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Khan F, Elsori D, Verma M, Pandey S, Obaidur Rab S, Siddiqui S, Alabdallah NM, Saeed M, Pandey P. Unraveling the intricate relationship between lipid metabolism and oncogenic signaling pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1399065. [PMID: 38933330 PMCID: PMC11199418 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1399065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids, the primary constituents of the cell membrane, play essential roles in nearly all cellular functions, such as cell-cell recognition, signaling transduction, and energy provision. Lipid metabolism is necessary for the maintenance of life since it regulates the balance between the processes of synthesis and breakdown. Increasing evidence suggests that cancer cells exhibit abnormal lipid metabolism, significantly affecting their malignant characteristics, including self-renewal, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and drug sensitivity and resistance. Prominent oncogenic signaling pathways that modulate metabolic gene expression and elevate metabolic enzyme activity include phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, MAPK, NF-kB, Wnt, Notch, and Hippo pathway. Conversely, when metabolic processes are not regulated, they can lead to malfunctions in cellular signal transduction pathways. This, in turn, enables uncontrolled cancer cell growth by providing the necessary energy, building blocks, and redox potentials. Therefore, targeting lipid metabolism-associated oncogenic signaling pathways could be an effective therapeutic approach to decrease cancer incidence and promote survival. This review sheds light on the interactions between lipid reprogramming and signaling pathways in cancer. Exploring lipid metabolism as a target could provide a promising approach for creating anticancer treatments by identifying metabolic inhibitors. Additionally, we have also provided an overview of the drugs targeting lipid metabolism in cancer in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Khan
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deena Elsori
- Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shivam Pandey
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Safia Obaidur Rab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samra Siddiqui
- Department of Health Service Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Hail, Haʼil, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadiyah M. Alabdallah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Centre, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Haʼil, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pratibha Pandey
- Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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2
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Pichetkun V, Khine HEE, Srifa S, Nukulkit S, Nuengchamnong N, Hansapaiboon S, Saenmuangchin R, Chaotham C, Chansriniyom C. Diverse effects of a Cyperus rotundus extract on glucose uptake in myotubes and adipocytes and its suppression on adipocyte maturation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9018. [PMID: 38641685 PMCID: PMC11031566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyperus rotundus rhizomes have been used in longevity remedies in Thailand for nourishing good health, which led us to investigate the effect on energy homeostasis, especially glucose utilization in myotubes and adipocytes, and on inhibition of lipogenesis in adipocytes. The results showed that an ethyl acetate extract of C. rotundus rhizomes (ECR) containing 1.61%w/w piceatannol, with a half-maximal concentration of 17.76 ± 0.03 μg/mL in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, caused upregulation and cell-membrane translocation of glucose transporters GLUT4 and 1 in L6 myotubes but downregulation and cytoplasmic localization of GLUT4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and was related to the p-Akt/Akt ratio in both cells, especially at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, ECR (25-100 μg/mL) significantly inhibited lipid accumulation via Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), and Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) pathways. Its immunoblot showed increased expression of p-AMPKα/AMPKα and p-ACC/ACC but decreased expression of p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK3β/GSK3β in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, the decreased expression of the adipogenic effectors, perilipin1 and lipoprotein lipase, in ECR-incubated adipocytes (50 and 100 μg/mL) indicated reduced de novo lipogenesis. Our study elucidated mechanisms of C. rotundus that help attenuate glucose tolerance in skeletal muscle and inhibit lipid droplet accumulation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipawee Pichetkun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products and Nanoparticles (NP2), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hnin Ei Ei Khine
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suchada Srifa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sasiwimon Nukulkit
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products and Nanoparticles (NP2), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Science Laboratory Center, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Supakarn Hansapaiboon
- Pharmaceutical Research Instrument Center of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rattaporn Saenmuangchin
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Phahonyothin Rd., Klongluang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Chaotham
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chaisak Chansriniyom
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products and Nanoparticles (NP2), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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3
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Wiese W, Barczuk J, Racinska O, Siwecka N, Rozpedek-Kaminska W, Slupianek A, Sierpinski R, Majsterek I. PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Blood Malignancies-New Therapeutic Possibilities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5297. [PMID: 37958470 PMCID: PMC10648005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood malignancies remain a therapeutic challenge despite the development of numerous treatment strategies. The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway plays a central role in regulating many cellular functions, including cell cycle, proliferation, quiescence, and longevity. Therefore, dysregulation of this pathway is a characteristic feature of carcinogenesis. Increased activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling enhances proliferation, growth, and resistance to chemo- and immunotherapy in cancer cells. Overactivation of the pathway has been found in various types of cancer, including acute and chronic leukemia. Inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway have been used in leukemia treatment since 2014, and some of them have improved treatment outcomes in clinical trials. Recently, new inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling have been developed and tested both in preclinical and clinical models. In this review, we outline the role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in blood malignancies' cells and gather information on the inhibitors of this pathway that might provide a novel therapeutic opportunity against leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wiese
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (W.W.); (J.B.); (O.R.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.)
| | - Julia Barczuk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (W.W.); (J.B.); (O.R.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.)
| | - Olga Racinska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (W.W.); (J.B.); (O.R.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.)
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (W.W.); (J.B.); (O.R.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.)
| | - Wioletta Rozpedek-Kaminska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (W.W.); (J.B.); (O.R.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.)
| | - Artur Slupianek
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA;
| | - Radoslaw Sierpinski
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (W.W.); (J.B.); (O.R.); (N.S.); (W.R.-K.)
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Jeon YG, Kim YY, Lee G, Kim JB. Physiological and pathological roles of lipogenesis. Nat Metab 2023; 5:735-759. [PMID: 37142787 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are essential metabolites, which function as energy sources, structural components and signalling mediators. Most cells are able to convert carbohydrates into fatty acids, which are often converted into neutral lipids for storage in the form of lipid droplets. Accumulating evidence suggests that lipogenesis plays a crucial role not only in metabolic tissues for systemic energy homoeostasis but also in immune and nervous systems for their proliferation, differentiation and even pathophysiological roles. Thus, excessive or insufficient lipogenesis is closely associated with aberrations in lipid homoeostasis, potentially leading to pathological consequences, such as dyslipidaemia, diabetes, fatty liver, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. For systemic energy homoeostasis, multiple enzymes involved in lipogenesis are tightly controlled by transcriptional and post-translational modifications. In this Review, we discuss recent findings regarding the regulatory mechanisms, physiological roles and pathological importance of lipogenesis in multiple tissues such as adipose tissue and the liver, as well as the immune and nervous systems. Furthermore, we briefly introduce the therapeutic implications of lipogenesis modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Geun Jeon
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Young Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gung Lee
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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5
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Rajput PK, Varghese JF, Srivastava AK, Kumar U, Yadav UCS. Visfatin-induced upregulation of lipogenesis via EGFR/AKT/GSK3β pathway promotes breast cancer cell growth. Cell Signal 2023; 107:110686. [PMID: 37084841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) incidence and associated mortality have increased in tandem with the growth in obesity among the females worldwide. An adipokine, visfatin, has been shown to potentially impact glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, and promote cancer growth however, the mechanism underlying the effect of visfatin on lipid metabolism dysregulation contributing to BC cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis has not been elucidated. Herein, we have investigated the role of visfatin on the induction of Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-1) and its upstream and downstream mediators in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The survival and proliferation was investigated using MTT and Trypan blue assays, cytosolic lipid accumulation was observed using Nile red staining, mRNA and protein expressions were examined using RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively, and cell cycle analysis was performed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Our results indicate that visfatin increased the survival and proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner and augmented lipid buildup via activation of SREBP-1 and its associated downstream lipid synthesizing enzymes, at both mRNA and protein levels in MCF-7 cells. Inhibiting SREBP-1 using fatostatin or silencing with siRNA abrogated excessive lipid deposition by suppressing the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis pathway. Further, in-silico study showed high affinity binding of visfatin with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which was confirmed in an in-vitro study where visfatin increased the phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosine residue and activated its downstream proteins via phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β in MCF-7 cells. Inhibition of GSK3β by phosphorylation led to increased activity of SREBP-1 and associated downstream proteins. In summary, SREBP-1 may be a critical player in visfatin-induced lipid synthesis and accumulation in BC cells via activation of EGFR/AKT/GSK3β pathway leading to increased cell survival and proliferation of BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Rajput
- Metabolic Disorders and Inflammatory Pathologies Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Johnna Francis Varghese
- Metabolic Disorders and Inflammatory Pathologies Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine and Special Centre for Systems Medicine (Concurrent Faculty), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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6
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Syamprasad NP, Jain S, Rajdev B, Prasad N, Kallipalli R, Naidu VGM. Aldose reductase and cancer metabolism: The master regulator in the limelight. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 211:115528. [PMID: 37011733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
It is strongly established that metabolic reprogramming mediates the initiation, progression, and metastasis of a variety of cancers. However, there is no common biomarker identified to link the dysregulated metabolism and cancer progression. Recent studies strongly advise the involvement of aldose reductase (AR) in cancer metabolism. AR-mediated glucose metabolism creates a Warburg-like effect and an acidic tumour microenvironment in cancer cells. Moreover, AR overexpression is associated with the impairment of mitochondria and the accumulation of free fatty acids in cancer cells. Further, AR-mediated reduction of lipid aldehydes and chemotherapeutics are involved in the activation of factors promoting proliferation and chemo-resistance. In this review, we have delineated the possible mechanisms by which AR modulates cellular metabolism for cancer proliferation and survival. An in-depth understanding of cancer metabolism and the role of AR might lead to the use of AR inhibitors as metabolic modulating agents for the therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Syamprasad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Siddhi Jain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Bishal Rajdev
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Neethu Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - Ravindra Kallipalli
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Sila Village, Changsari, Assam 781101, India.
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7
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Kamoshita K, Ishii KA, Tahira Y, Kikuchi A, Abuduwaili H, Tajima-Shirasaki N, Li Q, Takayama H, Matsumoto K, Takamura T. Insulin Suppresses Ubiquitination via the Deubiquitinating Enzyme Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 14, Independent of Proteasome Activity in H4IIEC3 Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 385:5-16. [PMID: 36328485 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome dysfunction contributes to obesity-related metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and fatty liver disease. However, the regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome activity by insulin remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that prolonged insulin stimulation activates proteasome function even though it reduces the ubiquitinated proteins in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes. Looking for a pathway by which insulin inhibits ubiquitination, we found that hepatic expression of ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) was upregulated in the liver of patients with insulin resistance. Indeed, the USP14-specific inhibitor IU1 canceled the insulin-mediated reduction of ubiquitinated proteins. Furthermore, insulin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which was canceled by IU1, suggesting that USP14 activity is involved in insulin-induced ER stress. Co-stimulation with insulin and IU1 for 2 hours upregulated the nuclear translocation of the lipogenic transcription factor, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), upregulated the expression of the lipogenic gene, fatty acid synthase (Fasn), and repressed the gluconeogenic genes. In conclusion, insulin activates proteasome function even though it inhibits protein ubiquitination by activating USP14 in hepatocytes. USP14 activation by insulin inhibits mature SREBP-1c while upregulating ER stress and the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis. Further understanding mechanisms underlying the USP14 activation and its pleiotropic effects may lead to therapeutic development for obesity-associated metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and fatty liver disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study shows that insulin stimulation inhibits ubiquitination by activating USP14, independent of its effect on proteasome activity in hepatocytes. USP14 also downregulates the nuclear translocation of the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP-1c and upregulates the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis. Since USP14 is upregulated in the liver of insulin-resistant patients, understanding mechanisms underlying the USP14 activation and its pleiotropic effects will help develop treatments for metabolic disorders such as diabetes and fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kamoshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kiyo-Aki Ishii
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Tahira
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kikuchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Halimulati Abuduwaili
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Natsumi Tajima-Shirasaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Qifang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takayama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.K., K.A.I., Y.T., A.K., H.A., N.T.S., Q.L., H.T., T.T.); Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.A.I.); Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department (H.T.); and Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute (K.M.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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8
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Tamas I, Major E, Horvath D, Keller I, Ungvari A, Haystead TA, MacDonald JA, Lontay B. Mechanisms by which smoothelin-like protein 1 reverses insulin resistance in myotubules and mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 551:111663. [PMID: 35508278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (InR) is manifested in skeletal muscle by decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake due to impaired insulin signaling and multiple post-receptor intracellular defects. Chronic glucose-induced insulin resistance leads to the activation of Ser/Thr kinases and elevated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) on Ser residues. Phosphorylation of IRS1 triggers the dissociation of IRS1 and its downstream effector, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the present study, we provide evidence for the insulin-sensitizing role of smoothelin-like protein 1 (SMTNL1) that is a ligand-dependent co-regulator of steroid receptors, predominantly the progesterone receptor. SMTNL1 was transiently overexpressed in insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes. A proteome profiler array revealed that mTOR and Ser/Thr kinases were SMTNL1-dependent signaling pathways. In the presence of progesterone, overexpression was coupled to decreased Ser phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser307, Ser318, and Ser612 residues. SMTNL1 also induced the expression and activity of the p85 subunit of PI3K. SMTNL1 regulated the expression of PKCε, which phosphorylates IRS1 at Ser318 residue. SMTNL1 also regulated ERK1/2 and JNK, which phosphorylate IRS1 at Ser612 and Ser307, respectively. Real-time metabolic measurements of oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate revealed that SMTNL1 improved glycolysis and promoted the utilization of alternative carbon fuels. SMTNL1 also rescued the mitochondrial respiration defect induced by chronic insulin exposure. Collectively, SMTNL1 plays a crucial role in maintaining the physiological ratio of Tyr/Ser IRS1 phosphorylation and attenuates the insulin-signaling cascade that contributes to impaired glucose disposal, which makes it a potential therapeutic target for improving InR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Tamas
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Evelin Major
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Daniel Horvath
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilka Keller
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adam Ungvari
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Timothy A Haystead
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Beata Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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9
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Magdy S, Alaaeldin E, Fathalla Z, Alaaeldin R, Elrehany M, Saber EA, Abdel-Aziz RT, Mansour HF. Metformin-loaded ethosomes with promoted anti-proliferative activity in melanoma cell line B16, and wound healing aptitude: Development, characterization and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121781. [PMID: 35489604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present work deals with the development of metformin-loaded ethosomes for localized treatment of melanoma and wound healing. Different ethosomal formulations were prepared using different concentrations of ethanol adopting injection technique. The developed formulations were investigated for entrapment efficiency, ex-vivo skin permeation, vesicle size, morphology and permeation kinetics. The optimized formulation was loaded in 5 % carbomer gel that was evaluated for skin permeation, cytotoxic effect against melanoma mice B16 cell line and for wound healing action. Ethosomes having 30 % v/v ethanol displayed superior entrapment for metformin % (55.3±0.07) ; and a highly efficient permeation via mice skin (85.8±3.7). The related carbomer ethosomal gel exhibited higher skin permeation compared to the untreated metformin gel (P < 0.001). The metformin ethosomes had a substantial antiproliferative activity against melanoma B16 cells compared to corresponding metformin solution as shown by the lower IC50 values (56.45±1.47 and 887.3±23.2, respectively, P<0.05) and tumour cell viability (P<0.05). The ethosomal system had a significant wound healing action in mice (80.5±1.9%) that was superior to that of the marketed product Mebo® ointment (56±1 %), P<0.05. This ethosomal system demonstrated outstanding induction of the mRNA levels of growth factors (IGF-1, FGF-1, PDGF-B and TGF-β) that are essential in the healing process. Those findings were supported by histopathologic examination of wound sections of different treated groups. Thus, the study proved that metformin ethosomes as a promising drug delivery system and a conceivable therapeutic approach for treatment of melanoma and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrouk Magdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Eman Alaaeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Zeinab Fathalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Rania Alaaeldin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elrehany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Entesar Ali Saber
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Rasha Ta Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Dermatology, STDs and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Heba F Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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10
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Chen N, Zhou YS, Wang LC, Huang JB. Advances in metformin‑based metabolic therapy for non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2022; 47:55. [PMID: 35039878 PMCID: PMC8808708 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches that target the metabolism of tumor cells have been a popular research topic in recent years. Previous studies have demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitors reduce the proliferation of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by interfering with the aerobic glycolytic pathway. However, the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway in tumor cells has also been implicated in lung cancer metabolism. Metformin, a known inhibitor of mitochondrial OXPHOS, has been indicated to reduce NSCLC morbidity and mortality in clinical studies. The present article reviewed the therapeutic effects of metformin against NSCLC, both as a single agent and combined with other anticancer treatments, in order to provide a theoretical basis for its clinical use in adjuvant therapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Yangtze University Research and Experimentation Centre, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Shu Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Yangtze University Research and Experimentation Centre, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Cui Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Yangtze University Research and Experimentation Centre, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Bai Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Yangtze University Research and Experimentation Centre, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
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11
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Sun EJ, Wankell M, Palamuthusingam P, McFarlane C, Hebbard L. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111639. [PMID: 34829868 PMCID: PMC8615614 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of cancers through surgical procedures and new pharmaceuticals, the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains challenging as reflected by low survival rates. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an important signaling mechanism that regulates the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Importantly, deregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway leading to activation is common in HCC and is hence the subject of intense investigation and the focus of current therapeutics. In this review article, we consider the role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of HCC, focusing on its downstream effectors such as glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), forkhead box O protein (FOXO), murine double minute 2 (MDM2), p53, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the cellular processes of lipogenesis and autophagy. In addition, we provide an update on the current ongoing clinical development of agents targeting this pathway for HCC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Sun
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (E.J.S.); (M.W.); (C.M.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Miriam Wankell
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (E.J.S.); (M.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Pranavan Palamuthusingam
- Institute of Surgery, The Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
- Mater Hospital, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Craig McFarlane
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (E.J.S.); (M.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (E.J.S.); (M.W.); (C.M.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Hu W, Bagramyan K, Bhatticharya S, Hong T, Tapia A, Wong P, Kalkum M, Shively JE. Phosphorylation of human CEACAM1-LF by PKA and GSK3β promotes its interaction with β-catenin. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101305. [PMID: 34656562 PMCID: PMC8564729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CEACAM1-LF, a homotypic cell adhesion adhesion molecule, transduces intracellular signals via a 72 amino acid cytoplasmic domain that contains two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and a binding site for β-catenin. Phosphorylation of Ser503 by PKC in rodent CEACAM1 was shown to affect bile acid transport or hepatosteatosis via the level of ITIM phosphorylation, but the phosphorylation of the equivalent residue in human CEACAM1 (Ser508) was unclear. Here we studied this analogous phosphorylation by NMR analysis of the 15N labeled cytoplasmic domain peptide. Incubation with a variety of Ser/Thr kinases revealed phosphorylation of Ser508 by GSK3bβ but not by PKC. The lack of phosphorylation by PKC is likely due to evolutionary sequence changes between the rodent and human genes. Phosphorylation site assignment by mass spectrometry and NMR revealed phosphorylation of Ser472, Ser461 and Ser512 by PKA, of which Ser512 is part of a conserved consensus site for GSK3β binding. We showed here that only after phosphorylation of Ser512 by PKA was GSK3β able to phosphorylate Ser508. Phosphorylation of Ser512 by PKA promoted a tight association with the armadillo repeat domain of β-catenin at an extended region spanning the ITIMs of CEACAM1. The kinetics of phosphorylation of the ITIMs by Src, as well dephosphorylation by SHP2, were affected by the presence of Ser508/512 phosphorylation, suggesting that PKA and GSK3β may regulate the signal transduction activity of human CEACAM1-LF. The interaction of CEACAM1-LF with β-catenin promoted by PKA is suggestive of a tight association between the two ITIMs of CEACAM1-LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Hu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Karine Bagramyan
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Supriyo Bhatticharya
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Teresa Hong
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Alonso Tapia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Patty Wong
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.
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13
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Papadopoli D, Pollak M, Topisirovic I. The role of GSK3 in metabolic pathway perturbations in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119059. [PMID: 33989699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Malignant transformation and tumor progression are accompanied by significant perturbations in metabolic programs. As such, cancer cells support high ATP turnover to construct the building blocks needed to fuel neoplastic growth. The coordination of metabolic networks in malignant cells is dependent on the collaboration with cellular signaling pathways. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) lies at the convergence of several signaling axes, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK, and Wnt pathways, which influence cancer initiation, progression and therapeutic responses. Accordingly, GSK3 modulates metabolic processes, including protein and lipid synthesis, glucose and mitochondrial metabolism, as well as autophagy. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the role of GSK3 in metabolic perturbations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Papadopoli
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montréal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada.
| | - Michael Pollak
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montréal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montréal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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14
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Bledzka KM, Manaserh IH, Grondolsky J, Pfleger J, Roy R, Gao E, Chuprun JK, Koch WJ, Schumacher SM. A peptide of the amino-terminus of GRK2 induces hypertrophy and yet elicits cardioprotection after pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 154:137-153. [PMID: 33548241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2) expression and activity are elevated early on in response to several forms of cardiovascular stress and are a hallmark of heart failure. Interestingly, though, in addition to its well-characterized role in regulating GPCRs, mounting evidence suggests a GRK2 "interactome" that underlies a great diversity in its functional roles. Several such GRK2 interacting partners are important for adaptive and maladaptive myocyte growth; therefore, an understanding of domain-specific interactions with signaling and regulatory molecules could lead to novel targets for heart failure therapy. Herein, we subjected transgenic mice with cardiac restricted expression of a short, amino terminal fragment of GRK2 (βARKnt) to pressure overload and found that unlike their littermate controls or previous GRK2 fragments, they exhibited an increased left ventricular wall thickness and mass prior to cardiac stress that underwent proportional hypertrophic growth to controls after acute pressure overload. Importantly, despite this enlarged heart, βARKnt mice did not undergo the expected transition to heart failure observed in controls. Further, βARKnt expression limited adverse left ventricular remodeling and increased cell survival signaling. Proteomic analysis to identify βARKnt binding partners that may underlie the improved cardiovascular phenotype uncovered a selective functional interaction of both endogenous GRK2 and βARKnt with AKT substrate of 160 kDa (AS160). AS160 has emerged as a key downstream regulator of insulin signaling, integrating physiological and metabolic cues to couple energy demand to membrane recruitment of Glut4. Our preliminary data indicate that in βARKnt mice, cardiomyocyte insulin signaling is improved during stress, with a coordinate increase in spare respiratory activity and ATP production without metabolite switching. Surprisingly, these studies also revealed a significant decrease in gonadal fat weight, equivalent to human abdominal fat, in male βARKnt mice at baseline and following cardiac stress. These data suggest that the enhanced AS160-mediated signaling in the βARKnt mice may ameliorate pathological cardiac remodeling through direct modulation of insulin signaling within cardiomyocytes, and translate these to beneficial effects on systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila M Bledzka
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Iyad H Manaserh
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Grondolsky
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Pfleger
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rajika Roy
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - J Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sarah M Schumacher
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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15
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Lipid Regulatory Proteins as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Ovarian Cancer in Obese Women. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113469. [PMID: 33233362 PMCID: PMC7700662 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a recognized global epidemic that is associated with numerous comorbidities including type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer incidence and progression. Ovarian cancer (OvCa) has a unique mechanism of intra-peritoneal metastasis, already present in 80% of women at the time of diagnosis, making it the fifth leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy. Meta-analyses showed that obesity increases the risk of OvCa progression, leads to enhanced overall and organ-specific tumor burden, and adversely effects survival of women with OvCa. Recent data discovered that tumors grown in mice fed on a western diet (40% fat) have elevated lipid levels and a highly increased expression level of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). SREBP1 is a master transcription factor that regulates de novo lipogenesis and lipid homeostasis, and induces lipogenic reprogramming of tumor cells. Elevated SREBP1 levels are linked to cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. This review will summarize recent findings to provide a current understanding of lipid regulatory proteins in the ovarian tumor microenvironment with emphasis on SREBP1 expression in the obese host, the role of SREBP1 in cancer progression and metastasis, and potential therapeutic targeting of SREBPs and SREBP-pathway genes in treating cancers, particularly in the context of host obesity.
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16
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Sanna M, Borgo C, Compagnin C, Favaretto F, Vindigni V, Trento M, Bettini S, Comin A, Belligoli A, Rugge M, Bassetto F, Donella-Deana A, Vettor R, Busetto L, Milan G. White Adipose Tissue Expansion in Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis Is Associated with Upregulation of CK2, AKT and ERK1/2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217933. [PMID: 33114687 PMCID: PMC7662313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a rare disorder characterized by overgrowing lipomatous tissue (LT) in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). What LT is and how it expands are not completely understood; previous data suggested that it could derive from brown AT precursors. In six MSL type I patients, we compared LT morphology by histological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, gene expression, by qPCR, kinase activity, by Western Blot and in vitro assay to paired-control SAT using AT from patients with pheochromocytoma as a human browning reference. In the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), we quantified adipose stem cells (ASCs) by flow cytometry, the proliferation rate, white and beige adipogenic potential and clonogenicity and adipogenicity by a limiting dilution assay. LT displayed white AT morphology and expression pattern and did not show increased levels of the brown-specific marker UCP1. In LT, we evidenced AKT, CK2 and ERK1/2 hyperactivation. LT-SVF contained increased ASCs, proliferated faster, sprouted clones and differentiated into adipocytes better than the control, displaying enhanced white adipogenic potential but not increased browning compared to SAT. In conclusion, LT is a white AT depot expanding by hyperplasia through increased stemness and enhanced white adipogenesis upregulating AKT, CK2 and ERK1/2, which could represent new targets to counteract MSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanna
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (C.B.); (A.D.-D.)
| | - Chiara Compagnin
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesca Favaretto
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Vindigni
- Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (V.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Mariangela Trento
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Alessandra Comin
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Anna Belligoli
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Franco Bassetto
- Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (V.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Arianna Donella-Deana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (C.B.); (A.D.-D.)
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Luca Busetto
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Gabriella Milan
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8218550; Fax: +39-049-8218555
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17
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Cancer Metabolism: Phenotype, Signaling and Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102308. [PMID: 33081387 PMCID: PMC7602974 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant metabolism is a major hallmark of cancer. Abnormal cancer metabolism, such as aerobic glycolysis and increased anabolic pathways, has important roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, and cancer stem cells. Well-known oncogenic signaling pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, Myc, and Hippo pathway, mediate metabolic gene expression and increase metabolic enzyme activities. Vice versa, deregulated metabolic pathways contribute to defects in cellular signal transduction pathways, which in turn provide energy, building blocks, and redox potentials for unrestrained cancer cell proliferation. Studies and clinical trials are being performed that focus on the inhibition of metabolic enzymes by small molecules or dietary interventions (e.g., fasting, calorie restriction, and intermittent fasting). Similar to genetic heterogeneity, the metabolic phenotypes of cancers are highly heterogeneous. This heterogeneity results from diverse cues in the tumor microenvironment and genetic mutations. Hence, overcoming metabolic plasticity is an important goal of modern cancer therapeutics. This review highlights recent findings on the metabolic phenotypes of cancer and elucidates the interactions between signal transduction pathways and metabolic pathways. We also provide novel rationales for designing the next-generation cancer metabolism drugs.
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18
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Martí-Pàmies Í, Thoonen R, Seale P, Vite A, Caplan A, Tamez J, Graves L, Han W, Buys ES, Bloch DB, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Deficiency of bone morphogenetic protein-3b induces metabolic syndrome and increases adipogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E363-E375. [PMID: 32603262 PMCID: PMC7473912 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00362.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor signaling is critical for the regulation of the endocrine system and cardiovascular structure and function. The objective of this study was to investigate whether Bmp3b, a glycoprotein synthetized and secreted by adipose tissue, is necessary to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, and cardiovascular remodeling. Over the course of 4 mo, Bmp3b-knockout (Bmp3b-/-) mice gained more weight than wild-type (WT) mice. The plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in Bmp3b-/- mice than in WT mice. Bmp3b-/- mice developed insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. The basal heart rate was higher in Bmp3b-/- mice than in WT mice, and echocardiography revealed eccentric remodeling in Bmp3b-/- mice. The expression of adipogenesis-related genes in white adipose tissue was higher in Bmp3b-/- mice than in WT control mice. In vitro studies showed that Bmp3b modulates the activity of the C/ebpα promoter, an effect mediated by Smad2/3. The results of this study suggest that Bmp3b is necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis in terms of age-related weight gain, glucose metabolism, and left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function. Interventions that increase the level or function of BMP3b may decrease cardiovascular risk and pathological cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íngrid Martí-Pàmies
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robrecht Thoonen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexia Vite
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex Caplan
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jesus Tamez
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Graves
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Han
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emmanuel S Buys
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Hoxhaj G, Manning BD. The PI3K-AKT network at the interface of oncogenic signalling and cancer metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:74-88. [PMID: 31686003 PMCID: PMC7314312 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1072] [Impact Index Per Article: 268.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The altered metabolic programme of cancer cells facilitates their cell-autonomous proliferation and survival. In normal cells, signal transduction pathways control core cellular functions, including metabolism, to couple the signals from exogenous growth factors, cytokines or hormones to adaptive changes in cell physiology. The ubiquitous, growth factor-regulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signalling network has diverse downstream effects on cellular metabolism, through either direct regulation of nutrient transporters and metabolic enzymes or the control of transcription factors that regulate the expression of key components of metabolic pathways. Aberrant activation of this signalling network is one of the most frequent events in human cancer and serves to disconnect the control of cell growth, survival and metabolism from exogenous growth stimuli. Here we discuss our current understanding of the molecular events controlling cellular metabolism downstream of PI3K and AKT and of how these events couple two major hallmarks of cancer: growth factor independence through oncogenic signalling and metabolic reprogramming to support cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerta Hoxhaj
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Brendan D Manning
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Koundouros N, Poulogiannis G. Reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:4-22. [PMID: 31819192 PMCID: PMC6964678 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A common feature of cancer cells is their ability to rewire their metabolism to sustain the production of ATP and macromolecules needed for cell growth, division and survival. In particular, the importance of altered fatty acid metabolism in cancer has received renewed interest as, aside their principal role as structural components of the membrane matrix, they are important secondary messengers, and can also serve as fuel sources for energy production. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms through which cancer cells rewire their fatty acid metabolism with a focus on four main areas of research. (1) The role of de novo synthesis and exogenous uptake in the cellular pool of fatty acids. (2) The mechanisms through which molecular heterogeneity and oncogenic signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling, regulate fatty acid metabolism. (3) The role of fatty acids as essential mediators of cancer progression and metastasis, through remodelling of the tumour microenvironment. (4) Therapeutic strategies and considerations for successfully targeting fatty acid metabolism in cancer. Further research focusing on the complex interplay between oncogenic signalling and dysregulated fatty acid metabolism holds great promise to uncover novel metabolic vulnerabilities and improve the efficacy of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Koundouros
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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21
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Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Paganelli F, Marmiroli S, Martelli AM. Crosstalks of GSK3 signaling with the mTOR network and effects on targeted therapy of cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118635. [PMID: 31884070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of therapeutics targeting specific tumor-promoting oncogenic or non-oncogenic signaling pathways has revolutionized cancer treatment. Mechanistic (previously mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR), a highly conserved Ser/Thr kinase, is a central hub of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR network, one of the most frequently deregulated signaling pathways in cancer, that makes it an attractive target for therapy. Numerous mTOR inhibitors have progressed to clinical trials and two of them have been officially approved as anticancer therapeutics. However, mTOR-targeting drugs have met with a very limited success in cancer patients. Frequently, the primary impediment to a successful targeted therapy in cancer is drug-resistance, either from the very beginning of the therapy (innate resistance) or after an initial response and upon repeated drug treatment (evasive or acquired resistance). Drug-resistance leads to treatment failure and relapse/progression of the disease. Resistance to mTOR inhibitors depends, among other reasons, on activation/deactivation of several signaling pathways, included those regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), a protein that targets a vast number of substrates in its repertoire, thereby orchestrating many processes that include cell proliferation and survival, metabolism, differentiation, and stemness. A detailed knowledge of the rewiring of signaling pathways triggered by exposure to mTOR inhibitors is critical to our understanding of the consequences such perturbations cause in tumors, including the emergence of drug-resistant cells. Here, we provide the reader with an updated overview of intricate circuitries that connect mTOR and GSK3 and we relate them to the efficacy (or lack of efficacy) of mTOR inhibitors in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Evangelisti
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolical, and Neurological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, MO, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy.
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22
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Yang Y, Liu F, Lu R, Jia J. Berberine Inhibits Adipogenesis in Porcine Adipocytes
via
AMP‐Activated Protein Kinase‐Dependent and ‐Independent Mechanisms. Lipids 2019; 54:667-678. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Yang
- College of Life ScienceShanxi Normal University The First Gongyuan Road, Linfen Shanxi Province 041000 People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglan Liu
- College of Life ScienceShanxi Normal University The First Gongyuan Road, Linfen Shanxi Province 041000 People's Republic of China
| | - Rongsheng Lu
- College of Life ScienceShanxi Normal University The First Gongyuan Road, Linfen Shanxi Province 041000 People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Jia
- College of Life ScienceShanxi Normal University The First Gongyuan Road, Linfen Shanxi Province 041000 People's Republic of China
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23
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Zhang Y, Welzig CM, Haburcak M, Wang B, Aronovitz M, Blanton RM, Park HJ, Force T, Noujaim S, Galper JB. Targeted disruption of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in cardiomyocytes attenuates cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction in type 1 diabetic Akita mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215213. [PMID: 30978208 PMCID: PMC6461277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetic Akita mice develop severe cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction that we have previously demonstrated is due at least in part to an abnormality in the response of the end organ to parasympathetic stimulation. Specifically, we had shown that hypoinsulinemia in the diabetic heart results in attenuation of the G-protein coupled inward rectifying K channel (GIRK) which mediates the negative chronotropic response to parasympathetic stimulation due at least in part to decreased expression of the GIRK1 and GIRK4 subunits of the channel. We further demonstrated that the expression of GIRK1 and GIRK4 is under the control of the Sterol Regulatory element Binding Protein (SREBP-1), which is also decreased in response to hypoinsulinemia. Finally, given that hyperactivity of Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)3β, had been demonstrated in the diabetic heart, we demonstrated that treatment of Akita mice with Li+, an inhibitor of GSK3β, increased parasympathetic responsiveness and SREBP-1 levels consistent with the conclusion that GSK3β might regulate IKACh via an effect on SREBP-1. However, inhibitor studies were complicated by lack of specificity for GSK3β. Here we generated an Akita mouse with cardiac specific inducible knockout of GSK3β. Using this mouse, we demonstrate that attenuation of GSK3β expression is associated with an increase in parasympathetic responsiveness measured as an increase in the heart rate response to atropine from 17.3 ± 3.5% (n = 8) prior to 41.2 ± 5.4% (n = 8, P = 0.017), an increase in the duration of carbamylcholine mediated bradycardia from 8.43 ± 1.60 min (n = 7) to 12.71 ± 2.26 min (n = 7, P = 0.028) and an increase in HRV as measured by an increase in the high frequency fraction from 40.78 ± 3.86% to 65.04 ± 5.64 (n = 10, P = 0.005). Furthermore, patch clamp measurements demonstrated a 3-fold increase in acetylcholine stimulated peak IKACh in atrial myocytes from GSK3β deficiency mice compared with control. Finally, western blot analysis of atrial extracts from knockout mice demonstrated increased levels of SREBP-1, GIRK1 and GIRK4 compared with control. Taken together with our prior observations, these data establish a role of increased GSK3β activity in the pathogenesis of parasympathetic dysfunction in type 1 diabetes via the regulation of IKACh and GIRK1/4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JBG)
| | - Charles M. Welzig
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marian Haburcak
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bo Wang
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Aronovitz
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Blanton
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ho-Jin Park
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Force
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sami Noujaim
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonas B. Galper
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JBG)
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24
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Wu S, Näär AM. A lipid-free and insulin-supplemented medium supports De Novo fatty acid synthesis gene activation in melanoma cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215022. [PMID: 30970006 PMCID: PMC6457551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While investigating the role played by de novo lipid (DNL) biosynthesis in cancer cells, we sought a medium condition that would support cell proliferation without providing any serum lipids. Here we report that a defined serum free cell culture medium condition containing insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) supports controlled study of transcriptional regulation of de novo fatty acid (DNFA) production and de novo cholesterol synthesis (DNCS) in melanoma cell lines. This lipid-free ITS medium is able to support continuous proliferation of several melanoma cell lines that utilize DNL to support their lipid requirements. We show that the ITS medium stimulates gene transcription in support of both DNFA and DNCS, specifically mediated by SREBP1/2 in melanoma cells. We further found that the ITS medium promoted SREBP1 nuclear localization and occupancy on DNFA gene promoters. Our data show clear utility of this serum and lipid-free medium for melanoma cancer cell culture and lipid-related areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SW); (AMN)
| | - Anders M. Näär
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SW); (AMN)
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25
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Scrima R, Piccoli C, Moradpour D, Capitanio N. Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum and/or Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Fluxes as Therapeutic Strategy for HCV Infection. Front Chem 2018; 6:73. [PMID: 29619366 PMCID: PMC5871704 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is characterized by metabolic disorders and by a microenvironment in the liver dominated by oxidative stress, inflammation and regeneration processes that can in the long term lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial dysfunctions play a central role in these processes. However, how these dysfunctions are induced by the virus and whether they play a role in disease progression and neoplastic transformation remains to be determined. Most in vitro studies performed so far have shown that several of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins also localize to mitochondria, but the consequences of these interactions on mitochondrial functions remain contradictory and need to be confirmed in the context of productively replicating virus and physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo model systems. In the past decade we have been proposing a temporal sequence of events in the HCV-infected cell whereby the primary alteration is localized at the mitochondria-associated ER membranes and causes release of Ca2+ from the ER, followed by uptake into mitochondria. This ensues successive mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and a progressive metabolic adaptive response consisting in decreased oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced aerobic glycolysis and lipogenesis. Here we resume the major results provided by our group in the context of HCV-mediated alterations of the cellular inter-compartmental calcium flux homeostasis and present new evidence suggesting targeting of ER and/or mitochondrial calcium transporters as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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26
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Sakai G, Inoue I, Suzuki T, Sumita T, Inukai K, Katayama S, Awata T, Yamada T, Asano T, Katagiri H, Noda M, Shimada A, Ono H. Effects of the Activation of Three Major Hepatic Akt Substrates on Glucose Metabolism in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2659-2671. [PMID: 28498916 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin suppresses glucose output from the liver via Akt activation; however, which substrate of Akt plays the major role in transducing this effect is unclear. We tested the postnatal expression of Akt-unresponsive, constitutively active mutants of three major Akt substrates widely considered to regulate glucose metabolism [i.e., FoxO1, PGC1α, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β)] using adenoviral gene delivery to the mouse liver. We performed physiological hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies using these mice under awake and nonrestrained conditions with blood sampling via an arterial catheter. Hepatic expression of constitutively active FoxO1 induced significant hepatic and systemic insulin resistance. However, neither the expression of constitutively active PGC1α nor that of GSK3β significantly changed insulin sensitivity. Simultaneous expression of all three mutants together induced no further insulin resistance compared with that of the FoxO1 mutant. The glycogen content in the liver was significantly reduced by constitutively active GSK3β expression. In cultured hepatocytes, constitutively active PGC1α induced markedly stronger transcriptional enhancement of gluconeogenic key enzymes than did constitutively active FoxO1. From these results, we conclude that FoxO1 has the most prominent role in transducing insulin's effect downstream from Akt to suppress hepatic glucose output, involving mechanisms independent of the transcriptional regulation of key gluconeogenic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gota Sakai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Tokuko Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takashi Sumita
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kouichi Inukai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Katayama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takuya Awata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima City 739-0046, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Hiraku Ono
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
- Biomedical Research Center, Division of RI Laboratory, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama 350-0495, Japan
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27
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Hermida MA, Dinesh Kumar J, Leslie NR. GSK3 and its interactions with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling network. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 65:5-15. [PMID: 28712664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3 or GSK-3) is a promiscuous protein kinase and its phosphorylation of its diverse substrates has major influences on many areas of physiology and pathology, including cellular metabolism, lineage commitment and neuroscience. GSK3 was one of the first identified substrates of the heavily studied oncogenic kinase AKT, phosphorylation by which inhibits GSK3 activity via the formation of an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate sequence. This has led to investigation of the role of GSK3 inhibition as a key component of the cellular responses to growth factors and insulin, which stimulate the class I PI 3-Kinases and in turn AKT activity and GSK3 phosphorylation. GSK3 has been shown to phosphorylate several upstream and downstream components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling network, including AKT itself, RICTOR, TSC1 and 2, PTEN and IRS1 and 2, with the potential to apply feedback control within the network. However, it has been clear for some time that functionally distinct, insulated pools of GSK3 exist which are regulated independently, so that for some GSK3 substrates such as β-catenin, phosphorylation by GSK3 is not controlled by input from PI3K and AKT. Instead, as almost all GSK3 substrates require a priming phosphorylated residue to be 4 amino acids C-terminal to the Ser/Thr phosphorylated by GSK3, the predominant form of regulation of the activity of GSK3 often appears to be through control over these priming events, specific to individual substrates. Therefore, a major role of GSK3 can be viewed as an amplifier of the electrostatic effects on protein function which are caused by these priming phosphorylation events. Here we discuss these different aspects to GSK3 regulation and function, and the functions of GSK3 as it integrates with signalling through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Hermida
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - J Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Nick R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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28
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Lin Y, Ding D, Huang Q, Liu Q, Lu H, Lu Y, Chi Y, Sun X, Ye G, Zhu H, Wei J, Dong S. Downregulation of miR-192 causes hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation by inducing SREBF1: Novel mechanism for bisphenol A-triggered non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:869-882. [PMID: 28483554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) has been associated with the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Given that microRNA (miRNA) is recognized as a key regulator of lipid metabolism and a potential mediator of environmental cues, this study was designed to explore whether exposure to BPA-triggered abnormal steatosis and lipid accumulation in the liver could be modulated by miR-192. We showed that male post-weaning C57BL/6 mice exposed to 50μg/kg/day of BPA by oral gavage for 90days displayed a NAFLD-like phenotype. In addition, we found in mouse liver and human HepG2 cells that BPA-induced hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation were associated with decreased expression of miR-192, upregulation of SREBF1 and a series of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis. Downregulation of miR-192 in BPA-exposed hepatocytes could be due to defective pre-miR-192 processing by DROSHA. Using HepG2 cells, we further confirmed that miR-192 directly acted on the 3'UTR of SREBF1, contributing to dysregulation of lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes. MiR-192 mimic and lentivirus-mediated overexpression of miR-192 improved BPA-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing SREBF1. Lastly, we noted that lipid accumulation was not a strict requirement for developing insulin resistance in mice after BPA treatment. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a novel mechanism in which NAFLD associated with BPA exposure arose from alterations in the miR-192-SREBF1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Dongxiao Ding
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haoyang Lu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yanyang Lu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulang Chi
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guozhu Ye
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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29
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Rashid HO, Kim HK, Junjappa R, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the regulation of liver diseases: Involvement of Regulated IRE1α and β-dependent decay and miRNA. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:981-991. [PMID: 27774654 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compromised protein folding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to a protein traffic jam that produces a toxic environment called ER stress. However, the ER smartly handles such a critical situation by activating a cascade of proteins responsible for sensing and responding to the noxious stimuli of accumulated proteins. The ER protein load is higher in secretory cells, such as liver hepatocytes, which are thus prone to stress-mediated toxicity and various diseases, including alcohol-induced liver injury, fatty liver disease, and viral hepatitis. Therefore, we discuss the molecular cues that connect ER stress to hepatic diseases. Moreover, we review the literature on ER stress-regulated miRNA in the pathogenesis of liver diseases to give a comprehensive overview of mechanistic insights connecting ER stress and miRNA in the context of liver diseases. We also discuss currently discovered regulated IRE1 dependent decay in regulation of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun-Or Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Raghupatil Junjappa
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Graduate School and Institute of Science and Technology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and New Drug Development Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Barbosa S, Carreira S, O'Hare P. GSK-3-mediated phosphorylation couples ER-Golgi transport and nuclear stabilization of the CREB-H transcription factor to mediate apolipoprotein secretion. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1565-1579. [PMID: 28381424 PMCID: PMC5449154 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CREB-H plays a key role in regulating secretion in metabolic pathways, particularly triglyceride homeostasis. Phosphorylation at a conserved serine motif, the P-motif, provides an integrated control mechanism of CREB-H function, coupling intercompartmental transport in the cytoplasm with stabilization of the active form in the nucleus. CREB-H, an ER-anchored transcription factor, plays a key role in regulating secretion in metabolic pathways, particularly triglyceride homeostasis. It controls the production both of secretory pathway components and cargoes, including apolipoproteins ApoA-IV and ApoC-II, contributing to VLDL/HDL distribution and lipolysis. The key mechanism controlling CREB-H activity involves its ER retention and forward transport to the Golgi, where it is cleaved by Golgi-resident proteases, releasing the N-terminal product, which traffics to the nucleus to effect transcriptional responses. Here we show that a serine-rich motif termed the P-motif, located in the N-terminus between serines 73 and 90, controls release of the precursor transmembrane form from the ER and its forward transport to the Golgi. This motif is subject to GSK-3 phosphorylation, promoting ER retention, while mutation of target serines and drug inhibition of GSK-3 activity coordinately induce both forward transport of the precursor and cleavage, resulting in nuclear import. We previously showed that for the nuclear product, the P-motif is subject to multiple phosphorylations, which regulate stability by targeting the protein to the SCFFbw1a E3 ubiquitin ligase. Thus phosphorylation at the P-motif provides integrated control of CREB-H function, coupling intercompartmental transport in the cytoplasm with stabilization of the active form in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Barbosa
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Carreira
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O'Hare
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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Lien EC, Lyssiotis CA, Cantley LC. Metabolic Reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Pathway in Cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 2017; 207:39-72. [PMID: 27557534 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42118-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been a resurgence of interest in elucidating how metabolism is altered in cancer cells and how such dependencies can be targeted for therapeutic gain. At the core of this research is the concept that metabolic pathways are reprogrammed in cancer cells to divert nutrients toward anabolic processes to facilitate enhanced growth and proliferation. Importantly, physiological cellular signaling mechanisms normally tightly regulate the ability of cells to gain access to and utilize nutrients, posing a fundamental barrier to transformation. This barrier is often overcome by aberrations in cellular signaling that drive tumor pathogenesis by enabling cancer cells to make critical cellular decisions in a cell-autonomous manner. One of the most frequently altered pathways in human cancer is the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Here, we describe mechanisms by which this signaling network is responsible for controlling cellular metabolism. Through both the post-translational regulation and the induction of transcriptional programs, the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway coordinates the uptake and utilization of multiple nutrients, including glucose, glutamine, nucleotides, and lipids, in a manner best suited for supporting the enhanced growth and proliferation of cancer cells. These regulatory mechanisms illustrate how metabolic changes in cancer are closely intertwined with oncogenic signaling pathways that drive tumor initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Lien
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, EC/CLS-628C, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1150 E. Medical Center Drive, Room 6308, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, 1150 E. Medical Center Drive, Room 6308, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Department of Medicine, the Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Belfer Research Building, 413 East 69th Street, Floor 13 Room BB-1362, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Ladeira MM, Schoonmaker JP, Gionbelli MP, Dias JCO, Gionbelli TRS, Carvalho JRR, Teixeira PD. Nutrigenomics and Beef Quality: A Review about Lipogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060918. [PMID: 27294923 PMCID: PMC4926451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present review is to discuss the results of published studies that show how nutrition affects the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and how diet manipulation might change marbling and composition of fat in beef. Several key points in the synthesis of fat in cattle take place at the molecular level, and the association of nutritional factors with the modulation of this metabolism is one of the recent targets of nutrigenomic research. Within this context, special attention has been paid to the study of nuclear receptors associated with fatty acid metabolism. Among the transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) stand out. The mRNA synthesis of these transcription factors is regulated by nutrients, and their metabolic action might be potentiated by diet components and change lipogenesis in muscle. Among the options for dietary manipulation with the objective to modulate lipogenesis, the use of different sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, starch concentrations, forage ratios and vitamins stand out. Therefore, special care must be exercised in feedlot feed management, mainly when the goal is to produce high marbling beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio M Ladeira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Jon P Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Mateus P Gionbelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Júlio C O Dias
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Priscilla D Teixeira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
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Wang Y, Viscarra J, Kim SJ, Sul HS. Transcriptional regulation of hepatic lipogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 16:678-89. [PMID: 26490400 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid and fat synthesis in the liver is a highly regulated metabolic pathway that is important for very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production and thus energy distribution to other tissues. Having common features at their promoter regions, lipogenic genes are coordinately regulated at the transcriptional level. Transcription factors, such as upstream stimulatory factors (USFs), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1C (SREBP1C), liver X receptors (LXRs) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) have crucial roles in this process. Recently, insights have been gained into the signalling pathways that regulate these transcription factors. After feeding, high blood glucose and insulin levels activate lipogenic genes through several pathways, including the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and AKT-mTOR pathways. These pathways control the post-translational modifications of transcription factors and co-regulators, such as phosphorylation, acetylation or ubiquitylation, that affect their function, stability and/or localization. Dysregulation of lipogenesis can contribute to hepatosteatosis, which is associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jose Viscarra
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sun-Joong Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hei Sook Sul
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:225-82. [PMID: 26967715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide prevalence of overnutrition and underexertion threatens the gains that we have made against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other maladies. Chronic overnutrition causes the atherometabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of seemingly unrelated health problems characterized by increased abdominal girth and body-mass index, high fasting and postprandial concentrations of cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich apoB-lipoproteins (C-TRLs), low plasma HDL levels, impaired regulation of plasma glucose concentrations, hypertension, and a significant risk of developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, individuals with this syndrome exhibit fatty liver, hypercoagulability, sympathetic overactivity, a gradually rising set-point for body adiposity, a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and--crucially--hyperinsulinemia. Many lines of evidence indicate that each component of the atherometabolic syndrome arises, or is worsened by, pathway-selective insulin resistance and responsiveness (SEIRR). Individuals with SEIRR require compensatory hyperinsulinemia to control plasma glucose levels. The result is overdrive of those pathways that remain insulin-responsive, particularly ERK activation and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), while carbohydrate regulation deteriorates. The effects are easily summarized: if hyperinsulinemia does something bad in a tissue or organ, that effect remains responsive in the atherometabolic syndrome and T2DM; and if hyperinsulinemia might do something good, that effect becomes resistant. It is a deadly imbalance in insulin action. From the standpoint of human health, it is the worst possible combination of effects. In this review, we discuss the origins of the atherometabolic syndrome in our historically unprecedented environment that only recently has become full of poorly satiating calories and incessant enticements to sit. Data are examined that indicate the magnitude of daily caloric imbalance that causes obesity. We also cover key aspects of healthy, balanced insulin action in liver, endothelium, brain, and elsewhere. Recent insights into the molecular basis and pathophysiologic harm from SEIRR in these organs are discussed. Importantly, a newly discovered oxide transport chain functions as the master regulator of the balance amongst different limbs of the insulin signaling cascade. This oxide transport chain--abbreviated 'NSAPP' after its five major proteins--fails to function properly during chronic overnutrition, resulting in this harmful pattern of SEIRR. We also review the origins of widespread, chronic overnutrition. Despite its apparent complexity, one factor stands out. A sophisticated junk food industry, aided by subsidies from willing governments, has devoted years of careful effort to promote overeating through the creation of a new class of food and drink that is low- or no-cost to the consumer, convenient, savory, calorically dense, yet weakly satiating. It is past time for the rest of us to overcome these foes of good health and solve this man-made epidemic.
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Wang Y, Hou Y, Zhao L, He Z, Jiang J, Li Z, Du Z, Yan T, Wang L. Multiple alternative splicing and differential expression patterns of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) gene in Schizothorax prenanti. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 181:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee JH, Lee GY, Jang H, Choe SS, Koo SH, Kim JB. Ring finger protein20 regulates hepatic lipid metabolism through protein kinase A-dependent sterol regulatory element binding protein1c degradation. Hepatology 2014; 60:844-57. [PMID: 24425205 PMCID: PMC4258077 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sterol regulatory element binding protein1c (SREBP1c) is a key transcription factor for de novo lipogenesis during the postprandial state. During nutritional deprivation, hepatic SREBP1c is rapidly suppressed by fasting signals to prevent lipogenic pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms that control SREBP1c turnover in response to fasting status are not thoroughly understood. To elucidate which factors are involved in the inactivation of SREBP1c, we attempted to identify SREBP1c-interacting proteins by mass spectrometry analysis. Since we observed that ring finger protein20 (RNF20) ubiquitin ligase was identified as one of SREBP1c-interacting proteins, we hypothesized that fasting signaling would promote SREBP1c degradation in an RNF20-dependent manner. In this work, we demonstrate that RNF20 physically interacts with SREBP1c, leading to degradation of SREBP1c via ubiquitination. In accordance with these findings, RNF20 represses the transcriptional activity of SREBP1c and turns off the expression of lipogenic genes that are targets of SREBP1c. In contrast, knockdown of RNF20 stimulates the expression of SREBP1c and lipogenic genes and induces lipogenic activity in primary hepatocytes. Furthermore, activation of protein kinase A (PKA) with glucagon or forskolin enhances the expression of RNF20 and potentiates the ubiquitination of SREBP1c via RNF20. In wild-type and db/db mice, adenoviral overexpression of RNF20 markedly suppresses FASN promoter activity and reduces the level of hepatic triglycerides, accompanied by a decrease in the hepatic lipogenic program. Here, we reveal that RNF20-induced SREBP1c ubiquitination down-regulates hepatic lipogenic activity upon PKA activation. CONCLUSION RNF20 acts as a negative regulator of hepatic fatty acid metabolism through degradation of SREBP1c upon PKA activation. Knowledge regarding this process enhances our understanding of how SREBP1c is able to turn off hepatic lipid metabolism during nutritional deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Gha Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Hagoon Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Sung Sik Choe
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hoi Koo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
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Rajan S, Gupta A, Beg M, Shankar K, Srivastava A, Varshney S, Kumar D, Gaikwad AN. Adipocyte transdifferentiation and its molecular targets. Differentiation 2014; 87:183-92. [PMID: 25130315 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of fat, which increases risk of other metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, etc. There are two types of adipose tissue, white and brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the latter has recently gathered interest of the scientific community. Discovery of BAT has opened avenues for a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic syndrome. BAT utilizes accumulated fatty acids for energy expenditure; hence it is seen as one of the possible alternates to the current treatment. Moreover, browning of white adipocyte on exposure to cold, as well as with some of the pharmacological agents presents exciting outcomes and indicates the feasibility of transdifferentiation. A better understanding of molecular pathways and differentiation factors, those that play a key role in transdifferentiation are of extreme importance in designing novel strategies for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Rajan
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Muheeb Beg
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Salil Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Anil Nilkanth Gaikwad
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India.
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Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies the Parkinson disease GWAS risk locus SREBF1 as a regulator of mitophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8494-9. [PMID: 24912190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321207111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis of Parkinson disease (PD) has identified several genes whose mutation causes inherited parkinsonism, as well as risk loci for sporadic PD. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin, linked to autosomal recessive PD, act in a common genetic pathway regulating the autophagic degradation of mitochondria, termed mitophagy. We undertook a genome-wide RNAi screen as an unbiased approach to identify genes regulating the PINK1/Parkin pathway. We identified several genes that have a conserved function in promoting mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and subsequent mitophagy, most notably sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), F-box and WD40 domain protein 7 (FBXW7), and other components of the lipogenesis pathway. The relevance of mechanisms of autosomal recessive parkinsonism to sporadic PD has long been debated. However, with the recent identification of SREBF1 as a risk locus for sporadic PD, our findings suggest a common mechanistic link between autosomal recessive and sporadic PD, and underscore the importance of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Abstract
Metformin is well-known as an anti-diabetic drug, but it seems to possess anti-cancerous properties as well. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved regulator of the cellular response to the presence of low energy in all eukaryotic cells. It is considered a key sensor of the balance of cellular ATP and AMP concentrations. LKB1 serine/threonine kinase is a divergent yet evolutionarily well-conserved kinase, biochemically sufficient to activate AMPK in vitro and genetically required for AMPK activation. Because of this potent connection to AMPK, LKB1 may act as a central regulator of metabolism in vivo. Once activated, AMP kinase phosphorylates the transcriptional activator TorC2, thereby blocking its nuclear translocation and inhibiting the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis. Data suggest that LKB1/AMPK signaling plays a role in protection from apoptosis, specifically in response to agents that increase the cellular AMP/ATP ratio. Active AMPK signaling offers a protective effect by providing the cell with time to reverse the aberrantly high ratio of AMP/ATP. If unable to reverse this ratio, the cell will eventually undergo cell death. These observations offer the provocative suggestion of a potential therapeutic window in which LKB1-deficient tumor cells may be acutely sensitive to AMP analogues or sensitized to cell death by other stimuli when treated in combination with agents that increase the AMP/ATP ratio. LKB1 therefore is a classical tumor suppressor. AMPK is a direct LKB1 substrate. A consequence of AMPK activation by LKB1 is the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) C1 pathway. Metformin's anti-cancerous properties have been demonstrated in various cancer cells in vitro, such as lung, pancreatic, colon, ovarian, breast, prostate, renal cancer cells, melanoma, and even in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. To test metformin's action in vivo, mice were implanted with transformed mammary epithelial cells and treated with three cycles of metformin and with the anthracycline doxorubicin. When combined with doxorubicin, metformin wiped out tumors and prevented recurrence. Metformin alone had no effect, and doxorubicin as a single agent initially shrank tumors, but they regrew later. Virtually no cancer stem cells were recovered immediately after treatment and the complete response was sustained for nearly two months. Further studies are needed to assess the anti-cancerous potentials of metformin in vivo. This article reviews the current knowledge on the actions of LKB1/AMPK and the effectiveness of metformin in cancer, specifically in diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G Vallianou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christos Kazazis
- Honorary Lecturer, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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Boucher J, Kleinridders A, Kahn CR. Insulin receptor signaling in normal and insulin-resistant states. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:6/1/a009191. [PMID: 24384568 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 917] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the wake of the worldwide increase in type-2 diabetes, a major focus of research is understanding the signaling pathways impacting this disease. Insulin signaling regulates glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, predominantly via action on liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Precise modulation of this pathway is vital for adaption as the individual moves from the fed to the fasted state. The positive and negative modulators acting on different steps of the signaling pathway, as well as the diversity of protein isoform interaction, ensure a proper and coordinated biological response to insulin in different tissues. Whereas genetic mutations are causes of rare and severe insulin resistance, obesity can lead to insulin resistance through a variety of mechanisms. Understanding these pathways is essential for development of new drugs to treat diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Boucher
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Lauterbach EC. Neuroprotective effects of psychotropic drugs in Huntington's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22558-603. [PMID: 24248060 PMCID: PMC3856079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotropics (antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, anxiolytics, etc.) are commonly prescribed to treat Huntington’s disease (HD). In HD preclinical models, while no psychotropic has convincingly affected huntingtin gene, HD modifying gene, or huntingtin protein expression, psychotropic neuroprotective effects include upregulated huntingtin autophagy (lithium), histone acetylation (lithium, valproate, lamotrigine), miR-222 (lithium-plus-valproate), mitochondrial protection (haloperidol, trifluoperazine, imipramine, desipramine, nortriptyline, maprotiline, trazodone, sertraline, venlafaxine, melatonin), neurogenesis (lithium, valproate, fluoxetine, sertraline), and BDNF (lithium, valproate, sertraline) and downregulated AP-1 DNA binding (lithium), p53 (lithium), huntingtin aggregation (antipsychotics, lithium), and apoptosis (trifluoperazine, loxapine, lithium, desipramine, nortriptyline, maprotiline, cyproheptadine, melatonin). In HD live mouse models, delayed disease onset (nortriptyline, melatonin), striatal preservation (haloperidol, tetrabenazine, lithium, sertraline), memory preservation (imipramine, trazodone, fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine), motor improvement (tetrabenazine, lithium, valproate, imipramine, nortriptyline, trazodone, sertraline, venlafaxine), and extended survival (lithium, valproate, sertraline, melatonin) have been documented. Upregulated CREB binding protein (CBP; valproate, dextromethorphan) and downregulated histone deacetylase (HDAC; valproate) await demonstration in HD models. Most preclinical findings await replication and their limitations are reviewed. The most promising findings involve replicated striatal neuroprotection and phenotypic disease modification in transgenic mice for tetrabenazine and for sertraline. Clinical data consist of an uncontrolled lithium case series (n = 3) suggesting non-progression and a primarily negative double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of lamotrigine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Lauterbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 655 First Street, Macon, GA 31201, USA.
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Xu X, So JS, Park JG, Lee AH. Transcriptional control of hepatic lipid metabolism by SREBP and ChREBP. Semin Liver Dis 2013; 33:301-11. [PMID: 24222088 PMCID: PMC4035704 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1358523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a central organ that controls systemic energy homeostasis and nutrient metabolism. Dietary carbohydrates and lipids, and fatty acids derived from adipose tissue are delivered to the liver, and utilized for gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and ketogenesis, which are tightly regulated by hormonal and neural signals. Hepatic lipogenesis is activated primarily by insulin that is secreted from the pancreas after a high-carbohydrate meal. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) are major transcriptional regulators that induce key lipogenic enzymes to promote lipogenesis in the liver. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c is activated by insulin through complex signaling cascades that control SREBP-1c at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein is activated by glucose independently of insulin. Here, the authors attempt to summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanism for the transcriptional regulation of hepatic lipogenesis, focusing on recent studies that explore the signaling pathways controlling SREBPs and ChREBP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ann-Hwee Lee
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. , Tel: 1-212-746-9087
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Phosphoproteome analysis reveals an important role for glycogen synthase kinase-3 in perfluorododecanoic acid-induced rat liver toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Maternal obesity increases offspring birth weight and susceptibility to obesity. Adiponectin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone with a prominent function in maintaining energy homeostasis. In contrast to adults, neonatal blood adiponectin levels are positively correlated with anthropometric parameters of adiposity. This study was designed to investigate the role of adiponectin in maternal obesityenhanced fetal fat deposition. By using high-fat diet-induced obese mouse models, our study showed that maternal obesity increased fetal fat tissue mass, with a significant elevation in fetal blood adiponectin. However, adiponectin gene knockout (Adipoq(-/-)) attenuated maternal obesity-induced high fetal fat tissue mass. We further studied the effects of fetal adiponectin on fetal fat deposition by using a cross breeding approach to create Adipoq(-/+) and Adipoq(-/-) offspring, whereas maternal adiponectin was null. Adipoq(-/+) offspring had more fat tissue mass at both birth and adulthood. Significantly high levels of lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and fatty acid synthase, were detected in the livers of Adipoq(-/+) fetuses. In addition, expression of genes for placental fatty acid transport was significantly increased in Adipoq(-/+) fetuses. Together, our study indicates that adiponectin enhances fetal fat deposition and plays an important role in maternal obesity-induced high birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hyung sun Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alysha Madon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brice Kinney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - William W. Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Corresponding author: Jianhua Shao,
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45
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Jang H, Lee G, Kong J, Choi G, Park YJ, Kim JB. Feeding period restriction alters the expression of peripheral circadian rhythm genes without changing body weight in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49993. [PMID: 23166806 PMCID: PMC3499481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the circadian clock is closely associated with metabolic regulation. However, whether an impaired circadian clock is a direct cause of metabolic dysregulation such as body weight gain is not clearly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that body weight gain in mice is not significantly changed by restricting feeding period to daytime or nighttime. The expression of peripheral circadian clock genes was altered by feeding period restriction, while the expression of light-regulated hypothalamic circadian clock genes was unaffected by either a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). In the liver, the expression pattern of circadian clock genes, including Bmal1, Clock, and Per2, was changed by different feeding period restrictions. Moreover, the expression of lipogenic genes, gluconeogenic genes, and fatty acid oxidation-related genes in the liver was also altered by feeding period restriction. Given that feeding period restriction does not affect body weight gain with a NCD or HFD, it is likely that the amount of food consumed might be a crucial factor in determining body weight. Collectively, these data suggest that feeding period restriction modulates the expression of peripheral circadian clock genes, which is uncoupled from light-sensitive hypothalamic circadian clock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagoon Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinuk Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goun Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Park
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Park HJ, Cho JY, Kim MK, Koh PO, Cho KW, Kim CH, Lee KS, Chung BY, Kim GS, Cho JH. Anti-obesity effect of Schisandra chinensis in 3T3-L1 cells and high fat diet-induced obese rats. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Identification of estrogen receptor β as a SUMO-1 target reveals a novel phosphorylated sumoylation motif and regulation by glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2709-21. [PMID: 22586270 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06624-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMO conjugation has emerged as a dynamic process in regulating protein function. Here we identify estrogen receptor β (ERβ) to be a new target of SUMO-1. ERβ SUMO-1 modification occurs on a unique nonconsensus sumoylation motif which becomes fully competent upon phosphorylation of its contained serine residue, which provides the essential negative charge for sumoylation. This process is further regulated by phosphorylation of additional adjacent serine residues by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), which maximizes ERβ sumoylation in response to hormone. SUMO-1 attachment prevents ERβ degradation by competing with ubiquitin at the same acceptor site and dictates ERβ transcriptional inhibition by altering estrogen-responsive target promoter occupancy and gene expression in breast cancer cells. These findings uncovered a novel phosphorylated sumoylation motif (pSuM), which consists of the sequence ψKXS (where ψ represents a large hydrophobic residue) and which is connected to a GSK3-activated extension that functions as a SUMO enhancer. This extended pSuM offers a valuable signature to predict SUMO substrates under protein kinase regulation.
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48
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Hagiwara A, Cornu M, Cybulski N, Polak P, Betz C, Trapani F, Terracciano L, Heim MH, Rüegg MA, Hall MN. Hepatic mTORC2 activates glycolysis and lipogenesis through Akt, glucokinase, and SREBP1c. Cell Metab 2012; 15:725-38. [PMID: 22521878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) phosphorylates and activates AGC kinase family members, including Akt, SGK1, and PKC, in response to insulin/IGF1. The liver is a key organ in insulin-mediated regulation of metabolism. To assess the role of hepatic mTORC2, we generated liver-specific rictor knockout (LiRiKO) mice. Fed LiRiKO mice displayed loss of Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and reduced glucokinase and SREBP1c activity in the liver, leading to constitutive gluconeogenesis, and impaired glycolysis and lipogenesis, suggesting that the mTORC2-deficient liver is unable to sense satiety. These liver-specific defects resulted in systemic hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypolipidemia. Expression of constitutively active Akt2 in mTORC2-deficient hepatocytes restored both glucose flux and lipogenesis, whereas glucokinase overexpression rescued glucose flux but not lipogenesis. Thus, mTORC2 regulates hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism via insulin-induced Akt signaling to control whole-body metabolic homeostasis. These findings have implications for emerging drug therapies that target mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Hagiwara
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Insulin regulates liver metabolism in vivo in the absence of hepatic Akt and Foxo1. Nat Med 2012; 18:388-95. [PMID: 22344295 PMCID: PMC3296881 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Considerable data support the idea that Foxo1 drives the liver transcriptional program during fasting and is inhibited by Akt after feeding. Mice with hepatic deletion of Akt1 and Akt2 were glucose intolerant, insulin resistant, and defective in the transcriptional response to feeding in liver. These defects were normalized upon concomitant liver–specific deletion of Foxo1. Surprisingly, in the absence of both Akt and Foxo1, mice adapted appropriately to both the fasted and fed state, and insulin suppressed hepatic glucose production normally. Gene expression analysis revealed that deletion of Akt in liver led to constitutive activation of Foxo1–dependent gene expression, but once again concomitant ablation of Foxo1 restored postprandial regulation, preventing its inhibition of the metabolic response to nutrient intake. These results are inconsistent with the canonical model of hepatic metabolism in which Akt is an obligate intermediate for insulin’s actions. Rather they demonstrate that a major role of hepatic Akt is to restrain Foxo1 activity, and in the absence of Foxo1, Akt is largely dispensable for hepatic metabolic regulation in vivo.
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50
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipid metabolism: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2012:841362. [PMID: 22195283 PMCID: PMC3238353 DOI: 10.1155/2012/841362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in protein folding, assembly, and secretion. Disruption of ER homeostasis may lead to accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, a condition referred to as ER stress. In response to ER stress, a signal transduction pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated. UPR activation allows the cell to cope with an increased protein-folding demand on the ER. Recent studies have shown that ER stress/UPR activation plays a critical role in lipid metabolism and homeostasis. ER-stress-dependent dysregulation of lipid metabolism may lead to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. In this paper, we examine recent findings illustrating the important role ER stress/UPR signalling pathways play in regulation of lipid metabolism, and how they may lead to dysregulation of lipid homeostasis.
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