1
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Tang H, Zhou H, Zhang L, Tang T, Li N. Molecular mechanism of MLCK1 inducing 5-Fu resistance in colorectal cancer cells through activation of TNFR2/NF-κB pathway. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:159. [PMID: 38735014 PMCID: PMC11089027 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer have been faced with significant challenges in recent years. Particular interest is directed to tumor microenvironment function. Recent work has, identified a small molecule named Divertin that prevents myosin light chain kinase 1(MLCK1) recruitment to the perijunctional actomyosin ring(PAMR), restores barrier function after tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-induced barrier loss and prevents disease progression in experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Studies have shown that MLCK is a potential target for affecting intestinal barrier function, as well as for tumor therapy. However, the relative contributions of MLCK expression and chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancers have not been defined. METHODS Statistical analysis of MYLK gene expression differences in colorectal cancer patients and normal population and prognosis results from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) data. Cell activity was detected by Cell counting Kit-8. Cell proliferation was detected by monoclonal plate. The apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and western blot. Determine the role of MLCK1 in inducing 5-Fluorouracil(5-Fu) resistance in colorectal cancer cells was detected by overexpression of MLCK1 and knock-down expression of MLCK1. RESULTS MLCK1 is expressed at different levels in different colorectal cancer cells, high MLCK1 expressing cell lines are less sensitive to 5-Fu, and low MLCK1 expressing cell lines are more sensitive to 5-Fu. MLCK1 high expression enhances resistance to 5-Fu in colorectal cancer cells and the sensitivity to 5-Fu was increased after knocking down the expression of MLCK1, that might be closely correlated to TNFR2/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS MLCK1 high expression can enhance resistance to 5-Fu in colorectal cancer cells and the sensitivity to 5-Fu was increased after knocking down the expression of MLCK1, that might be closely correlated to TNFR2/NF-κB pathway, which will provide a new method for the treatment of colorectal cancer patients who are resistant to 5-Fu chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Tang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126# Wenzhou Road, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126# Wenzhou Road, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126# Wenzhou Road, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126# Wenzhou Road, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126# Wenzhou Road, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Snelson M, Vanuytsel T, Marques FZ. Breaking the Barrier: The Role of Gut Epithelial Permeability in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024:10.1007/s11906-024-01307-2. [PMID: 38662328 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-024-01307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To review what intestinal permeability is and how it is measured, and to summarise the current evidence linking altered intestinal permeability with the development of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Increased gastrointestinal permeability, directly measured in vivo, has been demonstrated in experimental and genetic animal models of hypertension. This is consistent with the passage of microbial substances to the systemic circulation and the activation of inflammatory pathways. Evidence for increased gut permeability in human hypertension has been reliant of a handful of blood biomarkers, with no studies directly measuring gut permeability in hypertensive cohorts. There is emerging literature that some of these putative biomarkers may not accurately reflect permeability of the gastrointestinal tract. Data from animal models of hypertension support they have increased gut permeability; however, there is a dearth of conclusive evidence in humans. Future studies are needed that directly measure intestinal permeability in people with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Snelson
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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3
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Mann Z, Lim F, Verma S, Nanavati BN, Davies JM, Begun J, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Subramanyam D, Yap AS, Duszyc K. Preexisting tissue mechanical hypertension at adherens junctions disrupts apoptotic extrusion in epithelia. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:br3. [PMID: 37903230 PMCID: PMC10881161 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical extrusion is a tissue-intrinsic process that allows epithelia to eliminate unfit or surplus cells. This is exemplified by the early extrusion of apoptotic cells, which is critical to maintain the epithelial barrier and prevent inflammation. Apoptotic extrusion is an active mechanical process, which involves mechanotransduction between apoptotic cells and their neighbors, as well as local changes in tissue mechanics. Here we report that the preexisting mechanical tension at adherens junctions (AJs) conditions the efficacy of apoptotic extrusion. Specifically, increasing baseline mechanical tension by overexpression of a phosphomimetic Myosin II regulatory light chain (MRLC) compromises apoptotic extrusion. This occurs when tension is increased in either the apoptotic cell or its surrounding epithelium. Further, we find that the proinflammatory cytokine, TNFα, stimulates Myosin II and increases baseline AJ tension to disrupt apical extrusion, causing apoptotic cells to be retained in monolayers. Importantly, reversal of mechanical tension with an inhibitory MRLC mutant or tropomyosin inhibitors is sufficient to restore apoptotic extrusion in TNFα-treated monolayers. Together, these findings demonstrate that baseline levels of tissue tension are important determinants of apoptotic extrusion, which can potentially be coopted by pathogenetic factors to disrupt the homeostatic response of epithelia to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Mann
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - Fayth Lim
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - Suzie Verma
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - Bageshri N. Nanavati
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - Julie M. Davies
- Mater Research – The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia 4102
| | - Jakob Begun
- Mater Research – The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia 4102
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mater Hospital Brisbane, South Brisbane, Australia 4101
| | - Edna C. Hardeman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2052
| | - Peter W. Gunning
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2052
| | - Deepa Subramanyam
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Alpha S. Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - Kinga Duszyc
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
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4
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Boehm E, Droessler L, Amasheh S. Cannabidiol attenuates inflammatory impairment of intestinal cells expanding biomaterial-based therapeutic approaches. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100808. [PMID: 37779918 PMCID: PMC10539670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis-based biomaterials have the potential to deliver anti-inflammatory therapeutics specifically to desired cells, tissues, and organs, enhancing drug delivery and the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatment while minimizing toxicity. As a major component of Cannabis, Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained major attention in recent years because of its potential therapeutic properties, e.g., for restoring a disturbed barrier resulting from inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that CBD has beneficial effects under normal and inflammatory conditions in the established non-transformed intestinal epithelial cell model IPEC-J2. CBD induced a significant increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) values and a decrease in the paracellular permeability of [³H]-D-Mannitol, indicating a strengthening effect on the barrier. Under inflammatory conditions induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), CBD stabilized the TER and mitigated the increase in paracellular permeability. Additionally, CBD prevented the barrier-disrupting effects of TNFα on the distribution and localization of sealing TJ proteins. CBD also affected the expression of TNF receptors. These findings demonstrate the potential of CBD as a component of Cannabis-based biomaterials used in the development of novel therapeutic approaches against inflammatory pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boehm
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Droessler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Zuo L, Kuo WT, Cao F, Chanez-Paredes SD, Zeve D, Mannam P, Jean-François L, Day A, Vallen Graham W, Sweat YY, Shashikanth N, Breault DT, Turner JR. Tacrolimus-binding protein FKBP8 directs myosin light chain kinase-dependent barrier regulation and is a potential therapeutic target in Crohn's disease. Gut 2023; 72:870-881. [PMID: 35537812 PMCID: PMC9977574 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal barrier loss is a Crohn's disease (CD) risk factor. This may be related to increased expression and enzymatic activation of myosin light chain kinase 1 (MLCK1), which increases intestinal paracellular permeability and correlates with CD severity. Moreover, preclinical studies have shown that MLCK1 recruitment to cell junctions is required for tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced barrier loss as well as experimental inflammatory bowel disease progression. We sought to define mechanisms of MLCK1 recruitment and to target this process pharmacologically. DESIGN Protein interactions between FK506 binding protein 8 (FKBP8) and MLCK1 were assessed in vitro. Transgenic and knockout intestinal epithelial cell lines, human intestinal organoids, and mice were used as preclinical models. Discoveries were validated in biopsies from patients with CD and control subjects. RESULTS MLCK1 interacted specifically with the tacrolimus-binding FKBP8 PPI domain. Knockout or dominant negative FKBP8 expression prevented TNF-induced MLCK1 recruitment and barrier loss in vitro. MLCK1-FKBP8 binding was blocked by tacrolimus, which reversed TNF-induced MLCK1-FKBP8 interactions, MLCK1 recruitment and barrier loss in vitro and in vivo. Biopsies of patient with CD demonstrated increased numbers of MLCK1-FKBP8 interactions at intercellular junctions relative to control subjects. CONCLUSION Binding to FKBP8, which can be blocked by tacrolimus, is required for MLCK1 recruitment to intercellular junctions and downstream events leading to immune-mediated barrier loss. The observed increases in MLCK1 activity, MLCK1 localisation at cell junctions and perijunctional MLCK1-FKBP8 interactions in CD suggest that targeting this process may be therapeutic in human disease. These new insights into mechanisms of disease-associated barrier loss provide a critical foundation for therapeutic exploitation of FKBP8-MLCK1 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng Cao
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sandra D Chanez-Paredes
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Zeve
- Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prabhath Mannam
- Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Léa Jean-François
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Day
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Vallen Graham
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yan Y Sweat
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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6
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Horowitz A, Chanez-Paredes SD, Haest X, Turner JR. Paracellular permeability and tight junction regulation in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023:10.1038/s41575-023-00766-3. [PMID: 37186118 PMCID: PMC10127193 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tight junctions define the paracellular permeability of the intestinal barrier. Molecules can cross the tight junctions via two distinct size-selective and charge-selective paracellular pathways: the pore pathway and the leak pathway. These can be distinguished by their selectivities and differential regulation by immune cells. However, permeability increases measured in most studies are secondary to epithelial damage, which allows non-selective flux via the unrestricted pathway. Restoration of increased unrestricted pathway permeability requires mucosal healing. By contrast, tight junction barrier loss can be reversed by targeted interventions. Specific approaches are needed to restore pore pathway or leak pathway permeability increases. Recent studies have used preclinical disease models to demonstrate the potential of pore pathway or leak pathway barrier restoration in disease. In this Review, we focus on the two paracellular flux pathways that are dependent on the tight junction. We discuss the latest evidence that highlights tight junction components, structures and regulatory mechanisms, their impact on gut health and disease, and opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Horowitz
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Sandra D Chanez-Paredes
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xenia Haest
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Huang Z, Huang Y, Chen J, Tang Z, Chen Y, Liu H, Huang M, Qing L, Li L, Wang Q, Jia B. The role and therapeutic potential of gut microbiome in severe burn. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:974259. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.974259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe burn is a serious acute trauma that can lead to significant complications such as sepsis, multiple organ failure, and high mortality worldwide. The gut microbiome, the largest microbial reservoir in the human body, plays a significant role in this pathogenic process. Intestinal dysbiosis and disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier are common after severe burn, leading to bacterial translocation to the bloodstream and other organs of the body, which is associated with many subsequent severe complications. The progression of some intestinal diseases can be improved by modulating the composition of gut microbiota and the levels of its metabolites, which also provides a promising direction for post-burn treatment. In this article, we summarised the studies describing changes in the gut microbiome after severe burn, as well as changes in the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Additionally, we presented the potential and challenges of microbial therapy, which may provide microbial therapy strategies for severe burn.
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8
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Abraham C, Abreu MT, Turner JR. Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling and Cytokine Networks in Microbial Defenses and Regulation of Intestinal Barriers: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1602-1616.e6. [PMID: 35149024 PMCID: PMC9112237 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by defects in epithelial function and dysregulated inflammatory signaling by lamina propria mononuclear cells including macrophages and dendritic cells in response to microbiota. In this review, we focus on the role of pattern recognition receptors in the inflammatory response as well as epithelial barrier regulation. We explore cytokine networks that increase inflammation, regulate paracellular permeability, cause epithelial damage, up-regulate epithelial proliferation, and trigger restitutive processes. We focus on studies using patient samples as well as speculate on pathways that can be targeted to more holistically treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Maria T. Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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9
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Pongkorpsakol P, Satianrapapong W, Wongkrasant P, Steinhagen PR, Tuangkijkul N, Pathomthongtaweechai N, Muanprasat C. Establishment of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Monolayers and Their Use in Calcium Switch Assay for Assessment of Intestinal Tight Junction Assembly. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2367:273-290. [PMID: 33861461 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier function relies primarily on the assembly and integrity of tight junctions, which forms a size-selective barrier. This barrier restricts paracellular movement of solutes in various types of epithelia. Of note, extracellular Ca2+ concentration affects tight junction assembly. Therefore, the removal and re-addition of Ca2+ into cell culture medium of cultured intestinal epithelial cells causes destabilization and reassembly of tight junction to membrane periphery near apical surface, respectively. Based on this principle, the Ca2+-switch assay was established to investigate tight junction assembly in fully differentiated intestinal epithelial cells. This chapter provides a stepwise protocol for culture of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers using T84 cell line as an in vitro model and the Ca2+-switch assay for evaluating tight junction assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Wilasinee Satianrapapong
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Peter R Steinhagen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nuttha Tuangkijkul
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
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10
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Jacenik D, Fichna J, Małecka-Wojciesko E, Mokrowiecka A. Protease-Activated Receptors - Key Regulators of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Progression. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7487-7497. [PMID: 35002281 PMCID: PMC8721023 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s335502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis and course of inflammatory bowel diseases are related to both immune system disorders and dysfunction of colon permeability. Moreover, co-existing diseases in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are identified. Currently, there are some therapeutic strategies that affect the function of cytokine/s causing inflammation in the intestinal wall. However, additional approaches which target other components of inflammatory bowel diseases pathogenesis are still needed. Accumulating evidence suggests that proteases and protease-activated receptors seem to be responsible for colitis progression. Experimental and observational studies showed alteration of protease-activated receptors expression in the colon of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, it was suggested that the expression of protease-activated receptors correlated with inflammatory bowel diseases activity. Moreover, regulation of protease-activated receptors seems to be responsible for the modulation of colitis and clinical manifestation of inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge about the contribution of protease-activated receptors to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and its implications for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Mokrowiecka
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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11
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Craig CF, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 34983592 PMCID: PMC8729103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population. An etiological trigger of depressive symptoms is theorised to be inflammation within the central nervous system. It is believed that heightened intestinal inflammation and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS) contribute to impaired intestinal permeability, which facilitates the translocation of intestinal enterotoxins into the blood circulation. Consequently, these may compromise the immunological and physiological functioning of distant non-intestinal tissues such as the brain. In vivo models of colitis provide evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability and enhanced central nervous system (CNS) immune activity triggered by intestinal enterotoxins and blood-borne inflammatory mediators. Understanding the immunological, physiological, and structural changes associated with IBD and neuroinflammation may aid in the development of more tailored and suitable pharmaceutical treatment for IBD-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Level 4 Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
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12
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Chen W, Zhu X, Wang L, Xin X, Zhang M. Effects of Two Polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation in vitro. Food Funct 2022; 13:3441-3452. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In our previous studies, two polysaccharides (MC-1 and MC-2) were identified in the roots of maca (Lepidium meyenii). In this study, the effects of these two polysaccharides on intestinal immunity...
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13
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Zhang X, Monnoye M, Mariadassou M, Beguet-Crespel F, Lapaque N, Heberden C, Douard V. Glucose but Not Fructose Alters the Intestinal Paracellular Permeability in Association With Gut Inflammation and Dysbiosis in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742584. [PMID: 35024040 PMCID: PMC8744209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A causal correlation between the metabolic disorders associated with sugar intake and disruption of the gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis has been suggested, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To unravel these mechanisms, we investigated the effect of physiological amounts of fructose and glucose on barrier functions and inflammatory status in various regions of the GI tract and on the cecal microbiota composition. C57BL/6 mice were fed chow diet and given 15% glucose or 15% fructose in drinking water for 9 weeks. We monitored caloric intake, body weight, glucose intolerance, and adiposity. The intestinal paracellular permeability, cytokine, and tight junction protein expression were assessed in the jejunum, cecum, and colon. In the cecum, the microbiota composition was determined. Glucose-fed mice developed a marked increase in total adiposity, glucose intolerance, and paracellular permeability in the jejunum and cecum while fructose absorption did not affect any of these parameters. Fructose-fed mice displayed increased circulation levels of IL6. In the cecum, both glucose and fructose intake were associated with an increase in Il13, Ifnγ, and Tnfα mRNA and MLCK protein levels. To clarify the relationships between monosaccharides and barrier function, we measured the permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers in response to IFNγ+TNFα in the presence of glucose or fructose. In vitro, IFNγ+TNFα-induced intestinal permeability increase was less pronounced in response to fructose than glucose. Mice treated with glucose showed an enrichment of Lachnospiracae and Desulfovibrionaceae while the fructose increased relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae. Correlations between pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and bacterial abundance highlighted the potential role of members of Desulfovibrio and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group genera in the inflammation observed in response to glucose intake. The increase in intestinal inflammation and circulating levels of IL6 in response to fructose was observed in the absence of intestinal permeability modification, suggesting that the intestinal permeability alteration does not precede the onset of metabolic outcome (low-grade inflammation, hyperglycemia) associated with chronic fructose consumption. The data also highlight the deleterious effects of glucose on gut barrier function along the GI tract and suggest that Desulfovibrionaceae and Lachnospiraceae play a key role in the onset of GI inflammation in response to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Zhang
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Lapaque
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christine Heberden
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Veronique Douard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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14
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Kaminsky LW, Al-Sadi R, Ma TY. IL-1β and the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767456. [PMID: 34759934 PMCID: PMC8574155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier controls the paracellular permeation of contents from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal tissue and systemic circulation. A defective intestinal TJ barrier has been implicated as an important pathogenic factor in inflammatory diseases of the gut including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and celiac disease. Previous studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are produced during intestinal inflammation, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, have important intestinal TJ barrier-modulating actions. Recent studies have shown that the IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability is an important contributing factor of intestinal inflammation. The IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability is mediated by regulatory signaling pathways and activation of nuclear transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, myosin light chain kinase gene activation, and post-transcriptional occludin gene modulation by microRNA and contributes to the intestinal inflammatory process. In this review, the regulatory role of IL-1β on intestinal TJ barrier, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate the IL-1β modulation of intestinal TJ permeability, and the potential therapeutic targeting of the TJ barrier are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Kaminsky
- Section of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rana Al-Sadi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Y Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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15
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Fortea M, Albert-Bayo M, Abril-Gil M, Ganda Mall JP, Serra-Ruiz X, Henao-Paez A, Expósito E, González-Castro AM, Guagnozzi D, Lobo B, Alonso-Cotoner C, Santos J. Present and Future Therapeutic Approaches to Barrier Dysfunction. Front Nutr 2021; 8:718093. [PMID: 34778332 PMCID: PMC8582318 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is converging and increasing evidence, but also uncertainty, for the role of abnormal intestinal epithelial barrier function in the origin and development of a growing number of human gastrointestinal and extraintestinal inflammatory disorders, and their related complaints. Despite a vast literature addressing factors and mechanisms underlying changes in intestinal permeability in humans, and its connection to the appearance and severity of clinical symptoms, the ultimate link remains to be established in many cases. Accordingly, there are no directives or clinical guidelines related to the therapeutic management of intestinal permeability disorders that allow health professionals involved in the management of these patients to carry out a consensus treatment based on clinical evidence. Instead, there are multiple pseudoscientific approaches and commercial propaganda scattered on the internet that confuse those affected and health professionals and that often lack scientific rigor. Therefore, in this review we aim to shed light on the different therapeutic options, which include, among others, dietary management, nutraceuticals and medical devices, microbiota and drugs, and epigenetic and exosomes-manipulation, through an objective evaluation of the scientific publications in this field. Advances in the knowledge and management of intestinal permeability will sure enable better options of dealing with this group of common disorders to enhance quality of life of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fortea
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mercé Albert-Bayo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John-Peter Ganda Mall
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Serra-Ruiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Henao-Paez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elba Expósito
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María González-Castro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danila Guagnozzi
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Zheng C, Lu T, Fan Z. miR-200b-3p alleviates TNF-α-induced apoptosis and inflammation of intestinal epithelial cells and ulcerative colitis progression in rats via negatively regulating KHDRBS1. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:727-743. [PMID: 34629748 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is difficult to be treated. miRNAs are a group of gene regulators. Study demonstrated that miR-200b-3p is involved in the development of UC, but the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. A UC model was established by injecting acetic acid into rectum of rats, which were then treated with miR-200b-3p antagonists and agonists. Weight change, fecal viscosity and fecal bleeding were measured to determine disease activity index. The ratio of colon length to weight was measured. Colon lesions were detected by H&E staining. ELISA was used to detect the expression of TGF-β in colon tissues and IL-10/CRP in serum. Intestinal epithelial cells (NCM460) were treated by TNF-α to create an inflammatory environment. MRNA and protein levels of miR-200b-3p, KHDRBS1, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β, Bcl-2, Bax and C-capase-3 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. TargetScan database and dual-luciferase reporter assay were conducted to predict the targeting relationship between miR-200b-3p and KHDRBS1. MTT and flow cytometry were respectively performed to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. MiR-200b-3p expression was inhibited, leading to increased disease activity index and colonic length-weight ratio, and aggravation of lesions of the UC rat model. Up-regulation of miR-200b-3p can relieve inflammation and apoptosis of immune cells in UC rats. MiR-200b-3p targeted KHDRBS1 and inhibited its expression. Moreover, KHDRBS1 reversed the effects of miR-200b-3p on apoptosis, proliferation and inflammation of intestinal epithelial cells. MiR-200b-3p alleviates UC by negatively regulating KHDRBS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunju Zheng
- Department of Anorectal, Huai'an TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Huai'an, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Anorectal, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Daming Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210001 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- Department of Anorectal, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Daming Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210001 Jiangsu China
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17
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Pham HHS, Matsubayashi M, Tsuji N, Hatabu T. Relationship between Eimeria tenella associated-early clinical signs and molecular changes in the intestinal barrier function. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 240:110321. [PMID: 34520968 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The major clinical signs of coccidiosis in chickens due to Eimeria parasite are diarrhea and bloody feces. Previous studies showed that the impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier and the elevation of the intestinal permeability are causes of clinical signs associated with coccidia challenges. Nevertheless, the information about molecular changes of the epithelial barrier at the early stage of the infection with a specific Eimeria species has not been mentioned. Hence, this study aims to elucidate the temporal relationships between epithelial barrier conditions and clinical signs in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella over the time from the earliest stages of infection. White Leghorn chickens were inoculated with 1 × 104 oocysts of E. tenella. Thereafter the chickens were monitored for their daily clinical signs through observation, and between 5 dpi to 10 dpi, feces were collected for oocysts counting. Chickens were then administrated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) for gastrointestinal permeability test and tissues were collected each day for histopathological observation and total RNA extraction. Finally, the mRNA expression levels of the tight and adherens junction genes and cytokine genes were evaluated using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In this study, clinical signs such as diarrhea and bloody feces were observed concurrently from 3 to 8 dpi. Histopathology changes such as severe inflammation, hemorrhage, and epithelial desquamation were identified in the cecum specimens. The FITC-d level in the E. tenella-infected group was significantly higher than in the control group. In the infected group, the expression of claudin-2 gene was also upregulated, whereas the expressions of claudin-3 and E-cadherin genes were decreased as compared to the control group. These results implied that clinical signs of avian coccidiosis were associated with the intestinal barrier disruption via changes in expression levels of claudins and E-cadherin at the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Hoang Son Pham
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hatabu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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18
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Sweat YY, Turner JR. PTPN2 mutations cause epithelium-intrinsic barrier loss that synergizes with mucosal immune hyperactivation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e151414. [PMID: 34623321 PMCID: PMC8409575 DOI: 10.1172/jci151414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is clear that excessive mucosal immune activation and intestinal barrier dysfunction both contribute to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), which extinguishes signaling in immune cells, is linked to IBD and other immune-mediated diseases. In this issue of the JCI, Marchelletta and Krishnan et al. demonstrate that, in intestinal epithelial cells, TCPTP regulates tight junction permeability in vivo. Intestinal epithelial TCPTP loss potentiated cytokine-induced barrier loss, and this synergized with effects of TCPTP loss in immune cells. This work implicates a single mutation as the cause of distinct functional aberrations in diverse cell types and demonstrates how one genetic defect can drive multihit disease pathogenesis.
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19
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Wang J, Zhao H, Lv K, Zhao W, Zhang N, Yang F, Wen X, Jiang X, Tian J, Liu X, Ho CT, Li S. Pterostilbene Ameliorates DSS-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Loss in Mice via Suppression of the NF-κB-Mediated MLCK-MLC Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3871-3878. [PMID: 33759516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the intestinal barrier is critical for homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of pterostilbene (PTE) on the intestinal epithelium barrier. In vitro results of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 cells indicated that PTE counteracted tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced barrier damage. In vivo PTE pretreatment markedly ameliorated intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Notably, intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) molecules were restored by PTE in mice exposed to DSS. The mechanism study revealed that PTE prevented myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) from driving phosphorylation of MLC (p-MLC), which is crucial for maintaining intestinal TJ stability. Furthermore, PTE blunted translocation of NF-κB subunit p65 into the nucleus to downregulate MLCK expression and then to safeguard TJs and barrier integrity. These findings suggest that PTE protected the intestinal epithelial barrier through the NF-κB- MLCK/p-MLC signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ke Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of EFGIR, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Histololgy and Embrylolgy, School of Basic Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian Xincheng, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Jingrui Tian
- Department of Histololgy and Embrylolgy, School of Basic Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian Xincheng, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing100024, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of EFGIR, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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20
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Yao Y, Feng Q, Shen J. Myosin light chain kinase regulates intestinal permeability of mucosal homeostasis in Crohn's disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:1127-1141. [PMID: 33183108 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1850269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Researchers have investigated the potential role of intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease pathogenesis. Intestinal permeability is usually mediated by cytoskeleton and intercellular junctions. The myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is an enzyme that activates the myosin light chain to exert its function related to cytoskeleton contraction and tight junction regulation. The correlation between MLCK and Crohn's disease pathogenesis has been consistently proven. Areas covered: This study aims to expand the understanding of the regulation and function of MLCK in Crohn's disease. An extensive literature search in the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) has been performed up to Oct. 2020. The roles of MLCK in tight junction activation, intestinal permeability enhancement, and cell signal regulation are comprehensively discussed. Expert opinion: Targeting the MLCK-related pathways such as TNF-α in CD treatment has been put into clinical use. More accurate targeting such as MLCK and TNFR2 has been proposed to reduce side effects. MLCK may also have the potential to become biomarkers in fields like CD activity. With the application of cutting age research methods and tools, the MLCK research could be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
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21
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Pai YC, Weng LT, Wei SC, Wu LL, Shih DQ, Targan SR, Turner JR, Yu LCH. Gut microbial transcytosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-like 1A-dependent activation of a myosin light chain kinase splice variant contributes to IBD. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:jjaa165. [PMID: 32770194 PMCID: PMC7904084 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by abnormal host-microbe interactions. Proinflammatory cytokine IFNγ and a novel TNF superfamily member, TL1A, have been implicated in epithelial barrier dysfunction. The divergent regulatory mechanisms of transcellular versus paracellular hyperpermeability remain poorly understood. Intestinal epithelia express two splice variants of long myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), of which the full-length MLCK1 differ from the shorter isoform MLCK2 by a Src kinase phosphorylation site. The aim was to investigate the roles of MLCK splice variants in gut barrier defects under proinflammatory stress. Upregulated expression of TL1A, IFNγ, and two MLCK variants was observed in human IBD biopsy specimens. The presence of intraepithelial bacteria preceded tight junction (TJ) damage in dextran sodium sulfate-treated and TL1A-transgenic mouse models. Lack of barrier defects was observed in long MLCK(-/-) mice. TL1A induced MLCK-dependent terminal web (TW) contraction, brush border fanning, and transepithelial bacterial internalization. The bacterial taxa identified in the inflamed colonocytes included Escherichia, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus,and Lactobacillus. Recombinant TL1A and IFNγ at low doses induced PI3K/Akt/MLCK2-dependent bacterial endocytosis, whereas high-dose IFNγ caused TJ opening via the iNOS/Src/MLCK1 axis. Bacterial internalization was recapitulated in MLCK-knockout cells individually expressing MLCK2 but not MLCK1. Immunostaining showed different subcellular sites of phosphorylated MLC localized to the TJ and TW in the MLCK1- and MLCK2-expressing cells, respectively. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokines induced bacterial influx through transcellular and paracellular routes via divergent pathways orchestrated by distinct MLCK isoforms. Bacterial transcytosis induced by TL1A may be an alternative route causing symptom flares in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Pai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Weng
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Q Shih
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephen R Targan
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Brigham’s Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Jin Y, Blikslager AT. The Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier by Myosin Light Chain Kinase/Rho Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103550. [PMID: 32443411 PMCID: PMC7278945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial apical junctional complex, which includes tight and adherens junctions, contributes to the intestinal barrier function via their role in regulating paracellular permeability. Myosin light chain II (MLC-2), has been shown to be a critical regulatory protein in altering paracellular permeability during gastrointestinal disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of MLC-2 is a biochemical marker for perijunctional actomyosin ring contraction, which increases paracellular permeability by regulating the apical junctional complex. The phosphorylation of MLC-2 is dominantly regulated by myosin light chain kinase- (MLCK-) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase- (ROCK-) mediated pathways. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of MLCK- and ROCK-mediated pathways in the regulation of the intestinal barrier during normal homeostasis and digestive diseases. Additionally, we will also suggest potential therapeutic targeting of MLCK- and ROCK-associated pathways in gastrointestinal disorders that compromise the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence:
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23
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Contributions of Myosin Light Chain Kinase to Regulation of Epithelial Paracellular Permeability and Mucosal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030993. [PMID: 32028590 PMCID: PMC7037368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier function is required for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Barrier dysfunction is thought to promote progression of both intestinal and systemic diseases. In many cases, this barrier loss reflects increased permeability of the paracellular tight junction as a consequence of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation and myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Although some details about MLCK activation remain to be defined, it is clear that this triggers perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) contraction that leads to molecular reorganization of tight junction structure and composition, including occludin endocytosis. In disease states, this process can be triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and several related molecules. Of these, TNF has been studied in the greatest detail and is known to activate long MLCK transcription, expression, enzymatic activity, and recruitment to the PAMR. Unfortunately, toxicities associated with inhibition of MLCK expression or enzymatic activity make these unsuitable as therapeutic targets. Recent work has, however, identified a small molecule that prevents MLCK1 recruitment to the PAMR without inhibiting enzymatic function. This small molecule, termed Divertin, restores barrier function after TNF-induced barrier loss and prevents disease progression in experimental chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
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Li W, Gao M, Han T. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides ameliorate intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation through the MLCK-MLC signaling pathway in Caco-2 cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:3741-3748. [PMID: 32314770 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the intestinal barrier often occurs in inflammatory bowel diseases, and pro-inflammatory factors play a vital role in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200072
- China
| | - Mingbo Gao
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200072
- China
| | - Ting Han
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200072
- China
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25
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He W, Wang Y, Wang P, Wang F. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in severe burn injury. BURNS & TRAUMA 2019; 7:24. [PMID: 31372365 PMCID: PMC6659221 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-019-0162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe burn injury is often accompanied by intestinal barrier dysfunction, which is closely associated with post-burn shock, bacterial translocation, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, hypercatabolism, sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and other complications. The intestinal epithelium forms a physical barrier that separates the intestinal lumen from the internal milieu, in which the tight junction plays a principal role. It has been well documented that after severe burn injury, many factors such as stress, ischemia/hypoxia, proinflammatory cytokines, and endotoxins can induce intestinal barrier dysfunction via multiple signaling pathways. Recent advances have provided new insights into the mechanisms and the therapeutic strategies of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction associated with severe burn injury. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in intestinal barrier dysfunction in response to severe burn injury and the emerging therapies for treating intestinal barrier dysfunction following severe burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
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26
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Graham WV, He W, Marchiando AM, Zha J, Singh G, Li HS, Biswas A, Ong MLDM, Jiang ZH, Choi W, Zuccola H, Wang Y, Griffith J, Wu J, Rosenberg HJ, Wang Y, Snapper SB, Ostrov D, Meredith SC, Miller LW, Turner JR. Intracellular MLCK1 diversion reverses barrier loss to restore mucosal homeostasis. Nat Med 2019; 25:690-700. [PMID: 30936544 PMCID: PMC6461392 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier loss is a driver of intestinal and systemic diseases. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is a key effector of barrier dysfunction and a potential therapeutic target, but enzymatic inhibition has unacceptable toxicities. Here, we show that a unique domain within the MLCK splice-variant MLCK1 directs perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) recruitment. Using the domain structure and multiple screens, we identified a domain-binding small molecule (Divertin) that blocks MLCK1 recruitment without inhibiting enzymatic function. Divertin blocks acute, TNF-induced MLCK1 recruitment as well as downstream MLC phosphorylation, barrier loss, and diarrhea in vitro and in vivo. Divertin corrects barrier dysfunction and prevents disease development and progression in experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Beyond applications of Divertin in gastrointestinal disease, this general approach to enzymatic inhibition by preventing access to specific subcellular sites provides a new paradigm for safely and precisely targeting individual properties of enzymes with multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vallen Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weiqi He
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Juanmin Zha
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hua-Shan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Amlan Biswas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ma Lora Drizella M Ong
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi-Hui Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wangsun Choi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yitang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jingshing Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Yingmin Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Lawrence W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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27
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Nalle SC, Zuo L, Ong MLDM, Singh G, Worthylake AM, Choi W, Manresa MC, Southworth AP, Edelblum KL, Baker GJ, Joseph NE, Savage PA, Turner JR. Graft-versus-host disease propagation depends on increased intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:902-914. [PMID: 30667372 DOI: 10.1172/jci98554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) that affects multiple organs. GVHD-associated intestinal damage can be separated into two distinct phases, initiation and propagation, which correspond to conditioning-induced damage and effector T cell activation and infiltration, respectively. Substantial evidence indicates that intestinal damage induced by pretransplant conditioning is a key driver of GVHD initiation. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of dysregulated intestinal permeability on the subsequent GVHD propagation phase. The initiation phase of GVHD was unchanged in mice lacking long MLCK (MLCK210), an established regulator of epithelial tight junction permeability. However, MLCK210-deficient mice were protected from sustained barrier loss and exhibited limited GVHD propagation, as indicated by reduced histopathology, fewer CD8+ effector T cells in the gut, and improved overall survival. Consistent with these findings, intestinal epithelial MLCK210 expression and enzymatic activity were similarly increased in human and mouse GVHD biopsies. Intestinal epithelial barrier loss mediated by MLCK210 is therefore a key driver of the GVHD propagation. These data suggest that inhibition of MLCK210-dependent barrier regulation may be an effective approach to limiting GVHD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Nalle
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ma Lora Drizella M Ong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicia M Worthylake
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wangsun Choi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mario Cabrero Manresa
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna P Southworth
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Center for Inflammation and Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gregory J Baker
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nora E Joseph
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter A Savage
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Shen W, Li Y, Zou Y, Cao L, Cai X, Gong J, Xu Y, Zhu W. Mesenteric Adipose Tissue Alterations in Crohn's Disease Are Associated With the Lymphatic System. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:283-293. [PMID: 30295909 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenteric fat wrapping and thickening are typical characteristics of Crohn's disease (CD). The purpose of this study was to explore the cause of mesenteric adipose hypertrophy and analyze the role of lymphatic vessels in mesenteric adipose tissue in CD. METHODS Twenty-three CD patients who underwent ileocolonic resection were included. In CD patients, specimens were obtained from hypertrophic mesenteric adipose tissue (htMAT) next to the diseased ileum. The mesenteric lymphatic vessels in mesenteric adipose tissue were separated under stereoscope microscope. Transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence were used to observe the structure of mesenteric lymphatic vessels. The NF-κB signaling pathway in mesenteric adipose tissue was detected in CD specimens using Western blotting. RESULTS Electron microscopy showed that the structure of mesenteric lymphatic vessel was discontinuous, and the microstructure of lymphatic endothelial cells appeared ruptured and incomplete. Through an immunofluorescence technique, we found that the surface of lymphatic endothelial cells lacked tight junction protein staining in CD. Also, the expression of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 in the mesenteric lymphatic vessel of htMAT was significantly lower than that of control. These results indicated that the structure of the mesenteric lymphatic vessel in htMAT was mispatterned and ruptured, which could lead to lymph leakage. Leaky lymph factors could stimulate adipose tissue to proliferate. Antigens that leaked into the mesenteric adipose tissue could effectively elicit an immune response. The levels of cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1β, IL-6) was increased in the htMAT of CD patients by activated NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that the hypertrophy of mesenteric adipose tissue may result from mispatterned and ruptured lymphatic vessels. Alteration of mesenteric adipose tissue was associated with activated NF-κB signaling pathway. This study enhances support for elucidating the importance of mesenteric lymphatic vessels and adipose tissue in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingchen Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Cremonini E, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. (-)-Epicatechin in the control of glucose homeostasis: Involvement of redox-regulated mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:478-488. [PMID: 30447350 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports a beneficial action of the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin (EC) on insulin sensitivity and potential impact on the development/progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In humans, supplementation with EC-rich foods, extracts, and pure EC improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in normal weight, overweight, obese and T2D individuals. These effects of EC are also observed in rodent models of diet-induced obesity and T2D. The events involved in the development of insulin resistance and T2D are multiple and interrelated. EC has been shown to inhibit inflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, to modulate mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and to regulate events in the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas that impact glucose homeostasis. A downregulation of oxidant production, particularly through direct inhibition or suppression of NADPH oxidase expression, and of redox sensitive signals (NF-κB, JNK1/2) that inhibit the insulin pathway, appear to be central to the beneficial actions of EC on insulin sensitivity. Overall, EC seems to have a positive role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, however definitive answers on its importance for the management of T2D will depend on further clinical and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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30
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Fuertes-Alvarez S, Maeso-Alonso L, Villoch-Fernandez J, Wildung M, Martin-Lopez M, Marshall C, Villena-Cortes AJ, Diez-Prieto I, Pietenpol JA, Tissir F, Lizé M, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 regulates ependymal planar cell polarity by modulating actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1183. [PMID: 30518789 PMCID: PMC6281643 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) and intercellular junctional complexes establish tissue structure and coordinated behaviors across epithelial sheets. In multiciliated ependymal cells, rotational and translational PCP coordinate cilia beating and direct cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Thus, PCP disruption results in ciliopathies and hydrocephalus. PCP establishment depends on the polarization of cytoskeleton and requires the asymmetric localization of core and global regulatory modules, including membrane proteins like Vangl1/2 or Frizzled. We analyzed the subcellular localization of select proteins that make up these modules in ependymal cells and the effect of Trp73 loss on their localization. We identify a novel function of the Trp73 tumor suppressor gene, the TAp73 isoform in particular, as an essential regulator of PCP through the modulation of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics, demonstrating that Trp73 is a key player in the organization of ependymal ciliated epithelia. Mechanistically, we show that p73 regulates translational PCP and actin dynamics through TAp73-dependent modulation of non-musclemyosin-II activity. In addition, TAp73 is required for the asymmetric localization of PCP-core and global signaling modules and regulates polarized microtubule dynamics, which in turn set up the rotational PCP. Therefore, TAp73 modulates, directly and/or indirectly, transcriptional programs regulating actin and microtubules dynamics and Golgi organization signaling pathways. These results shed light into the mechanism of ependymal cell planar polarization and reveal p73 as an epithelial architect during development regulating the cellular cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fuertes-Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Javier Villoch-Fernandez
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Merit Wildung
- Molecular and Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marta Martin-Lopez
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Clayton Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alberto J Villena-Cortes
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Diez-Prieto
- Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73, Box B1.73.16, B1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel Lizé
- Molecular and Experimental Pneumology Group, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero (INDEGSAL) and Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain.
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Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 30115904 PMCID: PMC6095905 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a specialized organ in which dynamic interactions between host cells and the complex environment occur in addition to food digestion. Together with the chemical barrier of the mucosal layer and the cellular immune system, the epithelial cell layer performs a pivotal role as the first physical barrier against external factors and maintains a symbiotic relationship with commensal bacteria. The tight junction proteins, including occludin, claudins, and zonula occludens, are crucial for the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. To allow the transport of essential molecules and restrict harmful substances, the intracellular signaling transduction system and a number of extracellular stimuli such as cytokines, small GTPases, and post-translational modifications dynamically modulate the tight junction protein complexes. An imbalance in these regulations leads to compromised barrier integrity and is linked with pathological conditions. Despite the obscurity of the causal relationship, the loss of barrier integrity is considered to contribute to inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and metabolic disorders. The elucidation of the role of diseases in barrier integrity and the underlying regulatory mechanisms have improved our understanding of the intestinal barrier to allow the development of novel and potent therapeutic approaches. A better understanding of how the cells that line the inside of the intestines allow nutrients in, while keeping harmful substances and pathogens out could lead to new therapies for inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and other conditions. A team from South Korea led by Sung Ho Ryu from Pohang University of Science and Technology review the regulatory mechanisms that help maintain the intestinal epithelial barrier. They discuss the role of tight junction proteins in forming a seal between adjacent cells and the various signaling pathways that loosen or tighten these junctions to enable limited transport. Loss of barrier integrity because of genetics, gut microbes, auto-immunity, diet, or other factors is often implicated in disease, and restoring barrier function with drugs or probiotics could help ameliorate many health problems.
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Calcium-sensing receptor in nutrient sensing: an insight into the modulation of intestinal homoeostasis. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:881-890. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe animal gut effectively prevents the entry of hazardous substances and microbes while permitting the transfer of nutrients, such as water, electrolytes, vitamins, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and microbial metabolites, which are intimately associated with intestinal homoeostasis. The gut maintains biological functions through its nutrient-sensing receptors, including the Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR), which activates a variety of signalling pathways, depending on cellular context. CaSR coordinates food digestion and nutrient absorption, promotes cell proliferation and differentiation, regulates energy metabolism and immune response, stimulates hormone secretion, mitigates secretory diarrhoea and enhances intestinal barrier function. Thus, CaSR is crucial to the maintenance of gut homoeostasis and protection of intestinal health. In this review, we focused on the emerging roles of CaSR in the modulation of intestinal homoeostasis including related underlying mechanisms. By elucidating the relationship between CaSR and animal gut homoeostasis, effective and inexpensive methods for treating intestinal health imbalance through nutritional manipulation can be developed. This article is expected to provide experimental data of the effects of CaSR on animal or human health.
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33
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Lu Y, Li L, Zhang JW, Zhong XQ, Wei JA, Han L. Total polysaccharides of the Sijunzi decoction attenuate tumor necrosis factor-α-induced damage to the barrier function of a Caco-2 cell monolayer via the nuclear factor-κB-myosin light chain kinase-myosin light chain pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2867-2877. [PMID: 30018481 PMCID: PMC6048434 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i26.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of total polysaccharides of the Sijunzi decoction (TPSJ) on the epithelial barriers in vitro.
METHODS Caco-2 cell monolayers were treated with or without TPSJ in the presence or absence of TNF-α, and paracellular permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were measured to evaluate the epithelial barrier function. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were respectively used to evaluate the distribution and expression of the tight junction proteins claudin 1, claudin 2, zo3, and occludin in Caco-2 cells. Western blotting was also used to evaluate the cellular expression of myosin light chain (MLC), phosphorylated MLC (pMLC), MLC kinase (MLCK), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65.
RESULTS TPSJ promoted the proliferation of Caco-2 cells and inhibited TNF-α-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, TPSJ significantly ameliorated both the reduction of TEER and the increased paracellular permeability observed in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-damaged Caco-2 monolayers. Furthermore, TPSJ remarkably attenuated TNF-α-induced morphological changes, downregulated the expression of claudin 1, claudin 2, zo3, and occludin, and markedly suppressed TNF-α-mediated upregulation of p-MLC and MLCK expression. Finally, TPSJ inhibited the activation and expression of NF-κB p65.
CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that TPSJ alleviates the TNF-α-induced impairment of the intestinal epithelial cell barrier function by suppressing NF-κB p65-mediated phosphorylation of MLCK and MLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- The Second Clinical College (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Leng Li
- The Second Clinical College (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Wei Zhang
- The Second Clinical College (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Zhong
- The Second Clinical College (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-An Wei
- The Second Clinical College (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ling Han
- The Second Clinical College (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
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Yu M, Wang Q, Ma Y, Li L, Yu K, Zhang Z, Chen G, Li X, Xiao W, Xu P, Yang H. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Modulates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function by Maintaining Tight Junction Integrity. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:69-77. [PMID: 29483826 PMCID: PMC5821050 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is involved in the control of intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Intestinal barrier dysfunction contributes to the development of many intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of AhR activation in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function. Adult C57BL/6 mice were treated with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) for 7 days, with or without 6-Formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole (FICZ), a ligand of AhR. We found that AhR activation by FICZ attenuated the decreased TJ protein expression in the colonic mucosa of the DSS-induced mice. Further, the increase of both MLC phosphorylation and MLCK expression in the mice with DSS-induced colitis was also significantly inhibited by FICZ induced AhR activation. For in vitro experiments, Caco-2 cells were treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/interferon gamma (IFN-γ) for 48 h, with or without FICZ. AhR activation prevented TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced decrease in TER and morphological disruption of the TJs in Caco-2 monolayers. It also inhibited TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced increase in MLCK expression and MLC phosphorylation by suppression of NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. Thus, AhR-activating factors might have potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qimeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanhang Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangzi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhicao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangsheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengyuan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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35
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Yaseen MM, Shabsoug BM. The role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils during HIV-1 infection. Arch Virol 2017; 163:1-21. [PMID: 28980078 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well-recognized that human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) mainly targets CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Nonetheless, during the past three decades, a huge number of studies have reported that HIV-1 can directly or indirectly target other cellular components of the immune system including CD8+ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), among others. PMNs are the most abundant leukocytes in the human circulation, and are known to play principal roles in the elimination of invading pathogens, regulating different immune responses, healing of injured tissues, and maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Until recently, little was known about the impact of HIV-1 infection on PMNs as well as the impact of PMNs on HIV-1 disease progression. This is because early studies focused on neutropenia and recurrent microbial infections, particularly, during advanced disease. However, recent studies have extended the investigation area to cover new aspects of the interactions between HIV-1 and PMNs. This review aims to summarize these advances and address the impact of HIV-1 infection on PMNs as well as the impact of PMNs on HIV-1 disease progression to better understand the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Yaseen
- Public Health, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Barakat Mohammad Shabsoug
- Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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36
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Marlicz W, Yung DE, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Loniewski I, van Hemert S, Loniewska B, Koulaouzidis A. From clinical uncertainties to precision medicine: the emerging role of the gut barrier and microbiome in small bowel functional diseases. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:961-978. [PMID: 28618973 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1343664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of disease pathophysiology. Many new theories expound on the importance of emerging factors such as microbiome influences, genomics/omics, stem cells, innate intestinal immunity or mucosal barrier complexities. This has introduced a further dimension of uncertainty into clinical decision-making, but equally, may shed some light on less well-understood and difficult to manage conditions. Areas covered: Comprehensive review of the literature on gut barrier and microbiome relevant to small bowel pathology. A PubMed/Medline search from 1990 to April 2017 was undertaken and papers from this range were included. Expert commentary: The scenario of clinical uncertainty is well-illustrated by functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The movement towards achieving a better understanding of FGIDs is expressed in the Rome IV guidelines. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic protocols focused on the GB and SB microbiome can facilitate diagnosis, management and improve our understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms in FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Marlicz
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Diana E Yung
- b Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders , Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | | | - Igor Loniewski
- c Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland.,d Sanprobi Sp. z o.o. Sp. K , Szczecin , Poland
| | | | - Beata Loniewska
- f Department of Neonatal Diseases , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Anastasios Koulaouzidis
- g Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders , Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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Takigawa M, Iida M, Nagase S, Suzuki H, Watari A, Tada M, Okada Y, Doi T, Fukasawa M, Yagi K, Kunisawa J, Kondoh M. Creation of a Claudin-2 Binder and Its Tight Junction-Modulating Activity in a Human Intestinal Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:444-451. [PMID: 28928120 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The transmembrane protein claudin 2 (CLDN2) is a component of epithelial tight junctions (TJs). In the intestines of patients with IBDs, the expression of the pore-forming TJ protein CLDN2 is upregulated. Although CLDN2 is involved in these leaky barriers, whether it can be a target to enhance TJ integrity is unknown because a CLDN2-specific inhibitor has not been developed. Here, we used DNA immunization to generate a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognized an extracellular loop of CLDN2. Treatment of epithelial cell monolayers with the mAb increased barrier integrity. In addition, the anti-CLDN2 mAb attenuated the decrease in TJ integrity induced by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cotreatment of cells with anti-TNF-α mAb and anti-CLDN2 mAb showed additive attenuating effects. These findings indicate that CLDN2 may be a target for enhancing TJ integrity, and CLDN2 binder may be an enhancer of mucosal barrier integrity and a potential therapeutic option for IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Takigawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Manami Iida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Shotaro Nagase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Hidehiko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Akihiro Watari
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Minoru Tada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Kiyohito Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., M.I., S.N., A.W., Y.O., T.D., K.Y., J.K., M.K.); Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan (Mu.T., H.S., J.K.); Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institutes of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (Mi.T.); Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M.F.); Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (J.K.); Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (J.K.); and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan (J.K.)
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Khapchaev AY, Shirinsky VP. Myosin Light Chain Kinase MYLK1: Anatomy, Interactions, Functions, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1676-1697. [PMID: 28260490 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791613006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses and summarizes the results of molecular and cellular investigations of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK, MYLK1), the key regulator of cell motility. The structure and regulation of a complex mylk1 gene and the domain organization of its products is presented. The interactions of the mylk1 gene protein products with other proteins and posttranslational modifications of the mylk1 gene protein products are reviewed, which altogether might determine the role and place of MLCK in physiological and pathological reactions of cells and entire organisms. Translational potential of MLCK as a drug target is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Khapchaev
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
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Liang C, Zhu J, Miao C, Wang S, Zhang L, Li P, Wang Z, Shao P. Protective Effects of the Segmental Renal Artery Clamping Technique on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in db/db Diabetic Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4763828. [PMID: 28299325 PMCID: PMC5337321 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4763828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is inevitable in partial nephrectomy and other kidney surgeries, with a higher incidence in patients with renal insufficiency. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of precise segmental renal artery clamping (SRAC) against renal I/R injury in db/db diabetic mice, compared with conventional renal artery clamping (RAC). Grape seed extract, a powerful free radical scavenger, was administered to diabetic mice for 4 weeks before operation in subgroups (30 mg/kg/d). The unilateral renal pedicle was ligatured, and I/R injury to the contralateral kidney was induced (ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h). Blood glucose value, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urine microalbumin/urine creatinine ratio increased gradually and showed no preoperative statistical differences among six subgroups. These parameters were significantly lower in the SRAC than in the RAC group 24 h postoperatively. Moreover, the nonischemic area in the SRAC group expressed less KIM-1 and TNF-α mRNA and also revealed minor histopathological damage induced by I/R. These findings suggest that SRAC effectively reduces early renal injury induced by I/R and accelerates the recovery of renal function in diabetic mice. Thus, SRAC may be an ideal technique in partial nephrectomy, especially for patients with diabetic nephropathy and other renal insufficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jundong Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenkui Miao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengjun Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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40
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Shen Y, Zhou M, Yan J, Gong Z, Xiao Y, Zhang C, Du P, Chen Y. miR-200b inhibits TNF-α-induced IL-8 secretion and tight junction disruption of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G123-G132. [PMID: 27979826 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00316.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic, inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with unclear etiologies. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), containing crypt and villus enterocytes, occupy a critical position in the pathogenesis of IBDs and are a major producer of immunoregulatory cytokines and a key component of the intact epithelial barrier. Previously, we have reported that miR-200b is involved in the progression of IBDs and might maintain the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier via reducing the loss of enterocytes. In this study, we further investigated the impact of miR-200b on intestinal epithelial inflammation and tight junctions in two distinct differentiated states of Caco-2 cells after TNF-α treatment. We demonstrated that TNF-α-enhanced IL-8 expression was decreased by microRNA (miR)-200b in undifferentiated IECs. Simultaneously, miR-200b could alleviate TNF-α-induced tight junction (TJ) disruption in well-differentiated IECs by reducing the reduction in the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), inhibiting the increase in paracellular permeability, and preventing the morphological redistribution of the TJ proteins claudin 1 and ZO-1. The expression levels of the JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)/phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC) pathways were attenuated in undifferentiated and differentiated enterocytes, respectively. Furthermore, a dual-luciferase reporter gene detection system provided direct evidence that c-Jun and MLCK were the specific targets of miR-200b. Collectively, our results highlighted that miR-200b played a positive role in IECs via suppressing intestinal epithelial IL-8 secretion and attenuating TJ damage in vitro, which suggested that miR-200b might be a promising strategy for IBD therapy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This was the first time that the inhibitory role of miR-200b on intestinal epithelial inflammation and paracellular permeability has been reported. Moreover, we further divided the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) into two differentiated conditions and investigated the distinct impacts of miR-200b. Finally, we put forward and proved that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) was a novel target of miR-200b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junkai Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Zizhen Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China; and
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Abstract
A fundamental function of the intestinal epithelium is to act as a barrier that limits interactions between luminal contents such as the intestinal microbiota, the underlying immune system and the remainder of the body, while supporting vectorial transport of nutrients, water and waste products. Epithelial barrier function requires a contiguous layer of cells as well as the junctions that seal the paracellular space between epithelial cells. Compromised intestinal barrier function has been associated with a number of disease states, both intestinal and systemic. Unfortunately, most current clinical data are correlative, making it difficult to separate cause from effect in interpreting the importance of barrier loss. Some data from experimental animal models suggest that compromised epithelial integrity might have a pathogenic role in specific gastrointestinal diseases, but no FDA-approved agents that target the epithelial barrier are presently available. To develop such therapies, a deeper understanding of both disease pathogenesis and mechanisms of barrier regulation must be reached. Here, we review and discuss mechanisms of intestinal barrier loss and the role of intestinal epithelial barrier function in pathogenesis of both intestinal and systemic diseases. We conclude with a discussion of potential strategies to restore the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 1428, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Wu RL, Vazquez-Roque M, Carlson P, Burton D, Grover M, Camilleri M, Turner JR. Gluten-induced symptoms in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome are associated with increased myosin light chain kinase activity and claudin-15 expression. J Transl Med 2017; 97:14-23. [PMID: 27869798 PMCID: PMC5215009 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) are poorly understood, but increased intestinal permeability is thought to contribute to symptoms. A recent clinical trial of gluten-free diet (GFD) demonstrated symptomatic improvement, relative to gluten-containing diet (GCD), which was associated with reduced intestinal permeability in non-celiac disease IBS-D patients. The aim of this study was to characterize intestinal epithelial tight junction composition in IBS-D before and after dietary gluten challenge. Biopsies from 27 IBS-D patients (13 GFD and 14 GCD) were examined by H&E staining and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC), MLC kinase, claudin-2, claudin-8 and claudin-15. Diet-induced changes were assessed and correlated with urinary mannitol excretion (after oral administration). In the small intestine, epithelial MLC phosphorylation was increased or decreased by GCD or GFD, respectively, and this correlated with increased intestinal permeability (P<0.03). Colonocyte expression of the paracellular Na+ channel claudin-15 was also markedly augmented following GCD challenge (P<0.05). Conversely, colonic claudin-2 expression correlated with reduced intestinal permeability (P<0.03). Claudin-8 expression was not affected by dietary challenge. These data show that alterations in MLC phosphorylation and claudin-15 and claudin-2 expression are associated with gluten-induced symptomatology and intestinal permeability changes in IBS-D. The results provide new insight into IBS-D mechanisms and can explain permeability responses to gluten challenge in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Licheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria Vazquez-Roque
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paula Carlson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Duane Burton
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Meir M, Flemming S, Burkard N, Wagner J, Germer CT, Schlegel N. The glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor: a novel regulator of intestinal barrier function in health and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1118-23. [PMID: 27151942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00125.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier is a differentiated process, which is profoundly deranged in inflammatory bowel diseases. Recent data provide evidence that the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is critically involved in intestinal epithelial wound healing and barrier maturation and exerts antiapoptotic effects under certain conditions. Furthermore, not only the enteric nervous system, but also enterocytes synthesize GDNF in significant amounts, which points to a potential para- or autocrine signaling loop between enterocytes. Apart from direct effects of GDNF on enterocytes, an immunomodulatory role of this protein has been previously assumed because of a significant reduction of inflammation in a model of chronic inflammatory bowel disease after application of GDNF. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of GDNF on intestinal epithelial barrier regulation and discuss the novel role for GDNF as a regulator of intestinal barrier functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meir
- Department of Surgery I; University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Flemming
- Department of Surgery I; University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Burkard
- Department of Surgery I; University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Wagner
- Department of Surgery I; University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of Surgery I; University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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44
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Forteza R, Figueroa Y, Mashukova A, Dulam V, Salas PJ. Conditional knockout of polarity complex (atypical) PKCι reveals an anti-inflammatory function mediated by NF-κB. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2186-97. [PMID: 27226486 PMCID: PMC4945138 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical PKC, Par6, and Par3 constitute a conserved complex signaling cell asymmetry. In contrast to its role in other tissues, atypical PKC inhibits NF-κB activation in epithelia and may function in maintaining low levels of inflammation in addition to establishing apicobasal polarity. The conserved proteins of the polarity complex made up of atypical PKC (aPKC, isoforms ι and ζ), Par6, and Par3 determine asymmetry in several cell types, from Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes to vertebrate epithelia and neurons. We previously showed that aPKC is down-regulated in intestinal epithelia under inflammatory stimulation. Further, expression of constitutively active PKCι decreases NF-κB activity in an epithelial cell line, the opposite of the effect reported in other cells. Here we tested the hypothesis that aPKC has a dual function in epithelia, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in addition to having a role in apicobasal polarity. We achieved full aPKC down-regulation in small intestine villi and colon surface epithelium using a conditional epithelium-specific knockout mouse. The results show that aPKC is dispensable for polarity after cell differentiation, except for known targets, including ROCK and ezrin, claudin-4 expression, and barrier permeability. The aPKC defect resulted in increased NF-κB activity, which could be rescued by IKK and ROCK inhibitors. It also increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 decreased. We conclude that epithelial aPKC acts upstream of multiple mechanisms that participate in the inflammatory response in the intestine, including, but not restricted to, NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Forteza
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Yolanda Figueroa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Anastasia Mashukova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 Department of Physiology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314
| | - Vipin Dulam
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Pedro J Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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Characterization of isoform expression and subcellular distribution of MYPT1 in intestinal epithelial cells. Gene 2016; 588:1-6. [PMID: 27129938 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability requires phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MLC). The phosphorylation status of MLC is regulated by myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) activities. The activity of the catalytic subunit of MLCP (PP1cδ) toward MLC depends on its regulatory subunit (MYPT1). In this study, we revealed the presence of two MYPT1 isoforms, full length and variant 2 in human intestinal (Caco-2) epithelial cells and isolated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from mice. In confluent Caco-2 cells, MYPT1 was distributed at cell-cell contacts and colocalized with F-actin. These results suggest that MYPT1 isoforms are expressed in intestinal epithelial cells and MYPT1 may be involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function.
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Herrmann JR, Turner JR. Beyond Ussing's chambers: contemporary thoughts on integration of transepithelial transport. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C423-31. [PMID: 26702131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00348.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the mid-20th century, Hans Ussing developed a chamber that allowed for the simultaneous measurement of current and labeled probe flux across epithelia. Using frog skin as a model, Ussing used his results to propose mechanisms of transcellular Na(+) and K(+) transport across apical (exterior/luminal) and basolateral (interior) membranes that is essentially unchanged today. Others took advantage of Ussing's chambers to study mucosal tissues, including bladder and intestines. It quickly became clear that, in some tissues, passive paracellular flux, i.e., across the tight junction, was an important component of overall transepithelial transport. Subsequent work demonstrated that activation of the apical Na(+)-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 regulated paracellular permeability such that intestinal paracellular transport could coordinate with and amplify transcellular transport. Intermediates in this process include activation of p38 MAPK, the apical Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3, and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Investigators then focused on these processes in disease. They found that TNF induces barrier dysfunction via MLCK activation and downstream caveolin-1-dependent endocytosis of the tight junction protein occludin. TNF also inhibited NHE3, and both barrier loss and PKCα-dependent NHE3 inhibition were required for TNF-induced acute diarrhea, emphasizing the interplay between transcellular and paracellular transport. Finally, studies using immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease models showed that mice lacking epithelial MLCK were initially protected, but became ill as epithelial damage progressed and provided a tight junction-independent means of barrier loss. None of these advances would have been possible without the insights provided by Ussing and others using Ussing's ingenious, and still useful, chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Herrmann
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Xu C, Wu X, Hack BK, Bao L, Cunningham PN. TNF causes changes in glomerular endothelial permeability and morphology through a Rho and myosin light chain kinase-dependent mechanism. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12636. [PMID: 26634902 PMCID: PMC4760430 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A key function of the endothelium is to serve as a regulated barrier between tissue compartments. We have previously shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a crucial role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced acute kidney injury, in part by causing injury to the renal endothelium through its receptor TNFR1. Here, we report that TNF increased permeability to albumin in primary culture mouse renal endothelial cells, as well as human glomerular endothelial cells. This process occurred in association with changes in the actin cytoskeleton and was associated with gaps between previously confluent cells in culture and decreases in the tight junction protein occludin. This process was dependent on myosin light chain activation, as seen by its prevention with Rho‐associated kinase and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitors. Surprisingly, permeability was not blocked by inhibition of apoptosis with caspase inhibitors. Additionally, we found that the renal glycocalyx, which plays an important role in barrier function, was also degraded by TNF in a Rho and MLCK dependent fashion. TNF treatment caused a decrease in the size of endothelial fenestrae, dependent on Rho and MLCK, although the relevance of this to changes in permeability is uncertain. In summary, TNF‐induced barrier dysfunction in renal endothelial cells is crucially dependent upon the Rho/MLCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bradley K Hack
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lihua Bao
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patrick N Cunningham
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Jin Y, Blikslager AT. ClC-2 regulation of intestinal barrier function: Translation of basic science to therapeutic target. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1105906. [PMID: 26716076 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ClC-2 chloride channel is a member of the voltage-gated chloride channel family. ClC-2 is involved in various physiological processes, including fluid transport and secretion, regulation of cell volume and pH, maintaining the membrane potential of the cell, cell-to-cell communication, and tissue homeostasis. Recently, our laboratory has accumulated evidence indicating a critical role of ClC-2 in the regulation of intestinal barrier function by altering inter-epithelial tight junction composition. This review will detail the role of ClC-2 in intestinal barrier function during intestinal disorders, including experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease. Details of pharmacological manipulation of ClC-2 via prostone agonists will also be provided in an effort to show the potential therapeutic relevance of ClC-2 regulation, particularly during intestinal barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University ; Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anthony T Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University ; Raleigh, NC, USA
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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Protects Intestinal Epithelial Barrier by Regulating the Myosin Light Chain Kinase Signaling Pathway. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:2495-506. [PMID: 26287999 PMCID: PMC4646414 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) pathway controls intestinal epithelial barrier permeability by regulating the tight junction. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3)-vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling protects the epithelial barrier, but the molecular mechanism is incompletely understood. METHODS MLCK activation and barrier permeability were studied using monolayers of HCT116, Caco-2, and SW480 cells treated with tissue necrosis factor α with or without 1,25(OH)2D3. The MLCK pathway was analyzed in normal and inflamed colonic biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis. Colonic mucosal barrier permeability and MLCK activation were also investigated using trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis models in vitamin D analog paricalcitol-treated wild-type mice and mice carrying VDR deletion in colonic epithelial cells. RESULTS Tissue necrosis factor α increased cell monolayer permeability and induced long isoform of MLCK expression and myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, and 1,25(OH)2D3 blocked tissue necrosis factor α-induced increases in monolayer permeability and MLCK-MLC pathway activation by a VDR-dependent fashion. 1,25(OH)2D3 directly suppressed long MLCK expression by attenuating NF-κB activation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that 1,25(OH)2D3 disrupted p65 binding to 3 κB sites in long MLCK gene promoter. In human ulcerative colitis biopsies, VDR reduction was associated with increases in long MLCK expression and MLC phosphorylation. In trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis models, paricalcitol ameliorated colitis, attenuated the increase in mucosal barrier permeability, and inhibited long MLCK induction and MLC phosphorylation. In contrast, mice with colonic epithelial VDR deletion exhibited more robust increases in mucosal barrier permeability and MLCK activation compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR signaling preserves the mucosal barrier integrity by abrogating MLCK-dependent tight junction dysregulation during colonic inflammation.
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50
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Intestinal barrier loss as a critical pathogenic link between inflammatory bowel disease and graft-versus-host disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:720-30. [PMID: 25943273 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Compromised intestinal barrier function is a prominent feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, links between intestinal barrier loss and disease extend much further, including documented associations with celiac disease, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Intestinal barrier loss has also been proposed to have a critical role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a serious, potentially fatal consequence of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Experimental evidence has begun to support this view, as barrier loss and its role in initiating and establishing a pathogenic inflammatory cycle in GVHD is emerging. Here we discuss similarities between IBD and GVHD, mechanisms of intestinal barrier loss in these diseases, and the crosstalk between barrier loss and the immune system, with a special focus on natural killer (NK) cells. Unanswered questions and future research directions on the topic are discussed along with implications for treatment.
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