1
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Kim YK, Kim YR, Wells KL, Sarbaugh D, Guney M, Tsai CF, Zee T, Karsenty G, Nakayasu ES, Sussel L. PTPN2 Regulates Metabolic Flux to Affect β-Cell Susceptibility to Inflammatory Stress. Diabetes 2024; 73:434-447. [PMID: 38015772 PMCID: PMC10882156 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase N2 (PTPN2) is a type 1 diabetes (T1D) candidate gene identified from human genome-wide association studies. PTPN2 is highly expressed in human and murine islets and becomes elevated upon inflammation and models of T1D, suggesting that PTPN2 may be important for β-cell survival in the context of T1D. To test whether PTPN2 contributed to β-cell dysfunction in an inflammatory environment, we generated a β-cell-specific deletion of Ptpn2 in mice (PTPN2-β knockout [βKO]). Whereas unstressed animals exhibited normal metabolic profiles, low- and high-dose streptozotocin-treated PTPN2-βKO mice displayed hyperglycemia and accelerated death, respectively. Furthermore, cytokine-treated Ptpn2-KO islets resulted in impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, mitochondrial defects, and reduced glucose-induced metabolic flux, suggesting β-cells lacking Ptpn2 are more susceptible to inflammatory stress associated with T1D due to maladaptive metabolic fitness. Consistent with the phenotype, proteomic analysis identified an important metabolic enzyme, ATP-citrate lyase, as a novel PTPN2 substrate. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kyung Kim
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Youngjung Rachel Kim
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Campus, New York, NY
| | - Kristen L. Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Dylan Sarbaugh
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michelle Guney
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Tiffany Zee
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Campus, New York, NY
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Campus, New York, NY
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Campus, New York, NY
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2
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Rahul R, Stinchcombe AR, Joseph JW, Ingalls B. Kinetic modelling of β-cell metabolism reveals control points in the insulin-regulating pyruvate cycling pathways. IET Syst Biol 2023; 17:303-315. [PMID: 37938890 PMCID: PMC10725709 DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin, a key hormone in the regulation of glucose homoeostasis, is secreted by pancreatic β-cells in response to elevated glucose levels. Insulin is released in a biphasic manner in response to glucose metabolism in β-cells. The first phase of insulin secretion is triggered by an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio; the second phase occurs in response to both a rise in ATP:ADP and other key metabolic signals, including a rise in the NADPH:NADP+ ratio. Experimental evidence indicates that pyruvate-cycling pathways play an important role in the elevation of the NADPH:NADP+ ratio in response to glucose. The authors developed a kinetic model for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pyruvate cycling pathways. The authors successfully validated the model against experimental observations and performed a sensitivity analysis to identify key regulatory interactions in the system. The model predicts that the dicarboxylate carrier and the pyruvate transporter are the most important regulators of pyruvate cycling and NADPH production. In contrast, the analysis showed that variation in the pyruvate carboxylase flux was compensated by a response in the activity of mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDm ) resulting in minimal effect on overall pyruvate cycling flux. The model predictions suggest starting points for further experimental investigation, as well as potential drug targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rahul
- Department of Applied MathematicsUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | | | - Jamie W. Joseph
- School of PharmacyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Brian Ingalls
- Department of Applied MathematicsUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
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3
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Metabolic cycles and signals for insulin secretion. Cell Metab 2022; 34:947-968. [PMID: 35728586 PMCID: PMC9262871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of nutrient-induced insulin secretion that challenge a key aspect of the "canonical" model, in which an oxidative phosphorylation-driven rise in ATP production closes KATP channels. We discuss the importance of intrinsic β cell metabolic oscillations; the phasic alignment of relevant metabolic cycles, shuttles, and shunts; and how their temporal and compartmental relationships align with the triggering phase or the secretory phase of pulsatile insulin secretion. Metabolic signaling components are assigned regulatory, effectory, and/or homeostatic roles vis-à-vis their contribution to glucose sensing, signal transmission, and resetting the system. Taken together, these functions provide a framework for understanding how allostery, anaplerosis, and oxidative metabolism are integrated into the oscillatory behavior of the secretory pathway. By incorporating these temporal as well as newly discovered spatial aspects of β cell metabolism, we propose a much-refined MitoCat-MitoOx model of the signaling process for the field to evaluate.
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4
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Abstract
The ability to maintain normoglycaemia, through glucose-sensitive insulin release, is a key aspect of postnatal beta cell function. However, terminally differentiated beta cell identity does not necessarily imply functional maturity. Beta cell maturation is therefore a continuation of beta cell development, albeit a process that occurs postnatally in mammals. Although many important features have been identified in the study of beta cell maturation, as of yet no unified mechanistic model of beta cell functional maturity exists. Here, we review recent findings about the underlying mechanisms of beta cell functional maturation. These findings include systemic hormonal and nutritional triggers that operate through energy-sensing machinery shifts within beta cells, resulting in primed metabolic states that allow for appropriate glucose trafficking and, ultimately, insulin release. We also draw attention to the expansive synergistic nature of these pathways and emphasise that beta cell maturation is dependent on overlapping regulatory and metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Barsby
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Contribution of Mitochondria to Insulin Secretion by Various Secretagogues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:920-952. [PMID: 34180254 PMCID: PMC9125579 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria determine glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β-cells by elevating ATP synthesis. As the metabolic and redox hub, mitochondria provide numerous links to the plasma membrane channels, insulin granule vesicles (IGVs), cell redox, NADH, NADPH, and Ca2+ homeostasis, all affecting insulin secretion. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial redox signaling was implicated in several modes of insulin secretion (branched-chain ketoacid [BCKA]-, fatty acid [FA]-stimulated). Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx was found to enhance GSIS, reflecting cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations induced by action potential spikes (intermittent opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ and K+ channels) or the superimposed Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) was reported to tune the glucose sensitivity range for GSIS. Mitochondrial protein kinase A was implicated in preventing the IF1-mediated inhibition of the ATP synthase. Critical Issues: It is unknown how the redox signal spreads up to the plasma membrane and what its targets are, what the differences in metabolic, redox, NADH/NADPH, and Ca2+ signaling, and homeostasis are between the first and second GSIS phase, and whether mitochondria can replace ER in the amplification of IGV exocytosis. Future Directions: Metabolomics studies performed to distinguish between the mitochondrial matrix and cytosolic metabolites will elucidate further details. Identifying the targets of cell signaling into mitochondria and of mitochondrial retrograde metabolic and redox signals to the cell will uncover further molecular mechanisms for insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, BCKAs, and FAs, and the amplification of secretion by glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and metabotropic receptors. They will identify the distinction between the hub β-cells and their followers in intact and diabetic states. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 920-952.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Jabůrek M, Tauber J, Dlasková A, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. The Pancreatic β-Cell: The Perfect Redox System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020197. [PMID: 33572903 PMCID: PMC7912581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, which responds to various secretagogues and hormonal regulations, is reviewed here, emphasizing the fundamental redox signaling by NADPH oxidase 4- (NOX4-) mediated H2O2 production for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). There is a logical summation that integrates both metabolic plus redox homeostasis because the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) can only be closed when both ATP and H2O2 are elevated. Otherwise ATP would block KATP, while H2O2 would activate any of the redox-sensitive nonspecific calcium channels (NSCCs), such as TRPM2. Notably, a 100%-closed KATP ensemble is insufficient to reach the -50 mV threshold plasma membrane depolarization required for the activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Open synergic NSCCs or Cl- channels have to act simultaneously to reach this threshold. The resulting intermittent cytosolic Ca2+-increases lead to the pulsatile exocytosis of insulin granule vesicles (IGVs). The incretin (e.g., GLP-1) amplification of GSIS stems from receptor signaling leading to activating the phosphorylation of TRPM channels and effects on other channels to intensify integral Ca2+-influx (fortified by endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+). ATP plus H2O2 are also required for branched-chain ketoacids (BCKAs); and partly for fatty acids (FAs) to secrete insulin, while BCKA or FA β-oxidation provide redox signaling from mitochondria, which proceeds by H2O2 diffusion or hypothetical SH relay via peroxiredoxin "redox kiss" to target proteins.
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7
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Campbell JE, Newgard CB. Mechanisms controlling pancreatic islet cell function in insulin secretion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:142-158. [PMID: 33398164 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis in mammals is tightly regulated by the complementary actions of insulin and glucagon. The secretion of these hormones from pancreatic β-cells and α-cells, respectively, is controlled by metabolic, endocrine, and paracrine regulatory mechanisms and is essential for the control of blood levels of glucose. The deregulation of these mechanisms leads to various pathologies, most notably type 2 diabetes, which is driven by the combined lesions of impaired insulin action and a loss of the normal insulin secretion response to glucose. Glucose stimulates insulin secretion from β-cells in a bi-modal fashion, and new insights about the underlying mechanisms, particularly relating to the second or amplifying phase of this secretory response, have been recently gained. Other recent work highlights the importance of α-cell-produced proglucagon-derived peptides, incretin hormones from the gastrointestinal tract and other dietary components, including certain amino acids and fatty acids, in priming and potentiation of the β-cell glucose response. These advances provide a new perspective for the understanding of the β-cell failure that triggers type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Campbell
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Anaplerosis and the associated mitochondrial metabolite transporters generate unique cytosolic metabolic signaling molecules that can regulate insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. It has been shown that mitochondrial metabolites, transported by the citrate carrier (CIC), dicarboxylate carrier (DIC), oxoglutarate carrier (OGC), and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) play a vital role in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Metabolomic studies on static and biphasic insulin secretion, suggests that several anaplerotic derived metabolites, including α-ketoglutarate (αKG), are strongly associated with nutrient regulated insulin secretion. Support for a role of αKG in the regulation of insulin secretion comes from studies looking at αKG dependent enzymes, including hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) in clonal β-cells, and rodent and human islets. This review will focus on the possible link between defective anaplerotic-derived αKG, PHDs, and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hoang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. W. Joseph
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
- CONTACT J. W. Joseph School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ONN2G1C5, Canada
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9
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Metabolomics Analysis of Nutrient Metabolism in β-Cells. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1429-1445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Prentki M, Corkey BE, Madiraju SRM. Lipid-associated metabolic signalling networks in pancreatic beta cell function. Diabetologia 2020; 63:10-20. [PMID: 31423551 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in deciphering the mechanisms underlying fuel-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. The contribution of the triggering/ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP)-dependent Ca2+ signalling and KATP-independent amplification pathways, that include anaplerosis and lipid signalling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), are well established. A proposed model included a key role for a metabolic partitioning 'switch', the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)/malonyl-CoA/carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) axis, in beta cell glucose and fatty acid signalling for insulin secretion. This model has gained overwhelming support from a number of studies in recent years and is now refined through its link to the glycerolipid/NEFA cycle that provides lipid signals through its lipolysis arm. Furthermore, acetyl-CoA carboxylase may also control beta cell growth. Here we review the evidence supporting a role for the ACC/malonyl-CoA/CPT-1 axis in the control of GSIS and its particular importance under conditions of elevated fatty acids (e.g. fasting, excess nutrients, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes). We also document how it is linked to a more global lipid signalling system that includes the glycerolipid/NEFA cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Prentki
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Viger Tour, 900 rue Saint Denis, Room R08-412, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Evans Department of Medicine, Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S R Murthy Madiraju
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Viger Tour, 900 rue Saint Denis, Room R08-412, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
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11
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The vital role of ATP citrate lyase in chronic diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 98:71-95. [PMID: 31858156 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic or non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide; they usually result in long-term illnesses and demand long-term care. Despite advances in molecular therapeutics, specific biomarkers and targets for the treatment of these diseases are required. The dysregulation of de novo lipogenesis has been found to play an essential role in cell metabolism and is associated with the development and progression of many chronic diseases; this confirms the link between obesity and various chronic diseases. The main enzyme in this pathway-ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), a lipogenic enzyme-catalyzes the critical reaction linking cellular glucose catabolism and lipogenesis. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that the modulation of ACLY expression correlates with the development and progressions of various chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, and cancer. Recent studies suggest that the inhibition of ACLY activity modulates the glycolysis and lipogenesis processes and stimulates normal physiological functions. This comprehensive review aimed to critically evaluate the role of ACLY in the development and progression of different diseases and the effects of its downregulation in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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12
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Imai Y, Cousins RS, Liu S, Phelps BM, Promes JA. Connecting pancreatic islet lipid metabolism with insulin secretion and the development of type 2 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1461:53-72. [PMID: 30937918 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the major contributing factor for the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in recent years. Sustained positive influx of lipids is considered to be a precipitating factor for beta cell dysfunction and serves as a connection between obesity and T2D. Importantly, fatty acids (FA), a key building block of lipids, are a double-edged sword for beta cells. FA acutely increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through cell-surface receptor and intracellular pathways. However, chronic exposure to FA, combined with elevated glucose, impair the viability and function of beta cells in vitro and in animal models of obesity (glucolipotoxicity), providing an experimental basis for the propensity of beta cell demise under obesity in humans. To better understand the two-sided relationship between lipids and beta cells, we present a current view of acute and chronic handling of lipids by beta cells and implications for beta cell function and health. We also discuss an emerging role for lipid droplets (LD) in the dynamic regulation of lipid metabolism in beta cells and insulin secretion, along with a potential role for LD under nutritional stress in beta cells, and incorporate recent advancement in the field of lipid droplet biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ryan S Cousins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Siming Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brian M Phelps
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Joseph A Promes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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13
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Abstract
Pancreatic islet β cells secrete insulin in response to nutrient secretagogues, like glucose, dependent on calcium influx and nutrient metabolism. One of the most intriguing qualities of β cells is their ability to use metabolism to amplify the amount of secreted insulin independent of further alterations in intracellular calcium. Many years studying this amplifying process have shaped our current understanding of β cell stimulus-secretion coupling; yet, the exact mechanisms of amplification have been elusive. Recent studies utilizing metabolomics, computational modeling, and animal models have progressed our understanding of the metabolic amplifying pathway of insulin secretion from the β cell. New approaches will be discussed which offer in-roads to a more complete model of β cell function. The development of β cell therapeutics may be aided by such a model, facilitating the targeting of aspects of the metabolic amplifying pathway which are unique to the β cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kalwat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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14
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Ferdaoussi M, MacDonald PE. Toward Connecting Metabolism to the Exocytotic Site. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:163-171. [PMID: 27932063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Within cells the regulated exocytosis of secretory granules controls multiple physiological functions, including endocrine hormone secretion. Release of the glucose-regulating hormone insulin from pancreatic islet β cells is critical for whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Impaired insulin secretion appears early in the progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Key mechanisms that control the β-cell exocytotic response, mediating the long-known but little understood metabolic amplification of insulin secretion, are becoming clearer. Recent insights indicate a convergence of metabolism-driven signals, such as lipid-derived messengers and redox-dependent deSUMOylation, at the plasma membrane to augment Ca2+-dependent insulin exocytosis. These pathways have important implications for the metabolic control of hormone secretion, for the functional compensation that occurs in obesity, and for impaired insulin secretion in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1.
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15
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El Azzouny M, Longacre MJ, Ansari IUH, Kennedy RT, Burant CF, MacDonald MJ. Knockdown of ATP citrate lyase in pancreatic beta cells does not inhibit insulin secretion or glucose flux and implicates the acetoacetate pathway in insulin secretion. Mol Metab 2016; 5:980-987. [PMID: 27689010 PMCID: PMC5034614 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells requires metabolic signals including the generation of glucose-derived short chain acyl-CoAs in the cytosol from mitochondrially-derived metabolites. One concept of insulin secretion is that ATP citrate lyase generates short chain acyl-CoAs in the cytosol from mitochondrially-derived citrate. Of these, malonyl-CoA, is believed to be an important signal in insulin secretion. Malonyl-CoA is also a precursor for lipids. Our recent evidence suggested that, in the mitochondria of beta cells, glucose-derived pyruvate can be metabolized to acetoacetate that is exported to the cytosol and metabolized to the same short chain acyl-CoAs and fatty acids that can be derived from citrate. We tested for redundancy of the citrate pathway. Methods We inhibited ATP citrate lyase activity using hydroxycitrate as well as studying a stable cell line generated with shRNA knockdown of ATP citrate lyase in the pancreatic beta cell line INS-1 832/13. Results In both instances glucose-stimulated insulin release was not inhibited. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the flux of carbon from [U-13C]glucose and/or [U-13C]α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) into short chain acyl-CoAs in cells with hydroxycitrate-inhibited ATP citrate lyase or in the cell line with stable severe (>90%) shRNA knockdown of ATP citrate lyase was similar to the controls. Both 13C-glucose and 13C-KIC introduced substantial 13C labeling into acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and HMG-CoA under both conditions. Glucose flux into fatty acids was not affected by ATP citrate lyase knockdown. Conclusion The results establish the involvement of the acetoacetate pathway in insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. In pancreatic beta cells mitochondria synthesize metabolites from glucose. Mitochondria-derived citrate and acetoacetate can transfer carbon to the cytosol. The citrate pathway requires ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). Inhibition of ACLY did not stop metabolite export to the cytosol or insulin release. The results establish the role of the acetoacetate pathway in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud El Azzouny
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Melissa J Longacre
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Israr-Ul H Ansari
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Charles F Burant
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Michael J MacDonald
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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16
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Metabolomics applied to the pancreatic islet. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 589:120-30. [PMID: 26116790 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the characterization of the set of small molecules in a biological system, is advancing research in multiple areas of islet biology. Measuring a breadth of metabolites simultaneously provides a broad perspective on metabolic changes as the islets respond dynamically to metabolic fuels, hormones, or environmental stressors. As a result, metabolomics has the potential to provide new mechanistic insights into islet physiology and pathophysiology. Here we summarize advances in our understanding of islet physiology and the etiologies of type-1 and type-2 diabetes gained from metabolomics studies.
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MacDonald MJ, Ade L, Ntambi JM, Ansari IUH, Stoker SW. Characterization of phospholipids in insulin secretory granules and mitochondria in pancreatic beta cells and their changes with glucose stimulation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11075-92. [PMID: 25762724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of insulin secretory granules (ISG) has never previously been thoroughly characterized. We characterized the phospholipid composition of ISG and mitochondria in pancreatic beta cells without and with glucose stimulation. The phospholipid/protein ratios of most phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids were higher in ISG than in whole cells and in mitochondria. The concentrations of negatively charged phospholipids, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol in ISG were 5-fold higher than in the whole cell. In ISG phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin, fatty acids 12:0 and 14:0 were high, as were phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol containing 18-carbon unsaturated FA. With glucose stimulation, the concentration of many ISG phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylinositols increased; unsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylserine increased; and most phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and lysophosphatidylcholines were unchanged. Unsaturation and shorter fatty acid length in phospholipids facilitate curvature and fluidity of membranes, which favors fusion of membranes. Recent evidence suggests that negatively charged phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine, act as coupling factors enhancing the interaction of positively charged regions in SNARE proteins in synaptic or secretory vesicle membrane lipid bilayers with positively charged regions in SNARE proteins in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer to facilitate docking of vesicles to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. The results indicate that ISG phospholipids are in a dynamic state and are consistent with the idea that changes in ISG phospholipids facilitate fusion of ISG with the plasma membrane-enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J MacDonald
- From the Children's Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | | | - James M Ntambi
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Israr-Ul H Ansari
- From the Children's Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Scott W Stoker
- From the Children's Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
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18
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Huang M, Joseph JW. Assessment of the metabolic pathways associated with glucose-stimulated biphasic insulin secretion. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1653-66. [PMID: 24564396 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion involves a rapid first phase followed by a prolonged second phase of insulin secretion. The biochemical pathways that control these 2 phases of insulin secretion are poorly defined. In this study, we used a gas chromatography mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics approach to perform a global analysis of cellular metabolism during biphasic insulin secretion. A time course metabolomic analysis of the clonal β-cell line 832/13 cells showed that glycolytic, tricarboxylic acid, pentose phosphate pathway, and several amino acids were strongly correlated to biphasic insulin secretion. Interestingly, first-phase insulin secretion was negatively associated with L-valine, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline, DL-3-aminoisobutyric acid, L-glutamine, sarcosine, L-lysine, and thymine and positively with L-glutamic acid, flavin adenine dinucleotide, caprylic acid, uridine 5'-monophosphate, phosphoglycerate, myristic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and succinate were positively associated with second-phase insulin secretion. Other metabolites such as myo-inositol, cholesterol, DL-3-aminobutyric acid, and L-norleucine were negatively associated metabolites with the second-phase of insulin secretion. These studies provide a detailed analysis of key metabolites that are either negatively or positively associated with biphasic insulin secretion. The insights provided by these data set create a framework for planning future studies in the assessment of the metabolic regulation of biphasic insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
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19
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Dufort FJ, Gumina MR, Ta NL, Tao Y, Heyse SA, Scott DA, Richardson AD, Seyfried TN, Chiles TC. Glucose-dependent de novo lipogenesis in B lymphocytes: a requirement for atp-citrate lyase in lipopolysaccharide-induced differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7011-7024. [PMID: 24469453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.551051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterially derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates naive B lymphocytes to differentiate into immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cells. Differentiation of B lymphocytes is characterized by a proliferative phase followed by expansion of the intracellular membrane secretory network to support Ig production. A key question in lymphocyte biology is how naive B cells reprogram metabolism to support de novo lipogenesis necessary for proliferation and expansion of the endomembrane network in response to LPS. We report that extracellularly acquired glucose is metabolized, in part, to support de novo lipogenesis in response to LPS stimulation of splenic B lymphocytes. LPS stimulation leads to increased levels of endogenous ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), and this is accompanied by increased ACLY enzymatic activity. ACLY produces cytosolic acetyl-CoA from mitochondrially derived citrate. Inhibition of ACLY activity in LPS-stimulated B cells with the selective inhibitor 2-hydroxy-N-arylbenzenesulfonamide (compound-9; C-9) blocks glucose incorporation into de novo lipid biosynthesis, including cholesterol, free fatty acids, and neutral and acidic phospholipids. Moreover, inhibition of ACLY activity in splenic B cells results in inhibition of proliferation and defective endomembrane expansion and reduced expression of CD138 and Blimp-1, markers for plasma-like B cell differentiation. ACLY activity is also required for LPS-induced IgM production in CH12 B lymphoma cells. These data demonstrate that ACLY mediates glucose-dependent de novo lipogenesis in response to LPS signaling and identify a role for ACLY in several phenotypic changes that define plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay J Dufort
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Maria R Gumina
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Nathan L Ta
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Shannon A Heyse
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - David A Scott
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Adam D Richardson
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Thomas N Seyfried
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Thomas C Chiles
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467.
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20
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Guay C, Joly É, Pepin É, Barbeau A, Hentsch L, Pineda M, Madiraju SRM, Brunengraber H, Prentki M. A role for cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase as a negative regulator of glucose signaling for insulin secretion in pancreatic ß-cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77097. [PMID: 24130841 PMCID: PMC3795013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic NADPH may act as one of the signals that couple glucose metabolism to insulin secretion in the pancreatic ß-cell. NADPH levels in the cytoplasm are largely controlled by the cytosolic isoforms of malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHc). Some studies have provided evidence for a role of malic enzyme in glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS) via pyruvate cycling, but the role of IDHc in ß-cell signaling is unsettled. IDHc is an established component of the isocitrate/α-ketoglutarate shuttle that transfers reducing equivalents (NADPH) from the mitochondrion to the cytosol. This shuttle is energy consuming since it is coupled to nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase that uses the mitochondrial proton gradient to produce mitochondrial NADPH and NAD(+) from NADP(+) and NADH. To determine whether flux through IDHc is positively or negatively linked to GIIS, we performed RNAi knockdown experiments in ß-cells. Reduced IDHc expression in INS 832/13 cells and isolated rat islet ß-cells resulted in enhanced GIIS. This effect was mediated at least in part via the KATP-independent amplification arm of GIIS. IDHc knockdown in INS 832/13 cells did not alter glucose oxidation but it reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased lipogenesis from glucose. Metabolome profiling in INS 832/13 cells showed that IDHc knockdown increased isocitrate and NADP(+) levels. It also increased the cellular contents of several metabolites linked to GIIS, in particular some Krebs cycle intermediates, acetyl-CoA, glutamate, cAMP and ATP. The results identify IDHc as a component of the emerging pathways that negatively regulate GIIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiane Guay
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and the Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Érik Joly
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and the Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Émilie Pepin
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and the Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Barbeau
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and the Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lisa Hentsch
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and the Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marco Pineda
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and the Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S. R. Murthy Madiraju
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and the Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henri Brunengraber
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United State of America
| | - Marc Prentki
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and the Montreal Diabetes Research Center at the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, CR-CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Panten U, Willenborg M, Schumacher K, Hamada A, Ghaly H, Rustenbeck I. Acute metabolic amplification of insulin secretion in mouse islets is mediated by mitochondrial export of metabolites, but not by mitochondrial energy generation. Metabolism 2013; 62:1375-86. [PMID: 23790612 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The β-cell metabolism of glucose and of some other fuels (e.g. α-ketoisocaproate) generates signals triggering and acutely amplifying insulin secretion. As the pathway coupling metabolism with amplification is largely unknown, we aimed to narrow down the putative amplifying signals. MATERIALS/METHODS An experimental design was used which previously prevented glucose-induced, but not α-ketoisocaproate-induced insulin secretion. Isolated mouse islets were pretreated for one hour with medium devoid of fuels and containing the sulfonylurea glipizide in high concentration which closed all ATP-sensitive K(+) channels. This concentration was also applied during the subsequent examination of fuel-induced effects. In perifused or incubated islets, insulin secretion and metabolic parameters were measured. RESULTS The pretreatment decreased the islet ATP/ADP ratio. Whereas glucose and α-ketoisovalerate were ineffective or weakly effective, respectively, when tested separately, their combination strongly enhanced the insulin secretion. Compared with glucose, the strong amplifier α-ketoisocaproate caused less increase in NAD(P)H-fluorescence and less mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Compared with α-ketoisovalerate, α-ketoisocaproate caused greater increase in NAD(P)H-fluorescence and greater mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Neither α-ketoacid anion enhanced the islet ATP/ADP ratio during onset of the insulin secretion. α-Ketoisocaproate induced a higher pyruvate content than glucose, slowly elevated the citrate content which was not changed by glucose and generated a much higher acetoacetate content than other fuels. α-Ketoisovalerate alone or in combination with glucose did not increase the citrate content. CONCLUSIONS In β-cells, mitochondrial energy generation does not mediate acute metabolic amplification, but mitochondrial production of acetyl-CoA and supplemental acetoacetate supplies cytosolic metabolites which induce the generation of specific amplifying signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Panten
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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22
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Jensen MV, Haldeman JM, Zhang H, Lu D, Huising MO, Vale WW, Hohmeier HE, Rosenberg P, Newgard CB. Control of voltage-gated potassium channel Kv2.2 expression by pyruvate-isocitrate cycling regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23128-40. [PMID: 23788641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the pyruvate-isocitrate cycling pathway, involving the mitochondrial citrate/isocitrate carrier and the cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDc), is involved in control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Here we demonstrate that pyruvate-isocitrate cycling regulates expression of the voltage-gated potassium channel family member Kv2.2 in islet β-cells. siRNA-mediated suppression of ICDc, citrate/isocitrate carrier, or Kv2.2 expression impaired GSIS, and the effect of ICDc knockdown was rescued by re-expression of Kv2.2. Moreover, chronic exposure of β-cells to elevated fatty acids, which impairs GSIS, resulted in decreased expression of Kv2.2. Surprisingly, knockdown of ICDc or Kv2.2 increased rather than decreased outward K(+) current in the 832/13 β-cell line. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated interaction of Kv2.1 and Kv2.2, and co-overexpression of the two channels reduced outward K(+) current compared with overexpression of Kv2.1 alone. Also, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ICDc enhanced the suppressive effect of the Kv2.1-selective inhibitor stromatoxin1 on K(+) currents. Our data support a model in which a key function of the pyruvate-isocitrate cycle is to maintain levels of Kv2.2 expression sufficient to allow it to serve as a negative regulator of Kv channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette V Jensen
- Duke Institute of Molecular Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704, USA
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23
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MacDonald MJ, Longacre MJ, Warner TF, Thonpho A. High level of ATP citrate lyase expression in human and rat pancreatic islets. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45:391-3. [PMID: 23225248 PMCID: PMC3923498 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1329987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of an enzyme's level in pancreatic islets with its level in other body tissues can give clues about the importance of a metabolic pathway in the islets. ATP citrate lyase plays a key role in the pyruvate citrate shuttle, as well as for the synthesis of short chain acyl-CoAs and lipid, and its level in human and rat pancreatic islets relative to other tissues has not been previously reported. We compared the level of ATP citrate lyase mRNA and enzyme activity in pancreatic islets of humans and rats and the INS-1 832/13 cell line to levels in liver, a lipid synthesizing organ, and also kidney. The mRNA level was much higher in human islets and rat islets than in liver and kidney of the same genus and the enzyme activity was 8-fold and 12-fold higher in islets of humans and rats, respectively, compared to liver of the same genus. These data support other evidence that indicates ATP citrate lyase is important for the pyruvate citrate shuttle and lipid synthesis in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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MacDonald MJ, Hasan NM, Dobrzyn A, Stoker SW, Ntambi JM, Liu X, Sampath H. Knockdown of pyruvate carboxylase or fatty acid synthase lowers numerous lipids and glucose-stimulated insulin release in insulinoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 532:23-31. [PMID: 23357280 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that knockdown of the anaplerotic enzyme pyruvate carboxylase in the INS-1 832/13 insulinoma cell line inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release and glucose carbon incorporation into lipids. We now show that knockdown of fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA and protein also inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release in this cell line. Levels of numerous phospholipids, cholesterol esters, diacylglycerol, triglycerides and individual fatty acids with C14-C24 side chains were acutely lowered about 20% in glucose-stimulated pyruvate carboxylase knockdown cells over a time course that coincides with insulin secretion. In FAS knockdown cells glucose carbon incorporation into lipids and the levels of the subclasses of phospholipids and cholesterol ester species were lower by 20-30% without inhibition of glucose oxidation. These studies suggest that rapid lipid modification is essential for normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J MacDonald
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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25
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26
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Abstract
In the endocrine fraction of the pancreas, the task of the beta-cell is to continuously and perfectly adjust insulin secretion to fluctuating blood glucose levels, thereby maintaining glycemia and nutrient homeostasis. This glucose sensing coupled to insulin exocytosis depends on transduction of metabolic signals into intracellular messengers recognized by the exocytotic machinery. Central to this metabolism-secretion coupling, mitochondrial signal transduction refers to both integration and generation of metabolic signals, connecting glucose sensing to insulin exocytosis. In response to a glucose rise, nucleotides and metabolites are generated by mitochondria and participate, together with cytosolic calcium, in the stimulation of insulin release. This review describes the role of mitochondria in metabolic signal transduction regulating insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Centre, rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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27
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Supale S, Li N, Brun T, Maechler P. Mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic β cells. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:477-87. [PMID: 22766318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In pancreatic β cells, mitochondria play a central role in coupling glucose metabolism to insulin exocytosis, thereby ensuring strict control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Defects in mitochondrial function impair this metabolic coupling, and ultimately promote apoptosis and β cell death. Various factors have been identified that may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review we address the emerging concept of complex links between these factors. We also discuss the role of the mitochondrial genome and mutations associated with diabetes, the effect of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, the sensitivity of mitochondria to lipotoxicity, and the adaptive dynamics of mitochondrial morphology. Better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction will help drive the development of effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Supale
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Centre, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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28
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Abstract
Defining the key metabolic pathways that are important for fuel-regulated insulin secretion is critical to providing a complete picture of how nutrients regulate insulin secretion. We have performed a detailed metabolomics study of the clonal β-cell line 832/13 using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to investigate potential coupling factors that link metabolic pathways to insulin secretion. Mid-polar and polar metabolites, extracted from the 832/13 β-cells, were derivatized and then run on a GC/MS to identify and quantify metabolite concentrations. Three hundred fifty-five out of 527 chromatographic peaks could be identified as metabolites by our metabolomic platform. These identified metabolites allowed us to perform a systematic analysis of key pathways involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Of these metabolites, 41 were consistently identified as biomarker for GSIS by orthogonal partial least-squares (OPLS). Most of the identified metabolites are from common metabolic pathways including glycolytic, sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle suggesting these pathways play an important role in GSIS. Lipids and related products were also shown to contribute to the clustering of high glucose sample groups. Amino acids lysine, tyrosine, alanine and serine were upregulated by glucose whereas aspartic acid was downregulated by glucose suggesting these amino acids might play a key role in GSIS. In summary, a coordinated signaling cascade elicited by glucose metabolism in pancreatic β-cells is revealed by our metabolomics platform providing a new conceptual framework for future research and/or drug discovery.
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29
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Tuo Y, Feng DD, Wang DF, Sun J, Li SB, Chen C. Long-term in vitro treatment of INS-1 rat pancreatic β-cells by unsaturated free fatty acids protects cells against gluco- and lipotoxicities via activation of GPR40 receptors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:423-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Dan Feng
- Department of Physiology; Xiang Ya Medical School; Central South University; Changsha; China
| | | | - Jian Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
| | - Sheng-Bin Li
- Department of Forensic Science; School of Medicine; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an; China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
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30
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Huypens PR, Huang M, Joseph JW. Overcoming the spatial barriers of the stimulus secretion cascade in pancreatic β-cells. Islets 2012; 4:1-116. [PMID: 22143007 DOI: 10.4161/isl.18338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the pancreatic β-cells to adapt the rate of insulin release in accordance to changes in circulating glucose levels is essential for glucose homeostasis. Two spatial barriers imposed by the plasma membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane need to be overcome in order to achieve stringent coupling between the different steps in the stimulus-secretion cascade. The first spatial barrier is overcome by the presence of a glucose transporter (GLUT) in the plasma membrane, whereas a low affinity hexokinase IV (glucokinase, GK) in the cytosol conveys glucose availability into a metabolic flux that triggers and accelerates insulin release. The mitochondrial inner membrane comprises a second spatial barrier that compartmentalizes glucose metabolism into glycolysis (cytosol) and tricarboxylate (TCA) cycle (mitochondrial matrix). The exchange of metabolites between cytosol and mitochondrial matrix is mediated via a set of mitochondrial carriers, including the aspartate-glutamate carrier (aralar1), α- ketoglutarate carrier (OGC), ATP/ADP carrier (AAC), glutamate carrier (GC1), dicarboxylate carrier (DIC) and citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC). The scope of this review is to provide an overview of the role these carriers play in stimulus-secretion coupling and discuss the importance of these findings in the context of the exquisite glucose responsive state of the pancreatic β-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Huypens
- School of Pharmacy; Health Science Campus; University of Waterloo; Kitchener, CN Canada
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Pharmacy; Health Science Campus; University of Waterloo; Kitchener, CN Canada
| | - Jamie W Joseph
- School of Pharmacy; Health Science Campus; University of Waterloo; Kitchener, CN Canada
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31
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Kowluru A, Klumpp S, Krieglstein J. Protein histidine [de]phosphorylation in insulin secretion: abnormalities in models of impaired insulin secretion. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 384:383-90. [PMID: 21626002 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of cell types, including the islet β-cell, transduction of extracellular signals involves ligand binding to a receptor, often followed by the activation G proteins and their effector modules. The islet β-cell is unusual in that glucose lacks an extracellular receptor. Instead, events consequent to glucose metabolism promote insulin secretion via the generation of diffusible second messengers and mobilization of calcium. A selective increase in intracellular calcium has been shown to regulate the phosphorylation status key islet proteins thereby facilitating insulin secretion. In addition to classical protein kinases [e.g., protein kinases A and C], recent studies from our laboratory have focused on the expression and function of various forms of NDPK/nm23-like histidine kinases in clonal β-cells, normal rodent, and human islets. Further, we recently reported localization of a cytosolic protein histidine phosphatase [PHP] in INS 832/13 cells, normal rat islets, and human islets. siRNA-mediated knock down of nm23-H1 and PHP in insulin-secreting INS 832/13 cells significantly attenuated glucose-induced insulin secretion. We also observed significant alterations in the expression and function of nm23-H1/PHP in β-cells chronically exposed to elevated levels of glucose and saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate (i.e., glucolipotoxicity). Similar changes were also noted in islets from the Goto-Kakizaki and Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats, two known models for type 2 diabetes. It is concluded that protein histidine phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles play novel regulatory roles in G protein-mediated physiological insulin secretion and that abnormalities in this signaling axis lead to impaired insulin secretion in glucolipotoxicity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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32
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MacDonald MJ, Longacre MJ, Stoker SW, Kendrick M, Thonpho A, Brown LJ, Hasan NM, Jitrapakdee S, Fukao T, Hanson MS, Fernandez LA, Odorico J. Differences between human and rodent pancreatic islets: low pyruvate carboxylase, atp citrate lyase, and pyruvate carboxylation and high glucose-stimulated acetoacetate in human pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18383-96. [PMID: 21454710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.241182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplerosis, the net synthesis in mitochondria of citric acid cycle intermediates, and cataplerosis, their export to the cytosol, have been shown to be important for insulin secretion in rodent beta cells. However, human islets may be different. We observed that the enzyme activity, protein level, and relative mRNA level of the key anaplerotic enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (PC) were 80-90% lower in human pancreatic islets compared with islets of rats and mice and the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1 832/13. Activity and protein of ATP citrate lyase, which uses anaplerotic products in the cytosol, were 60-75% lower in human islets than in rodent islets or the cell line. In line with the lower PC, the percentage of glucose-derived pyruvate that entered mitochondrial metabolism via carboxylation in human islets was only 20-30% that in rat islets. This suggests human islets depend less on pyruvate carboxylation than rodent models that were used to establish the role of PC in insulin secretion. Human islets possessed high levels of succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase, an enzyme that forms acetoacetate in the mitochondria, and acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase, which uses acetoacetate to form acyl-CoAs in the cytosol. Glucose-stimulated human islets released insulin similarly to rat islets but formed much more acetoacetate. β-Hydroxybutyrate augmented insulin secretion in human islets. This information supports previous data that indicate beta cells can use a pathway involving succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase and acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase to synthesize and use acetoacetate and suggests human islets may use this pathway more than PC and citrate to form cytosolic acyl-CoAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Huypens P, Pillai R, Sheinin T, Schaefer S, Huang M, Odegaard ML, Ronnebaum SM, Wettig SD, Joseph JW. The dicarboxylate carrier plays a role in mitochondrial malate transport and in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from rat pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2011; 54:135-45. [PMID: 20949348 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We have previously described a strong correlation between pyruvate cycling and insulin secretion. We have also demonstrated a particularly important role for a pyruvate-isocitrate cycling pathway involving the mitochondrial citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC) and cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. CIC requires cytosolic malate as a counter-substrate during citrate and isocitrate export. Thus, considering that the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (DIC) provides an important source of cytosolic malate, we investigated the potential role of DIC in control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). METHODS We used pharmacological and small interfering RNA (siRNA) tools to assess the role of DIC in insulin release in clonal insulin-secreting 832/13 cells and isolated rat islets. RESULTS Butylmalonate, an inhibitor of malate transport, reduced cytosolic malate and citrate levels, and inhibited GSIS in a dose-dependent manner in 832/13 cells. Suppression of DIC expression resulted in inhibition of GSIS by 5% to 69%, the extent of inhibition of insulin secretion being proportional to the level of Dic (also known as Slc25a10) gene knockdown. The most effective siRNA duplex against Dic did not affect glucose utilisation, glucose oxidation or ATP/ADP ratio, but did suppress glucose-induced increments of the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio. Confirmation of our results in primary cultures of isolated rat islets showed that butylmalonate and an adenovirus expressing an siRNA against Dic-inhibited GSIS. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Malate transport by DIC may play an important role in GSIS, possibly by providing cytosolic malate as a counter-substrate for citrate and/or isocitrate export by CIC. These studies also suggest that malate transport by DIC is (1) a critical component of NADPH production mediated by pyruvate-cycling and (2) regulates GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Huypens
- University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
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Srinivasan M, Choi CS, Ghoshal P, Pliss L, Pandya JD, Hill D, Cline G, Patel MS. ß-Cell-specific pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E910-7. [PMID: 20841503 PMCID: PMC3006256 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00339.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by β-cells requires the generation of ATP from oxidation of pyruvate as well as generation of coupling factors involving three different pyruvate cycling shuttles. The roles of several key enzymes involved in pyruvate cycling in β-cells have been documented using isolated islets and β-cell clonal lines. To investigate the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (PDC) in GSIS, a murine model of β-cell-specific PDH deficiency (β-PDHKO) was created. Pancreatic insulin content was decreased in 1-day-old β-PDHKO male pups and adult male mice. The plasma insulin levels were decreased and blood glucose levels increased in β-PDHKO male mice from neonatal life onward. GSIS was reduced in isolated islets from β-PDHKO male mice with about 50% reduction in PDC activity. Impairment in a glucose tolerance test and in vivo insulin secretion during hyperglycemic clamp was evident in β-PDHKO adults. No change in the number or size of islets was found in pancreata from 4-wk-old β-PDHKO male mice. However, an increase in the mean size of individual β-cells in islets of these mice was observed. These findings show a key role of PDC in GSIS by pyruvate oxidation. This β-PDHKO mouse model represents the first mouse model in which a mitochondrial oxidative enzyme deletion by gene knockout has been employed to demonstrate an altered GSIS by β-cells.
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Pillai R, Huypens P, Huang M, Schaefer S, Sheinin T, Wettig SD, Joseph JW. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator/hypoxia-inducible factor-1{beta} plays a critical role in maintaining glucose-stimulated anaplerosis and insulin release from pancreatic {beta}-cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1014-24. [PMID: 21059654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic pathways that are involved in regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells are still incompletely understood. One potential regulator of the metabolic phenotype of β-cells is the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1β. ARNT/HIF-1β levels are profoundly reduced in islets obtained from type 2 diabetic patients. However, no study to date has investigated key pathways involved in regulating insulin release in β-cells that lack ARNT/HIF-1β. In this study, we confirm that siRNA-mediated knockdown of ARNT/HIF-1β inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We next investigated the metabolic consequence of the loss of ARNT/HIF-1β knockdown. We demonstrate that β-cells with reduced ARNT/HIF-1β expression levels exhibit a 31% reduction in glycolytic flux without significant changes in glucose oxidation or the ATP:ADP ratio. Metabolic profiling of β-cells treated with siRNAs against the ARNT/HIF-1β gene revealed that glycolysis, anaplerosis, and glucose-induced fatty acid production were down-regulated, and all are key events involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In addition, both first and second phase insulin secretion in islets were significantly reduced after ARNT/HIF-1β knockdown. Together, our data suggest an important role for ARNT/HIF-1β in anaplerosis, and it may play a critical role in maintaining normal secretion competence of β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjitha Pillai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Chu KY, Lin Y, Hendel A, Kulpa JE, Brownsey RW, Johnson JD. ATP-citrate lyase reduction mediates palmitate-induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32606-15. [PMID: 20693577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.157172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated extracellular lipids, such as the free fatty acid palmitate, can induce pancreatic beta cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, thereby contributing to the initiation and progression of type 2 diabetes. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), a key enzyme in cellular lipid production, was identified as a palmitate target in a proteomic screen. We investigated the effects of palmitate on ACLY activity and phosphorylation and its role in beta cell ER stress and apoptosis. We demonstrated that treatment of MIN6 cells, mouse islets and human islets with palmitate reduced ACLY protein levels. These in vitro results were validated by our finding that islets from high fat-fed mice had a significant decrease in ACLY, similar to that previously observed in type 2 diabetic human islets. Palmitate decreased intracellular acetyl-CoA levels to a similar degree as the ACLY inhibitor, SB-204990, suggesting a reduction in ACLY activity. ACLY inhibitors alone were sufficient to induce CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologues protein (CHOP)-dependent ER stress and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Similarly, even modest shRNA-mediated knockdown of ACLY caused a significant increase in beta cell apoptosis and ER stress. The effects of chemical ACLY inhibition and palmitate were non-additive and therefore potentially mediated by a common mechanism. Indeed, overexpression of ACLY prevented palmitate-induced beta cell death. These observations provide new evidence that ACLY expression and activity can be suppressed by exogenous lipids and demonstrate a critical role for ACLY in pancreatic beta cell survival. These findings add to the emerging body of evidence linking beta cell metabolism with programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Yi Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling in Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Kamath V, Kyathanahalli CN, Jayaram B, Syed I, Olson LK, Ludwig K, Klumpp S, Krieglstein J, Kowluru A. Regulation of glucose- and mitochondrial fuel-induced insulin secretion by a cytosolic protein histidine phosphatase in pancreatic beta-cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E276-86. [PMID: 20501872 PMCID: PMC2928511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report localization of a cytosolic protein histidine phosphatase (PHP; approximately 16 kDa) in INS 832/13 cells, normal rat islets, and human islets. siRNA-mediated knockdown of PHP markedly reduced glucose- or mitochondrial fuel-induced but not KCl-induced insulin secretion. siRNA-mediated knockdown of PHP also attenuated mastoparan-induced insulin secretion, suggesting its participation in G protein-sensitive signaling steps, leading to insulin secretion. Functional assays revealed that the beta-cell PHP catalyzes the dephosphorylation of ATP-citrate lyase (ACL). Silencing of PHP expression markedly reduced ACL activity, suggesting functional regulation of ACL by PHP in beta-cells. Coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed modest effects of glucose on the interaction between PHP and ACL. Confocal microscopic evidence indicated that glucose promotes association between ACL and nm23-H1, a known kinase histidine kinase, but not between PHP and ACL. Furthermore, metabolic viability of INS 832/13 cells was resistant to siRNA-PHP, suggesting no regulatory roles of PHP in cell viability. Finally, long-term exposure (24 h) of INS 832/13 cells or rat islets to high glucose (30 mM) increased the expression of PHP. Such increases in PHP expression were also seen in islets derived from the Zucker diabetic fatty rat compared with islets from the lean control animals. Together, these data implicate regulatory roles for PHP in a G protein-sensitive step involved in nutrient-induced insulin secretion. In light of the current debate on putative regulatory roles of ACL in insulin secretion, additional studies are needed to precisely identify the phosphoprotein substrate(s) for PHP in the cascade of events leading to nutrient-induced insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudeva Kamath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Jitrapakdee S, Wutthisathapornchai A, Wallace JC, MacDonald MJ. Regulation of insulin secretion: role of mitochondrial signalling. Diabetologia 2010; 53:1019-32. [PMID: 20225132 PMCID: PMC2885902 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells are specialised endocrine cells that continuously sense the levels of blood sugar and other fuels and, in response, secrete insulin to maintain normal fuel homeostasis. During postprandial periods an elevated level of plasma glucose rapidly stimulates insulin secretion to decrease hepatic glucose output and promote glucose uptake into other tissues, principally muscle and adipose tissues. Beta cell mitochondria play a key role in this process, not only by providing energy in the form of ATP to support insulin secretion, but also by synthesising metabolites (anaplerosis) that can act, both intra- and extramitochondrially, as factors that couple glucose sensing to insulin granule exocytosis. ATP on its own, and possibly modulated by these coupling factors, triggers closure of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, resulting in membrane depolarisation that increases intracellular calcium to cause insulin secretion. The metabolic imbalance caused by chronic hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia severely affects mitochondrial metabolism, leading to the development of impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. It appears that the anaplerotic enzyme pyruvate carboxylase participates directly or indirectly in several metabolic pathways which are important for glucose-induced insulin secretion, including: the pyruvate/malate cycle, the pyruvate/citrate cycle, the pyruvate/isocitrate cycle and glutamate-dehydrogenase-catalysed alpha-ketoglutarate production. These four pathways enable 'shuttling' or 'recycling' of these intermediate(s) into and out of mitochondrion, allowing continuous production of intracellular messenger(s). The purpose of this review is to present an account of recent progress in this area of central importance in the realm of diabetes and obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jitrapakdee
- Molecular Metabolism Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Phya-Thai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Hasan NM, Longacre MJ, Seed Ahmed M, Kendrick MA, Gu H, Ostenson CG, Fukao T, MacDonald MJ. Lower succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase (SCOT) and ATP citrate lyase in pancreatic islets of a rat model of type 2 diabetes: knockdown of SCOT inhibits insulin release in rat insulinoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 499:62-8. [PMID: 20460097 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase (SCOT) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of coenzyme-A from acetoacetyl-CoA to succinate to form acetoacetate and succinyl-CoA. mRNAs of SCOT and ATP citrate lyase were decreased 55% and 58% and enzyme activities were decreased >70% in pancreatic islets of the GK rat, a model of type 2 diabetes. INS-1 832/13 cells were transfected with shRNAs targeting SCOT mRNA to generate cell lines with reduced SCOT activity. Two cell lines with >70% knockdown of SCOT activity showed >70% reduction in glucose- or methyl succinate-plus-beta-hydroxybutyrate-stimulated insulin release. Less inhibition of insulin release was observed with two cell lines with less knockdown of SCOT. Previous studies showed knockdown of ATP citrate lyase in INS-1 832/13 cells does not lower insulin release. The results further support work that suggests mitochondrial pathways involving SCOT which supply acetoacetate for export to the cytosol are important for insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noaman M Hasan
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Odegaard ML, Joseph JW, Jensen MV, Lu D, Ilkayeva O, Ronnebaum SM, Becker TC, Newgard CB. The mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate carrier is part of a metabolic pathway that mediates glucose- and glutamine-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16530-7. [PMID: 20356834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.092593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islet beta-cells is dependent in part on pyruvate cycling through the pyruvate/isocitrate pathway, which generates cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate, also known as 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). Here, we have investigated if mitochondrial transport of 2OG through the 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) participates in control of nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion. Suppression of OGC in clonal pancreatic beta-cells (832/13 cells) and isolated rat islets by adenovirus-mediated delivery of small interfering RNA significantly decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. OGC suppression also reduced insulin secretion in response to glutamine plus the glutamate dehydrogenase activator 2-amino-2-norbornane carboxylic acid. Nutrient-stimulated increases in glucose usage, glucose oxidation, glutamine oxidation, or ATP:ADP ratio were not affected by OGC knockdown, whereas suppression of OGC resulted in a significant decrease in the NADPH:NADP(+) ratio during stimulation with glucose but not glutamine + 2-amino-2-norbornane carboxylic acid. Finally, OGC suppression reduced insulin secretion in response to a membrane-permeant 2OG analog, dimethyl-2OG. These data reveal that the OGC is part of a mechanism of fuel-stimulated insulin secretion that is common to glucose, amino acid, and organic acid secretagogues, involving flux through the pyruvate/isocitrate cycling pathway. Although the components of this pathway must remain intact for appropriate stimulus-secretion coupling, production of NADPH does not appear to be the universal second messenger signal generated by these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Odegaard
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Sarah W Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Durham, North Carolina 27704, USA
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Brown LJ, Longacre MJ, Hasan NM, Kendrick MA, Stoker SW, Macdonald MJ. Chronic reduction of the cytosolic or mitochondrial NAD(P)-malic enzyme does not affect insulin secretion in a rat insulinoma cell line. J Biol Chem 2010; 284:35359-67. [PMID: 19858194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic malic enzyme (ME1) has been suggested to augment insulin secretion via the malate-pyruvate and/or citrate-pyruvate shuttles, through the production of NADPH or other metabolites. We used selectable vectors expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to stably decrease Me1 mRNA levels by 80-86% and ME1 enzyme activity by 78-86% with either of two shRNAs in the INS-1 832/13 insulinoma cell line. Contrary to published short term ME1 knockdown experiments, our long term targeted cells showed normal insulin secretion in response to glucose or to glutamine plus 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid. We found no increase in the mRNAs and enzyme activities of the cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which also produce cytosolic NADPH. There was no compensatory induction of the mRNAs for the mitochondrial malic enzymes Me2 or Me3. Interferon pathway genes induced in preliminary small interfering RNA experiments were not induced in the long term shRNA experiments. We repeated our study with an improved vector containing Tol2 transposition sequences to produce a higher rate of stable transferents and shortened time to testing, but this did not alter the results. We similarly used stably expressed shRNA to reduce mitochondrial NAD(P)-malic enzyme (Me2) mRNA by up to 95%, with severely decreased ME2 protein and a 90% decrease in enzyme activity. Insulin release to glucose or glutamine plus 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid remained normal. The maintenance of robust insulin secretion after lowering expression of either one of these malic enzymes is consistent with the redundancy of pathways of pyruvate cycling and/or cytosolic NADPH production in insulinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Role of mitochondria in beta-cell function and dysfunction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:193-216. [PMID: 20217499 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells are poised to sense glucose and other nutrient secretagogues to regulate insulin exocytosis, thereby maintaining glucose homeostasis. This process requires translation of metabolic substrates into intracellular messengers recognized by the exocytotic machinery. Central to this metabolism-secretion coupling, mitochondria integrate and generate metabolic signals, thereby connecting glucose recognition to insulin exocytosis. In response to a glucose rise, nucleotides and metabolites are generated by mitochondria and participate, together with cytosolic calcium, to the stimulation of insulin release. This review describes the mitochondrion-dependent pathways of regulated insulin secretion. Mitochondrial defects, such as mutations and reactive oxygen species production, are discussed in the context of beta-cell failure that may participate to the etiology of diabetes.
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Nutrient regulation of insulin secretion and beta-cell functional integrity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:91-114. [PMID: 20217496 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells are often referred to as "fuel sensors" as they continually monitor and respond to dietary nutrients, under the modulation of additional neurohormonal signals, in order to secrete insulin to best meet the needs of the organism. beta-cell nutrient sensing requires metabolic activation, resulting in production of stimulus-secretion coupling signals that promote insulin biosynthesis and release. The primary stimulus for insulin secretion is glucose, and islet beta-cells are particularly responsive to this important nutrient secretagogue, It is important to consider individual effects of different classes of nutrient or other physiological or pharmacological agents on metabolism and insulin secretion. However, given that beta-cells are continually exposed to a complex milieu of nutrients and other circulating factors, it is important to also acknowledge and examine the interplay between glucose metabolism and that of the two other primary nutrient classes, the amino acids and fatty acids. It is the mixed nutrient sensing and outputs of glucose, amino and fatty acid metabolism that generate the metabolic coupling factors (MCFs) involved in signaling for insulin exocytosis. Primary MCFs in the beta-cell include ATP, NADPH, glutamate, long chain acyl-CoA and diacylglycerol and are discussed in detail in this article.
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Silencing of the mitochondrial NADH shuttle component aspartate-glutamate carrier AGC1/Aralar1 in INS-1E cells and rat islets. Biochem J 2009; 424:459-66. [PMID: 19764902 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of reducing equivalents between cytosolic compartments and the mitochondrial matrix is mediated by NADH shuttles. Among these, the malate-aspartate shuttle has been proposed to play a major role in beta-cells for the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. AGC1 or Aralar1 (aspartate-glutamate carrier 1) is a key component of the malate-aspartate shuttle. Overexpression of AGC1 increases the capacity of the malate-aspartate shuttle, resulting in enhanced metabolism-secretion coupling, both in INS-1E cells and rat islets. In the present study, knockdown of AGC1 was achieved in the same beta-cell models, using adenovirus-mediated delivery of shRNA (small-hairpin RNA). Compared with control INS-1E cells, down-regulation of AGC1 blunted NADH formation (-57%; P<0.05), increased lactate production (+16%; P<0.001) and inhibited glucose oxidation (-22%; P<0.01). This correlated with a reduced secretory response at 15 mM glucose (-25%; P<0.05), while insulin release was unchanged at intermediate 7.5 mM and basal 2.5 mM glucose. In isolated rat islets, efficient AGC1 knockdown did not alter insulin exocytosis evoked by 16.7 mM glucose. However, 4 mM amino-oxyacetate, commonly used to block transaminases of the malate-aspartate shuttle, inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion to similar extents in INS-1E cells (-66%; P<0.01) and rat islets (-56%; P<0.01). These results show that down-regulation of the key component of the malate-aspartate shuttle AGC1 reduced glucose-induced oxidative metabolism and insulin secretion in INS-1E cells, whereas similar AGC1 knockdown in rat islets did not affect their secretory response.
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Bain JR, Stevens RD, Wenner BR, Ilkayeva O, Muoio DM, Newgard CB. Metabolomics applied to diabetes research: moving from information to knowledge. Diabetes 2009; 58:2429-43. [PMID: 19875619 PMCID: PMC2768174 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Bain
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert D. Stevens
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brett R. Wenner
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Deborah M. Muoio
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: Christopher B. Newgard,
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Stark R, Pasquel F, Turcu A, Pongratz RL, Roden M, Cline GW, Shulman GI, Kibbey RG. Phosphoenolpyruvate cycling via mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase links anaplerosis and mitochondrial GTP with insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26578-90. [PMID: 19635791 PMCID: PMC2785346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.011775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells couple the oxidation of glucose to the secretion of insulin. Apart from the canonical K(ATP)-dependent glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), there are important K(ATP)-independent mechanisms involving both anaplerosis and mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP). How mtGTP that is trapped within the mitochondrial matrix regulates the cytosolic calcium increases that drive GSIS remains a mystery. Here we have investigated whether the mitochondrial isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M) is the GTPase linking hydrolysis of mtGTP made by succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS-GTP) to an anaplerotic pathway producing phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Although cytosolic PEPCK (PEPCK-C) is absent, PEPCK-M message and protein were detected in INS-1 832/13 cells, rat islets, and mouse islets. PEPCK enzymatic activity is half that of primary hepatocytes and is localized exclusively to the mitochondria. Novel (13)C-labeling strategies in INS-1 832/13 cells and islets measured substantial contribution of PEPCK-M to the synthesis of PEP. As high as 30% of PEP in INS-1 832/13 cells and 41% of PEP in rat islets came from PEPCK-M. The contribution of PEPCK-M to overall PEP synthesis more than tripled with glucose stimulation. Silencing the PEPCK-M gene completely inhibited GSIS underscoring its central role in mitochondrial metabolism-mediated insulin secretion. Given that mtGTP synthesized by SCS-GTP is an indicator of TCA flux that is crucial for GSIS, PEPCK-M is a strong candidate to link mtGTP synthesis with insulin release through anaplerotic PEP cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adina Turcu
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - Michael Roden
- the Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Gerald I. Shulman
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology and
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 and
| | - Richard G. Kibbey
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology and
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Martens GA, Pipeleers D. Glucose, regulator of survival and phenotype of pancreatic beta cells. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 80:507-39. [PMID: 19251048 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The key role of glucose in regulating insulin release by the pancreatic beta cell population is not only dependent on acute stimulus-secretion coupling mechanisms but also on more long-term influences on beta cell survival and phenotype. Glucose serves as a major survival factor for beta cells via at least three actions: it prevents an oxidative redox state, it suppresses a mitochondrial apoptotic program that is triggered at reduced mitochondrial metabolic activity and it induces genes needed for the cellular responsiveness to glucose and to growth factors. Glucose-regulated pathways may link protein synthetic and proliferative activities, making glucose a permissive factor for beta cell proliferation, in check with metabolic needs. Conditions of inadequate glucose metabolism in beta cells are not only leading to deregulation of acute secretory responses but should also be considered as causes for increased apoptosis and reduced formation of beta cells, and loss of their normal differentiated state.
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Green CD, Jump DB, Olson LK. Elevated insulin secretion from liver X receptor-activated pancreatic beta-cells involves increased de novo lipid synthesis and triacylglyceride turnover. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2637-45. [PMID: 19228891 PMCID: PMC2689804 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased basal and loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) are hallmarks of beta-cell dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes. It has been proposed that elevated glucose promotes insulin secretory defects by activating sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, lipogenic gene expression, and neutral lipid storage. Activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) also activates SREBP-1c and increases lipogenic gene expression and neutral lipid storage but increases basal and GSIS. This study was designed to characterize the changes in de novo fatty acid and triacylglyceride (TAG) synthesis in LXR-activated beta-cells and determine how these changes contribute to elevated basal and GSIS. Treatment of INS-1 beta-cells with LXR agonist T0901317 and elevated glucose led to markedly increased nuclear localization of SREBP-1, lipogenic gene expression, de novo synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids and TAG, and basal and GSIS. LXR-activated cells had increased fatty acid oxidation and expression of genes involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation, particularly carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. Increased basal insulin release from LXR-activated cells coincided with rapid turnover of newly synthesized TAG and required acyl-coenzyme A synthesis and mitochondrial beta-oxidation. GSIS from LXR-activated INS-1 cells required influx of extracellular calcium and lipolysis, suggesting production of lipid-signaling molecules from TAG. Inhibition of diacylglyceride (DAG)-binding proteins, but not classic isoforms of protein kinase C, attenuated GSIS from LXR-activated INS-1 cells. In conclusion, LXR activation in beta-cells exposed to elevated glucose concentrations increases de novo TAG synthesis; subsequent lipolysis produces free fatty acids and DAG, which are oxidized to increase basal insulin release and activate DAG-binding proteins to enhance GSIS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Green
- Departments of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-3320, USA
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Jensen MV, Joseph JW, Ronnebaum SM, Burgess SC, Sherry AD, Newgard CB. Metabolic cycling in control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1287-97. [PMID: 18728221 PMCID: PMC2603555 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90604.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is central to normal control of metabolic fuel homeostasis, and its impairment is a key element of beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. Glucose exerts its effects on insulin secretion via its metabolism in beta-cells to generate stimulus/secretion coupling factors, including a rise in the ATP/ADP ratio, which serves to suppress ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels and activate voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, leading to stimulation of insulin granule exocytosis. Whereas this K(ATP) channel-dependent mechanism of GSIS has been broadly accepted for more than 30 years, it has become increasingly apparent that it does not fully describe the effects of glucose on insulin secretion. More recent studies have demonstrated an important role for cyclic pathways of pyruvate metabolism in control of insulin secretion. Three cycles occur in islet beta-cells: the pyruvate/malate, pyruvate/citrate, and pyruvate/isocitrate cycles. This review discusses recent work on the role of each of these pathways in control of insulin secretion and builds a case for the particular relevance of byproducts of the pyruvate/isocitrate cycle, NADPH and alpha-ketoglutarate, in control of GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette V Jensen
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
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Role of nuclear receptors in the modulation of insulin secretion in lipid-induced insulin resistance. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36:891-900. [PMID: 18793157 DOI: 10.1042/bst0360891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In healthy individuals, a hyperbolic relationship exists between whole-body insulin-sensitivity and insulin secretion. Thus, for any difference in insulin-sensitivity, a reciprocal proportionate change occurs in insulin secretion. Such a feedback loop is evident in healthy individuals ingesting diets high in saturated fat and in late pregnancy where, despite lipid-induced insulin resistance, glucose tolerance is maintained through augmented GSIS (glucose-stimulated insulin secretion). NRs (nuclear receptors) are members of a superfamily of ligand-regulated and orphan transcription factors. On activation by a cognate ligand, many ligand-activated NRs recruit the RXR (retinoid X receptor) for heterodimer formation. Such NRs include the PPARs (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors), which are involved in lipid sensing and liporegulation. PPARs exert important lipid-lowering effects in vivo, thereby opposing the development of lipid-induced insulin resistance by relieving the inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal by muscle and lowering the necessity for augmented GSIS to counter lipid-induced insulin resistance. Long-chain fatty acids are proposed as natural PPAR ligands and some specific endogenous pathways of lipid metabolism are believed to generate PPAR agonists. Other NRs, e.g. the LXR (liver X receptor), which senses expansion of the metabolically active pool of cholesterol, and the FXR (farnesoid X receptor; NR1H4), which, like the LXR, is involved in sterol metabolism, also modulate systemic lipid levels and insulin-sensitivity. In this review, we discuss how these NRs impact insulin secretion via effects on the insulin-sensitivity-insulin secretion feedback loop and, in some cases, via direct effects on the islet itself. In addition, we discuss interactions between these nutrient/metabolite-responsive NRs and NRs that are central to the action of metabolically important hormones, including (i) the glucocorticoid receptor, critical for maintaining glucose homoeostasis in stress, inflammation and during fasting, and (ii) the thyroid hormone receptors, vital for maintenance of oxidative functions. We present data indicating that the RXR occupies a key role in directly modulating islet function and that its heterodimerization with at least two of its partners modulates GSIS.
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