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Lindsey CR, Knoll AH, Herron MD, Rosenzweig F. Fossil-calibrated molecular clock data enable reconstruction of steps leading to differentiated multicellularity and anisogamy in the Volvocine algae. BMC Biol 2024; 22:79. [PMID: 38600528 PMCID: PMC11007952 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout its nearly four-billion-year history, life has undergone evolutionary transitions in which simpler subunits have become integrated to form a more complex whole. Many of these transitions opened the door to innovations that resulted in increased biodiversity and/or organismal efficiency. The evolution of multicellularity from unicellular forms represents one such transition, one that paved the way for cellular differentiation, including differentiation of male and female gametes. A useful model for studying the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation is the volvocine algae, a clade of freshwater green algae whose members range from unicellular to colonial, from undifferentiated to completely differentiated, and whose gamete types can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous. To better understand how multicellularity, differentiation, and gametes evolved in this group, we used comparative genomics and fossil data to establish a geologically calibrated roadmap of when these innovations occurred. RESULTS Our ancestral-state reconstructions, show that multicellularity arose independently twice in the volvocine algae. Our chronograms indicate multicellularity evolved during the Carboniferous-Triassic periods in Goniaceae + Volvocaceae, and possibly as early as the Cretaceous in Tetrabaenaceae. Using divergence time estimates we inferred when, and in what order, specific developmental changes occurred that led to differentiated multicellularity and oogamy. We find that in the volvocine algae the temporal sequence of developmental changes leading to differentiated multicellularity is much as proposed by David Kirk, and that multicellularity is correlated with the acquisition of anisogamy and oogamy. Lastly, morphological, molecular, and divergence time data suggest the possibility of cryptic species in Tetrabaenaceae. CONCLUSIONS Large molecular datasets and robust phylogenetic methods are bringing the evolutionary history of the volvocine algae more sharply into focus. Mounting evidence suggests that extant species in this group are the result of two independent origins of multicellularity and multiple independent origins of cell differentiation. Also, the origin of the Tetrabaenaceae-Goniaceae-Volvocaceae clade may be much older than previously thought. Finally, the possibility of cryptic species in the Tetrabaenaceae provides an exciting opportunity to study the recent divergence of lineages adapted to live in very different thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ross Lindsey
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Andrew H Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Matthew D Herron
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Frank Rosenzweig
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Nikulin VY, Nikulin AY, Gontcharov AA, Bagmet VB, Abdullin SR. Oogamochlamys kurilensis sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) from the Soils of Iturup Island (Sakhalin Region, Russia). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3350. [PMID: 37836090 PMCID: PMC10574126 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
A strain of oogamous biflagellate green alga was isolated during a study on soil algal diversity in the Russian Far East (Sakhalin Region, Iturup Island) and examined using an integrative approach. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the SSU rDNA gene, resolved the new strain as a part of the RL clade (sensu Watanabe and Nakada) within Oogamochlamydinia (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae). The strain was similar to members of the genus Oogamochlamys (parietal and massive cup-shaped chloroplasts; two apical contractile vacuoles), but was, however, distinguished from them based on the size and shape of the mature vegetative cells, the flagellar length, the presence of only one pyrenoid in both the mature vegetative cells and the zoospores, the anterior nucleus position, and the spermatozoids' shape. Although a concept of the genus Oogamochlamys has been compromised in recent phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rDNA sequence data and its likely affinity to anisogamous Chlamydomonas allensworthii, we described the strain from Iturup Island as Oogamochlamys kurilensis sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Yu. Nikulin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.A.G.); (V.B.B.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Arthur Yu. Nikulin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.A.G.); (V.B.B.); (S.R.A.)
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3
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Chae H, Kim S, Choi HG, Kim JH, Han SJ, Kim EJ. Arctic Sea Ice Microalga Chlamydomonas latifrons KNF0041: Identification and Statistical Optimization of Medium for Enhanced Biomass and Omega-3/Omega-6. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:454. [PMID: 37623735 PMCID: PMC10456082 DOI: 10.3390/md21080454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar microorganisms produce biologically active compounds that enable them to survive in harsh environments. These compounds have potential biomedical applications. The green microalga Chlamydomonas latifrons KNF0041, isolated from Arctic sea ice, has been found to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3 and omega-6, which have antioxidant properties. To improve the biomass production of strain KNF0041, statistical methods such as the Plackett-Burman design, Box-Behnken design, and response surface methodology (RSM) were utilized for medium optimization. The optimized medium was designed with increased potassium phosphate content and reduced acetic acid (AcOH) content. The use of the optimized medium resulted in an increase in the cell number as biomass of strain KNF0041 by 34.18% and the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid (FA) content by 10.04% and 58.29%, respectively, compared to that in normal TAP medium, which is known as the growth medium for Chlamydomonas culture. In this study, Chlamydomonas latifrons was discovered for the first time in the polar region and identified using morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses, the secondary structures of the internal transcribed spacers, and optimized culture conditions. The results of this study provide an efficient method for the application of polar microalgae for the production of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsik Chae
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; (H.C.)
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; (H.C.)
| | - Han-Gu Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; (H.C.)
| | - Ji Hee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; (H.C.)
| | - Se Jong Han
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; (H.C.)
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jae Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; (H.C.)
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4
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Novis PM, Dhami M, Podolyan A, Matsumoto M, Kodner R. The austral biflagellate Chloromonas rubroleosa (Chlorophyceae) is the closest relative of the unusual quadriflagellate genus Chlainomonas, both found in snow. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:342-355. [PMID: 36680562 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The quadriflagellate genus Chlainomonas frequently dominates red snow globally. It is unusual in several respects, with two separated pairs of flagella, apparent cell division via extrusion of cytoplasmic threads, and being nested phylogenetically within the biflagellate genus Chloromonas. Here, we showed that the austral species Chloromonas (Cr.) rubroleosa, originally described from Antarctic red snow, is a close biflagellate relative of Chlainomonas, challenging the monophyly of Chlainomonas as currently conceived. Sequences of the 18S rRNA gene robustly linked Cr. rubroleosa with near-identical environmental sequences from Antarctic red snow and Chlainomonas from North America, Japan, and Europe. Furthermore, the 18S rRNA and rbcL gene sequences of Cr. rubroleosa were almost identical to New Zealand and North American collections of Chlainomonas. Cr. rubroleosa and New Zealand Chlainomonas are separated by only a single-base substitution across the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA loci (and according to ITS2, the North American collection is the next closest relative). This again raises the possibility that Chlainomonas is a life-cycle stage of vegetatively biflagellate organisms, although this remains confounded by the scarcity of biflagellates in field populations, the apparent cell division by quadriflagellates, and the absence of Chlainomonas-type cells in cultures of Cr. rubroleosa. The latter species is broadly similar to Chlainomonas, being poor at swimming, with similar pigment, chloroplast arrangement and ultrastructure, and is relatively large. Increased size is a feature of the wider clade of "Group D" snow algae. A synthesis of field and laboratory investigations may be needed to unravel the life cycle and correct the systematics of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil M Novis
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Manpreet Dhami
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Maya Matsumoto
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Western Washington University, Washington, USA
| | - Robin Kodner
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Western Washington University, Washington, USA
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Ford SA, Craig RJ, Ness RW. A novel method for identifying Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyta) and closely related species from nature. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:281-288. [PMID: 36453860 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we introduce a new method for efficiently sampling Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and closely related species using a colony PCR-based screen with novel primer sets designed to specifically detect these important model microalgae. To demonstrate the utility of our new method, we collected 130 soil samples from a wide range of habitats in Ontario, Canada and identified 33 candidate algae, which were barcoded by sequencing a region of the rbcL plastid gene. For select isolates, 18S rRNA gene and YPT4 nuclear markers were also sequenced. Based on phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses of these three loci, seven novel isolates were identified as C. reinhardtii, and one additional isolate appeared to be more closely related to C. reinhardtii than any other known species. All seven new C. reinhardtii strains were interfertile with previously collected C. reinhardtii field isolates, validating the effectiveness of our molecular screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ford
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Rory J Craig
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, 174 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720-3220, USA
| | - Rob W Ness
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Procházková L, Matsuzaki R, Řezanka T, Nedbalová L, Remias D. The snow alga Chloromonas kaweckae sp. nov. (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) causes green surface blooms in the high tatras (Slovakia) and tolerates high irradiance. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:236-248. [PMID: 36461636 PMCID: PMC10946730 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seasonally slowly melting mountain snowfields are populated by extremophilic microalgae. In alpine habitats, high-light sensitive, green phytoflagellates are usually observed in subsurface layers deeper in the snowpack under dim conditions, while robust orange to reddish cyst stages can be seen exposed on the surface. In this study, uncommon surface green snow was investigated in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). The monospecific community found in the green surface bloom consisted of vegetative Chloromonas cells (Volvocales, Chlorophyta). Molecular data demonstrated that the field sample and the strain isolated and established from the bloom were conspecific, and they represent a new species, Chloromonas kaweckae sp. nov., which is described based on the morphology of the vegetative cells and asexual reproduction and on molecular analyses of the strain. Cells of C. kaweckae accumulated approximately 50% polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is advantageous at low temperatures. In addition, this new species performed active photosynthesis at temperatures close to the freezing point showed a light compensation point of 126 ± 22 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 and some signs of photoinhibition at irradiances greater than 600 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 . These data indicate that the photosynthetic apparatus of C. kaweckae could be regarded as adapted to relatively high light intensities, otherwise unusual for most flagellate stages of snow algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Procházková
- Department of EcologyCharles University, Faculty of SciencePrague128 44Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Centre for PhycologyDukelská 135379 82TřeboňCzech Republic
| | - Ryo Matsuzaki
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences1–1–1 TennodaiTsukubaIbaraki305–8572Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Biodiversity Division16‐2 OnogawaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8506Japan
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of MicrobiologyVídeňská 1083Prague142 20Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Department of EcologyCharles University, Faculty of SciencePrague128 44Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Centre for PhycologyDukelská 135379 82TřeboňCzech Republic
| | - Daniel Remias
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, School of EngineeringStelzhamerstr. 23Wels4600Austria
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7
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Murbach TS, Glávits R, Jayasena S, Moghadam Maragheh N, Endres JR, Hirka G, Goodman RE, Vértesi A, Béres E, Pasics Szakonyiné I. Toxicology and digestibility of Chlamydomonas debaryana green algal biomass. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36680512 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is an economic interest, both for food security and for the non-meat-eating population, in the development of novel, sustainable sources of high-quality protein. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has already been developed for this purpose, and the closely related species, Chlamydomonas debaryana, is a complementary source that also presents some additional advantages, such as reduced production cost. To determine whether C. debaryana may have a similar safety profile to that of C. reinhardtii, a wild type strain was obtained, designated TS04 after confirmation of its identity, and subjected to a battery of preclinical studies. Genetic toxicity was evaluated using a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test in a mouse model. No genotoxic potential (e.g., mutagenicity and clastogenicity) was observed in these tests under the employed conditions up to maximum recommended concentrations or doses. To assess general toxicity, a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study was conducted in rats. No mortality or adverse effects were observed, and no target organs were identified up to the maximum feasible dose, due to solubility, of 4,000 mg/kg bw/day. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was determined as the highest dose tested. A digestibility study in simulated gastric fluid was conducted and determined that TS04 has low allergenic potential, exhibiting rapid digestion of proteins. Due to the negative results of our evaluation, it is reasonable to proceed with further development and additional investigations to contribute towards a safety assessment of the proposed use in food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shyamali Jayasena
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Niloofar Moghadam Maragheh
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Budapest, Hungary.,Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary
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Barcytė D, Pusztai M, Škaloud P, Eliáš M. When you Like Other Algae: Adglutina synurophila gen. et sp. nov. (Moewusinia, Chlorophyceae), a Clingy Green Microalga Associated with Synura Colonies. Protist 2022; 173:125858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Salinity stress as a critical factor to trigger lipid accumulation in a freshwater microalga Lobochlamys sp. GUEco1006. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Olsen MFL, Pedersen JS, Thomsen ST, Martens HJ, Petersen A, Jensen PE. Outdoor cultivation of a novel isolate of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. and the evaluation of its potential as a novel protein crop. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:483-494. [PMID: 34427928 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A Danish strain of the green microalgae Scenedesmus sp. was isolated, identified and characterized with respect to productivity under outdoor cultivation conditions at northern latitudes. The algae were cultivated outdoors in Denmark in closed tubular photobioreactors using only sunlight, simple inorganic nutrients and under ambient temperatures. The biomass composition was evaluated in terms of protein content and quality. The average volumetric and areal biomass productivity obtained for the Scenedesmus sp. isolate during outdoor cultivation was 0.083 g dry matter L-1 and 6.40 g dm m-2 day-1 , respectively. Thus, productivities are comparable to data reported in the literature under similar conditions. A strain-specific nitrogen to protein conversion factor of 5.5 was determined for the Scenedesmus sp. strain enabling more accurate protein estimations from simple nitrogen determination methods like Kjeldahl analysis in the future. The protein content was determined to be 52.4% of dried biomass for this Scenedesmus strain. The sum of essential amino acids was 42% which is high compared to other microalgae. The results are compared and discussed in comparison to other microalgae and soybean as a common plant protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sune Tjalfe Thomsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helle Jakobe Martens
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Lindsey CR, Rosenzweig F, Herron MD. Phylotranscriptomics points to multiple independent origins of multicellularity and cellular differentiation in the volvocine algae. BMC Biol 2021; 19:182. [PMID: 34465312 PMCID: PMC8408923 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The volvocine algae, which include the single-celled species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the colonial species Volvox carteri, serve as a model in which to study the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation. Studies reconstructing the history of this group have by and large relied on datasets of one to a few genes for phylogenetic inference and ancestral character state reconstruction. As a result, volvocine phylogenies lack concordance depending on the number and/or type of genes (i.e., chloroplast vs nuclear) chosen for phylogenetic inference. While multiple studies suggest that multicellularity evolved only once in the volvocine algae, that each of its three colonial families is monophyletic, and that there have been at least three independent origins of cellular differentiation in the group, other studies call into question one or more of these conclusions. An accurate assessment of the evolutionary history of the volvocine algae requires inference of a more robust phylogeny. RESULTS We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on 55 strains representing 47 volvocine algal species and obtained similar data from curated databases on 13 additional strains. We then compiled a dataset consisting of transcripts for 40 single-copy, protein-coding, nuclear genes and subjected the predicted amino acid sequences of these genes to maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and coalescent-based analyses. These analyses show that multicellularity independently evolved at least twice in the volvocine algae and that the colonial family Goniaceae is not monophyletic. Our data further indicate that cellular differentiation arose independently at least four, and possibly as many as six times, within the volvocine algae. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results demonstrate that multicellularity and cellular differentiation are evolutionarily labile in the volvocine algae, affirming the importance of this group as a model system for the study of major transitions in the history of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ross Lindsey
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Frank Rosenzweig
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, USA
| | - Matthew D Herron
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Clegg MR, Wacker A, Spijkerman E. Phenotypic Diversity and Plasticity of Photoresponse Across an Environmentally Contrasting Family of Phytoflagellates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:707541. [PMID: 34512692 PMCID: PMC8424187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.707541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organisms often employ ecophysiological strategies to exploit environmental conditions and ensure bio-energetic success. However, the many complexities involved in the differential expression and flexibility of these strategies are rarely fully understood. Therefore, for the first time, using a three-part cross-disciplinary laboratory experimental analysis, we investigated the diversity and plasticity of photoresponsive traits employed by one family of environmentally contrasting, ecologically important phytoflagellates. The results demonstrated an extensive inter-species phenotypic diversity of behavioural, physiological, and compositional photoresponse across the Chlamydomonadaceae, and a multifaceted intra-species phenotypic plasticity, involving a broad range of beneficial photoacclimation strategies, often attributable to environmental predisposition and phylogenetic differentiation. Deceptively diverse and sophisticated strong (population and individual cell) behavioural photoresponses were observed, with divergence from a general preference for low light (and flexibility) dictated by intra-familial differences in typical habitat (salinity and trophy) and phylogeny. Notably, contrasting lower, narrow, and flexible compared with higher, broad, and stable preferences were observed in freshwater vs. brackish and marine species. Complex diversity and plasticity in physiological and compositional photoresponses were also discovered. Metabolic characteristics (such as growth rates, respiratory costs and photosynthetic capacity, efficiency, compensation and saturation points) varied elaborately with species, typical habitat (often varying more in eutrophic species, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), and culture irradiance (adjusting to optimise energy acquisition and suggesting some propensity for low light). Considerable variations in intracellular pigment and biochemical composition were also recorded. Photosynthetic and accessory pigments (such as chlorophyll a, xanthophyll-cycle components, chlorophyll a:b and chlorophyll a:carotenoid ratios, fatty acid content and saturation ratios) varied with phylogeny and typical habitat (to attune photosystem ratios in different trophic conditions and to optimise shade adaptation, photoprotection, and thylakoid architecture, particularly in freshwater environments), and changed with irradiance (as reaction and harvesting centres adjusted to modulate absorption and quantum yield). The complex, concomitant nature of the results also advocated an integrative approach in future investigations. Overall, these nuanced, diverse, and flexible photoresponsive traits will greatly contribute to the functional ecology of these organisms, addressing environmental heterogeneity and potentially shaping individual fitness, spatial and temporal distribution, prevalence, and ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Clegg
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Wacker
- Department of Theoretical Aquatic Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Animal Ecology Group, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elly Spijkerman
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Nakashima T, Uetake J, Segawa T, Procházková L, Tsushima A, Takeuchi N. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Pigment and Species Compositions of Snow Algae on Mt. Tateyama in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:689119. [PMID: 34290725 PMCID: PMC8289405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.689119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Snow algae are photosynthetic microbes that inhabit the melting snow surface in alpine and polar regions. We analyzed the pigment and species composition of colored snow collected on Mt. Tateyama in Japan during the melting seasons of 2015 and 2016. High-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of the pigments extracted from the colored snow showed that their composition varied within the study area and were classified into four types: Type A (astaxanthin-monoester dominant), Type B (medium astaxanthin-monoester content), Type C (abundant primary carotenoids and free-astaxanthin), and Type D (abundant primary carotenoids and astaxanthin diesters). Types A and B were most commonly observed in the study area, whereas Types C and D appeared only at specific sites. Analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene revealed six major amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of snow algae, belonging to the Sanguina, Chloromonas, and Chlainomonas groups. The relative abundance of the algal ASVs showed that Sanguina was dominant (>48%) in both Types A and B, suggesting that the difference in astaxanthin abundance between the two types was caused by the production of pigments in the algal cells. The algal community structures of Types C and D differed from those of Types A and B, indicating that the primary carotenoids and astaxanthin diesters were derived from certain algal species in these types. Therefore, astaxanthin-rich Sanguina algae mostly induced the red snow that appeared widely in this alpine area; however, they were partially dominated by Chloromonas or Chlainomonas algae, causing different pigment compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Uetake
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Segawa
- Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Lenka Procházková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Akane Tsushima
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Craig RJ, Hasan AR, Ness RW, Keightley PD. Comparative genomics of Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1016-1041. [PMID: 33793842 PMCID: PMC8226300 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite its role as a reference organism in the plant sciences, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii entirely lacks genomic resources from closely related species. We present highly contiguous and well-annotated genome assemblies for three unicellular C. reinhardtii relatives: Chlamydomonas incerta, Chlamydomonas schloesseri, and the more distantly related Edaphochlamys debaryana. The three Chlamydomonas genomes are highly syntenous with similar gene contents, although the 129.2 Mb C. incerta and 130.2 Mb C. schloesseri assemblies are more repeat-rich than the 111.1 Mb C. reinhardtii genome. We identify the major centromeric repeat in C. reinhardtii as a LINE transposable element homologous to Zepp (the centromeric repeat in Coccomyxa subellipsoidea) and infer that centromere locations and structure are likely conserved in C. incerta and C. schloesseri. We report extensive rearrangements, but limited gene turnover, between the minus mating type loci of these Chlamydomonas species. We produce an eight-species core-Reinhardtinia whole-genome alignment, which we use to identify several hundred false positive and missing genes in the C. reinhardtii annotation and >260,000 evolutionarily conserved elements in the C. reinhardtii genome. In summary, these resources will enable comparative genomics analyses for C. reinhardtii, significantly extending the analytical toolkit for this emerging model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed R Hasan
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Onatrio, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Rob W Ness
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Onatrio, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Peter D Keightley
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Pascoal PV, Ribeiro DM, Cereijo CR, Santana H, Nascimento RC, Steindorf AS, Calsing LCG, Formighieri EF, Brasil BSAF. Biochemical and phylogenetic characterization of the wastewater tolerant Chlamydomonas biconvexa Embrapa|LBA40 strain cultivated in palm oil mill effluent. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249089. [PMID: 33826653 PMCID: PMC8026047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for water, food and energy poses challenges for the world´s sustainability. Tropical palm oil is currently the major source of vegetable oil worldwide with a production that exceeds 55 million tons per year, while generating over 200 million tons of palm oil mill effluent (POME). It could potentially be used as a substrate for production of microalgal biomass though. In this study, the microalgal strain Chlamydomonas biconvexa Embrapa|LBA40, originally isolated from a sugarcane vinasse stabilization pond, was selected among 17 strains tested for growth in POME retrieved from anaerobic ponds of a palm oil industrial plant located within the Amazon rainforest region. During cultivation in POME, C. biconvexa Embrapa|LBA40 biomass productivity reached 190.60 mgDW • L-1 • d-1 using 15L airlift flat plate photobioreactors. Carbohydrates comprised the major fraction of algal biomass (31.96%), while the lipidic fraction reached up to 11.3% of dry mass. Reductions of 99% in ammonium and nitrite, as well as 98% reduction in phosphate present in POME were detected after 5 days of algal cultivation. This suggests that the aerobic pond stage, usually used in palm oil industrial plants to reduce POME inorganic load, could be substituted by high rate photobioreactors, significantly reducing the time and area requirements for wastewater treatment. In addition, the complete mitochondrial genome of C. biconvexa Embrapa|LBA40 strain was sequenced, revealing a compact mitogenome, with 15.98 kb in size, a total of 14 genes, of which 9 are protein coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the strain taxonomic status within the Chlamydomonas genus, opening up opportunities for future genetic modification and molecular breeding programs in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Verdugo Pascoal
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Dágon Manoel Ribeiro
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Zambeze, Sofala, Mozambique
| | | | - Hugo Santana
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Carvalho Nascimento
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Bruno S. A. F. Brasil
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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16
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Novel Capsular Polysaccharide from Lobochlamys segnis. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a significant effort from food, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries to discover and develop new natural ingredients. Microalgae have been recognised as potential sources of high value chemicals, with most attention focused upon antioxidants, pigments, and specialty oils. An under-exploited group of biochemicals produced by microalgae are extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Lobochlamys segnis (formerly called Chlamydomonas segnis) was previously reported to produce a large amount of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) closely related to hyaluronan (HA) under stress conditions. In this work, the purified CPS was characterised and shown to have an average molecular mass (Mn) of about 3.7 MDa, and displayed a highly branched random coil structure unlike the simple repeating linear HA polysaccharide. Chemical analysis showed the presence of galactose, glucuronic acid, and glucose sugars confirming that the product has a different composition to that of HA. Mixotrophic growth and stress conditions were identified and improved upon with a pH control system using acetic acid solution to induce efficient production of CPS. Extraction and purification conditions were also identified exploiting the high Mn of the product. The CPS showed thickening properties and both significant antioxidant capacity and reducing power, which could have commercial applications. This is the first report on the characterization of this novel polysaccharide with non-Newtonian properties similar to HA.
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Smith DR, Craig RJ. Does mitochondrial DNA replication in Chlamydomonas require a reverse transcriptase? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1192-1195. [PMID: 32936939 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Roy Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Rory J Craig
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
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18
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Carrasco Flores D, Fricke M, Wesp V, Desirò D, Kniewasser A, Hölzer M, Marz M, Mittag M. A marine Chlamydomonas sp. emerging as an algal model. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:54-69. [PMID: 33043442 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which lives in wet soil, has served for decades as a model for numerous biological processes, and many tools have been introduced for this organism. Here, we have established a stable nuclear transformation for its marine counterpart, Chlamydomonas sp. SAG25.89, by fusing specific cis-acting elements from its Actin gene with the gene providing hygromycin resistance and using an elaborated electroporation protocol. Like C. reinhardtii, Chlamydomonas sp. has a high GC content, allowing reporter genes and selection markers to be applicable in both organisms. Chlamydomonas sp. grows purely photoautotrophically and requires ammonia as a nitrogen source because its nuclear genome lacks some of the genes required for nitrogen metabolism. Interestingly, it can grow well under both low and very high salinities (up to 50 g · L-1 ) rendering it as a model for osmotolerance. We further show that Chlamydomonas sp. grows well from 15 to 28°C, but halts its growth at 32°C. The genome of Chlamydomonas sp. contains some gene homologs the expression of which is regulated according to the ambient temperatures and/or confer thermal acclimation in C. reinhardtii. Thus, knowledge of temperature acclimation can now be compared to the marine species. Furthermore, Chlamydomonas sp. can serve as a model for studying marine microbial interactions and for comparing mechanisms in freshwater and marine environments. Chlamydomonas sp. was previously shown to be immobilized rapidly by a cyclic lipopeptide secreted from the antagonistic bacterium Pseudomonas protegens PF-5, which deflagellates C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carrasco Flores
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Markus Fricke
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Valentin Wesp
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Daniel Desirò
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Anja Kniewasser
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
- FLI, Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
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19
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Gálvez FE, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Huovinen P, Silva AX, Gómez I. Revealing the Characteristics of the Antarctic Snow Alga Chlorominima collina gen. et sp. nov. Through Taxonomy, Physiology, and Transcriptomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662298. [PMID: 34163502 PMCID: PMC8215615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Snow algae play crucial roles in cold ecosystems, however, many aspects related to their biology, adaptations and especially their diversity are not well known. To improve the identification of snow algae from colored snow, in the present study we used a polyphasic approach to describe a new Antarctic genus, Chlorominima with the species type Chlorominima collina. This new taxon was isolated of colored snow collected from the Collins Glacier (King George Island) in the Maritime Antarctic region. Microscopy revealed biflagellated ellipsoidal cells with a rounded posterior end, a C-shaped parietal chloroplast without a pyrenoid, eyespot, and discrete papillae. Several of these characteristics are typical of the genus Chloromonas, but the new isolate differs from the described species of this genus by the unusual small size of the cells, the presence of several vacuoles, the position of the nucleus and the shape of the chloroplast. Molecular analyzes confirm that the isolated alga does not belong to Chloromonas and therefore forms an independent lineage, which is closely related to other unidentified Antarctic and Arctic strains, forming a polar subclade in the Stephanosphaerinia phylogroup within the Chlamydomonadales. Secondary structure comparisons of the ITS2 rDNA marker support the idea that new strain is a distinct taxon within of Caudivolvoxa. Physiological experiments revealed psychrophilic characteristics, which are typical of true snow algae. This status was confirmed by the partial transcriptome obtained at 2°C, in which various cold-responsive and cryoprotective genes were identified. This study explores the systematics, cold acclimatization strategies and their implications for the Antarctic snow flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca E. Gálvez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Francisca E. Gálvez,
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pirjo Huovinen
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andrea X. Silva
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- AUSTRAL-omics, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Desarrollo y Creación Artística, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Iván Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
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20
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Sommer V, Mikhailyuk T, Glaser K, Karsten U. Uncovering Unique Green Algae and Cyanobacteria Isolated from Biocrusts in Highly Saline Potash Tailing Pile Habitats, Using an Integrative Approach. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1667. [PMID: 33121104 PMCID: PMC7692164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Potash tailing piles caused by fertilizer production shape their surroundings because of the associated salt impact. A previous study in these environments addressed the functional community "biocrust" comprising various micro- and macro-organisms inhabiting the soil surface. In that previous study, biocrust microalgae and cyanobacteria were isolated and morphologically identified amongst an ecological discussion. However, morphological species identification maybe is difficult because of phenotypic plasticity, which might lead to misidentifications. The present study revisited the earlier species list using an integrative approach, including molecular methods. Seventy-six strains were sequenced using the markers small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed some morphologically identified species. However, several other strains could only be identified at the genus level. This indicates a high proportion of possibly unknown taxa, underlined by the low congruence of the previous morphological identifications to our results. In general, the integrative approach resulted in more precise species identifications and should be considered as an extension of the previous morphological species list. The majority of taxa found were common in saline habitats, whereas some were more likely to occur in nonsaline environments. Consequently, biocrusts in saline environments of potash tailing piles contain unique microalgae and cyanobacteria that will possibly reveal several new taxa in more detailed future studies and, hence, provide new data on the biodiversity, as well as new candidates for applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sommer
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (K.G.)
- upi UmweltProjekt Ingenieursgesellschaft mbH, 39576 Stendal, Germany
| | - Tatiana Mikhailyuk
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Karin Glaser
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (K.G.)
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21
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Goudet MMM, Orr DJ, Melkonian M, Müller KH, Meyer MT, Carmo-Silva E, Griffiths H. Rubisco and carbon-concentrating mechanism co-evolution across chlorophyte and streptophyte green algae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:810-823. [PMID: 32249430 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Green algae expressing a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) are usually associated with a Rubisco-containing micro-compartment, the pyrenoid. A link between the small subunit (SSU) of Rubisco and pyrenoid formation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has previously suggested that specific RbcS residues could explain pyrenoid occurrence in green algae. A phylogeny of RbcS was used to compare the protein sequence and CCM distribution across the green algae and positive selection in RbcS was estimated. For six streptophyte algae, Rubisco catalytic properties, affinity for CO2 uptake (K0.5 ), carbon isotope discrimination (δ13 C) and pyrenoid morphology were compared. The length of the βA-βB loop in RbcS provided a phylogenetic marker discriminating chlorophyte from streptophyte green algae. Rubisco kinetic properties in streptophyte algae have responded to the extent of inducible CCM activity, as indicated by changes in inorganic carbon uptake affinity, δ13 C and pyrenoid ultrastructure between high and low CO2 conditions for growth. We conclude that the Rubisco catalytic properties found in streptophyte algae have coevolved and reflect the strength of any CCM or degree of pyrenoid leakiness, and limitations to inorganic carbon in the aquatic habitat, whereas Rubisco in extant land plants reflects more recent selective pressures associated with improved diffusive supply of the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M M Goudet
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Douglas J Orr
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Central Collection of Algal Cultures, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Moritz T Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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22
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, an Algal Model in the Nitrogen Cycle. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070903. [PMID: 32708782 PMCID: PMC7412212 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential constituent of all living organisms and the main limiting macronutrient. Even when dinitrogen gas is the most abundant form of N, it can only be used by fixing bacteria but is inaccessible to most organisms, algae among them. Algae preferentially use ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) for growth, and the reactions for their conversion into amino acids (N assimilation) constitute an important part of the nitrogen cycle by primary producers. Recently, it was claimed that algae are also involved in denitrification, because of the production of nitric oxide (NO), a signal molecule, which is also a substrate of NO reductases to produce nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. This review is focused on the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as an algal model and its participation in different reactions of the N cycle. Emphasis will be paid to new actors, such as putative genes involved in NO and N2O production and their occurrence in other algae genomes. Furthermore, algae/bacteria mutualism will be considered in terms of expanding the N cycle to ammonification and N fixation, which are based on the exchange of carbon and nitrogen between the two organisms.
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23
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Procházková L, Leya T, Křížková H, Nedbalová L. Sanguina nivaloides and Sanguina aurantia gen. et spp. nov. (Chlorophyta): the taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography and ecology of two newly recognised algae causing red and orange snow. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5487888. [PMID: 31074825 PMCID: PMC6545352 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melting snowfields in polar and alpine regions often exhibit a red and orange colouration caused by microalgae. The diversity of these organisms is still poorly understood. We applied a polyphasic approach using three molecular markers and light and electron microscopy to investigate spherical cysts sampled from alpine mountains in Europe, North America and South America as well as from both polar regions. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of a single independent lineage within the Chlamydomonadales. The genus Sanguina is described, with Sanguina nivaloides as its type. It is distinguishable from other red cysts forming alga by the number of cell wall layers, cell size, cell surface morphology and habitat preference. Sanguina nivaloides is a diverse species containing a total of 18 haplotypes according to nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2, with low nucleotide divergence (≤3.5%). Based on molecular data we demonstrate that it has a cosmopolitan distribution with an absence of geographical structuring, indicating an effective dispersal strategy with the cysts being transported all around the globe, including trans-equatorially. Additionally, Sanguina aurantia is described, with small spherical orange cysts often clustered by means of mucilaginous sheaths, and causing orange blooms in snow in subarctic and Arctic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Procházková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Leya
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses IZI-BB, Extremophile Research & Biobank CCCryo, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Heda Křížková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, 379 82, Czech Republic
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24
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von der Heyde EL, Hallmann A. Babo1, formerly Vop1 and Cop1/2, is no eyespot photoreceptor but a basal body protein illuminating cell division in Volvox carteri. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:276-298. [PMID: 31778231 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms many processes are light dependent and sensing of light requires light-sensitive proteins. The supposed eyespot photoreceptor protein Babo1 (formerly Vop1) has previously been classified as an opsin due to the capacity for binding retinal. Here, we analyze Babo1 and provide evidence that it is no opsin. Due to the localization at the basal bodies, the former Vop1 and Cop1/2 proteins were renamed V.c. Babo1 and C.r. Babo1. We reveal a large family of more than 60 Babo1-related proteins from a wide range of species. The detailed subcellular localization of fluorescence-tagged Babo1 shows that it accumulates at the basal apparatus. More precisely, it is located predominantly at the basal bodies and to a lesser extent at the four strands of rootlet microtubules. We trace Babo1 during basal body separation and cell division. Dynamic structural rearrangements of Babo1 particularly occur right before the first cell division. In four-celled embryos Babo1 was exclusively found at the oldest basal bodies of the embryo and on the corresponding d-roots. The unequal distribution of Babo1 in four-celled embryos could be an integral part of a geometrical system in early embryogenesis, which establishes the anterior-posterior polarity and influences the spatial arrangement of all embryonic structures and characteristics. Due to its retinal-binding capacity, Babo1 could also be responsible for the unequal distribution of retinoids, knowing that such concentration gradients of retinoids can be essential for the correct patterning during embryogenesis of more complex organisms. Thus, our findings push the Babo1 research in another direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L von der Heyde
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Hallmann
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Hoham RW, Remias D. Snow and Glacial Algae: A Review 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:264-282. [PMID: 31825096 PMCID: PMC7232433 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Snow or glacial algae are found on all continents, and most species are in the Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta) and Zygnematales (Streptophyta). Other algal groups include euglenoids, cryptomonads, chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria. They may live under extreme conditions of temperatures near 0°C, high irradiance levels in open exposures, low irradiance levels under tree canopies or deep in snow, acidic pH, low conductivity, and desiccation after snow melt. These primary producers may color snow green, golden-brown, red, pink, orange, or purple-grey, and they are part of communities that include other eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. They are an important component of the global biosphere and carbon and water cycles. Life cycles in the Chlamydomonas-Chloromonas-Chlainomonas complex include migration of flagellates in liquid water and formation of resistant cysts, many of which were identified previously as other algae. Species differentiation has been updated through the use of metagenomics, lipidomics, high-throughput sequencing (HTS), multi-gene analysis, and ITS. Secondary metabolites (astaxanthin in snow algae and purpurogallin in glacial algae) protect chloroplasts and nuclei from damaging PAR and UV, and ice binding proteins (IBPs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reduce cell damage in subfreezing temperatures. Molecular phylogenies reveal that snow algae in the Chlamydomonas-Chloromonas complex have invaded the snow habitat at least twice, and some species are polyphyletic. Snow and glacial algae reduce albedo, accelerate the melt of snowpacks and glaciers, and are used to monitor climate change. Selected strains of these algae have potential for producing food or fuel products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W. Hoham
- Department of BiologyColgate UniversityHamiltonNew York13346USA
| | - Daniel Remias
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaWels4600Austria
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Krichen E, Rapaport A, Le Floc'h E, Fouilland E. Demonstration of facilitation between microalgae to face environmental stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16076. [PMID: 31690754 PMCID: PMC6831635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive interactions such as facilitation play an important role during the biological colonization and species succession in harsh or changing environments. However, the direct evidence of such ecological interaction in microbial communities remains rare. Using common freshwater microalgae isolated from a High Rate Algal Pond HRAP treating wastewaters, we investigated with both experimental and modeling approaches the direct facilitation between two algal strains during the colonization phase. Our results demonstrate that the first colonization by microalgae under a severe chemical condition arose from the rapid growth of pioneer species such as Chlorella sorokiniana, which facilitated the subsequent colonization of low growth specialists such as Scenedesmus pectinatus. The pioneer species rapidly depleted the total available ammonia nitrogen favoring the specialist species initially inhibited by free ammonia toxicity. This latter species ultimately dominated the algal community through competitive exclusion under low nutrient conditions. We show that microbial successions are not only regulated by climatic conditions but also by interactions between species based on the ability to modify their growth conditions. We suggest that facilitation within the aquatic microbial communities is a widespread ecological interaction under a vast range of environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Krichen
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Sète, France
- MISTEA, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- ADEME, Agence de l'environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie, 20 avenue du Grésillé, BP 90406, 49004, Angers, Cedex 01, France
| | - Alain Rapaport
- MISTEA, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Eric Fouilland
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Sète, France.
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Procházková L, Remias D, Řezanka T, Nedbalová L. Ecophysiology of Chloromonas hindakii sp. nov. (Chlorophyceae), Causing Orange Snow Blooms at Different Light Conditions. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100434. [PMID: 31658718 PMCID: PMC6843554 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Slowly melting snowfields in mountain and polar regions are habitats of snow algae. Orange blooms were sampled in three European mountain ranges. The cysts within the blooms morphologically resembled those of Chloromonas nivalis (Chlorophyceae). Molecular and morphological traits of field and cultured material showed that they represent a new species, Chloromonas hindakii sp. nov. The performance of photosystem II was evaluated by fluorometry. For the first time for a snow alga, cyst stages collected in a wide altitudinal gradient and the laboratory strain were compared. The results showed that cysts were well adapted to medium and high irradiance. Cysts from high light conditions became photoinhibited at three times higher irradiances (600 µmol photons m−2 s−1) than those from low light conditions, or likewise compared to cultured flagellates. Therefore, the physiologic light preferences reflected the conditions in the original habitat. A high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (about 60% of total lipids) and the accumulation of the carotenoid astaxanthin was observed. They are regarded as adaptations to cope with extreme environmental conditions of snow that include low temperatures, freeze-thaw cycles, and variable light intensity. The intraspecific ability of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to different irradiance regimes seems to be advantageous for thriving in different snow habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Procházková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Remias
- School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstr. 23, 4600 Wels, Austria.
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Garvetto A, Badis Y, Perrineau MM, Rad-Menéndez C, Bresnan E, Gachon CM. Chytrid infecting the bloom-forming marine diatom Skeletonema sp.: Morphology, phylogeny and distribution of a novel species within the Rhizophydiales. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:471-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fučíková K, Lewis PO, Neupane S, Karol KG, Lewis LA. Order, please! Uncertainty in the ordinal-level classification of Chlorophyceae. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6899. [PMID: 31143537 PMCID: PMC6525593 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlorophyceae is one of three most species-rich green algal classes and also the only class in core Chlorophyta whose monophyly remains uncontested as gene and taxon sampling improves. However, some key relationships within Chlorophyceae are less clear-cut and warrant further investigation. The present study combined genome-scale chloroplast data and rich sampling in an attempt to resolve the ordinal classification in Chlorophyceae. The traditional division into Sphaeropleales and Volvocales (SV), and a clade containing Oedogoniales, Chaetopeltidales, and Chaetophorales (OCC) was of particular interest with the addition of deeply branching members of these groups, as well as the placement of several incertae sedis taxa. Methods We sequenced 18 chloroplast genomes across Chlorophyceae to compile a data set of 58 protein-coding genes of a total of 68 chlorophycean taxa. We analyzed the concatenated nucleotide and amino acid datasets in the Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood frameworks, supplemented by analyses to examine potential discordant signal among genes. We also examined gene presence and absence data across Chlorophyceae. Results Concatenated analyses yielded at least two well-supported phylogenies: nucleotide data supported the traditional classification with the inclusion of the enigmatic Treubarinia into Sphaeropleales sensu lato. However, amino acid data yielded equally strong support for Sphaeropleaceae as sister to Volvocales, with the rest of the taxa traditionally classified in Sphaeropleales in a separate clade, and Treubarinia as sister to all of the above. Single-gene and other supplementary analyses indicated that the data have low phylogenetic signal at these critical nodes. Major clades were supported by genomic structural features such as gene losses and trans-spliced intron insertions in the plastome. Discussion While the sequence and gene order data support the deep split between the SV and OCC lineages, multiple phylogenetic hypotheses are possible for Sphaeropleales s.l. Given this uncertainty as well as the higher-taxonomic disorder seen in other algal groups, dwelling on well-defined, strongly supported Linnaean orders is not currently practical in Chlorophyceae and a less formal clade system may be more useful in the foreseeable future. For example, we identify two strongly and unequivocally supported clades: Treubarinia and Scenedesminia, as well as other smaller groups that could serve a practical purpose as named clades. This system does not preclude future establishment of new orders, or emendment of the current ordinal classification if new data support such conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Fučíková
- Department of Natural Sciences, Assumption College, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul O Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Suman Neupane
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G Karol
- The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Louise A Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
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Darienko T, Pröschold T. Reevaluation and discovery of new species of the rare genus Watanabea and establishment of Massjukichlorella gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) using an integrative approach. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:493-499. [PMID: 30582760 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella-like coccoid green algae are widely distributed in almost all terrestrial habitats and belong to different lineages of the Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae. The Watanabea clade of the Trebouxiophyceae shows a high genetic biodiversity. Re-investigation of the authentic strain of the rarely found W. reniformis showed several morphological differences compared to the original description. To clarify the taxonomic status of Watanabea, we compared several new isolates with similar morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and SSU+ITS rDNA sequences revealed that all new isolates were distinct from W. reniformis. The ITS-2/CBC approach clearly demonstrated that the strains belonging to Watanabea represented species. We emended the generic diagnosis of Watanabea, and proposed four new species. One strain, SAG 2552, represented a separate lineage that we propose as a new genus Massjukichlorella with one species M. epiphytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Darienko
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, University of Göttingen, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Thomas Pröschold
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, A-5310, Mondsee, Austria
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Metz S, Lopes dos Santos A, Berman MC, Bigeard E, Licursi M, Not F, Lara E, Unrein F. Diversity of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes in eutrophic shallow lakes as assessed by combining flow cytometry cell-sorting and high throughput sequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5393366. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Metz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET. Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, Chascomús (7130), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Lopes dos Santos
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Manuel Castro Berman
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET. Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, Chascomús (7130), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estelle Bigeard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Magdalena Licursi
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI), CONICET-UNL. Ciudad Universitaria - Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fé, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Not
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin UMR7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Enrique Lara
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Unrein
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), UNSAM-CONICET. Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, Chascomús (7130), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Matsuzaki R, Nozaki H, Takeuchi N, Hara Y, Kawachi M. Taxonomic re-examination of "Chloromonas nivalis (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) zygotes" from Japan and description of C. muramotoi sp. nov. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210986. [PMID: 30677063 PMCID: PMC6345437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular data has strongly suggested that field-collected cysts of snow algae that are morphologically identifiable as the zygotes of Chloromonas nivalis are composed of multiple species. Motile vegetative cells, however, have not been directly obtained from these cysts because of the difficulties involved in inducing their germination. Recently, our comparative molecular analyses, using both field-collected and cultured materials, demonstrated that one Japanese lineage of "C. nivalis zygotes" belongs to C. miwae. Herein, we examined another Japanese lineage of field-collected "C. nivalis zygotes" and a new strain originating from Japan. Our molecular data demonstrated that these two different life cycle stages are conspecific, and that they represent a new species that we herein describe as C. muramotoi sp. nov., based on the vegetative and asexual morphological characteristics of the strain. Multigene phylogenetic analyses showed that this new species was sister to C. miwae. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the cysts of C. muramotoi are different from those of C. miwae, based on the arrangement of the flanges developing on the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsuzaki
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Takeuchi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inage ward, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hara
- Institute of Arts and Sciences, Yamagata University, Kojirakawa, Yamagata, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawachi
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kim EJ, Jung W, Lim S, Kim S, Choi HG, Han SJ. Lipid Production by Arctic Microalga Chlamydomonas sp. KNF0008 at Low Temperatures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 188:326-337. [PMID: 30443891 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A lipid-producing microalga, Chlamydomonas sp. KNF0008, collected from the Arctic was capable of growing at temperatures ranging from 4 to 20 °C, and the highest cell density was measured at 15 °C and 100 μmol photons m-2 s-1 light intensity under continuous shaking and external aeration. KNF0008 showed the elevated accumulation of lipid bodies under nitrogen-deficient conditions, rather than under nitrogen-sufficient conditions. Fatty acid production of KNF0008 was 4.2-fold (104 mg L-1) higher than that of C. reinhardtii CC-125 at 15 °C in Bold's Basal Medium. The dominant fatty acids were C16:0, C16:4, C18:1, and C18:3, and unsaturated fatty acids (65.69%) were higher than saturated fatty acids (13.65%) at 15 °C. These results suggested that Arctic Chlamydomonas sp. KNF0008 could possibly be utilized for production of biodiesel during periods of cold weather because of its psychrophilic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jae Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Woongsic Jung
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
- Department of Research and Development, GDE, Siheung, 14985, South Korea
| | - Suyoun Lim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
- Functional Genomics R&D Team, Syntekabio, Daejeon, 34025, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Han-Gu Choi
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Se Jong Han
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea.
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, South Korea.
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Improved taxon sampling and multigene phylogeny of unicellular chlamydomonads closely related to the colonial volvocalean lineage Tetrabaenaceae-Goniaceae-Volvocaceae (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 130:1-8. [PMID: 30266459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the green algal order Volvocales (Chlorophyceae), flagellate colonial forms have evolved at least four times. One of these colonial lineages, Tetrabaenaceae-Goniaceae-Volvocaceae (TGV), which belongs to the clade Reinhardtinia, is closely related to several unicellular chlamydomonads in the genera Chlamydomonas and Vitreochlamys. However, the unicellular sister of TGV has not been specified. Here, the largest ever 18S rRNA phylogenetic tree of Reinhardtinia was constructed including several newly isolated chlamydomonads, and a clade (core-Reinhardtinia) including 32 unicellular lineages and three colonial families were recognized. Interrelationships within core-Reinhardtinia were barely resolved in the tree, and therefore combined 18S-atpB-psaA-psaB-psbC-rbcL gene phylogenetic analyses were performed with selected representatives of 29 of the 32 unicellular lineages and three colonial families. The 29 unicellular lineages were clustered into five metaclades and an unassigned lineage; the metaclade that includes Chlamydomonas pila was resolved, with moderate support, as the sister clade to TGV. To examine possible biases from specific gene(s), long-branch taxa, and the heterogeneous base composition, phylogenetic analyses using several smaller data sets were also performed. Light microscopy of C. pila and its relatives indicated that any early steps towards colony evolution appeared after divergence of TGV from the C. pila lineage.
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Seto K, Degawa Y. Collimyces mutans gen. et sp. nov. (Rhizophydiales, Collimycetaceae fam. nov.), a New Chytrid Parasite of Microglena (Volvocales, clade Monadinia). Protist 2018; 169:507-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hanschen ER, Herron MD, Wiens JJ, Nozaki H, Michod RE. Multicellularity Drives the Evolution of Sexual Traits. Am Nat 2018; 192:E93-E105. [PMID: 30125231 DOI: 10.1086/698301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
From the male peacock's tail plumage to the floral displays of flowering plants, traits related to sexual reproduction are often complex and exaggerated. Why has sexual reproduction become so complicated? Why have such exaggerated sexual traits evolved? Early work posited a connection between multicellularity and sexual traits such as anisogamy (i.e., the evolution of small sperm and large eggs). Anisogamy then drives the evolution of other forms of sexual dimorphism. Yet the relationship between multicellularity and the evolution of sexual traits has not been empirically tested. Given their extensive variation in both multicellular complexity and sexual systems, the volvocine green algae offer a tractable system for understanding the interrelationship of multicellular complexity and sex. Here we show that species with greater multicellular complexity have a significantly larger number of derived sexual traits, including anisogamy, internal fertilization, and secondary sexual dimorphism. Our results demonstrate that anisogamy repeatedly evolved from isogamous multicellular ancestors and that anisogamous species are larger and produce larger zygotes than isogamous species. In the volvocine algae, the evolution of multicellularity likely drives the evolution of anisogamy, and anisogamy subsequently drives secondary sexual dimorphism. Multicellularity may set the stage for the overall diversity of sexual complexity throughout the Tree of Life.
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Phylogeny of the egg-loving green alga Oophila amblystomatis (Chlamydomonadales) and its response to the herbicides atrazine and 2,4-D. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Barcytė D, Hodač L, Nedbalová L, Elster J. Chloromonas svalbardensis n. sp. with Insights into the Phylogroup Chloromonadinia (Chlorophyceae). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:882-892. [PMID: 29752887 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The traditional green algal genus Chloromonas accommodates mesophilic, cold-tolerant and cold-adapted microorganisms. In this paper, we studied a new strain isolated from a wet hummock meadow in the High Arctic. We used morphological, ultrastructural and molecular data to assess the taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationships of the new isolate. The observed morphological features generally corresponded to the cold-tolerant Chloromonas characteristics. However, ellipsoidal or wide ellipsoidal vegetative cells, a massive parietal cup-shaped chloroplast with a number of continuously connected lobes, a thick cell wall, a prominent hemispherical papilla and the anterior position of an oblong or round eyespot distinguished the alga from all previously described Chloromonas species. Analyses of rbcL and 18S rRNA genes showed that the new strain formed an independent lineage within a clade containing mesophilic and psychrotolerant Chloromonas species. Comparisons of secondary structure models of a highly variable ITS2 rDNA marker supported a separate species identity of the new isolate. Considering the morphological and molecular differences from its relatives, a new psychrotolerant species, Chloromonas svalbardensis, is proposed. Further, our results demonstrated the paraphyletic origin of Chloromonas within Chloromonadinia with genetically, morphologically and ecologically well-defined clades. We discuss a scenario of a possible Chloromonas split and revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovilė Barcytė
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 2 128 44, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ladislav Hodač
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 2 128 44, Prague, Czechia.,Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Josef Elster
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czechia.,Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 3, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
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Sausen N, Malavasi V, Melkonian M. Molecular phylogeny, systematics, and revision of the type species of Lobomonas, L. francei (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) and closely related taxa. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:198-214. [PMID: 29278416 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, three new strains of the rare volvocalean green alga Lobomonas were isolated from field-collected samples, one from Sardinia (Italy) and two from Argentina, and comparatively studied. The Sardinian and one of the Argentinian strains were identified as Lobomonas francei, the type species of the genus, whereas the second Argentinian strain corresponded to L. panduriformis. Two additional nominal species of Lobomonas from culture collections (L. rostrata and L. sphaerica) were included in the analysis and shown to be morphologically and molecularly identical to the L. francei strains. The presence, number, and shapes of cell wall lobes, the diagnostic criterion of Lobomonas, were shown to be highly variable depending on the chemical composition of the culture medium used. The analyses by SEM gave evidence that the cell wall lobes in Lobomonas originate at the junctions of adjacent cell wall plates by extrusion of gelatinous material. The four L. francei strains had identical nrRNA gene sequences and differed by only one or two substitutions in the ITS1 + ITS2 sequences. In the phylogenetic analyses, L. francei and L. panduriformis were sister taxa; however, another nominal Lobomonas species (L. monstruosa) did not belong to this genus. Lobomonas, together with taxa designated as Vitreochlamys, Tetraspora, and Paulschulzia, formed a monophyletic group that in the combined analyses was sister to the "Chlamydomonas/Volvox-clade." Based on these results, Lobomonas was revised, the diagnosis of the type species emended, a lectotype and an epitype designated, and several taxa synonymized with the type species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Sausen
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47 b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Veronica Malavasi
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47 b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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Matsuzaki R, Nozaki H, Kawachi M. Taxonomic revision of Chloromonas nivalis (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) strains, with the new description of two snow-inhabiting Chloromonas species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193603. [PMID: 29570718 PMCID: PMC5865719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloromonas nivalis (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) is considered a cosmopolitan species of a snow-inhabiting microalga because cysts morphologically identifiable as zygotes of the species are distributed worldwide. However, recent molecular data demonstrated that field-collected cysts identified as the zygotes consist of multiple species. Recently, we demonstrated that species identification of snow-inhabiting Chloromonas species is possible based on light and electron microscopy of asexual life cycles in strains and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Vegetative cells without eyespots and of inverted-teardrop shape have been reported once in North American material of C. nivalis; however, strains with such vegetative cells in snow-inhabiting species of Chloromonas have not been examined taxonomically in detail. Here, we used light and transmission electron microscopy together with molecular analyses of multiple DNA sequences to examine several C. nivalis strains. The morphological data demonstrated that one North American strain could be identified as C. nivalis, whereas three other strains should be re-classified as C. hoshawii sp. nov. and C. remiasii sp. nov. based on vegetative cell morphology, the number of zoospores within the parental cell wall during asexual reproduction, and whether cell aggregates (resulting from repeated divisions of daughter cells retained within a parental cell wall) were observed in the culture. This taxonomic treatment was supported by multigene phylogeny and comparative molecular analyses that included a rapidly evolving DNA region. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses also demonstrated that the North American strain of C. nivalis was phylogenetically separated from the Austrian and Japanese specimens previously identified as C. nivalis based on zygote morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsuzaki
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawachi
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Barcytė D, Hodač L, Nedbalová L, Elster J. Chloromonas arctica sp. nov., a psychrotolerant alga from snow in the High Arctic (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyta). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:851-859. [PMID: 29458669 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of molecular phylogenetic methods, it has become possible to assess the bioversity of snow algae more accurately. In this study, we focused on a morphological, ultrastructural and taxonomic description of a new Chloromonas-like alga isolated from snow in the High Arctic (Svalbard). Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed broad ellipsoidal or ellipsoidal-cylindrical, occasionally spherical cells with a chloroplast without a pyrenoid, an inconspicuous eyespot and a papilla. The size difference and the aforementioned morphological traits clearly distinguished the alga from its closest counterparts within the genus Chloromonas. Moreover, we were able to cultivate the alga at both 5 and 20 °C, revealing the psychrotolerant nature of the strain. Phylogenetic analyses of the plastid rbcL and nuclear 18S rRNA gene showed that the alga is nested within a clade containing a number of psychrotolerant strains within the Chloromonadinia phylogroup (Chlorophyceae). In the rbcL phylogeny, the alga formed an independent lineage, sister to the freshwater species Chloromonas paraserbinowii. Comparisons of secondary structure models of a highly variable ITS2 rDNA marker showed support for a distinct species identity for the new strain. The ITS2 secondary structure of the new isolate differed from the closest matches 'Chlamydomonas' gerloffii and Choloromonas reticulata by three and five compensatory base changes, respectively. Considering the morphological and molecular differences from its closest relatives, a new psychrotolerant species from the Arctic, Choromonas arctica sp. nov., is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovilė Barcytė
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Hodač
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic.,The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, 379 82, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Elster
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, 379 82, Czech Republic.,Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 3, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
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Remias D, Procházková L, Holzinger A, Nedbalová L. Ecology, cytology and phylogeny of the snow alga Scotiella cryophila K-1 (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyta) from the Austrian Alps. PHYCOLOGIA 2018; 57:581-592. [PMID: 31007285 PMCID: PMC6469580 DOI: 10.2216/18-45.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-lasting, slowly melting snowfields in mountainous regions are frequently populated by specialised microalgae whose diversity is still vastly underestimated. Cysts causing sub-surficial green snow were collected in the Austrian Alps, Tyrol, and morphologically accorded to the snow alga Scotiella cryophila sensu Chodat, initially described from Switzerland. The cytology and photobiology of this population were investigated to understand mechanisms of adaptation to the harsh habitat. Cysts of S. cryophila K-1 had secondary cell walls with pronounced rib-like surface structures and contained several small spherical plastids. The cytoplasm was dominated by lipid bodies, which developed reddish secondary pigmentation. Partial life cycle observations showed that daughter cells lacked structured cell walls. Cysts performed active photosynthesis at temperature conditions close to the freezing point and were photoinhibited at irradiances greater than 70 μmol m-2 s-1. This corresponded exactly to habitat conditions 20 to 40 cm below the snow surface. Phylogenetic analyses using 18S rDNA, rbcL and ITS2 rDNA sequences indicated that S. cryophila K-1 is related to Chloromonas, known to contain several snow algae. The taxon forms an independent lineage and is clearly genetically distinct from the type strain of Chloromonas rosae var. psychrophila from North America that is supposed to have morphologically identical cysts. For a taxonomic treatment including a species assignment of S. cryophila K-1 from Europe within Chloromonas, flagellates will have to be cultivated from cysts or from acquired field material for a detailed morphological description. Acquisition and genetic analysis of cysts that resemble S. cryophila from America could elucidate their relationship to European samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Remias
- University of Applied Sciences, Campus Wels, Stelzhamerstr. 23,
A-4600 Wels, Austria
- Corresponding author
()
| | - Lenka Procházková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology,
Viničná7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Sternwartestr. 15,
A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology,
Viničná7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
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Borchhardt N, Baum C, Mikhailyuk T, Karsten U. Biological Soil Crusts of Arctic Svalbard-Water Availability as Potential Controlling Factor for Microalgal Biodiversity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1485. [PMID: 28848507 PMCID: PMC5550688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study the biodiversity of biological soil crusts (BSCs) formed by phototrophic organisms were investigated on Arctic Svalbard (Norway). These communities exert several important ecological functions and constitute a significant part of vegetation at high latitudes. Non-diatom eukaryotic microalgal species of BSCs from 20 sampling stations around Ny-Ålesund and Longyearbyen were identified by morphology using light microscopy, and the results revealed a high species richness with 102 species in total. 67 taxa belonged to Chlorophyta (31 Chlorophyceae and 36 Trebouxiophyceae), 13 species were Streptophyta (11 Klebsormidiophyceae and two Zygnematophyceae) and 22 species were Ochrophyta (two Eustigmatophyceae and 20 Xanthophyceae). Surprisingly, Klebsormidium strains belonging to clade G (Streptophyta), which were so far described from Southern Africa, could be determined at 5 sampling stations. Furthermore, comparative analyses of Arctic and Antarctic BSCs were undertaken to outline differences in species composition. In addition, a pedological analysis of BSC samples included C, N, S, TP (total phosphorus), and pH measurements to investigate the influence of soil properties on species composition. No significant correlation with these chemical soil parameters was confirmed but the results indicated that pH might affect the BSCs. In addition, a statistically significant influence of precipitation on species composition was determined. Consequently, water availability was identified as one key driver for BSC biodiversity in Arctic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Borchhardt
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Christel Baum
- Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Tatiana Mikhailyuk
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany.,Department of Phycology, Lichenology and Bryology, M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
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Warren A, Patterson DJ, Dunthorn M, Clamp JC, Achilles‐Day UE, Aescht E, Al‐Farraj SA, Al‐Quraishy S, Al‐Rasheid K, Carr M, Day JG, Dellinger M, El‐Serehy HA, Fan Y, Gao F, Gao S, Gong J, Gupta R, Hu X, Kamra K, Langlois G, Lin X, Lipscomb D, Lobban CS, Luporini P, Lynn DH, Ma H, Macek M, Mackenzie‐Dodds J, Makhija S, Mansergh RI, Martín‐Cereceda M, McMiller N, Montagnes DJ, Nikolaeva S, Ong'ondo GO, Pérez‐Uz B, Purushothaman J, Quintela‐Alonso P, Rotterová J, Santoferrara L, Shao C, Shen Z, Shi X, Song W, Stoeck T, La Terza A, Vallesi A, Wang M, Weisse T, Wiackowski K, Wu L, Xu K, Yi Z, Zufall R, Agatha S. Beyond the "Code": A Guide to the Description and Documentation of Biodiversity in Ciliated Protists (Alveolata, Ciliophora). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:539-554. [PMID: 28061024 PMCID: PMC5697677 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular technology have revolutionized research on all aspects of the biology of organisms, including ciliates, and created unprecedented opportunities for pursuing a more integrative approach to investigations of biodiversity. However, this goal is complicated by large gaps and inconsistencies that still exist in the foundation of basic information about biodiversity of ciliates. The present paper reviews issues relating to the taxonomy of ciliates and presents specific recommendations for best practice in the observation and documentation of their biodiversity. This effort stems from a workshop that explored ways to implement six Grand Challenges proposed by the International Research Coordination Network for Biodiversity of Ciliates (IRCN-BC). As part of its commitment to strengthening the knowledge base that supports research on biodiversity of ciliates, the IRCN-BC proposes to populate The Ciliate Guide, an online database, with biodiversity-related data and metadata to create a resource that will facilitate accurate taxonomic identifications and promote sharing of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Warren
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonSW7 5BDUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of EcologyUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern67663Germany
| | - John C. Clamp
- Department of Biological and Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina27707USA
| | - Undine E.M. Achilles‐Day
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesBournemouth UniversityBournemouthBH12 5BBUnited Kingdom
| | - Erna Aescht
- Biology Center of the Upper Austrian MuseumLinzA‐4040Austria
| | | | | | | | - Martin Carr
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUnited Kingdom
| | - John G. Day
- Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanPA37 1QAUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Yangbo Fan
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity OceanUniversity of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity OceanUniversity of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Shan Gao
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity OceanUniversity of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Jun Gong
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesYantai264003China
| | - Renu Gupta
- Maitreyi CollegeUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi110021India
| | - Xiaozhong Hu
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity OceanUniversity of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Komal Kamra
- SGTB Khalsa CollegeUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Gaytha Langlois
- Department of Science & TechnologyBryant UniversitySmithfieldRhode Island02917USA
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life ScienceSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510631China
| | - Diana Lipscomb
- Department of Biological SciencesGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia20052USA
| | | | - Pierangelo Luporini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoCamerino (MC)62032Italy
| | - Denis H. Lynn
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONN1G 2W1Canada
| | - Honggang Ma
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity OceanUniversity of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Miroslav Macek
- Tropical Limnology Research Project, FES IztacalaUniversidad National Autonoma de MéxicoEdo. México 540 90Mexico
| | | | - Seema Makhija
- Acharya Narendra Dev CollegeUniversity of DelhiNew Delhi110019India
| | - Robert I. Mansergh
- Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthPO4 9LYUnited Kingdom
| | - Mercedes Martín‐Cereceda
- Departamento de Microbiología III, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Nettie McMiller
- Department of Biological and Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina27707USA
| | - David J.S. Montagnes
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUnited Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Nikolaeva
- Department of Earth SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonSW7 5BDUnited Kingdom
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya ul. 18Kazan 420000Russia
| | | | - Blanca Pérez‐Uz
- Departamento de Microbiología III, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | | | - Pablo Quintela‐Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología III, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadrid28040Spain
| | - Johana Rotterová
- Department of ZoologyCharles University in PraguePrague12744Czech Republic
| | | | - Chen Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Zhuo Shen
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Xinlu Shi
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou310036China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity OceanUniversity of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Department of EcologyUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern67663Germany
| | - Antonietta La Terza
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoCamerino (MC)62032Italy
| | - Adriana Vallesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoCamerino (MC)62032Italy
| | - Mei Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity OceanUniversity of ChinaQingdao266003China
| | - Thomas Weisse
- Research Institute for LimnologyUniversity of InnsbruckMondsee5310Austria
| | | | - Lei Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life ScienceSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510631China
| | - Kuidong Xu
- Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao266071China
| | - Zhenzhen Yi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life ScienceSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510631China
| | - Rebecca Zufall
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas77006‐5001USA
| | - Sabine Agatha
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgA‐5020Austria
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Temraleeva AD, Moskalenko SV, Bachura YM. Morphology, ecology, and 18S rDNA phylogeny of the green microalgal order Protosiphonales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Nakada T, Tomita M. Morphology and phylogeny of a new wall-less freshwater volvocalean flagellate, Hapalochloris nozakii gen. et sp. nov. (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:108-117. [PMID: 27767210 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
New strains of a wall-less unicellular volvocalean flagellate were isolated from a freshwater environment in Japan. Observations of the alga, described here as Hapalochloris nozakii Nakada, gen. et sp. nov., were made using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Each vegetative cell had two flagella, four contractile vacuoles, and a spirally furrowed cup-shaped chloroplast with an axial pyrenoid, and mitochondria located in the furrows. Based on the morphology, H. nozakii was distinguished from other known wall-less volvocalean flagellates. Under electron microscopy, fibrous material, instead of a cell wall and dense cortical microtubules, was observed outside and inside the cell membrane, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences, H. nozakii was found to be closely related to Asterococcus, Oogamochlamys, Rhysamphichloris, and "Dunaliella" lateralis and was separated from other known wall-less flagellate volvocaleans, indicating independent secondary loss of the cell wall in H. nozakii. In the combined 18S rRNA and chloroplast gene tree, H. nozakii was sister to Lobochlamys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakada
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka 997-0052, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka 997-0052, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa 252-0882, Japan
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Arata PX, Alberghina J, Confalonieri V, Errea MI, Estevez JM, Ciancia M. Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Freshwater Green Macroalga Cladophora surera Not Linked to Salinity Adaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1927. [PMID: 29181012 PMCID: PMC5694217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of sulfated polysaccharides in cell walls of seaweeds is considered to be a consequence of the physiological adaptation to the high salinity of the marine environment. Recently, it was found that sulfated polysaccharides were present in certain freshwater Cladophora species and some vascular plants. Cladophora (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) is one of the largest genera of green algae that are able to grow in both, seas and freshwater courses. Previous studies carried out on the water-soluble polysaccharides of the marine species C. falklandica established the presence of sulfated xylogalactoarabinans constituted by a backbone of 4-linked β-L-arabinopyranose units partially sulfated mainly on C3 and also on C2 with partial glycosylation, mostly on C2, with terminal β-D-xylopyranose or β-D-galactofuranose units. Besides, minor amounts of 3-, 6- and/or 3,6-linked β-D-galactan structures, with galactose in the pyranosic form were detected. In this work, the main water soluble cell wall polysaccharides from the freshwater alga Cladophora surera were characterized. It was found that this green alga biosynthesizes sulfated polysaccharides, with a structure similar to those found in marine species of this genus. Calibration of molecular clock with fossil data suggests that colonization of freshwater environments occurred during the Miocene by its ancestor. Therefore, the presence of sulfated polysaccharides in the freshwater green macroalga C. surera could be, in this case, an adaptation to transient desiccation and changes in ionic strength. Retention of sulfated polysaccharides at the cell walls may represent a snapshot of an evolutionary event, and, thus constitutes an excellent model for further studies on the mechanisms of sulfation on cell wall polysaccharides and environmental stress co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula X. Arata
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Alberghina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Confalonieri
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I. Errea
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Marina Ciancia, José M. Estevez,
| | - Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Marina Ciancia, José M. Estevez,
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Rivasseau C, Farhi E, Compagnon E, de Gouvion Saint Cyr D, van Lis R, Falconet D, Kuntz M, Atteia A, Couté A. Coccomyxa actinabiotis sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), a new green microalga living in the spent fuel cooling pool of a nuclear reactor. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:689-703. [PMID: 27470701 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Life can thrive in extreme environments where inhospitable conditions prevail. Organisms which resist, for example, acidity, pressure, low or high temperature, have been found in harsh environments. Most of them are bacteria and archaea. The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is considered to be a champion among all living organisms, surviving extreme ionizing radiation levels. We have discovered a new extremophile eukaryotic organism that possesses a resistance to ionizing radiations similar to that of D. radiodurans. This microorganism, an autotrophic freshwater green microalga, lives in a peculiar environment, namely the cooling pool of a nuclear reactor containing spent nuclear fuels, where it is continuously submitted to nutritive, metallic, and radiative stress. We investigated its morphology and its ultrastructure by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy as well as its biochemical properties. Its resistance to UV and gamma radiation was assessed. When submitted to different dose rates of the order of some tens of mGy · h-1 to several thousands of Gy · h-1 , the microalga revealed to be able to survive intense gamma-rays irradiation, up to 2,000 times the dose lethal to human. The nuclear genome region spanning the genes for small subunit ribosomal RNA-Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2-28S rRNA (beginning) was sequenced (4,065 bp). The phylogenetic position of the microalga was inferred from the 18S rRNA gene. All the revealed characteristics make the alga a new species of the genus Coccomyxa in the class Trebouxiophyceae, which we name Coccomyxa actinabiotis sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Rivasseau
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, LPCV, CNRS, CEA, INRA, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Estelle Compagnon
- Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38009, Grenoble, France
- CEA, LPCV, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Diane de Gouvion Saint Cyr
- Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38009, Grenoble, France
- CEA, LPCV, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Robert van Lis
- CNRS, BIP, Univ. Aix-Marseille, F-13402, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- CNRS, LPCV, CEA, INRA, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- CNRS, LPCV, CEA, INRA, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ariane Atteia
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie de Protéines, Univ. Aix-Marseille, F-13402, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Couté
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR7245, F-75005, Paris, France
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Gour RS, Chawla A, Singh H, Chauhan RS, Kant A. Characterization and Screening of Native Scenedesmus sp. Isolates Suitable for Biofuel Feedstock. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155321. [PMID: 27195694 PMCID: PMC4873191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In current study isolates of two native microalgae species were screened on the basis of growth kinetics and lipid accumulation potential. On the basis of data obtained on growth parameters and lipid accumulation, it is concluded that Scenedesmus dimorphus has better potential as biofuel feedstock. Two of the isolates of Scenedesmus dimorphus performed better than other isolates with respect to important growth parameters with lipid content of ~30% of dry biomass. Scenedesmus dimorphus was found to be more suitable as biodiesel feedstock candidate on the basis of cumulative occurrence of five important biodiesel fatty acids, relative occurrence of SFA (53.04%), MUFA (23.81%) and PUFA (19.69%), and more importantly that of oleic acid in its total lipids. The morphological observations using light and Scanning Electron Microscope and molecular characterization using amplified 18S rRNA gene sequences of microalgae species under study were also performed. Amplified 18S rRNA gene fragments of the microalgae species were sequenced, annotated at the NCBI website and phylogenetic analysis was done. We have published eight 18S rRNA gene sequences of microalgae species in NCBI GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Singh Gour
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aseem Chawla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harvinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajinder Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kant
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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