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Cai F, Xue S, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhang M. Exposure to coal dust exacerbates cognitive impairment by activating the IL6/ERK1/2/SP1 signaling pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174202. [PMID: 38925396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Coal dust (CD) is a common pollutant, and epidemiological surveys indicate that long-term exposure to coal dust not only leads to the occurrence of pulmonary diseases but also has certain impacts on cognitive abilities. However, there is little open-published literature on the effects and specific mechanisms of coal dust exposure on the cognition of patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). An animal model has been built in this study with clinical population samples to explore the changes in neuroinflammation and cognitive abilities with coal dust exposure. In the animal model, compared to C57BL/6 mice, APP/PS1 mice exposed to coal dust exhibited more severe cognitive impairment, accompanied by significantly elevated levels of neuroinflammatory factors Apolipoprotein E4 (AOPE4) and Interleukin-6 (IL6) in the hippocampus, and more severe neuronal damage. In clinical sample sequencing, it was found that there is significant upregulation of AOPE4, neutrophils, and IL6 expression in the peripheral blood of MCI patients compared to normal individuals. Mechanistically, cell experiments revealed that IL6 could promote the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and enhance the expression of transcription factor SP1, thereby promoting AOPE4 expression. The results of this study suggest that coal dust can promote the upregulation of IL6 and AOPE4 in patients, exacerbating cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Sheng Xue
- Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China.
| | - Zan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Xinjiang, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The People's Hospital of Rizhao, Shandong, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Yingjie Kang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Xinjiang, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
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2
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Affuso F, Micillo F, Fazio S. Insulin Resistance, a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Pathological Mechanisms and a New Proposal for a Preventive Therapeutic Approach. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1888. [PMID: 39200352 PMCID: PMC11351221 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral insulin resistance (IR) is a well-documented, independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and cellular senescence. Recently, the brain has also been identified as an insulin-responsive region, where insulin acts as regulator of the brain metabolism. Despite the clear link between IR and the brain, the exact mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. Therapeutic intervention in patients showing symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases has produced little or no results. It has been demonstrated that insulin resistance plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly cognitive decline. Peripheral and brain IR may represent a modifiable state that could be used to prevent major brain disorders. In this review, we will analyse the scientific literature supporting IR as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and suggest some therapeutic strategies to provide a new proposal for the prevention of brain IR and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Affuso
- Independent Researcher, Viale Raffaello, 74, 80129 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Micillo
- UOC of Geriatric Medicine AORN S.G. Moscati, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Serafino Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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3
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Iacobescu L, Ciobanu AO, Macarie R, Vadana M, Ciortan L, Tucureanu MM, Butoi E, Simionescu M, Vinereanu D. Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Circulating microRNAs in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease-Impact on Left Ventricle and Arterial Function. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8499-8511. [PMID: 39194717 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) can target different metalloproteases (MMPs) involved in matrix remodeling and plaque vulnerability. Consequently, they might have a role in the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. To quantify circulating miRNAs (miRNA126, miRNA146, and miRNA21) suggested to have possible cardiovascular implications, as well as levels of MMP-1 and MMP-9, and to determine their association with left ventricular (LV) function and with arterial function, in patients with either ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) or stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). A total of 90 patients with coronary artery disease (61% men, 58 ± 12 years), including 60 patients with STEMI and 30 patients with SIHD, were assessed within 24 h of admission, by measuring serum microRNAs, and serum MMP-1 and MMP-9. LV function was assessed by measuring ejection fraction (EF) by 2D and 3D echocardiography, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) by speckle tracking. Arterial function was assessed by echo tracking, CAVI, and peripheral Doppler. Circulating levels of miRNA146, miRNA21, and MMP1 were significantly increased in patients with STEMI vs. SIHD (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001, p = 0.04, respectively). MiRNA126 negatively correlated with LVEF (r = -0.33, p = 0.01) and LV deformation parameters (r = -0.31, p = 0.03) in patients with STEMI and negatively correlated with ABI parameters (r = -0.39, p = 0.03, r = -0.40, p = 0.03, respectively) in patients with SIHD. MiRNA146 did not have any significant correlations, while higher values of miRNA21 were associated with lower values of GLS in STEMI patients and with higher values of GLS in SIHD patients. Both MMP1 and MMP9 correlated negatively with LVEF (r = -0.27, p = 0.04, r = -0.40, p = 0.001, respectively) and GLS in patients with STEMI, and positively with arterial stiffness in patients with SIHD (r = 0.40 and r = 0.32, respectively; both p < 0.05). MiRNA126, miRNA21, and both MMP1 and MMP9 are associated with LV and arterial function parameters in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Meanwhile, they inversely correlate with arterial function in patients with chronic atherosclerotic disease. However, further studies are needed to establish whether these novel biomarkers have diagnosis and prognosis significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iacobescu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Dionisie Lupu Street, 126900 Bucharest, Romania
- University and Emergency Hospital, Splaiul Independentei 169, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrea Olivia Ciobanu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Dionisie Lupu Street, 126900 Bucharest, Romania
- University and Emergency Hospital, Splaiul Independentei 169, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Macarie
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Vadana
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Letitia Ciortan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Elena Butoi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Vinereanu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Dionisie Lupu Street, 126900 Bucharest, Romania
- University and Emergency Hospital, Splaiul Independentei 169, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Jackson RJ, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Multifaceted roles of APOE in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:457-474. [PMID: 38906999 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
For the past three decades, apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been known as the single greatest genetic modulator of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) risk, influencing both the average age of onset and the lifetime risk of developing AD. The APOEε4 allele significantly increases AD risk, whereas the ε2 allele is protective relative to the most common ε3 allele. However, large differences in effect size exist across ethnoracial groups that are likely to depend on both global genetic ancestry and local genetic ancestry, as well as gene-environment interactions. Although early studies linked APOE to amyloid-β - one of the two culprit aggregation-prone proteins that define AD - in the past decade, mounting work has associated APOE with other neurodegenerative proteinopathies and broader ageing-related brain changes, such as neuroinflammation, energy metabolism failure, loss of myelin integrity and increased blood-brain barrier permeability, with potential implications for longevity and resilience to pathological protein aggregates. Novel mouse models and other technological advances have also enabled a number of therapeutic approaches aimed at either attenuating the APOEε4-linked increased AD risk or enhancing the APOEε2-linked AD protection. This Review summarizes this progress and highlights areas for future research towards the development of APOE-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Haddadi M, Haghi M, Rezaei N, Kiani Z, Akkülah T, Celik A. APOE and Alzheimer's disease: Pathologic clues from transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 123:105420. [PMID: 38537387 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative diseases. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the main genetic risk factor in the development of late-onset AD. However, the exact mechanism underlying ApoE4-mediated neurodegeneration remains unclear. We utilized Drosophila melanogaster to examine the neurotoxic effects of various human APOE isoforms when expressed specifically in glial and neural cells. We assessed impacts on mitochondrial dynamics, ER stress, lipid metabolism, and bio-metal ion concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) of the transgenic flies. Dachshund antibody staining revealed a reduction in the number of Kenyon cells. Behavioral investigations including ethanol tolerance and learning and memory performance demonstrated neuronal dysfunction in APOE4-expressing larvae and adult flies. Transcription level of marf and drp-1 were found to be elevated in APOE4 flies, while atf4, atf6, and xbp-1 s showed down regulation. Enhanced concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in the CNS were observed in APOE4 transgenic flies, with especially pronounced effects upon glial-specific expression of the gene. Spectrophotometry of brain homogenate revealed enhanced Fe++ and Zn++ ion levels in conjunction with diminished Cu++ levels upon APOE4 expression. To explore therapeutic strategies, we subjected the flies to heat-shock treatment, aiming to activate heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and assess their potential to mitigate the neurotoxic effects of APOE isoforms. The results showed potential therapeutic benefits for APOE4-expressing flies, hinting at an ability to attenuate memory deterioration. Overall, our findings suggest that APOE4 can alter lipid metabolism, bio metal ion homeostasis, and disrupt the harmonious fission-fusion balance of neuronal and glial mitochondria, ultimately inducing ER stress. These alterations mirror the main clinical manifestations of AD in patients. Therefore, our work underscores the suitability of Drosophila as a fertile model for probing the pathological roles of APOE and furthering our understanding of diverse isoform-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haddadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Genetics and Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mehrnaz Haghi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Rezaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Taha Akkülah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye; Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Arzu Celik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye; Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye
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6
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Faraji P, Kühn H, Ahmadian S. Multiple Roles of Apolipoprotein E4 in Oxidative Lipid Metabolism and Ferroptosis During the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:62. [PMID: 38958788 PMCID: PMC11222241 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide and has a great socio-economic impact. Modified oxidative lipid metabolism and dysregulated iron homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder, but the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms still remain unclear. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-binding protein that occurs in large quantities in human blood plasma, and a polymorphism of the APOE gene locus has been identified as risk factors for AD. The human genome involves three major APOE alleles (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4), which encode for three subtly distinct apolipoprotein E isoforms (APOE2, APOE3, APOE4). The canonic function of these apolipoproteins is lipid transport in blood and brain, but APOE4 allele carriers have a much higher risk for AD. In fact, about 60% of clinically diagnosed AD patients carry at least one APOE4 allele in their genomes. Although the APOE4 protein has been implicated in pathophysiological key processes of AD, such as extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, modified oxidative lipid metabolism, and ferroptotic cell death, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not well understood. As for all mammalian cells, iron plays a crucial role in neuronal functions and dysregulation of iron homeostasis has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Imbalances in iron homeostasis and impairment of the hydroperoxy lipid-reducing capacity induce cellular dysfunction leading to neuronal ferroptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on APOE4-related oxidative lipid metabolism and the potential role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of AD. Pharmacological interference with these processes might offer innovative strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Faraji
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kühn
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Yi LX, Zeng L, Wang Q, Tan EK, Zhou ZD. Reelin links Apolipoprotein E4, Tau, and Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102339. [PMID: 38754634 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that affects the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and is characterised by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. A recent report of a patient carrying a novel gain-of-function variant of RELN (H3447R, termed RELN-COLBOS) who developed resilience against presenilin-linked autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD) has generated enormous interest. The RELN-COLBOS variant enhances interactions with the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), which are associated with delayed AD onset and progression. These findings were validated in a transgenic mouse model. Reelin is involved in neurodevelopment, neurogenesis, and neuronal plasticity. The evidence accumulated thus far has demonstrated that the Reelin pathway links apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), amyloid-β (Aβ), and tubulin-associated unit (Tau), which are key proteins that have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Reelin and key components of the Reelin pathway have been highlighted as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao Yi
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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8
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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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9
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Shippy DC, Oliai SF, Ulland TK. Zinc utilization by microglia in Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107306. [PMID: 38648940 PMCID: PMC11103939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia defined by two key pathological characteristics in the brain, amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. Microglia, the primary innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), provide neuroprotection through Aβ and tau clearance but may also be neurotoxic by promoting neuroinflammation to exacerbate Aβ and tau pathogenesis in AD. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of microglial utilization of nutrients and trace metals in controlling their activation and effector functions. Trace metals, such as zinc, have essential roles in brain health and immunity, and zinc dyshomeostasis has been implicated in AD pathogenesis. As a result of these advances, the mechanisms by which zinc homeostasis influences microglial-mediated neuroinflammation in AD is a topic of continuing interest since new strategies to treat AD are needed. Here, we review the roles of zinc in AD, including zinc activation of microglia, the associated neuroinflammatory response, and the application of these findings in new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Shippy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sophia F Oliai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tyler K Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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10
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Ramachandran AK, Das S, Shenoy GG, Mudgal J, Joseph A. Relation between Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's Disease and SARS-CoV-2 and their Treatment Strategy: A Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:9-20. [PMID: 36573058 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221226145141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, which primarily affects the pulmonary system, turned out to be a global pandemic, whereas the effects on other systems are still unknown. SARS-CoV-2, binds to angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the lungs, causing pneumonia-like symptoms. The same ACE receptors are also present in organs other than the lungs. Therefore, there is a need to study the impact of coronavirus on other human body organs. Recently, UK Biobank reports on the genetic risk factor of the virus attack. A double mutation in the apolipoprotein E (APOE4) allele has shown a significant role in COVID-19. The same APOE4 mutation has already been proven to hold a key role in developing early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). Despite this data, Alzheimer's disease is believed to be a comorbidity of COVID-19. Previous virus attacks on the same viral family, Coronaviridae, produced neurological effects like neurodegeneration, neuronal inflammation, and other central nervous system-related dysfunctions. Since the long-term implications of COVID-19 are unknown, more research into the impact of the virus on the central nervous system is needed. Both COVID-19 and AD share a common genetic factor, so that AD patients may have a greater risk of SARS-CoV-2. Here, in this review, we have briefly discussed the role of APOE4 in the pathogenesis of AD and SARS-CoV-2, along with their treatment strategy, current scenario, and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kunnath Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
- Manipal McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Gurupur Gautham Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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11
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Nelson MR, Liu P, Agrawal A, Yip O, Blumenfeld J, Traglia M, Kim MJ, Koutsodendris N, Rao A, Grone B, Hao Y, Yoon SY, Xu Q, De Leon S, Choenyi T, Thomas R, Lopera F, Quiroz YT, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Reiman EM, Mahley RW, Huang Y. The APOE-R136S mutation protects against APOE4-driven Tau pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2104-2121. [PMID: 37957317 PMCID: PMC10689245 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), leading to earlier age of clinical onset and exacerbating pathologies. There is a critical need to identify protective targets. Recently, a rare APOE variant, APOE3-R136S (Christchurch), was found to protect against early-onset AD in a PSEN1-E280A carrier. In this study, we sought to determine if the R136S mutation also protects against APOE4-driven effects in LOAD. We generated tauopathy mouse and human iPSC-derived neuron models carrying human APOE4 with the homozygous or heterozygous R136S mutation. We found that the homozygous R136S mutation rescued APOE4-driven Tau pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The heterozygous R136S mutation partially protected against APOE4-driven neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation but not Tau pathology. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed that the APOE4-R136S mutation increased disease-protective and diminished disease-associated cell populations in a gene dose-dependent manner. Thus, the APOE-R136S mutation protects against APOE4-driven AD pathologies, providing a target for therapeutic development against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine R Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michela Traglia
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Grone
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qin Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel De Leon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tenzing Choenyi
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph F Arboleda-Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert W Mahley
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Indrigo M, Morella I, Orellana D, d'Isa R, Papale A, Parra R, Gurgone A, Lecca D, Cavaccini A, Tigaret CM, Cagnotto A, Jones K, Brooks S, Ratto GM, Allen ND, Lelos MJ, Middei S, Giustetto M, Carta AR, Tonini R, Salmona M, Hall J, Thomas K, Brambilla R, Fasano S. Nuclear ERK1/2 signaling potentiation enhances neuroprotection and cognition via Importinα1/KPNA2. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e15984. [PMID: 37792911 PMCID: PMC10630888 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling is central to neuronal activity and its dysregulation may lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Here, we show that selective genetic potentiation of neuronal ERK signaling prevents cell death in vitro and in vivo in the mouse brain, while attenuation of ERK signaling does the opposite. This neuroprotective effect mediated by an enhanced nuclear ERK activity can also be induced by the novel cell penetrating peptide RB5. In vitro administration of RB5 disrupts the preferential interaction of ERK1 MAP kinase with importinα1/KPNA2 over ERK2, facilitates ERK1/2 nuclear translocation, and enhances global ERK activity. Importantly, RB5 treatment in vivo promotes neuroprotection in mouse models of Huntington's (HD), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's (PD) disease, and enhances ERK signaling in a human cellular model of HD. Additionally, RB5-mediated potentiation of ERK nuclear signaling facilitates synaptic plasticity, enhances cognition in healthy rodents, and rescues cognitive impairments in AD and HD models. The reported molecular mechanism shared across multiple neurodegenerative disorders reveals a potential new therapeutic target approach based on the modulation of KPNA2-ERK1/2 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Indrigo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanoItaly
| | - Ilaria Morella
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Daniel Orellana
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanoItaly
| | - Raffaele d'Isa
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanoItaly
| | - Alessandro Papale
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Riccardo Parra
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR, and Scuola Normale SuperiorePisaItaly
| | | | - Daniela Lecca
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Anna Cavaccini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits LaboratoryFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
| | - Cezar M Tigaret
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Farmacologia MolecolareIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri‐IRCCSMilanoItaly
| | | | - Simon Brooks
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Middei
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology CNRRomaItaly
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
- National Institute of NeuroscienceTorinoItaly
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits LaboratoryFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
| | - Mario Salmona
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Farmacologia MolecolareIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri‐IRCCSMilanoItaly
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Kerrie Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”Università degli Studi di PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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13
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Krogsaeter EK, McKetney J, Marquez A, Cakir Z, Stevenson E, Jang GM, Rao A, Zhou A, Huang Y, Krogan NJ, Swaney DL. Lysosomal proteomics reveals mechanisms of neuronal apoE4associated lysosomal dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560519. [PMID: 37873080 PMCID: PMC10592882 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
ApoE4 is the primary risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease. While apoE is primarily expressed by astrocytes, AD pathology including endosomal abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction first occurs in neurons. Lysosomes are poised at the convergence point between these features. We find that apoE4-expressing cells exhibit lysosomal alkalinization, reduced lysosomal proteolysis, and impaired mitophagy. To identify driving factors for this lysosomal dysfunction, we performed quantitative lysosomal proteome profiling. This revealed that apoE4 expression results in lysosomal depletion of Lgals3bp and accumulation of Tmed5 in both Neuro-2a cells and postmitotic human neurons. Modulating the expression of both proteins affected lysosomal function, with Tmed5 knockdown rescuing lysosomal alkalinization in apoE4 cells, and Lgals3bp knockdown causing lysosomal alkalinization and reduced lysosomal density in apoE3 cells. Taken together, our work reveals that apoE4 exerts gain-of-toxicity by alkalinizing the lysosomal lumen, pinpointing lysosomal Tmed5 accumulation and Lgals3bp depletion as apoE4-associated drivers for this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar K. Krogsaeter
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Justin McKetney
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Angelica Marquez
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zeynep Cakir
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M. Jang
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anton Zhou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Gladstone Data Science and Biotechnology Institute, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Bioscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Gupta S, Jinka SKA, Khanal S, Bhavnani N, Almashhori F, Lallo J, Mathias A, Al-Rhayyel Y, Herman D, Holden JG, Fleming SM, Raman P. Cognitive dysfunction and increased phosphorylated tau are associated with reduced O-GlcNAc signaling in an aging mouse model of metabolic syndrome. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1324-1344. [PMID: 37031439 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by hyperglycemia, obesity, and hyperlipidemia, can increase the risk of developing late-onset dementia. Recent studies in patients and mouse models suggest a putative link between hyperphosphorylated tau, a component of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia (ADRD) pathology, and cerebral glucose hypometabolism. Impaired glucose metabolism reduces glucose flux through the hexosamine metabolic pathway triggering attenuated O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification. The goal of the current study was to investigate the link between cognitive function, tau pathology, and O-GlcNAc signaling in an aging mouse model of MetS, agouti KKAy+/- . Male and female C57BL/6, non-agouti KKAy-/- , and agouti KKAy+/- mice were aged 12-18 months on standard chow diet. Body weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured to confirm the MetS phenotype. Cognition, sensorimotor function, and emotional reactivity were assessed for each genotype followed by plasma and brain tissue collection for biochemical and molecular analyses. Body weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in agouti KKAy+/- mice versus C57BL/6 controls and non-agouti KKAy-/- . Behaviorally, agouti KKAy+/- revealed impairments in sensorimotor and cognitive function versus age-matched C57BL/6 and non-agouti KKAy-/- mice. Immunoblotting demonstrated increased phosphorylated tau accompanied with reduced O-GlcNAc protein expression in hippocampal-associated dorsal midbrain of female agouti KKAy+/- versus C57BL/6 control mice. Together, these data demonstrate that impaired cognitive function and AD-related pathology are associated with reduced O-GlcNAc signaling in aging MetS KKAy+/- mice. Overall, our study suggests that interaction of tau pathology with O-GlcNAc signaling may contribute to MetS-induced cognitive dysfunction in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Gupta
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjay K A Jinka
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Saugat Khanal
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Neha Bhavnani
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Fayez Almashhori
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason Lallo
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy Mathias
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Yasmine Al-Rhayyel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Danielle Herman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John G Holden
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Priya Raman
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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15
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Ciurea AV, Mohan AG, Covache-Busuioc RA, Costin HP, Glavan LA, Corlatescu AD, Saceleanu VM. Unraveling Molecular and Genetic Insights into Neurodegenerative Diseases: Advances in Understanding Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's Diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10809. [PMID: 37445986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are, according to recent studies, one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. Interest in molecular genetics has started to experience exponential growth thanks to numerous advancements in technology, shifts in the understanding of the disease as a phenomenon, and the change in the perspective regarding gene editing and the advantages of this action. The aim of this paper is to analyze the newest approaches in genetics and molecular sciences regarding four of the most important neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We intend through this review to focus on the newest treatment, diagnosis, and predictions regarding this large group of diseases, in order to obtain a more accurate analysis and to identify the emerging signs that could lead to a better outcome in order to increase both the quality and the life span of the patient. Moreover, this review could provide evidence of future possible novel therapies that target the specific genes and that could be useful to be taken into consideration when the classical approaches fail to shed light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurel George Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bihor County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 410167 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oradea University, 410610 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Horia-Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luca-Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonio-Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vicentiu Mircea Saceleanu
- Neurosurgery Department, Sibiu County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, "Lucian Blaga" University of Medicine, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
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16
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Zhang L, Xia Y, Gui Y. Neuronal ApoE4 in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic targets. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1199434. [PMID: 37333457 PMCID: PMC10272394 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1199434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a gene located on chromosome 19 that encodes three alleles (e2, e3, and e4) that give rise to the ApoE subtypes E2, E3, and E4, respectively. E2 and E4 have been linked to increased plasma triglyceride concentrations and are known to play a critical role in lipoprotein metabolism. The prominent pathological features of AD mainly include senile plaques formed by amyloid β (Aβ42) aggregation and neuronal fibrous tangles (NFTs), and the deposited plaques are mainly composed of Aβ hyperphosphorylation and truncated head. In the central nervous system, the ApoE protein is primarily derived from astrocytes, but ApoE is also produced when neurons are stressed or affected by certain stress, injury, and aging conditions. ApoE4 in neurons induces Aβ and tau protein pathologies, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage, impairing learning and memory functions. However, how neuronal ApoE4 mediates AD pathology remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that neuronal ApoE4 may lead to greater neurotoxicity, which increases the risk of AD development. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of neuronal ApoE4 and explains how neuronal ApoE4 mediates Aβ deposition, pathological mechanisms of tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and potential therapeutic targets.
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17
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Cakir Z, Lord SJ, Zhou Y, Jang GM, Polacco BJ, Eckhardt M, Jimenez-Morales D, Newton BW, Orr AL, Johnson JR, da Cruz A, Mullins RD, Krogan NJ, Mahley RW, Swaney DL. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals apoE4-Dependent Phosphorylation of the Actin-Regulating Protein VASP. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100541. [PMID: 37019383 PMCID: PMC10196575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. While neurons generally produce a minority of the apoE in the central nervous system, neuronal expression of apoE increases dramatically in response to stress and is sufficient to drive pathology. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of how apoE4 expression may regulate pathology are not fully understood. Here, we expand upon our previous studies measuring the impact of apoE4 on protein abundance to include the analysis of protein phosphorylation and ubiquitylation signaling in isogenic Neuro-2a cells expressing apoE3 or apoE4. ApoE4 expression resulted in a dramatic increase in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) S235 phosphorylation in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. This phosphorylation disrupted VASP interactions with numerous actin cytoskeletal and microtubular proteins. Reduction of VASP S235 phosphorylation via PKA inhibition resulted in a significant increase in filopodia formation and neurite outgrowth in apoE4-expressing cells, exceeding levels observed in apoE3-expressing cells. Our results highlight the pronounced and diverse impact of apoE4 on multiple modes of protein regulation and identify protein targets to restore apoE4-related cytoskeletal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Cakir
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samuel J Lord
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Jang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Benjamin J Polacco
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Jimenez-Morales
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Billy W Newton
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam L Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert W Mahley
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA.
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18
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Cross interactions between Apolipoprotein E and amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1189-1204. [PMID: 36817952 PMCID: PMC9932299 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three common Apolipoprotein E isoforms, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, are key regulators of lipid homeostasis, among other functions. Apolipoprotein E can interact with amyloid proteins. The isoforms differ by one or two residues at positions 112 and 158, and possess distinct structural conformations and functions, leading to isoform-specific roles in amyloid-based neurodegenerative diseases. Over 30 different amyloid proteins have been found to share similar characteristics of structure and toxicity, suggesting a common interactome. The molecular and genetic interactions of ApoE with amyloid proteins have been extensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases, but have not yet been well connected and clarified. Here we summarize essential features of the interactions between ApoE and different amyloid proteins, identify gaps in the understanding of the interactome and propose the general interaction mechanism between ApoE isoforms and amyloid proteins. Perhaps more importantly, this review outlines what we can learn from the interactome of ApoE and amyloid proteins; that is the need to see both ApoE and amyloid proteins as a basis to understand neurodegenerative diseases.
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19
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McCarthy MM, Hardy MJ, Leising SE, LaFollette AM, Stewart ES, Cogan AS, Sanghal T, Matteo K, Reeck JC, Oxford JT, Rohn TT. An amino-terminal fragment of apolipoprotein E4 leads to behavioral deficits, increased PHF-1 immunoreactivity, and mortality in zebrafish. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271707. [PMID: 36520946 PMCID: PMC9754248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the increased risk of developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with the inheritance of the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele is well characterized, the molecular underpinnings of how ApoE4 imparts risk remains unknown. Enhanced proteolysis of the ApoE4 protein with a toxic-gain of function has been suggested and a 17 kDa amino-terminal ApoE4 fragment (nApoE41-151) has been identified in post-mortem human AD frontal cortex sections. Recently, we demonstrated in vitro, exogenous treatment of nApoE41-151 in BV2 microglial cells leads to uptake, trafficking to the nucleus and increased expression of genes associated with cell toxicity and inflammation. In the present study, we extend these findings to zebrafish (Danio rerio), an in vivo model system to assess the toxicity of nApoE41-151. Exogenous treatment of nApoE41-151 to 24-hour post-fertilization for 24 hours resulted in significant mortality. In addition, developmental abnormalities were observed following treatment with nApoE41-151 including improper folding of the hindbrain, delay in ear development, deformed yolk sac, enlarged cardiac cavity, and significantly lower heart rates. A similar nApoE31-151 fragment that differs by a single amino acid change (C>R) at position 112 had no effects on these parameters under identical treatment conditions. Decreased presence of pigmentation was noted for both nApoE31-151- and nApoE41-151-treated larvae compared with controls. Behaviorally, touch-evoked responses to stimulus were negatively impacted by treatment with nApoE41-151 but did not reach statistical significance. Additionally, triple-labeling confocal microscopy not only confirmed the nuclear localization of the nApoE41-151 fragment within neuronal populations following exogenous treatment, but also identified the presence of tau pathology, one of the hallmark features of AD. Collectively, these in vivo data demonstrating toxicity as well as sublethal effects on organ and tissue development support a novel pathophysiological function of this AD associated-risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madyson M. McCarthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Makenna J. Hardy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Saylor E. Leising
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Alex M. LaFollette
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Erica S. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Amelia S. Cogan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tanya Sanghal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Katie Matteo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Jonathon C. Reeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Julia T. Oxford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Troy T. Rohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America,* E-mail:
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Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
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21
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Apolipoprotein E in Cardiometabolic and Neurological Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179892. [PMID: 36077289 PMCID: PMC9456500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A preponderance of evidence obtained from genetically modified mice and human population studies reveals the association of apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficiency and polymorphisms with pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, obesity/diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. The human APOE gene is polymorphic with three major alleles, ε2, ε3 and ε4, encoding apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, respectively. The APOE gene is expressed in many cell types, including hepatocytes, adipocytes, immune cells of the myeloid lineage, vascular smooth muscle cells, and in the brain. ApoE is present in subclasses of plasma lipoproteins, and it mediates the clearance of atherogenic lipoproteins from plasma circulation via its interaction with LDL receptor family proteins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Extracellular apoE also interacts with cell surface receptors and confers signaling events for cell regulation, while apoE expressed endogenously in various cell types regulates cell functions via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. This review article focuses on lipoprotein transport-dependent and -independent mechanisms by which apoE deficiency or polymorphisms contribute to cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and neurological disorders.
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22
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Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Meng R, Gao J, Jin M, Li M, Wang X. Effect of metal ions on Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2527. [PMID: 35212185 PMCID: PMC8933773 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. The typical pathological changes of AD are Aβ deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, neuron loss, and chronic inflammation. The balance of metal ions is essential for numerous physiological functions, especially in the central nervous system. More studies showed that metal ions participate in the development of AD. However, the involvement of metal ions in AD is controversial. Thus, we reviewed articles about the relationship between metal ions and AD and discussed some contradictory reports in order to better understand the role of metal ions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Ruo‐Ni Meng
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Jia Gao
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThird Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Xiao‐Peng Wang
- Department of NeurologySecond Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
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23
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Lai C, Chen Z, Ding Y, Chen Q, Su S, Liu H, Ni R, Tang Z. Rapamycin Attenuated Zinc-Induced Tau Phosphorylation and Oxidative Stress in Rats: Involvement of Dual mTOR/p70S6K and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:782434. [PMID: 35197970 PMCID: PMC8858937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.782434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is pathologically characterized by abnormal accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Metal dysregulation, including excessive zinc released by presynaptic neurons, plays an important role in tau pathology and oxidase activation. The activities of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ribosomal S6 protein kinase (p70S6K) are elevated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Zinc induces tau hyperphosphorylation via mTOR/P70S6K activation in vitro. However, the involvement of the mTOR/P70S6K pathway in zinc-induced oxidative stress, tau degeneration, and synaptic and cognitive impairment has not been fully elucidated in vivo. Here, we assessed the effect of pathological zinc concentrations in SH-SY5Y cells by using biochemical assays and immunofluorescence staining. Rats (n = 18, male) were laterally ventricularly injected with zinc, treated with rapamycin (intraperitoneal injection) for 1 week, and assessed using the Morris water maze. Evaluation of oxidative stress, tau phosphorylation, and synaptic impairment was performed using the hippocampal tissue of the rats by biochemical assays and immunofluorescence staining. The results from the Morris water maze showed that the capacity of spatial memory was impaired in zinc-treated rats. Zinc sulfate significantly increased the levels of P-mTOR Ser2448, P-p70S6K Thr389, and P-tau Ser356 and decreased the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in SH-SY5Y cells and in zinc-treated rats compared with the control groups. Increased expression of reactive oxygen species was observed in zinc sulfate-induced SH-SY5Y cells and in the hippocampus of zinc-injected rats. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, rescued zinc-induced increases in mTOR/p70S6K activation, tau phosphorylation, and oxidative stress, and Nrf2/HO-1 inactivation, cognitive impairment, and synaptic impairment reduced the expression of synapse-related proteins in zinc-injected rats. In conclusion, our findings imply that rapamycin prevents zinc-induced cognitive impairment and protects neurons from tau pathology, oxidative stress, and synaptic impairment by decreasing mTOR/p70S6K hyperactivity and increasing Nrf2/HO-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencen Lai
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Nosocomial Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhuyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanting Ding
- Department of Nosocomial Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Nosocomial Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Songbai Su
- Department of Nosocomial Infection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Municipal People’s Hospital, Tongren, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH) and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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24
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Biased M1 muscarinic receptor mutant mice show accelerated progression of prion neurodegenerative disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107389118. [PMID: 34893539 PMCID: PMC8685681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107389118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-receptor) plays a crucial role in learning and memory and is a validated drug target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, M1-receptor ligands have been demonstrated to display disease-modifying effects in preclinical models of neurodegenerative disease. By employing a genetic mouse model expressing a G protein–biased M1-receptor in combination with a mouse model of terminal neurodegenerative disease, we demonstrate here that the M1-receptor exerts an inherent neuroprotective activity that is dependent on its phosphorylation status. Thus, in AD drug development programs, M1-receptor ligands that maintain the receptor phosphorylation status will be more likely to lead to beneficial neuroprotective outcomes. There are currently no treatments that can slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is, however, a growing body of evidence that activation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-receptor) can not only restore memory loss in AD patients but in preclinical animal models can also slow neurodegenerative disease progression. The generation of an effective medicine targeting the M1-receptor has however been severely hampered by associated cholinergic adverse responses. By using genetically engineered mouse models that express a G protein–biased M1-receptor, we recently established that M1-receptor mediated adverse responses can be minimized by ensuring activating ligands maintain receptor phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling. Here, we use these same genetic models in concert with murine prion disease, a terminal neurodegenerative disease showing key hallmarks of AD, to establish that phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling delivers neuroprotection that both extends normal animal behavior and prolongs the life span of prion-diseased mice. Our data point to an important neuroprotective property inherent to the M1-receptor and indicate that next generation M1-receptor ligands designed to drive receptor phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling would potentially show low adverse responses while delivering neuroprotection that will slow disease progression.
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25
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Tang Y, Zhang D, Gong X, Zheng J. A mechanistic survey of Alzheimer's disease. Biophys Chem 2021; 281:106735. [PMID: 34894476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder. While AD has been intensively studied from different aspects, there is no effective cure for AD, largely due to a lack of a clear mechanistic understanding of AD. In this mini-review, we mainly focus on the discussion and summary of mechanistic causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While different AD mechanisms illustrate different molecular and cellular pathways in AD pathogenesis, they do not necessarily exclude each other. Instead, some of them could work together to initiate, trigger, and promote the onset and development of AD. In a broader viewpoint, some AD mechanisms (e.g., amyloid aggregation mechanism, microbial infection/neuroinflammation mechanism, and amyloid cross-seeding mechanism) could also be applicable to other amyloid diseases including type II diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and prion disease. Such common mechanisms for AD and other amyloid diseases explain not only the pathogenesis of individual amyloid diseases, but also the spreading of pathologies between these diseases, which will inspire new strategies for therapeutic intervention and prevention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Tang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, United States of America
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, United States of America
| | - Xiong Gong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, United States of America
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, United States of America.
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26
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Tsamou M, Pistollato F, Roggen EL. A Tau-Driven Adverse Outcome Pathway Blueprint Toward Memory Loss in Sporadic (Late-Onset) Alzheimer's Disease with Plausible Molecular Initiating Event Plug-Ins for Environmental Neurotoxicants. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:459-485. [PMID: 33843671 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is dramatically increasing. Aging and genetics are important risk factors, but systemic and environmental factors contribute to this risk in a still poorly understood way. Within the frame of BioMed21, the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept for toxicology was recommended as a tool for enhancing human disease research and accelerating translation of data into human applications. Its potential to capture biological knowledge and to increase mechanistic understanding about human diseases has been substantiated since. In pursuit of the tau-cascade hypothesis, a tau-driven AOP blueprint toward the adverse outcome of memory loss is proposed. Sequences of key events and plausible key event relationships, triggered by the bidirectional relationship between brain cholesterol and glucose dysmetabolism, and contributing to memory loss are captured. To portray how environmental factors may contribute to sAD progression, information on chemicals and drugs, that experimentally or epidemiologically associate with the risk of AD and mechanistically link to sAD progression, are mapped on this AOP. The evidence suggests that chemicals may accelerate disease progression by plugging into sAD relevant processes. The proposed AOP is a simplified framework of key events and plausible key event relationships representing one specific aspect of sAD pathology, and an attempt to portray chemical interference. Other sAD-related AOPs (e.g., Aβ-driven AOP) and a better understanding of the impact of aging and genetic polymorphism are needed to further expand our mechanistic understanding of early AD pathology and the potential impact of environmental and systemic risk factors.
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27
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Koutsodendris N, Nelson MR, Rao A, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease: Findings, Hypotheses, and Potential Mechanisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:73-99. [PMID: 34460318 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-030421-112756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that involves dysregulation of many cellular and molecular processes. It is notoriously difficult to develop therapeutics for AD due to its complex nature. Nevertheless, recent advancements in imaging technology and the development of innovative experimental techniques have allowed researchers to perform in-depth analyses to uncover the pathogenic mechanisms of AD. An important consideration when studying late-onset AD is its major genetic risk factor, apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4). Although the exact mechanisms underlying apoE4 effects on AD initiation and progression are not fully understood, recent studies have revealed critical insights into the apoE4-induced deficits that occur in AD. In this review, we highlight notable studies that detail apoE4 effects on prominent AD pathologies, including amyloid-β, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and neural network dysfunction. We also discuss evidence that defines the physiological functions of apoE and outlines how these functions are disrupted in apoE4-related AD. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Koutsodendris
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94131, USA; , .,Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Maxine R Nelson
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94131, USA; , .,Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94131, USA; , .,Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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28
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McDade E, Llibre-Guerra JJ, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Bateman RJ. The informed road map to prevention of Alzheimer Disease: A call to arms. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:49. [PMID: 34289882 PMCID: PMC8293489 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) prevention trials hold the promise to delay or prevent cognitive decline and dementia onset by intervening before significant neuronal damage occurs. In recent years, the first AD prevention trials have launched and are yielding important findings on the biology of targeting asymptomatic AD pathology. However, there are limitations that impact the design of these prevention trials, including the translation of animal models that recapitulate key stages and multiple pathological aspects of the human disease, missing target validation in asymptomatic disease, uncertain causality of the association of pathophysiologic changes with cognitive and clinical symptoms, and limited biomarker validation for novel targets. The field is accelerating advancements in key areas including the development of highly specific and quantitative biomarker measures for AD pathology, increasing our understanding of the course and relationship of amyloid and tau pathology in asymptomatic through symptomatic stages, and the development of powerful interventions that can slow or reverse AD amyloid pathology. We review the current status of prevention trials and propose key areas of needed research as a call to basic and translational scientists to accelerate AD prevention. Specifically, we review (1) sporadic and dominantly inherited primary and secondary AD prevention trials, (2) proposed targets, mechanisms, and drugs including the amyloid, tau, and inflammatory pathways and combination treatments, (3) the need for more appropriate prevention animal models and experiments, and (4) biomarkers and outcome measures needed to design human asymptomatic prevention trials. We conclude with actions needed to effectively move prevention targets and trials forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box, St Louis, MO 8111 USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Network Trials Unit, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Jorge J. Llibre-Guerra
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box, St Louis, MO 8111 USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Network Trials Unit, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box, St Louis, MO 8111 USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Network Trials Unit, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box, St Louis, MO 8111 USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Network Trials Unit, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box, St Louis, MO 8111 USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Network Trials Unit, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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29
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Tay EXY, Chia K, Ong DST. Epigenetic plasticity and redox regulation of neural stem cell state and fate. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:116-130. [PMID: 33684459 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neural stem cells (NSCs) are essential for normal brain development and homeostasis. The cell state (i.e. quiescent versus activated) and fate (i.e. the cell lineage of choice upon differentiation) of NSCs are tightly controlled by various redox and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. There is an increasing appreciation that redox and epigenetic regulations are intimately linked, but how this redox-epigenetics crosstalk affects NSC activity remains poorly understood. Another unresolved topic is whether the NSCs actually contribute to brain ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aim to 1) distill concepts that underlie redox and epigenetic regulation of NSC state and fate; 2) provide examples of the redox-epigenetics crosstalk in NSC biology; and 3) highlight potential redox- and epigenetic-based therapeutic opportunities to rescue NSC dysfunctions in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Xue Yun Tay
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Kimberly Chia
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Derrick Sek Tong Ong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
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30
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Lei P, Ayton S, Bush AI. The essential elements of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100105. [PMID: 33219130 PMCID: PMC7948403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) directed against the prominent amyloid plaque neuropathology are yet to be proved effective despite many phase 3 clinical trials. There are several other neurochemical abnormalities that occur in the AD brain that warrant renewed emphasis as potential therapeutic targets for this disease. Among those are the elementomic signatures of iron, copper, zinc, and selenium. Here, we review these essential elements of AD for their broad potential to contribute to Alzheimer’s pathophysiology, and we also highlight more recent attempts to translate these findings into therapeutics. A reinspection of large bodies of discovery in the AD field, such as this, may inspire new thinking about pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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Xie Z, Wu H, Zhao J. Multifunctional roles of zinc in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mamun AA, Uddin MS, Bin Bashar MF, Zaman S, Begum Y, Bulbul IJ, Islam MS, Sarwar MS, Mathew B, Amran MS, Md Ashraf G, Bin-Jumah MN, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular Insight into the Therapeutic Promise of Targeting APOE4 for Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5086250. [PMID: 32509144 PMCID: PMC7245681 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5086250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes chronic cognitive dysfunction. Most of the AD cases are late onset, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoform is a key genetic risk factor. The APOE gene has 3 key alleles in humans including APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. Among them, APOE4 is the most potent genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD), while APOE2 has a defensive effect. Research data suggest that APOE4 leads to the pathogenesis of AD through various processes such as accelerated beta-amyloid aggregations that raised neurofibrillary tangle formation, cerebrovascular diseases, aggravated neuroinflammation, and synaptic loss. However, the precise mode of actions regarding in what way APOE4 leads to AD pathology remains unclear. Since APOE contributes to several pathological pathways of AD, targeting APOE4 might serve as a promising strategy for the development of novel drugs to combat AD. In this review, we focus on the recent studies about APOE4-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been advanced in animal models and are being prepared for use in humans for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Fahim Bin Bashar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia Zaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yesmin Begum
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md. Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Md. Shah Amran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, New York, NY 12144, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Lee EG, Tulloch J, Chen S, Leong L, Saxton AD, Kraemer B, Darvas M, Keene CD, Shutes-David A, Todd K, Millard S, Yu CE. Redefining transcriptional regulation of the APOE gene and its association with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227667. [PMID: 31978088 PMCID: PMC6980611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the expression of APOE is not clearly understood. For example, it is unclear whether AD patients have elevated or decreased APOE expression or why the correlation levels of APOE RNA and the ApoE protein differ across studies. Likewise, APOE has a single CpG island (CGI) that overlaps with its 3'-exon, and this CGI's effect is unknown. We previously reported that the APOE CGI is highly methylated in human postmortem brain (PMB) and that this methylation is altered in AD frontal lobe. In this study, we comprehensively characterized APOE RNA transcripts and correlated levels of RNA expression with DNA methylation levels across the APOE CGI. We discovered the presence of APOE circular RNA (circRNA) and found that circRNA and full-length mRNA each constitute approximately one third of the total APOE RNA, with truncated mRNAs likely constituting some of the missing fraction. All APOE RNA species demonstrated significantly higher expression in AD frontal lobe than in control frontal lobe. Furthermore, we observed a negative correlation between the levels of total APOE RNA and DNA methylation at the APOE CGI in the frontal lobe. When stratified by disease status, this correlation was strengthened in controls but not in AD. Our findings suggest a possible modified mechanism of gene action for APOE in AD that involves not only the protein isoforms but also an epigenetically regulated transcriptional program driven by DNA methylation in the APOE CGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Lee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Tulloch
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Sunny Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lesley Leong
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Aleen D. Saxton
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Martin Darvas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Shutes-David
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Todd
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Steve Millard
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Mendell AL, Creighton SD, Wilson HA, Jardine KH, Isaacs L, Winters BD, MacLusky NJ. Inhibition of 5α Reductase Impairs Cognitive Performance, Alters Dendritic Morphology and Increases Tau Phosphorylation in the Hippocampus of Male 3xTg-AD Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 429:185-202. [PMID: 31954826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has suggested that 5α-reduced metabolites of testosterone may contribute to the neuroprotection conferred by their parent androgen, as well as to sex differences in the incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the effects of inhibiting 5α-reductase on object recognition memory (ORM), hippocampal dendritic morphology and proteins involved in AD pathology, in male 3xTg-AD mice. Male 6-month old wild-type or 3xTg-AD mice received daily injections of finasteride (50 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle (18% β-cyclodextrin, 1% v/b.w.) for 20 days. Female wild-type and 3xTg-AD mice received only the vehicle. Finasteride treatment differentially impaired ORM in males after short-term (3xTg-AD only) or long-term (3xTg-AD and wild-type) retention delays. Dendritic spine density and dendritic branching of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 hippocampal subfield were significantly lower in 3xTg-AD females than in males. Finasteride reduced CA3 dendritic branching and spine density in 3xTg-AD males, to within the range observed in vehicle-treated females. In the CA1 hippocampal subfield, dendritic branching and spine density were reduced in both male and female 3xTg-AD mice, compared to wild type controls. Hippocampal amyloid β levels were substantially higher in 3xTg-AD females compared to both vehicle and finasteride-treated 3xTg-AD males. Site-specific Tau phosphorylation was higher in 3xTg-AD mice compared to sex-matched wild-type controls, increasing slightly after finasteride treatment. These results suggest that 5α-reduced neurosteroids may play a role in testosterone-mediated neuroprotection and may contribute to sex differences in the development and severity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Boyer D Winters
- Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Shi Y, Holtzman DM. Interplay between innate immunity and Alzheimer disease: APOE and TREM2 in the spotlight. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:759-772. [PMID: 30140051 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is more than a pure proteopathy. Chronic neuroinflammation stands out during the pathogenesis of the disease and in turn modulates disease progression. The central nervous system (CNS) is separated from the blood circulation by the blood-brain barrier. In Alzheimer disease, neuroinflammation heavily relies on innate immune responses that are primarily mediated by CNS-resident microglia. APOE (which encodes apolipoprotein E) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease, and APOE was recently shown to affect the disease in part through its immunomodulatory function. This function of APOE is likely linked to triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which is expressed by microglia in the CNS. Here, we review the rapidly growing literature on the role of disease-associated microglia, TREM2 and APOE in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and present an integrated view of innate immune function in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Sedjahtera A, Gunawan L, Bray L, Hung LW, Parsons J, Okamura N, Villemagne VL, Yanai K, Liu XM, Chan J, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI, Barnham KJ, Cherny RA, Adlard PA. Targeting metals rescues the phenotype in an animal model of tauopathy. Metallomics 2019; 10:1339-1347. [PMID: 30168573 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00153g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are characterized by the pathological accumulation of the microtubule associated protein tau within the brain. We demonstrate here that a copper/zinc chaperone (PBT2, Prana Biotechnology) has rapid and profound effects in the rTg(tauP301L)4510 mouse model of tauopathy. This was evidenced by significantly improved cognition, a preservation of neurons, a decrease in tau aggregates and a decrease in other forms of "pathological" tau (including phosphorylated tau and sarkosyl-insoluble tau). Our data demonstrate that one of the primary mechanisms of action of PBT2 in this model may be driven by an interaction on the pathways responsible for the dephosphorylation of tau. Specifically, PBT2 increased protein levels of both the structural and catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), decreased levels of the methyl esterase (PME1) that dampens PP2A activity, and increased levels of the prolyl isomerase (Pin1) that stimulates the dephosphorylation activity of PP2A. None of these effects were observed when the metal binding site of PBT2 was blocked. This highlights the potential utility of targeting metal ions as a novel therapeutic strategy for diseases in which tau pathology is a feature, which includes conditions such as frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Sedjahtera
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 30 Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Cao LL, Guan PP, Liang YY, Huang XS, Wang P. Calcium Ions Stimulate the Hyperphosphorylation of Tau by Activating Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase 1. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:108. [PMID: 31143112 PMCID: PMC6521221 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is reportedly associated with the accumulation of calcium ions (Ca2+), and this accumulation is responsible for the phosphorylation of tau. Although several lines of evidence demonstrate the above phenomenon, the inherent mechanisms remain unknown. Using APP/PS1 Tg mice and neuroblastoma (N)2a cells as in vivo and in vitro experimental models, we observed that Ca2+ stimulated the phosphorylation of tau by activating microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES1) in a prostaglandin (PG) E2-dependent EP receptor-activating manner. Specifically, the highly accumulated Ca2+ stimulated the expression of mPGES1 and the synthesis of PGE2. Treatment with the inhibitor of Ca2+ transporter, NMDAR, attenuated the expression of mPGES1 and the production of PGE2 were attenuated in S(+)-ketamine-treated APP/PS1 Tg mice. Elevated levels of PGE2 were responsible for the hyperphosphorylation of tau in an EP-1-, EP-2-, and EP-3-dependent but not EP4-dependent cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 5-activating manner. Reciprocally, the knockdown of the expression of mPGES1 ameliorated the expected cognitive decline by inhibiting the phosphorylation of tau in APP/PS1 Tg mice. Moreover, CDK5 was found to be located downstream of EP1-3 to regulate the phosphorylation of tau though the cleavage of p35 to p25. Finally, the phosphorylation of tau by Ca2+ contributed to the cognitive decline of APP/PS1 Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Yue Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Shi Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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The role of APOE4 in Alzheimer's disease: strategies for future therapeutic interventions. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20180203. [PMID: 32269835 PMCID: PMC7104324 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia affecting almost 50 million people worldwide. The ε4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset AD cases, with homozygous APOE4 carriers being approximately 15-times more likely to develop the disease. With 25% of the population being APOE4 carriers, understanding the role of this allele in AD pathogenesis and pathophysiology is crucial. Though the exact mechanism by which ε4 allele increases the risk for AD is unknown, the processes mediated by APOE, including cholesterol transport, synapse formation, modulation of neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, destabilization of microtubules, and β-amyloid clearance, suggest potential therapeutic targets. This review will summarize the impact of APOE on neurons and neuronal signaling, the interactions between APOE and AD pathology, and the association with memory decline. We will then describe current treatments targeting APOE4, complications associated with the current therapies, and suggestions for future areas of research and treatment.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing body of evidence indicating the heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), coupled with disappointing clinical studies directed at a fit-for-all therapy, suggest that the development of a single magic cure suitable for all cases may not be possible. This calls for a shift in paradigm where targeted treatment is developed for specific AD subpopulations that share distinct genetic or pathological properties. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor of AD, is expressed in more than half of AD patients and is thus an important possible AD therapeutic target. REVIEW This review focuses initially on the pathological effects of apoE4 in AD, as well as on the corresponding cellular and animal models and the suggested cellular and molecular mechanisms which mediate them. The second part of the review focuses on recent apoE4-targeted (from the APOE gene to the apoE protein and its interactors) therapeutic approaches that have been developed in animal models and are ready to be translated to human. Further, the issue of whether the pathological effects of apoE4 are due to loss of protective function or due to gain of toxic function is discussed herein. It is possible that both mechanisms coexist, with certain constituents of the apoE4 molecule and/or its downstream signaling mediating a toxic effect, while others are associated with a loss of protective function. CONCLUSION ApoE4 is a promising AD therapeutic target that remains understudied. Recent studies are now paving the way for effective apoE4-directed AD treatment approaches.
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Zhang J, Lin Y, Dai X, Fang W, Wu X, Chen X. Metformin treatment improves the spatial memory of aged mice in an APOE genotype-dependent manner. FASEB J 2019; 33:7748-7757. [PMID: 30894020 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802718r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging and apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) can increase the risk of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are highly susceptible to cognitive dysfunction. Recent research has indicated that metformin, a prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes, may affect cognitive function; however, findings regarding its efficacy are largely controversial. The current study reported that a 5-mo metformin administration (300 mg/kg/d) starting at 13 mo old improved the spatial memory of ApoE3-target replacement (TR) mice, not ApoE4-TR mice. It found that in aged ApoE3-TR mice, metformin treatment, at a molecular level, inhibited AMPK activity, increased insulin signaling, and activated mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, resulting in an enhanced expression of postsynaptic proteins; but the response of the neuronal AMPK activity and insulin signaling to metformin was blunt in aged ApoE4-TR mice. Meanwhile, metformin treatment also increased the phosphorylation of tau in both ApoE3-TR and ApoE4-TR mice, implying that metformin may have side effects in human. These findings suggest that metformin can improve the cognitive performance of aged mice in an APOE genotype-dependent manner, which provides empirical insights into the clinical value of metformin for ApoE4- and age-related AD prevention and treatment.-Zhang, J., Lin, Y., Dai, X., Fang, W., Wu, X., Chen, X. Metformin treatment improves the spatial memory of aged mice in an APOE genotype-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingbin Lin
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Dai
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenting Fang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xilin Wu
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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42
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Orr AL, Kim C, Jimenez-Morales D, Newton BW, Johnson JR, Krogan NJ, Swaney DL, Mahley RW. Neuronal Apolipoprotein E4 Expression Results in Proteome-Wide Alterations and Compromises Bioenergetic Capacity by Disrupting Mitochondrial Function. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:991-1011. [PMID: 30883359 PMCID: PMC6481541 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E4, the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), alters mitochondrial function and metabolism early in AD pathogenesis. When injured or stressed, neurons increase apoE synthesis. Because of its structural difference from apoE3, apoE4 undergoes neuron-specific proteolysis, generating fragments that enter the cytosol, interact with mitochondria, and cause neurotoxicity. However, apoE4's effect on mitochondrial respiration and metabolism is not understood in detail. Here we used biochemical assays and proteomic profiling to more completely characterize the effects of apoE4 on mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism in Neuro-2a neuronal cells stably expressing apoE4 or apoE3. Under basal conditions, apoE4 impaired respiration and increased glycolysis, but when challenged or stressed, apoE4-expressing neurons had 50% less reserve capacity to generate ATP to meet energy requirements than apoE3-expressing neurons. ApoE4 expression also decreased the NAD+/NADH ratio and increased the levels of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial calcium. Global proteomic profiling revealed widespread changes in mitochondrial processes in apoE4 cells, including reduced levels of numerous respiratory complex subunits and major disruptions to all detected subunits in complex V (ATP synthase). Also altered in apoE4 cells were levels of proteins related to mitochondrial endoplasmic reticulum-associated membranes, mitochondrial fusion/fission, mitochondrial protein translocation, proteases, and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. ApoE4-induced bioenergetic deficits led to extensive metabolic rewiring, but despite numerous cellular adaptations, apoE4-expressing neurons remained vulnerable to metabolic stress. Our results provide insights into potential molecular targets of therapies to correct apoE4-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and altered cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Present address: Helen & Robert Appel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chaeyoung Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Jimenez-Morales
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Present address: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Billy W. Newton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert W. Mahley
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mendell AL, MacLusky NJ. The testosterone metabolite 3α-androstanediol inhibits oxidative stress-induced ERK phosphorylation and neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells through an MKP3/DUSP6-dependent mechanism. Neurosci Lett 2018; 696:60-66. [PMID: 30552945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone exerts neuroprotective effects on the brain, but the mechanisms by which these effects are exerted appear to be different in males and females. While in females they involve local conversion to estradiol, in males they may be androgen receptor-dependent, or mediated through metabolism to neurosteroids such as 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), which acts through different mechanisms than testosterone itself. Recently, we demonstrated that 3α-diol can protect neurons and neuronal-like cells against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity associated with prolonged phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The mechanism(s) responsible for these effects remain unknown. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the ERK-specific phosphatase, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3/dual specificity phosphatase 6 (MKP3/DUSP6), is involved in the cytoprotective effects of 3α-diol in SH-SY5Y human female neuroblastoma cells. 3α-diol inhibited ERK phosphorylation and ameliorated cell death induced by the oxidative stressor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These protective effects were significantly reduced by pre-treatment with the MKP3/DUSP6 inhibitor BCI. In addition, H2O2 decreased expression of MKP3/DUSP6, and this was prevented by co-treatment with 3α-diol. These findings suggest that the protective effects of 3α-diol are mediated through regulation of ERK phosphorylation in neurotoxic conditions and indicate that these effects may be exerted through modulation of MKP3/DUSP6. Targeting the regulation of MKP3/DUSP6 may be beneficial in reducing toxicity under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Loren Mendell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Neil James MacLusky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: The Role of Host Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113594. [PMID: 30441796 PMCID: PMC6274730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain a considerable health issue for almost half the people living with HIV, despite progress in HIV treatment through combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The pathogenesis and risk factors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are still incompletely understood. This is partly due to the complexity of HAND diagnostics, as phenotypes present with high variability and change over time. Our current understanding is that HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) during infection, persisting and replicating in resident immune and supporting cells, with the subsequent host immune response and inflammation likely adding to the development of HAND. Differences in host (human) genetics determine, in part, the effectiveness of the immune response and other factors that increase the vulnerability to HAND. This review describes findings from studies investigating the role of human host genetics in the pathogenesis of HAND, including potential risk factors for developing HAND. The similarities and differences between HAND and Alzheimer's disease are also discussed. While some specific variations in host genes regulating immune responses and neurotransmission have been associated with protection or risk of HAND development, the effects are generally small and findings poorly replicated. Nevertheless, a few specific gene variants appear to affect the risk for developing HAND and aid our understanding of HAND pathogenesis.
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Understanding the Role of ApoE Fragments in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:1297-1305. [PMID: 30225748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative diseases. It has been known for decades that the APOE ɛ4 allele is the most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset AD and yet its precise role in the disease remains unclear. The APOE gene encodes apolipoprotein E (apoE), a 35 kDa glycoprotein highly expressed in the brain. There are three different isoforms: apoE3 is the most common allele in the population, whilst apoE2 decreases, and apoE4 increases AD risk. ApoE has numerous functions that affect neuronal and non-neuronal cells, thus how it contributes to disease onset and progression is hotly debated. The apoE4 isoform has been linked to the accumulation of both of the major pathological hallmarks of AD, amyloid plaques containing amyloid β peptides, and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein, as well as other hallmarks of the disease, including inflammation and oxidative stress. Numerous studies have shown that apoE undergoes fragmentation in the human brain, and that the fragmentation pattern varies between isoforms. It was previously shown that apoE4 has neurotoxic functions, however recent data has also identified a neuroprotective role for the apoE N-terminal 25 kDa fragment, which is more prevalent in apoE3 individuals. The ability of the apoE 25 kDa fragment to promote neurite outgrowth was recently demonstrated and this suggests there is a potential loss of neuroprotection in apoE4 individuals in addition to the previously described gain of toxic function for specific apoE4 fragments. Here we review the enzymes proposed to be responsible for apoE fragmentation, the specific functions of different apoE fragments and their possible links with AD.
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Deng H, Ordaz A, Upadhyayula PS, Gillis-Buck EM, Suen CG, Melhado CG, Mohammed N, Lam T, Yue JK. Apolipoprotein E Epsilon 4 Genotype, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:E78. [PMID: 30223506 PMCID: PMC6163513 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual incidence of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is 3.8 million in the USA with 10⁻15% experiencing persistent morbidity beyond one year. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, can occur with repetitive MTBI. Risk factors for CTE are challenging to identify because injury mechanisms of MTBI are heterogeneous, clinical manifestations and management vary, and CTE is a postmortem diagnosis, making prospective studies difficult. There is growing interest in the genetic influence on head trauma and development of CTE. Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE-ε4) associates with many neurologic diseases, and consensus on the ε4 allele as a risk factor is lacking. This review investigates the influence of APOE-ε4 on MTBI and CTE. A comprehensive PubMed literature search (1966 to 12 June 2018) identified 24 unique reports on the topic (19 MTBI studies: 8 athletic, 5 military, 6 population-based; 5 CTE studies: 4 athletic and military, 1 leucotomy group). APOE-ε4 genotype is found to associate with outcomes in 4/8 athletic reports, 3/5 military reports, and 5/6 population-based reports following MTBI. Evidence on the association between APOE-ε4 and CTE from case series is equivocal. Refining modalities to aid CTE diagnosis in larger samples is needed in MTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - Angel Ordaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - Pavan S Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Eva M Gillis-Buck
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Catherine G Suen
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Caroline G Melhado
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - Nebil Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - Troy Lam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - John K Yue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
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APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence Mounts that Targeting APOE4 may Combat Alzheimer's Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2450-2465. [PMID: 30032423 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an immutable neurodegenerative disease featured by the two hallmark brain pathologies that are the extracellular amyloid ß (Aß) and intraneuronal tau protein. People carrying the APOE4 allele are at high risk of AD concerning the ones carrying the ε3 allele, while the ε2 allele abates risk. ApoE isoforms exert a central role in controlling the transport of brain lipid, neuronal signaling, mitochondrial function, glucose metabolism, and neuroinflammation. Regardless of widespread indispensable studies, the appropriate function of APOE in AD etiology stays ambiguous. Existing proof recommends that the disparate outcomes of ApoE isoforms on Aβ accretion and clearance have a distinct function in AD pathogenesis. ApoE-lipoproteins combine diverse cell-surface receptors to transport lipids and moreover to lipophilic Aβ peptide, that is believed to begin deadly events that generate neurodegeneration in the AD. ApoE has great influence in tau pathogenesis, tau-mediated neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation, as well as α-synucleinopathy, lipid metabolism, and synaptic plasticity despite the presence of Aβ pathology. ApoE4 shows the deleterious effect for AD while the lack of ApoE4 is defensive. Therapeutic strategies primarily depend on APOE suggest to lessen the noxious effects of ApoE4 and reestablish the protective aptitudes of ApoE. This appraisal represents the critical interactions of APOE and AD pathology, existing facts on ApoE levels in the central nervous system (CNS), and the credible active stratagems for AD therapy by aiming ApoE. This review also highlighted utmost ApoE targeting therapeutic tactics that are crucial for controlling Alzheimer's pathogenesis.
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Mendell AL, Chung BY, Creighton CE, Kalisch BE, Bailey CD, MacLusky NJ. Neurosteroid metabolites of testosterone and progesterone differentially inhibit ERK phosphorylation induced by amyloid β in SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons. Brain Res 2018; 1686:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bittar A, Sengupta U, Kayed R. Prospects for strain-specific immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:9. [PMID: 29507776 PMCID: PMC5829136 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing age, as the incidence of Alzheimer's disease is increasing, finding a therapeutic intervention is becoming critically important to either prevent or slow down the progression of the disease. Passive immunotherapy has been demonstrated as a successful way of reducing large aggregates and improving cognition in animal models of both tauopathies and Alzheimer's disease. However, with all the continuous attempts and significant success of immunotherapy in preclinical studies, finding a successful clinical therapy has been a great challenge, possibly indicating a lack of accuracy in targeting the toxic species. Both active and passive immunotherapy approaches in transgenic animals have been demonstrated to have pros and cons. Passive immunotherapy has been favored and many mechanisms have been shown to clear toxic amyloid and tau aggregates and improve memory. These mechanisms may differ depending on the antibodie's' target and administration route. In this regard, deciding on affinity vs. specificity of the antibodies plays a significant role in terms of avoiding the clearance of the physiological forms of the targeted proteins and reducing adverse side effects. In addition, knowing that a single protein can exist in different conformational states, termed as strains, with varying degrees of neurotoxicity and seeding properties, presents an additional level of complexity. Therefore, immunotherapy targeting specifically the toxic strains will aid in developing potential strategies for intervention. Moreover, an approach of combinatorial immunotherapies against different amyloidogenic proteins, at distinct levels of the disease progression, might offer an effective therapy in many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bittar
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Urmi Sengupta
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
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Williams B, Convertino M, Das J, Dokholyan NV. Molecular Mechanisms of the R61T Mutation in Apolipoprotein E4: A Dynamic Rescue. Biophys J 2017; 113:2192-2198. [PMID: 28916386 PMCID: PMC5700245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). With respect to the other common isoforms of this protein (ApoE2 and ApoE3), ApoE4 is characterized by lower stability that underlies the formation of a stable interaction between the protein's N- and C-terminal domains. AD-related cellular dysfunctions have been linked to this ApoE4 misfolded state. In this regard, it has been reported that the mutation R61T is able to rescue the deleterious cellular effects of ApoE4 by preventing the formation of the misfolded intermediate state. However, a clear description of the structural features at the basis of the R61T-ApoE4 mutant's protective effect is still missing. Recently, using extensive molecular dynamics simulations, we have identified a structural model of an ApoE4 misfolded intermediate state. Building on our previous work, here we explore the dynamical changes induced by the R61T mutation in the ApoE4 native and misfolded states. Notably, we do not observe any local changes in the domains in the R61T-ApoE4 system, rather a general loss of correlated movements in the entire protein structure. More specifically, we detect increased dynamics in the hinge region, which is essential for ApoE4 domain-domain interaction. Consistent with previously reported data on altered phospholipid and receptor binding, we hypothesize that mutations destabilizing the ApoE4 intermediate state change hinge region dynamics, which propagates to distal functional regions of the protein and modifies ApoE4's functional properties. This unique behavior of the ApoE4 hinge region provides, to our knowledge, a novel understanding of ApoE4's role in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benfeard Williams
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Marino Convertino
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jhuma Das
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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