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Zhou S, Cheng R, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Yu Q. CHIR-98014, a GSK 3β Inhibitor, Protects Against Triptolide/Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis Inhibition. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:407-418. [PMID: 38284557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is a remarkable anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive component separated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. However, its hepatotoxicity limits its application in the clinical. Our group has proposed a new perspective on TP-induced hepatotoxicity, in which TP enhances liver hypersensitivity upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Because the cause of the disease is unknown, there is currently no uniform treatment available. In this study, we attempted to determine whether the GSK-3β-JNK pathway affects liver damage and its regulatory mechanism in response to TP/LPS costimulation. In addition, we investigated the effect of CsA or the GSK 3β inhibitor CHIR-98014 on TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity. The results showed that the TP/LPS cotreatment mice exhibited obvious hepatotoxicity, as indicated by a remarkable increase in the serum ALT and AST levels, glycogen depletion, GSK 3β-JNK upregulation, and increased apoptosis. Instead of the specific knockdown of JNK1, the specific knockdown of JNK2 had a protective effect. Additionally, 40 mg/kg of CsA and 30 mg/kg of CHIR-98014 might provide protection. In summary, CHIR-98014 could protect against TP/LPS- or TP/TNF-α-induced activation of the GSK 3β-JNK pathway and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, improving the indirect hepatotoxicity induced by TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyun Zhou
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruohan Cheng
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qinwei Yu
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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2
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Zheng J, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Qian W, Zhang Y, Dong B, Liang Q. c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation contributes to improving low temperature tolerance via regulating apoptosis in the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108912. [PMID: 37353063 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an essential environmental factor for the survival of aquatic animals. Low temperature stress can induce mitochondria to produce excessive ROS and free radicals, and destroy homeostasis. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is involved in regulating various physiological processes, including inflammatory responses, cell cycle, reproduction, and apoptosis. Here, we investigated the mechanism of ROS/JNK pathway under low temperature stress both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that apoptosis, autophagy, calcium channel, and antioxidant were involved in the mediation of low temperature tolerance in Pacific white shrimp (penaeus vannamei). PvJNK was activated in response to low temperature stress. Treatments with different temperature caused oxidative stress as demonstrated by increased intensity of the ROS indicator H2DCF-DA, and induced apoptosis as confirmed by indicator FITC. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, attenuated low temperature induced apoptosis, and inhibited the expression of PvJNK. In addition, we demonstrate that mediator PvJNK translocated to nuclear through interacting with PvRheb. By using flow cytometry, inhibiting PvJNK can increase the expression of apoptosis related genes, accelerate tissue damage, and induce ROS and cell apoptosis. The ultimate inhibition of PvJNK accelerates the mortality of shrimp under low temperature stress. Overall, these findings suggest that during low temperature stress, PvJNK was activated by ROS to regulates apoptosis via interacting with PvRheb to promote PvJNK into the nucleus and to improve low temperature tolerance of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- JieRen Zheng
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immunity, School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immunity, School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - YuXin Feng
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immunity, School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - WeiGuo Qian
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immunity, School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immunity, School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - BeiBei Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immunity, School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China.
| | - QingJian Liang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immunity, School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China; College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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3
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Atta IS, Elnady MR, Alghamdi AG, Alghamdi AH, Aboulata AA, Shatla IM. Assessing the hepatoprotective effects of hesperidin on liver-associated disorders in albino rats with experimentally induced obesity and type II diabetes: A histological and biochemical study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16031. [PMID: 37215885 PMCID: PMC10196525 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin (HSP) has multiple beneficial effects in verities of clinical situations including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AIM Determination of curative effects of HSP on the liver in T2DM rats through biochemical and histopathological studies. METHODS Animals. Fifty rats were enrolled. 10 rats were fed a normal diet (control group), and the remaining 40 rats received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The HFD-fed rats were grouped into Group II: 10 rats, and Group III: 10 rats received HSP 100 mg/kg. Group IV: 10 rats received a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ), 30 mg/kg, and Group V: 10 rats received STZ and HSP. Body weight, Blood glucose, insulin level, liver enzymes, lipid profile, oxidative stress, TNF-α, NF-κB, and liver biopsy were estimated. RESULTS there is improvement in the histological profile of the steatosis in HFD-fed rats treated with HSP either in group III or in group V (received STZ) along with amelioration in blood glucose, insulin, liver enzymes, lipid profile, oxidative profile, TNF-α, and NF-κB. CONCLUSION HSP in this STZ model revealed an improvement in steatosis, biochemical markers, and histologic findings. By studying these factors, we expected to identify the prospective targets for intervention that could help improve outcomes for individuals with obesity and diabetes-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Shafek Atta
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R. Elnady
- Physiology Department, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
| | - Ali G. Alghamdi
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alaa A. Aboulata
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
- Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Shatla
- Physiology Department, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Elsaman S, Elsonbaty SM, Moawed FSM, Hegazy MGA. Evaluation of Brown Micro-Algae Synergies With Low Dose γ-Radiation Against Chronic Hepatitis Induced by D-Galactosamine in Rats. Dose Response 2023; 21:15593258231169405. [PMID: 37077716 PMCID: PMC10107994 DOI: 10.1177/15593258231169405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatic inflammation is considered key driver of hepatic tissue impairment.We aimed to explore the interaction of Halamphora coffeaeformis (Amph.) with low dose ionizing γ radiation (γR) exposure against D-galactosamine (D-GaIN)-induced chronic hepatitis in Albino rats. Methods Chronic hepatitis was induced with single dose of D-GalN (400 mg/kg BW i.p.). Rats received 400 mg Amph/kg BW daily by gastric gavage concomitant with .25 Gy γ-R. Liver oxidative stress and inflammatory status were assessed. Gene expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) were estimated by q-PCR. D-Galactosamine injection significantly encouraged hepatic oxidative damage and inflammatory disturbance accompanied with improved intercellular adhesion molecule-1 level (ICAM-1). Results messenger RNA gene expression levels of STAT3 and NF-kB were expressively higher in D-GaIN-treated animals. Histopathological examination supported results. Interestingly, Amph treatment with γ-radiation (γ-R) subjection displayed significant improvement of oxidative and inflammatory status along with controlled signaling molecular factors which was supported by amended histological structure of induced liver hepatitis. Conclusion Results conclude the efficacious control of liver hepatitis progression by dual collaboration of Amph. with low dose γ-R via control of vital growth signaling factors linked with inflammation thru anti-inflammation, antioxidative and anti-proliferative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Elsaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan M. Elsonbaty
- Department of Microbiology, Health
Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation
Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma S. M. Moawed
- Department of Radiation Biology, Egyptian Atomic Energy
Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa G. A. Hegazy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Marwa G. A. Hegazy, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11566,
Egypt.
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5
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Cingolani F, Liu Y, Shen Y, Wen J, Farris AB, Czaja MJ. Redundant Functions of ERK1 and ERK2 Maintain Mouse Liver Homeostasis Through Down-Regulation of Bile Acid Synthesis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:980-994. [PMID: 34936222 PMCID: PMC9035584 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 promotes hepatocyte proliferation in response to growth stimuli, but whether constitutive hepatocyte ERK1/2 signaling functions in liver physiology is unknown. To examine the role of ERK1/2 in hepatic homeostasis, the effects of a knockout of Erk1 and/or Erk2 in mouse liver were examined. The livers of mice with a global Erk1 knockout or a tamoxifen-inducible, hepatocyte-specific Erk2 knockout were normal. In contrast, Erk1/2 double-knockout mice developed hepatomegaly and hepatitis by serum transaminases, histology, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling, and assays of hepatic inflammation. Liver injury was associated with biochemical evidence of cholestasis with increased serum and hepatic bile acids and led to hepatic fibrosis and mortality. RNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analysis of double-knockout mouse livers revealed that the rate-limiting bile acid synthesis gene Cyp7a1 (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) was up-regulated in concert with decreased expression of the transcriptional repressor short heterodimer partner. Elevated bile acids were the mechanism of liver injury, as bile acid reduction by SC-435, an inhibitor of the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, prevented liver injury. Conclusion: Constitutive ERK1 and ERK2 signaling has a redundant but critical physiological function in the down-regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis to maintain normal liver homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cingolani
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Yang Shen
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jing Wen
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
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6
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Kumar P, Liu Y, Shen Y, Maher JJ, Cingolani F, Czaja MJ. Mouse liver injury induces hepatic macrophage FGF23 production. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264743. [PMID: 35231062 PMCID: PMC8887750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone marrow cell produced hormone that functions in the intestine and kidney to regulate phosphate homeostasis. Increased serum FGF23 is a well-established predictor of mortality in renal disease, but recent findings linking increased levels to hepatic and cardiac diseases have suggested that other organs are sources of FGF23 or targets of its effects. The potential ability of the liver to produce FGF23 in response to hepatocellular injury was therefore examined. Very low levels of Fgf23 mRNA and FGF23 protein were detected in normal mouse liver, but the amounts increased markedly during acute liver injury from the hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride. Serum levels of intact FGF23 were elevated during liver injury from carbon tetrachloride. Chronic liver injury induced by a high fat diet or elevated bile acids also increased hepatic FGF23 levels. Stimulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-driven inflammation by gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) underlies many forms of liver injury, and LPS induced Fgf23 in the liver as well as in other organs. The LPS-inducible cytokines IL-1β and TNF increased hepatic Fgf23 expression as did a TLR2 agonist Pam2CSK3. Analysis of Fgf23 expression and FGF23 secretion in different hepatic cell types involved in liver injury identified the resident liver macrophage or Kupffer cell as a source of hepatic FGF23. LPS and cytokines selectively induced the hormone in these cells but not in hepatocytes or hepatic stellate cells. FGF23 failed to exert any autocrine effect on the inflammatory state of Kupffer cells but did trigger proinflammatory activation of hepatocytes. During liver injury inflammatory factors induce Kupffer cell production of FGF23 that may have a paracrine proinflammatory effect on hepatocytes. Liver-produced FGF23 may have systemic hormonal effects as well that influence diseases in in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yang Shen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn J. Maher
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Francesca Cingolani
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Almishri W, Swain LA, D'Mello C, Le TS, Urbanski SJ, Nguyen HH. ADAM Metalloproteinase Domain 17 Regulates Cholestasis-Associated Liver Injury and Sickness Behavior Development in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 12:779119. [PMID: 35095853 PMCID: PMC8793775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane-bound enzyme that mediates shedding of a wide variety of important regulators in inflammation including cytokines and adhesion molecules. Hepatic expression of numerous cytokines and adhesion molecules are increased in cholestatic liver diseases including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), however, the pathophysiological role of ADAM17 in regulating these conditions remains unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the role of ADAM17 in a mouse model of cholestatic liver injury due to bile duct ligation (BDL). We found that BDL enhanced hepatic ADAM17 protein expression, paralleled by increased ADAM17 bioactivity. Moreover, inhibition of ADAM17 bioactivity with the specific inhibitor DPC 333 significantly improved both biochemical and histological evidence of liver damage in BDL mice. Patients with cholestatic liver disease commonly experience adverse behavioral symptoms, termed sickness behaviors. Similarly, BDL in mice induces reproducible sickness behavior development, driven by the upregulated expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules that are in turn regulated by ADAM17 activity. Indeed, inhibition of ADAM17 activity significantly ameliorated BDL-associated sickness behavior development. In translational studies, we evaluated changes in ADAM17 protein expression in liver biopsies obtained from patients with PBC and PSC, compared to normal control livers. PSC and PBC patients demonstrated increased hepatic ADAM17 expression in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and in association with liver-infiltrating immune cells compared to normal controls. In summary, cholestatic liver injury in mice and humans is associated with increased hepatic ADAM17 expression. Furthermore, inhibition of ADAM17 activity improves both cholestatic liver injury and associated sickness behavior development, suggesting that ADAM17 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach for treating patients with PBC/PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdi Almishri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Liam A Swain
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Charlotte D'Mello
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tyson S Le
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stefan J Urbanski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Henry H Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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Yang J, Liu B, Li X, Li G, Wen H, Qi X, Li Y, He F. Immune correlates of NF-κB and TNFα promoter DNA methylation in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) muscle and immune parameters change response to vibrio anguillarum infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:578-586. [PMID: 34655738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum infection can activate NF-κB/TNFα pathway in the immune organs of fish. Fish muscle is also an important immune organ, but the research on its immune function is few. Our aim was to study regulating mechanism of NF-κB and TNFα gene expressions in the muscle of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) which was under Vibrio anguillarum infection (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). The results showed that the expressions of NF-κB and TNFα increased significantly at 48 h, and there was a significant positive correlation between them. In situ hybridization confirmed the co-existence of NF-κB and TNFα genes in Japanese flounder muscle. Interestingly, the expression of the TNFα gene was regulated by the DNA methylation and its methylation level was negatively correlated with the expression. The lowest methylation level of TNFα occurred at 48 h under Vibrio anguillarum infection (P < 0.05). And more, when the fragment (-2122 ∼ -730) was deleted on TNFα gene promoter, double luciferase activity was the highest, indicating that fragment (-730-0) was the transcription factor binding region. The site (-78 ~ -69) on the fragment (-730-0) binding NF-κB was mutated, and double luciferase activity decreased significantly. The results confirmed that the site (-78 ~ -69) was indeed an important binding site for NF-κB. In addition, the activity of TNFα in the serum of Japanese flounder changed with the prolongation of vibrio anguillarum infection, and the concentration of other immune factors such as ALP, ALT, AST and LDH also changed in the muscle under vibrio anguillarum infection. They all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Above studies implied that Japanese flounder responded to Vibrio anguillarum infection at the immune level with the change of its methylation status and the activation of transcription factor. By studying the mechanism of immune pathways, understanding the response to immune stress is great significant to the research of fish breeding for disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Binghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Guangling Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
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Huganbuzure Granule Attenuates Concanavalin-A-Induced Immune Liver Injury in Mice via Regulating the Balance of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg Cells and Inhibiting Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5578021. [PMID: 34539800 PMCID: PMC8443346 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5578021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Uygur medicine, Huganbuzure granule (HBG) is one of the classical prescriptions for liver protection. However, its role in immune liver injury remains unknown. This study evaluates the effect of HBG on concanavalin-A- (ConA-) induced immune liver injury and investigates its protective underlying mechanism. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 24 mice per group): control, ConA, 1.6 g/kg HBG + ConA, 3.2 g/kg HBG + ConA, and 6 mg/kg prednisolone + ConA. HBG was intragastrically administrated once daily for ten consecutive days, prior to ConA (20 mg/kg) injection. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in mouse serum were measured after ConA injection. Moreover, liver-related mRNA levels were evaluated by qPCR. The detection of liver-related proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Compared with the ConA group, HBG reduced the mRNA expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ and the protein expression of T-bet and ROR-γt. In addition, HBG increased the mRNA expression of IL-4 and TGF-β and protein expression of GATA3 and Foxp3, indicating that HBG regulated the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg. Furthermore, HBG alleviated immune liver injury by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, and decreasing the expression of p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38, p-JAK1, p-STAT1, p-STAT3, and IRF1. Our data suggested that HBG attenuated ConA-induced immune liver injury by regulating the immune balance and inhibiting JAK1/STATs/IRF1 signaling, thereby reducing apoptosis induced by JNK activation. The findings indicate that HBG may be a promising drug for immune liver injury.
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10
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Dong W, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Zhang Z, Fan X, Xu Y. BRG1 Links TLR4 Trans-Activation to LPS-Induced SREBP1a Expression and Liver Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:617073. [PMID: 33816466 PMCID: PMC8012493 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.617073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ failure is one of the most severe consequences in patients with septic shock. Liver injury is frequently observed during this pathophysiological process. In the present study we investigated the contribution of Brahma related gene 1 (BRG1), a chromatin remodeling protein, to septic shock induced liver injury. When wild type (WT) and liver conditional BRG1 knockout (LKO) mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), liver injury was appreciably attenuated in the LKO mice compared to the WT mice as evidenced by plasma ALT/AST levels, hepatic inflammation and apoptosis. Of interest, there was a down-regulation of sterol response element binding protein 1a (SREBP1a), known to promote liver injury, in the LKO livers compared to the WT livers. BRG1 did not directly bind to the SREBP1a promoter. Instead, BRG1 was recruited to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) promoter and activated TLR4 transcription. Ectopic TLR4 restored SREBP1a expression in BRG1-null hepatocytes. Congruently, adenovirus carrying TLR4 or SREBP1a expression vector normalized liver injury in BRG1 LKO mice injected with LPS. Finally, a positive correlation between BRG1 and TLR4 expression was detected in human liver biopsy specimens. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a BRG1-TLR4-SREBP1a axis that mediates LPS-induced liver injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Central Laboratory, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangshan Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Avni D, Harikumar KB, Sanyal AJ, Spiegel S. Deletion or inhibition of SphK1 mitigates fulminant hepatic failure by suppressing TNFα-dependent inflammation and apoptosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21415. [PMID: 33566377 PMCID: PMC8491138 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002540r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) causes severe liver dysfunction that can lead to multi-organ failure and death. Previous studies suggest that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) protects against hepatocyte injury, yet not much is still known about its involvement in ALF. This study examines the role of SphK1 in D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALF, which is a well-established experimental mouse model that mimics the fulminant hepatitis. Here we report that deletion of SphK1, but not SphK2, dramatically decreased GalN/LPS-induced liver damage, hepatic apoptosis, serum alanine aminotransferase levels, and mortality rate compared to wild-type mice. Whereas GalN/LPS treatment-induced hepatic activation of NF-κB and JNK in wild-type and SphK2-/- mice, these signaling pathways were reduced in SphK1-/- mice. Moreover, repression of ALF in SphK1-/- mice correlated with decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. Adoptive transfer experiments indicated that SphK1 in bone marrow-derived infiltrating immune cells but not in host liver-resident cells, contribute to the development of ALF. Interestingly, LPS-induced TNFα production was drastically suppressed in SphK1-deleted macrophages, whereas IL-10 expression was markedly enhanced, suggesting a switch to the anti-inflammatory phenotype. Finally, treatment with a specific SphK1 inhibitor ameliorated inflammation and protected mice from ALF. Our findings suggest that SphK1 regulates TNFα secretion from macrophages and inhibition or deletion of SphK1 mitigated ALF. Thus, a potent inhibitor of SphK1 could potentially be a therapeutic agent for fulminant hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Avni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kuzhuvelil B. Harikumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Complement-5 Inhibition Deters Progression of Fulminant Hepatitis to Acute Liver Failure in Murine Models. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1351-1367. [PMID: 33444818 PMCID: PMC8022253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening condition with limited treatment alternatives. ALF pathogenesis seemingly involves the complement system. However, no complement-targeted intervention has been clinically applied. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of Complement-5 (C5)-targeted ALF treatment. METHODS ALF was induced in C5-knockout (KO, B10D2/oSn) mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts (B10D2/nSn) through intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and d-galactosamine (D-GalN) administration. Thereafter, monoclonal anti-C5 antibody (Ab) or control immunoglobulin was administered intravenously. Furthermore, a selective C5a-receptor (C5aR) antagonist was administered to WT mice to compare its efficacy with that of anti-C5-Ab-mediated total C5 inhibition. We clarified the therapeutic effect of delayed anti-C5-Ab administration after LPS/D-GalN challenge. We also assessed the efficacy of anti-C5-Ab in another ALF model, using concanavalin-A. RESULTS Liver injury was evident 6 hours after LPS/D-GalN administration. C5-KO and anti-C5-Ab treatment significantly improved overall animal survival and significantly reduced serum transaminase and high-mobility group box-1 release with decreased histological tissue damage. This improvement was characterized by significantly reduced CD41+ platelet aggregation, maintained F4/80+ cells, and less infiltration of CD11+/Ly6-G+ cells with lower cytokine/chemokine expression. Furthermore, C5-KO and anti-C5-Ab downregulated tumor necrosis factor-α production by macrophages before inducing marked liver injury. Moreover, single-stranded-DNA cells and caspase activation were reduced, indicating significant attenuation of apoptosis. Anti-C5-Ab treatment protected the liver more effectively than the C5aR antagonist, and its delayed doses were hepatoprotective. In addition, anti-C5-Ab treatment was effective against concanavalin-A-induced ALF. CONCLUSIONS C5 inhibition effectively suppresses progression to ALF in mice models of fulminant hepatitis, serving as a new potential treatment strategy for ALF.
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Si-Wu-Tang Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Blocking TLR4-JNK and Caspase-8-GSDMD Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8786424. [PMID: 32849904 PMCID: PMC7439165 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8786424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has high global prevalence; however, the treatments of NAFLD are limited due to lack of approved drugs. Methods Mice were randomly assigned into three groups: Control group, NAFLD group, NAFLD plus Si-Wu-Tang group. A NAFLD mice model was established by feeding with a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for four weeks. Si-Wu-Tang was given orally by gastric gavage at the beginning of 3rd week, and it lasted for two weeks. The treatment effects of Si-Wu-Tang were confirmed by examining the change of body weight, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, Oil Red O staining, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the liver samples and accompanied by steatosis grade scores. The expression and activation of the possible signaling proteins involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD were determined by western blotting. Results Mice fed with four weeks of MCD diet displayed elevated serum levels of ALT and AST, while there was decreased body weight. The hepatic Oil Red O staining and H&E staining showed severe liver steatosis with high steatosis grade scores. All these can be improved by treating with Si-Wu-Tang for two weeks. Mechanistically, the increased hepatic TLR4 expression and its downstream JNK phosphorylation induced by MCD diet were suppressed by Si-Wu-Tang. Moreover, the upregulations of Caspase-8, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and cleaved-GSDMD in liver mediated by MCD diet were all inhibited by Si-Wu-Tang. Conclusions Treatment with Si-Wu-Tang improves MCD diet-induced NAFLD in part via blocking TLR4-JNK and Caspase-8-GSDMD signaling pathways, suggesting that Si-Wu-Tang has potential for clinical application in treating NAFLD.
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14
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Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Duan L, Schaich MA, Jaeschke MW, Freudenthal BD, Ding WX, Rumack BH, Jaeschke H. Delayed Treatment With 4-Methylpyrazole Protects Against Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity in Mice by Inhibition of c-Jun n-Terminal Kinase. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:57-68. [PMID: 30903181 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure in the United States and many western countries. However, the only clinically approved antidote, N-acetylcysteine, has a limited therapeutic window. 4-Methylpyrazole (4MP) is an antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning, and we have recently shown that cotreatment of 4MP with APAP effectively prevents toxicity by inhibiting Cyp2E1. To evaluate if 4MP can be used therapeutically, C57BL/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP followed by 50 mg/kg 4MP 90 min later (after the metabolism phase). In these experiments, 4MP significantly attenuated liver injury at 3, 6, and 24 h after APAP as shown by 80%-90% reduction in plasma alanine aminotransferase activities and reduced areas of necrosis. 4MP prevented c-Jun c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and its mitochondrial translocation, and reduced mitochondrial oxidant stress and nuclear DNA fragmentation. 4MP also prevented JNK activation in other liver injury models. Molecular docking experiments showed that 4MP can bind to the ATP binding site of JNK. These data suggest that treatment with 4MP after the metabolism phase effectively prevents APAP-induced liver injury in the clinically relevant mouse model in vivo mainly through the inhibition of JNK activation. 4MP, a drug approved for human use, is as effective as N-acetylcysteine or can be even more effective in cases of severe overdoses with prolonged metabolism (600 mg/kg). 4MP acts on alternative therapeutic targets and thus may be a novel approach to treatment of APAP overdose in patients that complements N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology & Therapeutics
| | - Matthew A Schaich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | | | - Bret D Freudenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology & Therapeutics
| | - Barry H Rumack
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Nifuroxazide attenuates experimentally-induced hepatic encephalopathy and the associated hyperammonemia and cJNK/caspase-8/TRAIL activation in rats. Life Sci 2020; 252:117610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Wang L, Zhao H, Wang L, Tao Y, Du G, Guan W, Liu J, Brennan C, Ho CT, Li S. Effects of Selected Resveratrol Analogues on Activation and Polarization of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV-2 Microglial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3750-3757. [PMID: 32125844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing health-promoting effects of resveratrol and its molecular structural analogues have been discovered, and the acting mechanism has been explored. However, the activity comparison of such compounds in targeting macrophage-related inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases remains untouched. In this study, we evaluated the activation and polarization transition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 mouse microglial macrophages exposed to resveratrol (RES) and its analogues pterostilbene (PTE), oxyresveratrol (ORES), acetyl-trans-resveratrol (ARES), and trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-glucopyranoside (TSG). At 10 μM, all of the five stilbene compounds have effectively suppressed the LPS-stimulated BV-2 cell release of proinflammatory mediators such as NO, TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6. Mechanism study elucidated that they exert anti-inflammatory effects through MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, and p38) and NF-κB signaling pathways. Further investigation in treating BV-2 cells with resveratrol and its analogues revealed the reversal of LPS-induced phenotype molecules from M1 (iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and CD86) to M2 (Arg1, CD163, and IL-10) subtypes, manifesting that these five stilbenes suppressed inflammation through modulating the polarized phenotypes of BV-2 microglia. Most importantly, PTE demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity among these five stilbene compounds. Therefore, this study not only highlights microglia-induced inflammatory responses as a potential therapeutic target but also suggests future insights in considering the options of nutraceutical development for resveratrol and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Bioscience, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Yongqing Tao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Gang Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Wenqiang Guan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Jianfu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Charles Brennan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Bioscience, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, Hubei, China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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17
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Therapeutic benefits of apocynin in mice with lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury via suppression of the late stage pro-apoptotic AMPK/JNK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110020. [PMID: 32106375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays crucial roles in the development of acute liver injury. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is responsible for the robust production of ROS under inflammatory circumstance, but the pathological roles of NOX and the pharmacological significance of NOX inhibitor in acute liver injury remains unclear. In the present study, the potential roles of NOX in acute liver injury were investigated in a mouse model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-Gal)-induced acute liver injury. The results indicated that LPS/D-Gal exposure time-dependently increased the level of ROS in liver tissue. Pretreatment with the NOX inhibitor apocynin suppressed LPS/D-Gal induced upregulation of ROS, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), protein carbonyl content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Pretreatment with apocynin also suppressed LPS/D-Gal-induced elevation of aminotransferase, alleviated histological abnormalities, inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), blocked the activation of caspase cascade, reduced the count of TUNEL-positive cells and prevented LPS/D-Gal-induced mortality. Interestingly, post insult treatment with apocynin also suppressed LPS/D-Gal-induced oxidative stress, hepatocyte apoptosis, liver damage but improved the survival rate. Mechanistically, posttreatment with apocynin prohibited LPS/D-Gal-induced activation of the late stage pro-apoptotic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Post-insult treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine also resulted in suppressed activation of AMPK/JNK, mitigated apoptosis and alleviated liver injury. These data suggest that NOX-derived ROS might be a crucial late stage detrimental factor in LPS/D-Gal-induced acute liver injury via promoting the activation of the pro-apoptotic AMPK/JNK pathway, and the NOX inhibitor might have important value in the pharmacological intervention of inflammation-base liver damage.
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18
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Zhao E, Shen Y, Amir M, Farris AB, Czaja MJ. Stathmin 1 Induces Murine Hepatocyte Proliferation and Increased Liver Mass. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:38-49. [PMID: 31909354 PMCID: PMC6939544 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cellular signals that initiate the transition of hepatocytes from quiescence to proliferation remain unclear. The protein stathmin 1 (STMN1) is highly expressed in dividing cells, including hepatocytes, and functions to promote cell mitosis through physical interactions with tubulin and microtubules that regulate mitotic spindle formation. The recent finding that STMN1 mediates the resistance of cultured hepatocytes to oxidant stress led to an examination of the expression and function of this protein in the liver in vivo. STMN1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were essentially undetectable in normal mouse liver but increased markedly in response to oxidant injury from carbon tetrachloride. Similarly, levels of STMN1 mRNA and protein were increased in human livers from patients with acute fulminant hepatic failure. To determine STMN1 function in the liver in vivo, mice were infected with a control or Stmn1-expressing adenovirus. Stmn1 expression induced spontaneous liver enlargement with a doubling of the liver to body weight ratio. The increase in liver mass resulted, in part, from hepatocellular hypertrophy but mainly from an induction of hepatocyte proliferation. STMN1 expression led to marked increases in the numbers of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive and mitotic hepatocytes and hepatic nuclear levels of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. STMN1-induced hepatocyte proliferation was followed by an apoptotic response and a return of the liver to its normal mass. Conclusion: STMN1 promotes entry of quiescent hepatocytes into the cell cycle. STMN1 expression by itself in the absence of any reduction in liver mass is sufficient to stimulate a hepatic proliferative response that significantly increases liver mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY
| | - Yang Shen
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Muhammad Amir
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Alton B. Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Division of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
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Li Y, Shen F, Bao Y, Chen D, Lu H. Apoptotic effects of rhein through the mitochondrial pathways, two death receptor pathways, and reducing autophagy in human liver L02 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1292-1302. [PMID: 31436023 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhein (4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid) is a major component of many medicinal herbs such as Rheum palmatum L. and Polygonum multiflorum. Despite being widely used, intoxication cases associated with rhein-containing herbs are often reported. Currently, there are no available reports addressing the effects of rhein on apoptosis in human liver L02 cells. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the cytotoxic effects and the underlying mechanism of rhein on human normal liver L02 cells. In the present study, the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay demonstrated that rhein decreased the viability of L02 cells in dose-dependent and time-dependent ways. Rhein was found to trigger apoptosis in L02 cells as shown by Annexin V-fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection kit and cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay, with nuclear morphological changes demonstrated by Hoechst 33258 staining. Detection of intracellular superoxide dismutase activity, lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde) content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels showed that apoptosis was associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, it was observed that the mechanism implicated in rhein-induced apoptosis was presumably via the death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway, as illustrated by upregulation of TNF-α, TNFR1, TRADD, and cleaved caspase-3, and downregulation of procaspase-8, and it is suggested that rhein may increase hepatocyte apoptosis by activating the increase of TNF-α level. Meanwhile, rhein upregulates the expression of Bax and downregulates the expression of procaspase-9 and -3, and it is suggested that the mitochondrial pathway is activated and rhein-induced apoptosis may be involved. In addition, we also want to explore whether rhein-induced apoptosis is related to the autophagic changes induced by rhein. The results showed that rhein treatment increased P62 and decreased LC3-II and beclin-1, which means that autophagy was weakened. The results of our studies indicated that rhein induced caspase-dependent apoptosis via both the Fas death pathway and the mitochondrial pathway by generating ROS, and meanwhile the autophagy tended to weaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Arctium lappa Root Extract Prevents Lead-Induced Liver Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Activating Akt/GSK-3β Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120582. [PMID: 31771282 PMCID: PMC6943639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctium lappa L. (A. lappa) is a popular medicinal plant with promising hepatoprotective activity. This study investigated the protective effect of A. lappa root extract (ALRE) on lead (Pb) hepatotoxicity, pointing to its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein kinase B/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β signaling. Rats received 50 mg/kg lead acetate (Pb(Ac)2) and 200 mg/kg ALRE or vitamin C (Vit. C) for 7 days, and blood and liver samples were collected. Pb(Ac)2 provoked hepatotoxicity manifested by elevated serum transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased total protein. Histopathological alterations, including distorted lobular hepatic architecture, microsteatotic changes, congestion, and massive necrosis were observed in Pb(II)-induced rats. ALRE ameliorated liver function and prevented all histological alterations. Pb(II) increased hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation, and serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β. Cellular antioxidants, and Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation levels were decreased in the liver of Pb(II)-induced rats. ALRE ameliorated LPO, NO, caspase-3, DNA fragmentation and inflammatory mediators, and boosted antioxidant defenses in Pb(II)-induced rats. In addition, ALRE activated Akt and inhibited GSK-3β in the liver of Pb(II)-induced rats. In conclusion, ALRE inhibits liver injury in Pb(II)-intoxicated rats by attenuating oxidative injury and inflammation, and activation of Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Alhusaini A, Fadda L, Hasan IH, Zakaria E, Alenazi AM, Mahmoud AM. Curcumin Ameliorates Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Modulating Akt/GSK-3β Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110703. [PMID: 31694300 PMCID: PMC6920970 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal pollutant with adverse effects on the liver and other body organs. Curcumin (CUR) is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric and possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study explored the protective effect of CUR on Pb hepatotoxicity with an emphasis on oxidative stress, inflammation and Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Rats received lead acetate and CUR and/or ascorbic acid (AA) for seven days and samples were collected for analyses. Pb(II) induced liver injury manifested by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as histopathological alterations, including massive hepatocyte degeneration and increased collagen deposition. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, TNF-α and DNA fragmentation were increased, whereas antioxidant defenses were diminished in the liver of Pb(II)-intoxicated rats. Pb(II) increased hepatic NF-κB and JNK phosphorylation and caspase-3 cleavage, whereas Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation was decreased. CUR and/or AA ameliorated liver function, prevented tissue injury, and suppressed oxidative stress, DNA damage, NF-κB, JNK and caspase-3. In addition, CUR and/or AA activated Akt and inhibited GSK-3β in Pb(II)-induced rats. In conclusion, CUR prevents Pb(II) hepatotoxicity via attenuation of oxidative injury and inflammation, activation of Akt and inhibition of GSK-3β. However, further studies scrutinizing the exact role of Akt/GSK-3β signaling are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alhusaini
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (L.F.); (I.H.H.); (A.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Laila Fadda
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (L.F.); (I.H.H.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Iman H. Hasan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (L.F.); (I.H.H.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Enas Zakaria
- Pharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abeer M. Alenazi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (L.F.); (I.H.H.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.M.M.)
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Malik SA, Acharya JD, Mehendale NK, Kamat SS, Ghaskadbi SS. Pterostilbene reverses palmitic acid mediated insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by reducing oxidative stress and triglyceride accumulation. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:815-827. [PMID: 31223033 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1635252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is known to precede onset of type 2 diabetes and increased oxidative stress appears to be a deleterious factor leading to IR. In this study, we evaluated ability of pterostilbene (PTS), a methoxylated analogue of resveratrol and a known antioxidant, to reverse palmitic acid (PA)-mediated IR in HepG2 cells. PTS prevented reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and subsequent oxidative lipid damage by reducing the expression of NADPH oxidase 3 (NOX3) in PA treated HepG2 cells. Hepatic glucose production was used as a measure of IR and PTS reversed PA-mediated increase in hepatic glucose production by reducing expression of genes coding for gluconeogenic enzymes namely glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and pyruvate carboxylase (PC); and their transcription factors cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and fork head class Box O (FOXO1) along with its coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 α (PGC1α). PTS reversed PA-mediated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which in turn altered insulin signalling pathway by phosphorylating IRS-1 at Ser 307, leading to inhibition of phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β. PTS also reduced PA-mediated lipid accumulation by reducing expression of transcription factors SREBP1c and PPARα. SREBP1c activates genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis while PPARα activates CPT1, a rate limiting enzyme for controlling entry and oxidation of fatty acids into mitochondria. PTS, however, did not influence PA uptake confirmed by using BODIPY-labelled fluorescent C16 fatty acid analogue. Thus, our data provides a possible mechanistic explanation for reversal of PA-mediated IR in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmad Malik
- a Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
| | - Jhankar D Acharya
- a Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
| | - Neelay K Mehendale
- b Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune , India
| | - Siddhesh S Kamat
- b Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune , India
| | - Saroj S Ghaskadbi
- a Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
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23
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Morikawa T, Xie H, Pan Y, Ninomiya K, Yuan D, Jia X, Yoshikawa M, Nakamura S, Matsuda H, Muraoka O. A Review of Biologically Active Natural Products from a Desert Plant Cistanche tubulosa. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:675-689. [PMID: 31257323 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An Orobanchaceae plant Cistanche tubulosa (SCHENK) WIGHT (Kanka-nikujuyou in Japanese), which is one of the authorized plant resources as Cistanches Herba in both Japanese and Chinese Pharmacopoeias, is a perennial parasitic plant growing on roots of sand-fixing plants. The stems of C. tubulosa have traditionally been used for treatment of impotence, sterility, lumbago, and body weakness as well as a promoting agent of blood circulation. In recent years, Cistanches Herba has also been widely used as a health food supplement in Japan, China, and Southeast Asian countries. Here we review our recent studies on chemical constituents from the stems of C. tubulosa as well as their bioactivities such as vasorelaxtant, hepatoprotective, and glucose tolerance improving effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University.,Antiaging Center, Kindai University
| | - Haihui Xie
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University.,South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yingni Pan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University.,Antiaging Center, Kindai University
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
| | - Xiaoguang Jia
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University.,Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnodrug
| | - Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University.,Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | | | | | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University.,Antiaging Center, Kindai University
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24
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Ilyas G, Cingolani F, Zhao E, Tanaka K, Czaja MJ. Decreased Macrophage Autophagy Promotes Liver Injury and Inflammation from Alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1403-1413. [PMID: 30964198 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One mechanism underlying the development of alcoholic liver disease is overactivation of the innate immune response. Recent investigations indicate that the lysosomal pathway of autophagy down-regulates the inflammatory state of hepatic macrophages, suggesting that macrophage autophagy may regulate innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease. The function of macrophage autophagy in the development of alcoholic liver disease was examined in studies employing mice with a myeloid-specific decrease in autophagy. METHODS Littermate control and Atg5Δmye mice lacking Atg5-dependent myeloid autophagy were administered a Lieber-DeCarli control (CD) or ethanol diet (ED) alone or together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and examined for the degree of liver injury and inflammation. RESULTS Knockout mice with decreased macrophage autophagy had equivalent steatosis but increased mortality and liver injury from ED alone. Increased liver injury and hepatocyte death also occurred in Atg5Δmye mice administered ED and LPS in association with systemic inflammation as indicated by elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Hepatic macrophage and neutrophil infiltration were unaffected by decreased autophagy, but levels of proinflammatory cytokine gene induction were significantly increased in the livers but not adipose tissue of knockout mice treated with ED and LPS. Inflammasome activation was increased in ED/LPS-treated knockout mice resulting in elevated interleukin (IL)-1β production. Increased IL-1β promoted alcoholic liver disease as liver injury was decreased by the administration of an IL-1 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage autophagy functions to prevent liver injury from alcohol. This protection is mediated in part by down-regulation of inflammasome-dependent and inflammasome-independent hepatic inflammation. Therapies to increase autophagy may be effective in this disease through anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Ilyas
- Department of Medicine , Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Francesca Cingolani
- Department of Medicine , Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Enpeng Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kathryn Tanaka
- Department of Pathology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mark J Czaja
- Department of Medicine , Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Zoubek ME, Woitok MM, Sydor S, Nelson LJ, Bechmann LP, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Bast A, Koek GH, Trautwein C, Cubero FJ. Protective role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2) in ibuprofen-induced acute liver injury. J Pathol 2018; 247:110-122. [PMID: 30264435 DOI: 10.1002/path.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a worldwide used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which may cause acute liver injury (ALI) requiring liver transplantation. We aimed to unveil the molecular pathways involved in triggering ibuprofen-induced ALI, which, at present, remain elusive. First, we investigated activation of essential pathways in human liver sections of ibuprofen-induced ALI. Next, we assessed the cytotoxicity of ibuprofen in vitro and developed a novel murine model of ibuprofen intoxication. To assess the role of JNK, we used animals carrying constitutive deletion of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (Jnk1-/- ) or Jnk2 (Jnk2-/- ) expression and included investigations using animals with hepatocyte-specific Jnk deletion either genetically (Jnk1Δhepa ) or by siRNA (siJnk2Δhepa ). We found in human and murine samples of ibuprofen-induced acute liver failure that JNK phosphorylation was increased in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and other non-liver parenchymal cells (non-LPCs) compared with healthy tissue. In mice, ibuprofen intoxication resulted in a significantly stronger degree of liver injury compared with vehicle-treated controls as evidenced by serum transaminases, and hepatic histopathology. Next, we investigated molecular pathways. PKCα, AKT, JNK and RIPK1 were significantly increased 8 h after ibuprofen intoxication. Constitutive Jnk1-/- and Jnk2-/- deficient mice exhibited increased liver dysfunction compared to wild-type (WT) animals. Furthermore, siJnk2Δhepa animals showed a dramatic increase in biochemical markers of liver function, which correlated with significantly higher serum liver enzymes and worsened liver histology, and MAPK activation compared to Jnk1Δhepa or WT animals. In our study, cytoplasmic JNK activation in hepatocytes and other non-LPCs is a hallmark of human and murine ibuprofen-induced ALI. Functional in vivo analysis demonstrated a protective role of hepatocyte-specific Jnk2 during ibuprofen ALI. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E Zoubek
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marius M Woitok
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svenja Sydor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering (IBioE), Human Tissue Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lars P Bechmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria I Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raul J Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, Málaga, Spain
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ger H Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco J Cubero
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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26
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Eshraghi AA, Aranke M, Salvi R, Ding D, Coleman JK, Ocak E, Mittal R, Meyer T. Preclinical and clinical otoprotective applications of cell-penetrating peptide D-JNKI-1 (AM-111). Hear Res 2018; 368:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Zhou H, Tang L, Yang Y, Lin L, Dai J, Ge P, Ai Q, Jiang R, Zhang L. Dopamine alleviated acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:249-255. [PMID: 29894864 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), a crucial neurotransmitter, not only functions in the central nervous system but also plays important roles in the modulation of inflammation. Several studies suggest that DA might suppress the inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the potential effects of DA in a mouse model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (D-Gal)-induced acute liver injury were investigated. The results show that DA-treated LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice had reduced incidence of histologic lesions, lower plasma aminotransferases and improved the survival rates compared to LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice. Treatment with DA also suppressed LPS/D-Gal-induced production of TNF-α, phosphorylation of c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), cleavage of caspase-3, up-regulation of hepatic caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities and reduced the count of TUNEL-positive hepatocytes. These data indicate that DA attenuated LPS/D-Gal-induced fulminant liver injury in mice, which implies that DA might have value for the prevention of inflammatory liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Hospital of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Pu Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Stem cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Hepatocyte-specific deletion of IL1-RI attenuates liver injury by blocking IL-1 driven autoinflammation. J Hepatol 2018; 68:986-995. [PMID: 29366909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)-1-type cytokines including IL-1α, IL-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) are among the most potent molecules of the innate immune system and exert biological activities through the ubiquitously expressed interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1). The role of IL-1R1 in hepatocytes during acute liver failure (ALF) remains undetermined. METHODS The role of IL-1R1 during ALF was investigated using a novel transgenic mouse model exhibiting deletion of all signaling-capable IL-1R isoforms in hepatocytes (Il1r1Hep-/-). RESULTS ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly attenuated in Il1r1Hep-/- mice leading to reduced mortality. Conditional deletion of Il1r1 decreased activation of injurious c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)/c-Jun signaling, activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and prevented caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, Il1r1Hep-/- mice exhibited reduced local and systemic inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, especially TNF-α, IL-1α/β, IL-6, CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL-1) and CXCL-2, and a reduced neutrophil recruitment into the hepatic tissue in response to injury. NLRP3 inflammasome expression and caspase 1 activation were suppressed in the absence of the hepatocellular IL-1R1. Inhibition of IL-1R1 using IL-1ra (anakinra) attenuated the severity of liver injury, while IL-1α administration exaggerated it. These effects were lost ex vivo and at later time points, supporting a role of IL-1R1 in inflammatory signal amplification during acute liver injury. CONCLUSION IL-1R1 in hepatocytes plays a pivotal role in an IL-1-driven auto-amplification of cell death and inflammation in the onset of ALF. LAY SUMMARY Acute liver injury which can cause lethal liver failure is medicated by a class of proteins called cytokines. Among these, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and the corresponding receptor IL-1R1 play a prominent role in the immune system, but their role in the liver is undetermined. In the current study, a novel mouse model with defective IL-1R1 in liver cells was studied. Mice lacking this receptor in liver cells were protected from cell death to a certain extent. This protection occurred only in the presence of other, neighboring cells, arguing for the involvement of proteins derived from these cells. This effect is called paracrine signaling and the current study has for the first time shown that the IL-1R1 receptor on hepatocytes is involved in acute liver failure in this context. The approved drug anakinra - which blocks IL-1R1 - had the same effect, supporting the proposed mechanism of action. The findings of this study suggest new treatment options for patients with acute liver failure by blocking defined signals of the immune system.
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29
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Ge P, Yao X, Li J, Jiang R, Dai J, Zhang L. Diminazene aceturate alleviated lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatitis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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30
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Lu Y, Cederbaum AI. Cytochrome P450s and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1502-1517. [PMID: 29637855 PMCID: PMC6053342 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180410091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption causes liver diseases, designated as Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). Because alcohol is detoxified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a major ethanol metabolism system, the development of ALD was initially believed to be due to malnutrition caused by alcohol metabolism in liver. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) changed this dogma. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) constitute the major components of MEOS. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in MEOS is one of the major ROS generators in liver and is considered to be contributive to ALD. Our labs have been studying the relationship between CYP2E1 and ALD for many years. Recently, we found that human CYP2A6 and its mouse analog CYP2A5 are also induced by alcohol. In mice, the alcohol induction of CYP2A5 is CYP2E1-dependent. Unlike CYP2E1, CYP2A5 protects against the development of ALD. The relationship of CYP2E1, CYP2A5, and ALD is a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University
| | - Arthur I. Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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31
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Deng Y, Chen C, Yu H, Diao H, Shi C, Wang Y, Li G, Shi M. Oridonin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in mice via inhibition of apoptosis. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:4271-4279. [PMID: 28979700 PMCID: PMC5622269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the protective effects exerted by oridonin, the main active constituent of the Chinese medicinal herb Rabdosiarubescens, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-Gal)-induced acute liver injury (ALI). An ALI model was induced in mice using LPS (40 μg/0.5 ml) and D-Gal (5 mg/0.5 ml). The mice were randomly divided into the following five groups of six mice each: one control group (a), one ALI group (b), two oridonin treatment groups (c and d), and one oridonin control group (e). Oridonin (0.2 mg/0.5 ml) was administered once 1 h prior to the LPS/D-Gal challenge in group c and a total of three times over a period of four days, with the last dose given at 1 h before the LPS/D-Gal challenge, in group d. Pretreatment with oridonin improved the survival rate, alleviated histopathological abnormalities, and suppressed plasma aminotransferases in the LPS/D-Gal-challenged mice. Importantly, oridonin attenuated LPS/D-Gal-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes by reducing pro-apoptotic signals (P<0.05), such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Furthermore, JNK-associated mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins were also suppressed by pretreatment with oridonin. Taken together, these data show that oridonin exerts protective effects against LPS/D-Gal-induced ALI in mice via a mechanism that may involve the suppression of the pro-apoptotic cytokine TNF-α and JNK-associated pro-apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to SJTU School of MedicineShanghai 200092, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200336, China
| | - Heguo Yu
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research (SIPPR), Institutes of Reproduction and Development, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200000, China
| | - Hua Diao
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research (SIPPR), Institutes of Reproduction and Development, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200000, China
| | - Cuicui Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to SJTU School of MedicineShanghai 200092, China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200336, China
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to SJTU School of MedicineShanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200336, China
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32
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Zhao E, Ilyas G, Cingolani F, Choi JH, Ravenelle F, Tanaka KE, Czaja MJ. Pentamidine blocks hepatotoxic injury in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:922-935. [PMID: 28470665 PMCID: PMC5570662 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Toxin-induced liver diseases lack effective therapies despite increased understanding of the role factors such as an overactive innate immune response play in the pathogenesis of this form of hepatic injury. Pentamidine is an effective antimicrobial agent against several human pathogens, but studies have also suggested that this drug inhibits inflammation. This potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of action, together with the development of a new oral form of pentamidine isethionate VLX103, led to investigations of the effectiveness of this drug in the prevention and treatment of hepatotoxic liver injury. Pretreatment with a single injection of VLX103 in the d-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of acute, fulminant liver injury dramatically decreased serum alanine aminotransferase levels, histological injury, the number of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells and mortality compared with vehicle-injected controls. VLX103 decreased GalN/LPS induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) but had no effect on other proinflammatory cytokines. VLX103 prevented the proinflammatory activation of cultured hepatic macrophages and partially blocked liver injury from GalN/TNF. In GalN/LPS-treated mice, VLX103 decreased activation of both the mitochondrial death pathway and downstream effector caspases 3 and 7, which resulted from reduced c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and initiator caspase 8 cleavage. Delaying VLX103 treatment for up to 3 hours after GalN/LPS administration was still remarkably effective in blocking liver injury in this model. Oral administration of VLX103 also decreased hepatotoxic injury in a second more chronic model of alcohol-induced liver injury, as demonstrated by decreased serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels and numbers of TUNEL-positive cells. CONCLUSION VLX103 effectively decreases toxin-induced liver injury in mice and may be an effective therapy for this and other forms of human liver disease. (Hepatology 2017;66:922-935).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Zhao
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ghulam Ilyas
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Francesca Cingolani
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Kathryn E. Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Nakagawa J, Koyama Y, Kawakami A, Ueki Y, Tsukamoto H, Horiuchi T, Nagano S, Uchino A, Ota T, Akahoshi M, Akashi K. A novel scoring system based on common laboratory tests predicts the efficacy of TNF-inhibitor and IL-6 targeted therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective, multicenter observational study. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:185. [PMID: 28800780 PMCID: PMC5553584 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, although several categories of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are available, there are few data informing selection of initial treatment for individual patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNF-i) and tocilizumab (TCZ) are treated as equivalent treatments in the recent disease management recommendations. We focused on two anticytokine therapies, TCZ and TNF-i, and aimed to develop a scoring system that predicts a better treatment for each RA patient before starting an IL-6 or a TNF-i. Methods The expression of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA in peripheral blood from 45 newly diagnosed RA patients was measured by DNA microarrays to evaluate cytokine activation. Next, laboratory indices immediately before commencing treatment and disease activity score improvement ratio after 6 months in 98 patients treated with TCZ or TNF-i were retrospectively analyzed. Some indices correlated with TCZ efficacy were selected and their cutoff values were defined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to develop a scoring system to discriminate between individuals more likely to respond to TCZ or TNF-i. The validity of the scoring system was verified in these 98 patients and an additional 228 patients. Results There was significant inverse correlation between the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA in newly diagnosed RA patients. The analysis of 98 patients revealed significant correlation between TCZ efficacy and platelet counts, hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase; in contrast, there was no similar correlation in the TNF-i group. The cutoff values were defined by ROC analysis to develop a scoring system (1 point/item, maximum of 4 points). A good TCZ response was predicted if the score was ≥2; in contrast, TNF-i seemed to be preferable if the score was ≤1. Similar results were obtained in a validation study of an additional 228 patients. If the case scored ≥3, the good responder rates of TCZ/TNF-i were 75.0%/37.9% (p < 0.01) and the non-responder rates were 3.1%/27.6% (p < 0.01), respectively. Conclusions The score is easily calculated from common laboratory results. It appears useful for identifying a better treatment at the time of selecting either an IL-6 or a TNF inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Koyama
- Japanese Red-Cross Okayama Hospital, Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, 2-1-1 Aoe, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8607, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Ueki
- Rheumatic and Collagen Disease Center, Sasebo Chuo Hospital, Sasebo, 857-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsukamoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Shin-Kokura Hospital, Kitakyushu, 803-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiko Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Shuji Nagano
- Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, 820-8505, Japan
| | - Ayumi Uchino
- Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, 820-8505, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ota
- Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, 820-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Akahoshi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Albrecht W, Unger A, Bauer SM, Laufer SA. Discovery of N-{4-[5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-2-methylsulfanyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide (CBS-3595), a Dual p38α MAPK/PDE-4 Inhibitor with Activity against TNFα-Related Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5290-5305. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Albrecht
- c-a-i-r biosciences GmbH, Alfred-Mendler
Weg 25/1, D-89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anke Unger
- c-a-i-r biosciences GmbH, Alfred-Mendler
Weg 25/1, D-89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Silke M. Bauer
- Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Department Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Department Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Huber Y, Gehrke N, Biedenbach J, Helmig S, Simon P, Straub BK, Bergheim I, Huber T, Schuppan D, Galle PR, Wörns MA, Schuchmann M, Schattenberg JM. Voluntary distance running prevents TNF-mediated liver injury in mice through alterations of the intrahepatic immune milieu. Cell Death Dis 2017. [PMID: 28640248 PMCID: PMC5520921 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity confers a broad spectrum of health benefits. Beyond the obvious role in metabolically driven diseases, the role of physical activity in acute liver injury is poorly explored. To study the role of physical activity in acute liver injury, a novel model of voluntary distance running in mice was developed and mice were subjected to acute liver injury induced by N-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Analyses included histological stains, immunoblotting, qRT-PCR and FACS analysis. Voluntary distance running increased to an average of 10.3 km/day after a learning curve. Running lead to a decrease in the absolute numbers of intrahepatic CD4+ T and B lymphocytes and macrophages after 7 weeks. In parallel, hepatic mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-1beta, TGF-beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) were suppressed, while TNF-α was not affected by exercise. Likewise, expression of the macrophage-specific antigen F4/80 was downregulated 1.6-fold from exercise. Notably, acute liver injury from GaIN/LPS was significantly blunted following 7 weeks of voluntary exercise as determined by liver histology, a 84.6% reduction of alanine aminotransferase (P<0.01) and a 54.6% reduction of aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.05) compared with sedentary mice. Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines, activation of caspase 3 and JNK were significantly lower, while antiapoptotic protein A20 increased. Voluntary distance running alters the intrahepatic immune phenotype producing an environment that is less susceptible to acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Gehrke
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Biedenbach
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Helmig
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Tobias Huber
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus A Wörns
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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FK866 attenuates acute hepatic failure through c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2206. [PMID: 28526886 PMCID: PMC5438370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FK866 exhibits a protective effect on D-galactosamine (GaIN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute liver failure (ALF), but the mechanism by which FK866 affords this benefit has not yet been elucidated. Autophagy has a protective effect on acute liver injury. However, the contribution of autophagy to FK866-conferred hepatoprotection is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether FK866 could attenuate GaIN/LPS and ConA-induced ALF through c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent autophagy. In vivo, Mice were pretreated with FK866 at 24, 12, and 0.5 h before treatment with GaIN/LPS and ConA. 3-methyladenine (3MA) or rapamycin were used to determine the role of autophagy in FK866-conferred hepatoprotection. In primary hepatocytes, autophagy was inhibited by 3MA or autophagy-related protein 7 (Atg7) small interfering RNA (siRNA). JNK was suppressed by SP600125 or Jnk siRNA. FK866 alleviated hepatotoxicity and increased autophagy while decreased JNK activation. Suppression of autophagy abolished the FK866-conferred protection. Inhibition of JNK increased autophagy and exhibited strongly protective effect. Collectively, FK866 could ameliorate GaIN/LPS and ConA-induced ALF through induction of autophagy while suppression of JNK. These findings suggest that FK866 acts as a simple and applicable preconditioning intervention to protect against ALF; autophagy and JNK may also provide therapeutic targets for ALF treatment.
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Ninomiya K, Chaipech S, Kunikata Y, Yagi R, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Muraoka O, Morikawa T. Quantitative Determination of Stilbenoids and Dihydroisocoumarins in Shorea roxburghii and Evaluation of Their Hepatoprotective Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E451. [PMID: 28230758 PMCID: PMC5343985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A simultaneous quantitative analytical method for 13 stilbenoids including (-)-hopeaphenol (1), (+)-isohopeaphenol (2), hemsleyanol D (3), (-)-ampelopsin H (4), vaticanols A (5), E (6), and G (7), (+)-α-viniferin (8), pauciflorol A (9), hopeafuran (10), (-)-balanocarpol (11), (-)-ampelopsin A (12), and trans-resveratrol 10-C-β-d-glucopyranoside (13), and two dihydroisocoumarins, phayomphenols A₁ (14) and A₂ (15) in the extract of Shorea roxburghii (dipterocarpaceae) was developed. According to the established protocol, distributions of these 15 polyphenols (1-15) in the bark and wood parts of S. roxburghii and a related plant Cotylelobium melanoxylon were evaluated. In addition, the principal polyphenols (1, 2, 8, 13-15) exhibited hepatoprotective effects against d-galactosamine (d-galN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in mice at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o. To characterize the mechanisms of action, the isolates were examined in in vitro studies assessing their effects on (i) d-GalN-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes; (ii) LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse peritoneal macrophages; and (iii) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced cytotoxicity in L929 cells. The mechanisms of action of these polyphenols (1, 2, and 8) were suggested to be dependent on the inhibition of LPS-induced macrophage activation and reduction of sensitivity of hepatocytes to TNF-α. However, none of the isolates reduced the cytotoxicity caused by d-GalN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Saowanee Chaipech
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Thungyai, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80240, Thailand.
| | - Yusuke Kunikata
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Yagi
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Yutana Pongpiriyadacha
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Thungyai, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80240, Thailand.
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Bai X, Yang P, Zhou Q, Cai B, Buist‐Homan M, Cheng H, Jiang J, Shen D, Li L, Luo X, Faber KN, Moshage H, Shi G. The protective effect of the natural compound hesperetin against fulminant hepatitis in vivo and in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:41-56. [PMID: 27714757 PMCID: PMC5341490 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver diseases are mostly accompanied by inflammation and hepatocyte death. Therapeutic approaches targeting both hepatocyte injury and inflammation are not available. Natural compounds are considered as potential treatment for inflammatory liver diseases. Hesperetin, a flavonoid component of citrus fruits, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of hesperetin both in vitro and in models of fulminant hepatitis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Apoptotic cell death and inflammation were induced in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes by bile acids and cytokine mixture respectively. Apoptosis was quantified by caspase-3 activity and necrosis by LDH release. The concanavalin A (ConA) and D-galactosamine/LPS (D-GalN/LPS) were used as models of fulminant hepatitis. Liver injury was assessed by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, liver histology and TUNEL assay and inflammation by inducible NOS (iNOS) expression. KEY RESULTS Hesperetin blocked bile acid-induced apoptosis and cytokine-induced inflammation in rat hepatocytes. Moreover, hesperetin improved liver histology and protected against hepatocyte injury in ConA- and D-GalN/LPS-induced fulminant hepatitis, as assessed by TUNEL assay and serum AST and ALT levels. Hesperetin also reduced expression of the inflammatory marker iNOS and the expression and serum levels of TNFα and IFN-γ, the main mediators of cell toxicity in fulminant hepatitis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Hesperetin has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions in models of acute liver toxicity. Hesperetin therefore has therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory liver diseases accompanied by extensive hepatocyte injury, such as fulminant hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Bai
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peixuan Yang
- Health Care CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Qiaoling Zhou
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Bozhi Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Manon Buist‐Homan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - He Cheng
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Daifei Shen
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Lijun Li
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Xiajiong Luo
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
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Lalazar G, Ilyas G, Malik SA, Liu K, Zhao E, Amir M, Lin Y, Tanaka KE, Czaja MJ. Autophagy confers resistance to lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse hepatocyte injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G377-86. [PMID: 27469366 PMCID: PMC5076014 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00124.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During sepsis, bacterial products, particularly LPS, trigger injury in organs such as the liver. This common condition remains largely untreatable, in part due to a lack of understanding of how high concentrations of LPS cause cellular injury. In the liver, the lysosomal degradative pathway of autophagy performs essential hepatoprotective functions and is induced by LPS. We, therefore, examined whether hepatocyte autophagy protects against liver injury from septic levels of LPS. Mice with an inducible hepatocyte-specific knockout of the critical autophagy gene Atg7 were examined for their sensitivity to high-dose LPS. Increased liver injury occurred in knockout mice, as determined by significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels, histological evidence of liver injury, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling, and effector caspase-3 and -7 activation. Hepatic inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine induction were unaffected by the decrease in hepatocyte autophagy. Although knockout mice had normal NF-κB signaling, hepatic levels of Akt1 and Akt2 phosphorylation in response to LPS were decreased. Cultured hepatocytes from knockout mice displayed a generalized defect in Akt signaling in response to multiple stimuli, including LPS, TNF, and IL-1β. Akt activation mediates hepatocyte resistance to TNF cytotoxicity, and anti-TNF antibodies significantly decreased LPS-induced liver injury in knockout mice, indicating that the loss of autophagy sensitized to TNF-dependent liver damage. Hepatocyte autophagy, therefore, protects against LPS-induced liver injury. Conditions such as aging and steatosis that impair hepatic autophagy may predispose to poor outcomes from sepsis through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Lalazar
- 1Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
| | - Ghulam Ilyas
- 1Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
| | - Shoaib Ahmad Malik
- 2Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; ,3Department of Biochemistry, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; and
| | - Kun Liu
- 1Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
| | - Enpeng Zhao
- 1Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
| | - Mohammad Amir
- 1Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
| | - Yu Lin
- 1Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
| | - Kathryn E. Tanaka
- 4Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- 1Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; ,2Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;
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40
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Zhuang Z, Lian P, Wu X, Shi B, Zhuang M, Zhou R, Zhao R, Zhao Z, Guo S, Ji Z, Xu K. Abate Cytochrome C induced apoptosome to protect donor liver against ischemia reperfusion injury on rat liver transplantation model. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1738-1747. [PMID: 27186297 PMCID: PMC4859902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim of this study is to protect donor liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury by abating Cytochrome C induced apoptosome on rat model. METHODS A total of 25 clean SD inbred male rats were used in this research. The rats in ischemia-reperfusion injury group (I/R group, n=5) were under liver transplantation operation; rats in dichloroacetate diisopropylamine group (DADA group, n=5) were treated DADA before liver transplantation; control group (Ctrl group, n=5); other 10 rats were used to offer donor livers. RESULTS In DADA therapy group, Cytochrome C expression in donor hepatocellular cytoplasm was detected lower than that in I/R group. And the Cytochrome C induced apoptosome was also decreased in according to the lower expressions of Apaf-1 and Caspase3. Low level of cleaved PARP expression revealed less apoptosis in liver tissue. The morphology of donor liver mitochondria in DADA group was observed to be slightly edema but less than I/R group after operation 12 h. The liver function indexes of ALT and AST in serum were tested, and the results in DADA group showed it is significantly lower than I/R group after operation 12 h. The inflammation indexes of IL-6 and TNF-α expressions in DADA group were significantly lower than that in I/R group after operation 24 h. CONCLUSION The dichloroacetate diisopropylamine treatment could protect the hepatocellular mitochondria in case of the spillage of Cytochrome C induced apoptosome, and protect the liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, it may be a method to promote the recovery of donor liver function after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Zhuang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Medical Center, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 102218, China
| | - Peilong Lian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College and Huai’an Second HospitalHuai’an 223002, P.R. China
| | - Baoxu Shi
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of RizhaolanshanRizhao 276800, China
| | - Maoyou Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao First People HospitalRizhao 276800, China
| | - Ruiling Zhou
- Department of Clinical Lab, Rizhao First People HospitalRizhao 276800, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Zhipeng Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250033, China
| | - Kesen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
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Wang T, Wang Z, Yang P, Xia L, Zhou M, Wang S, Du J, Zhang J. PER1 prevents excessive innate immune response during endotoxin-induced liver injury through regulation of macrophage recruitment in mice. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2176. [PMID: 27054331 PMCID: PMC4855679 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The severity of acute liver failure (ALF) induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with the hepatic innate immune response. The core circadian molecular clock modulates the innate immune response by controlling rhythmic pathogen recognition by the innate immune system and daily variations in cytokine gene expression. However, the molecular link between circadian genes and the innate immune system has remained unclear. Here, we showed that mice lacking the clock gene Per1 (Period1) are more susceptible to LPS/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced macrophage-dependent ALF compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Per1 deletion caused a remarkable increase in the number of Kupffer cells (KCs) in the liver, resulting in an elevation of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS treatment. Loss of Per1 had no effect on the proliferation or apoptosis of macrophages; however, it enhanced the recruitment of macrophages, which was associated with an increase in CC chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) expression levels in monocytes/macrophages. Deletion of Ccr2 rescued d-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury in Per1−/− mice. We demonstrated that the upregulation of Ccr2 expression by Per1 deletion could be reversed by the synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) antagonist GW9662. Further analysis indicated that PER1 binds to PPAR-γ on the Ccr2 promoter and enhanced the inhibitory effect of PPAR-γ on Ccr2 expression. These results reveal that Per1 reduces hepatic macrophage recruitment through interaction with PPAR-γ and prevents an excessive innate immune response in endotoxin-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.,Cambridge Suda Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - P Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - L Xia
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - M Zhou
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - S Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - J Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Wree A, Mehal WZ, Feldstein AE. Targeting Cell Death and Sterile Inflammation Loop for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2016; 36:27-36. [PMID: 26870930 PMCID: PMC4955833 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1571272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease represents a wide spectrum of conditions and is currently the most common form of chronic liver disease affecting both adults and children in the United States and many other parts of the world. Great effort has been focused on the development of novel therapies for those patients with the more advanced forms of the disease, in particular those with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis that can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this review, the authors focus on the role of cell death and sterile inflammatory pathways as well as the self-perpetuating deleterious cycle they may trigger as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of fibrotic NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Germany
| | - Wajahat Z. Mehal
- Yale University, and West Haven Veterans Medical Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California
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43
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Liu K, Zhao E, Ilyas G, Lalazar G, Lin Y, Haseeb M, Tanaka KE, Czaja MJ. Impaired macrophage autophagy increases the immune response in obese mice by promoting proinflammatory macrophage polarization. Autophagy 2016; 11:271-84. [PMID: 25650776 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1009787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence that excessive lipid accumulation can decrease cellular levels of autophagy and that autophagy regulates immune responsiveness suggested that impaired macrophage autophagy may promote the increased innate immune activation that underlies obesity. Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and peritoneal macrophages from high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice had decreased levels of autophagic flux indicating a generalized impairment of macrophage autophagy in obese mice. To assess the effects of decreased macrophage autophagy on inflammation, mice with a Lyz2-Cre-mediated knockout of Atg5 in macrophages were fed a HFD and treated with low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Knockout mice developed systemic and hepatic inflammation with HFD feeding and LPS. This effect was liver specific as knockout mice did not have increased adipose tissue inflammation. The mechanism by which the loss of autophagy promoted inflammation was through the regulation of macrophage polarization. BMDM and Kupffer cells from knockout mice exhibited abnormalities in polarization with both increased proinflammatory M1 and decreased anti-inflammatory M2 polarization as determined by measures of genes and proteins. The heightened hepatic inflammatory response in HFD-fed, LPS-treated knockout mice led to liver injury without affecting steatosis. These findings demonstrate that autophagy has a critical regulatory function in macrophage polarization that downregulates inflammation. Defects in macrophage autophagy may underlie inflammatory disease states such as the decrease in macrophage autophagy with obesity that leads to hepatic inflammation and the progression to liver injury.
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Key Words
- ARG1, arginase 1
- BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand
- CD, chow diet
- CHIL3/CHI3L3, chitinase-like 3
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IFNG, interferon gamma
- IL, interleukin
- Kupffer cells
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAP1LC3/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MGL2, macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 2
- NOS2, nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PTGS2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
- RETNLA, resistin like α;
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- autophagy
- innate immunity
- lipopolysaccharide
- macrophage
- obesity
- polarization
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- steatohepatitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- a Department of Medicine and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine ; Bronx , NY USA
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Ilyas G, Zhao E, Liu K, Lin Y, Tesfa L, Tanaka KE, Czaja MJ. Macrophage autophagy limits acute toxic liver injury in mice through down regulation of interleukin-1β. J Hepatol 2016; 64:118-27. [PMID: 26325539 PMCID: PMC4691423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Overactivation of the innate immune response underlies many forms of liver injury including that caused by hepatotoxins. Recent studies have demonstrated that macrophage autophagy regulates innate immunity and resultant tissue inflammation. Although hepatocyte autophagy has been shown to modulate hepatic injury, little is known about the role of autophagy in hepatic macrophages during the inflammatory response to acute toxic liver injury. Our aim therefore was to determine whether macrophage autophagy functions to down regulate hepatic inflammation. METHODS Mice with a LysM-CRE-mediated macrophage knockout of the autophagy gene ATG5 were examined for their response to toxin-induced liver injury from D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS). RESULTS Knockout mice had increased liver injury from GalN/LPS as determined by significant increases in serum alanine aminotransferase, histological evidence of liver injury, positive terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling, caspase activation and mortality as compared to littermate controls. Levels of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor and interleukin (IL)-6 hepatic mRNA and serum protein were unchanged, but serum IL-1β was significantly increased in knockout mice. The increase in serum IL-1β was secondary to elevated hepatic caspase 1 activation and inflammasome-mediated cleavage of pro-IL-1β to its active form. Cultured hepatic macrophages from GalN/LPS-treated knockout mice had similarly increased IL-1β production. Dysregulation of IL-1β was the mechanism of increased liver injury as an IL-1 receptor antagonist prevented injury in knockout mice in concert with decreased neutrophil activation. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage autophagy functions to limit acute toxin-induced liver injury and death by inhibiting the generation of inflammasome-dependent IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Ilyas
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Enpeng Zhao
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Lydia Tesfa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kathryn E. Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mark J. Czaja
- Department of Medicine and the Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
,Corresponding author. Address: Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461 USA. Tel.: 718-430-4255.
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Cai L, Hu K, Lin L, Ai Q, Ge P, Liu Y, Dai J, Ye B, Zhang L. AMPK dependent protective effects of metformin on tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptotic liver injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:381-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu Q, Rehman H, Krishnasamy Y, Schnellmann RG, Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. Improvement of liver injury and survival by JNK2 and iNOS deficiency in liver transplants from cardiac death mice. J Hepatol 2015; 63:68-74. [PMID: 25703084 PMCID: PMC4475508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inclusion of liver grafts from cardiac death donors (CDD) would increase the availability of donor livers but is hampered by a higher risk of primary non-function. Here, we seek to determine mechanisms that contribute to primary non-function of liver grafts from CDD with the goal to develop strategies for improved function and outcome, focusing on c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and mitochondrial depolarization, two known mediators of graft failure. METHODS Livers explanted from wild-type, inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (iNOS(-/-)), JNK1(-/-) or JNK2(-/-) mice after 45-min aorta clamping were implanted into wild-type recipients. Mitochondrial depolarization was detected by intravital confocal microscopy in living recipients. RESULTS After transplantation of wild-type CDD livers, graft iNOS expression and 3-nitrotyrosine adducts increased, but hepatic endothelial NOS expression was unchanged. Graft injury and dysfunction were substantially higher in CDD grafts than in non-CDD grafts. iNOS deficiency and inhibition attenuated injury and improved function and survival of CDD grafts. JNK1/2 and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 activation increased markedly in wild-type CDD grafts, which was blunted by iNOS deficiency. JNK inhibition and JNK2 deficiency, but not JNK1 deficiency, decreased injury and improved function and survival of CDD grafts. Mitochondrial depolarization and binding of phospho-JNK2 to Sab, a mitochondrial protein linked to the mitochondrial permeability transition, were higher in CDD than in non-CDD grafts. iNOS deficiency, JNK inhibition and JNK2 deficiency all decreased mitochondrial depolarization and blunted ATP depletion in CDD grafts. JNK inhibition and deficiency did not decrease 3-nitrotyrosine adducts in CDD grafts. CONCLUSION The iNOS-JNK2-Sab pathway promotes CDD graft failure via increased mitochondrial depolarization, and is an attractive target to improve liver function and survival in CDD liver transplantation recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hasibur Rehman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Yasodha Krishnasamy
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States
| | - John J Lemasters
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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McGill MR, Du K, Xie Y, Bajt ML, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. The role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 in furosemide-induced liver injury. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:442-9. [PMID: 25423287 PMCID: PMC4442771 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.986250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The mechanisms of furosemide (FS) hepatotoxicity were explored in mice. Specifically, C57Bl/6 J mice were treated with 500 mg FS/kg bodyweight, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) expression were measured by western blotting. Co-treatment with FS and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 was also performed, and FS-induced liver injury was compared in wild-type and RIP3 knockout (KO) mice. 2. JNK phosphorylation and RIP3 expression were increased in livers from the FS-treated mice as early as 6 h after treatment and persisted until at least 24 h. JNK phosphorylation was also observed in primary mouse hepatocytes and human HepaRG cells treated with FS. 3. Phosphorylated JNK translocated into mitochondria in livers, but no evidence of mitochondrial damage was observed. 4. SP600125-treated mice, SP600125 co-treated primary mouse hepatocytes and RIP3 KO mice were not protected against FS hepatotoxicity. These data show that, although JNK activation and RIP3 expression are induced by FS, neither contributes to the liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
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Che Q, Lin L, Ai Q, Ge P, Dai J, Jiang R, Zhou D, Wan J, Zhang L. Caloric restriction mimetic 2-deoxyglucose alleviated lethal liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:541-6. [PMID: 25749337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a calorie restriction (CR) mimetic produces CR-like beneficial effects in both acute and chronic pathological processes, but whether 2-DG is also helpful in critical and life-threatening situation is not known. In the present study, the potential benefits of 2-DG in lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-Gal)-induced lethal liver injury were investigated. The results indicated that treatment with 2-DG suppressed the elevation of plasma aminotransferases, alleviated the histopathological abnormalities and improved the survival rate of LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice. Treatment with 2-DG also suppressed the production of pro-apoptotic cytokine TNF-α, the phosphorylation of JNK, the activation of caspase cascade and the count of TUNEL-positive apoptotic hepatocytes. These data suggested that the CR mimetic 2-DG could also provide beneficial effects in lethal pathological process such as LPS/D-Gal-induced fulminant liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Che
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pu Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Hospital of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Bcl-2 associated with severity of manic symptoms in bipolar patients in a manic phase. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:305-8. [PMID: 25563670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
B cell lymphoma protein-2 (Bcl-2) may contribute to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, and may be involved in the therapeutic action of anti-manic drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of Bcl-2 in bipolar patients in a manic phase, and evaluate the Bcl-2 changes after treatment. We consecutively enrolled 23 bipolar inpatients in a manic phase and 40 healthy subjects; 20 bipolar patients were followed up with treatment. Serum Bcl-2 levels were measured with assay kits. All 20 patients were evaluated by examining the correlation between Bcl-2 levels and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores, using Spearman׳s correlation coefficients. The serum Bcl-2 levels in bipolar patients in a manic phase were higher than in healthy subjects, but without a significant difference. The YMRS scores were significantly negatively associated with serum Bcl-2 levels (p=0.042). Bcl-2 levels of the 20 bipolar patients were measured at the end of treatment. Using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, we found no significant difference in the Bcl-2 levels of bipolar patients after treatment. Our results suggest that Bcl-2 levels might be an indicator of severity of manic symptoms in bipolar patients in a manic phase.
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50
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Pol JG, Lekbaby B, Redelsperger F, Klamer S, Mandouri Y, Ahodantin J, Bieche I, Lefevre M, Souque P, Charneau P, Gadessaud N, Kremsdorf D, Soussan P. Alternative splicing-regulated protein of hepatitis B virus hacks the TNF-α-stimulated signaling pathways and limits the extent of liver inflammation. FASEB J 2015; 29:1879-89. [PMID: 25630972 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B splicing-regulated protein (HBSP) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) was uncovered a few years ago but its function remains unknown. HBSP expression occurs from a spliced viral transcript that increases during the course of liver disease. This study aimed at characterizing the impact of HBSP on cellular signaling pathways in vitro and on liver pathogenesis in transgenic (Tg) mice. By RT-qPCR array, NF-κB-inducible genes appeared modulated in HepG2 cells transduced with a HBSP-encoding lentivirus. Using luciferase and Western blot assays, we observed a decreased activation of the NF-κB pathway in HBSP-expressing cells following TNF-α treatment, as illustrated by lower levels of phosphorylated IκB-α. Meanwhile, the level of phosphorylated JNK increased together with the sensitivity to apoptosis. The contrasting effects on JNK and IκB-α activation upon TNF-α stimulation matched with a modulated maturation of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) kinase, assessed by 2-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by HBSP was confirmed in the liver of HBSP Tg mice and associated with a significant decrease of chemically induced chronic liver inflammation, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, HBSP contributes to limit hepatic inflammation during chronic liver disease and may favor HBV persistence by evading immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Bouchra Lekbaby
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - François Redelsperger
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Sofieke Klamer
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Yassmina Mandouri
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - James Ahodantin
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Ivan Bieche
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Marine Lefevre
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Philippe Souque
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Noémie Gadessaud
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Dina Kremsdorf
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
| | - Patrick Soussan
- *INSERM U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Paris, France; Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Unité de Recherche Associée 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Plateforme d'Histologie, Laboratoire L-RB126, Paris, France; **Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tenon, Paris France
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