by isolation of MUC5B O-glycan-rich regions. In sharp
contrast, recombinant proteins of the N-terminal region of MUC5B (D1-D2-D′-D3
domains, NT5B), C-terminal region of MUC5B (D4-B-C-CK domains, CT5B)
and the Cys-domain (within the central mucin domain of MUC5B) were
found to be dominated by the β-sheet. Using these findings,
we employed TERS, which combines the chemical specificity of Raman
spectroscopy with the spatial resolution of atomic force microscopy
to study the secondary structure along 90 nm of an individual MUC5B
molecule. Interestingly, the molecule was found to contain a large
amount of α-helix/unordered structures and many signatures of
glycosylation, pointing to a highly O-glycosylated region on the mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Prabha Singh
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Deckert-Gaudig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline E Ridley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Dowd
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Doig
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D A Pudney
- Unilever Discover , Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan W Blanch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.,School of Science, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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50
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Santos MTBR, Ferreira MCD, Guaré RO, Diniz MB, Rösing CK, Rodrigues JA, Duarte DA. Gingivitis and salivary osmolality in children with cerebral palsy. Int J Paediatr Dent 2016; 26:463-470. [PMID: 26726753 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of salivary osmolality on the occurrence of gingivitis in children with cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN A total of 82 children with spastic CP were included in this cross-sectional study. Oral motor performance and gingival conditions were evaluated. Unstimulated saliva was collected using cotton swabs, and salivary osmolality was measured using a freezing point depression osmometer. Spearman's coefficient, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Strong correlation (r > 0.7) was determined among salivary osmolality, salivary flow rate, visible plaque, dental calculus, and the occurrence of gingivitis. The area under the ROC to predict the influence of salivary osmolality on the occurrence of gingivitis was 0.88 (95% CI 0.81-0.96; P < 0.001). The cutoff value of 84.5 for salivary osmolality presented good sensitivity and specificity, both higher than 77%. The proportion of children presenting salivary osmolality ≤84.5 mOsm/kgH2 O and gingivitis was 22.5%, whereas for the group presenting osmolality >84.5 mOsm/kgH2 O, the proportion of children with gingivitis was 77.5%. Salivary osmolality above 84.5 increased the likelihood of gingivitis fivefold, whereas each additional 0.1 mL of salivary flow reduced the likelihood of gingivitis by 97%. CONCLUSION Gingivitis occurs more frequently in children with CP showing increased values of salivary osmolality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata Oliveira Guaré
- Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele Baffi Diniz
- Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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