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Moulin M, Crowley DC, Xiong L, Guthrie N, Lewis ED. Safety and Efficacy of AlphaWave ® L-Theanine Supplementation for 28 Days in Healthy Adults with Moderate Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Neurol Ther 2024; 13:1135-1153. [PMID: 38758503 PMCID: PMC11263523 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-024-00624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged periods of stress may lead to negative health consequences. AlphaWave® L-Theanine was safe and efficacious during an acute stress challenge. However, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials investigating the longer term effects of L-theanine supplementation on stress are warranted. METHODS Thirty healthy adults (18-65 years) with moderate stress were randomized to AlphaWave® L-Theanine (400 mg L-theanine/day) or placebo (n = 15/group) for 28 days. Stress was assessed by salivary cortisol, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21; sleep was assessed by the Healthy People Sleep Quality Index and actigraphy device; cognition was assessed by Computerized Mental Performance Assessment System; mood was assessed by Profile of Mood States. All outcomes were measured at baseline, Days 14 and 28. Safety included vital signs, clinical chemistry, haematology and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS All AEs were resolved by the end of the study period or upon subsequent follow up, and out of range laboratory values and changes in vital signs were deemed not clinically relevant following AlphaWave® L-Theanine supplementation. Participants supplemented with AlphaWave® L-Theanine had decreases of 12.92% (p = 0.051) and 17.98% (p = 0.04) in PSS scores after 14 and 28 days, respectively, while those on placebo had respective decreases of 9.74% (p = 0.061) and 17.88% (p = 0.009). There were no significant differences between groups for change in salivary cortisol. The AlphaWave® L-Theanine group demonstrated decreased time asleep after 28 days and significantly reduced light sleep after 14 and 28 days compared to placebo (p ≤ 0.040). The AlphaWave® L-Theanine group significantly improved by 21.79% and 21.33% in Stroop test correct reaction time after 14 and 28 days, respectively, while those on placebo improved after 28 days only (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS AlphaWave® L-Theanine supplementation for 28 days was safe and significantly decreased perceived stress significantly decreased perceived stress and light sleep, improved sleep quality and enhanced cognitive attention in the studied population. Larger, randomized controlled trials with longer duration of AlphaWave® L-Theanine supplementation are warranted to reduce inter-individual variability and the potential placebo effect. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT05808595.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Moulin
- KGK Science Inc., 275 Dundas Street, Tower A, Suite A1605, London, ON, N6B 3L1, Canada
| | - David C Crowley
- KGK Science Inc., 275 Dundas Street, Tower A, Suite A1605, London, ON, N6B 3L1, Canada
| | - Lora Xiong
- Ethical Naturals, Inc., 2731 Fair Oaks Ave, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Najla Guthrie
- KGK Science Inc., 275 Dundas Street, Tower A, Suite A1605, London, ON, N6B 3L1, Canada
| | - Erin D Lewis
- KGK Science Inc., 275 Dundas Street, Tower A, Suite A1605, London, ON, N6B 3L1, Canada.
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Farrell G, Chapple C, Kennedy E, Reily-Bell M, Sampath K, Gisselman AS, Cook C, Katare R, Tumilty S. Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system response to upper or lower cervical spine mobilization in males with persistent post-concussion symptoms: a proof-of-concept trial. J Man Manip Ther 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38904298 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2024.2363018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The peripheral stress response, consisting of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal-axis (HPA-axis), functions to maintain homeostasis in response to stressors. Cervical spine manual therapy has been shown to differentially modulate the stress response in healthy populations. No study has investigated whether cervical spine mobilizations can differentially modulate the stress response in individuals with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), a population characterized by a dysfunctional stress response. METHODS A randomized, controlled, parallel design trial was performed to investigate whether upper or lower cervical spine mobilization can differentially modulate components of the stress response in individuals with PPCS. The outcomes were salivary cortisol (sCOR) concentration (primary) and the HRV metric, rMSSD, measured with a smartphone application (secondary). Nineteen males diagnosed with PPCS, aged 19-35, were included. Participants were randomly assigned into either intervention group, upper (n = 10) or lower (n = 9) cervical spine mobilization. Each outcome was collected at different time points, pre- and post-intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using the Friedman's Two-Way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. RESULTS There was a statistically significant within-group reduction in sCOR concentration 30 minutes following lower cervical spine mobilizations and statistically significant within-group increase in rMSSD 30 minutes following upper cervical spine mobilizations. CONCLUSION The results of this trial provide preliminary evidence for cervical spine mobilizations to differentially modulate components of the stress response at specific time points. Understanding the mechanisms of the effect of cervical spine mobilizations on the stress response provides a novel rationale for selecting cervical spine mobilizations to rehabilitate individuals with PPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Farrell
- Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cathy Chapple
- Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ewan Kennedy
- Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Reily-Bell
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kesava Sampath
- Centre for Health and Social Practice, Waikato Institute of Technology-Rotokauri Campus, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | | | - Chad Cook
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Steve Tumilty
- Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Uçan Yarkaç F, Babayiğit O, Gokturk O. Associations between immune-inflammatory markers, age, and periodontal status: a cross-sectional study. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00907-3. [PMID: 38443702 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Since periodontal disease is associated with many systemic diseases, it is important to evaluate its effects on host responses in elderly individuals. To this end, this study investigated salivary interleukin (IL)-17, IL-18, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in patient groups with different periodontal health statuses and immunologically evaluated the relationship between age and periodontal health status. A total of 60 individuals aged 18-40 years (young individuals) and 60 individuals aged 65 years or older (elderly individuals) were included in this study. According to periodontal disease status, the patients were divided into periodontally healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis subgroups. Clinical periodontal parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI), were recorded. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using ELISA to determine the levels of IL-17, IL-18, TLR2, TLR4, and TNF-α. Higher clinical periodontal parameter (PD, CAL, PI, and GI) and inflammatory marker (IL-17, IL-18, TNF-α, TLR2, and TLR4) levels were found in patients with periodontitis than those in periodontally healthy individuals and patients with gingivitis (P < 0.05). Salivary inflammatory marker levels were significantly higher in elderly individuals than those in young individuals in all subgroups (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between inflammatory marker levels and clinical periodontal parameters, but there was no correlation between TLR2 and PI or GI. This study suggests a significant increase in host response to periodontal disease as the disease progresses, with the levels of cytokines and TLR expression exhibiting an increasing trend with age. Increased IL-17, IL-18, TLR2, TLR4, and TNF-α levels in elderly individuals in all periodontal health subgroups might suggest the role of these cytokines and TLR pathway in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Uçan Yarkaç
- Department of Periodontology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, Turkey
| | - Osman Babayiğit
- Department of Periodontology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, Turkey.
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Gauvin DV, McComb M, Farero R. A Commentary on Fasting of Nonclinical Research Animals. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:196-208. [PMID: 38151260 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231218975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This commentary discusses the implementation of fasting in nonclinical animal experimental subjects. The short-term removal of food from cages of experimental animals is in all respects innocuous. The term "stress" is ill-defined and the statutes and regulations governing animal research laboratories that exert their authority in the performance of their operations do so without substantive grounds to base compliance. The legislative and administrative history of the implementation of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) has evolved into the development of laboratory management strategies that focus on the reduction of the biological cost of stress to the animals and the determination of when subclinical stress (eustress) becomes distress. Animal welfare is based on the tenet that in laboratories conducting animal research in compliance with Good Laboratory Practices (Title 21 USC, Chapter 13,§58), it is the study protocol and the study director that establish procedures and processes that are approved by each Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee to ensure the humane care and use of animals in research, teaching, and testing and to ensure compliance with guidelines and regulations. This approval process establishes the justification of eustress in the environment that do not rise to the threshold of distress under the AWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Gauvin
- Department of Neurobehavioral Sciences, Charles River Laboratories - MWN, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Margaret McComb
- Department of Neurobehavioral Sciences, Charles River Laboratories - MWN, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Ryan Farero
- Department of Neurobehavioral Sciences, Charles River Laboratories - MWN, Mattawan, MI, USA
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Billar R, Kappen P, Mohammadian S, van den Berg C, de Rijke Y, van den Akker E, van Rosmalen J, Schnater JM, Vincent A, Dirven C, Klimek M, Wijnen R, Jeekel J, Huygen F, Tiemensma J. The effect of recorded music on pain endurance (CRESCENDo) - A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2023; 77:102969. [PMID: 37579996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clarifying the effect of music on pain endurance in an experimental design could aid in how music should be applied during both surgical and non-surgical interventions. This study aims to investigate the effect of music on pain endurance and the involvement of the sympathetic adrenomedullary axis (SAM) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized controlled trial all participants received increasing electric stimuli through their non-dominant index finger. Participants were randomly assigned to the music group (M) receiving a 20-minute music intervention or control group (C) receiving a 20-minute resting period. The primary outcome was pain endurance, defined as amount milliampere tolerated. Secondary outcomes included anxiety level, SAM-axis based on heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary alpha-amylase, and HPA-axis activity based on salivary cortisol. RESULTS In the intention-to-treat analysis, the effect of music on pain tolerance did not statistically differ between the M and C group. A significant positive effect of music on pain endurance was noted after excluding participants with a high skin impedance (p = 0.013, CI 0.35; 2.85). Increased HRV was observed in the M-group compared to the C-group for SDNN (B/95%CI:13.80/2.22;25.39, p = 0.022), RMSSD (B/95%CI:15.97/1.64;30.31, p = 0.032), VLF (B/95%CI:212.08/60.49;363.67, p = 0.008) and HF (B/95%CI:821.15/150.78;1491.52, p = 0.0190). No statistical significance was observed in other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The effect of the music intervention on pain endurance was not statistically significant in the intention-to-treat analysis. The subgroup analyses revealed an increase in pain endurance in the music group after correcting for skin impedance, which could be attributed to increased parasympathetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Billar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pablo Kappen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sepehr Mohammadian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corinne van den Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erica van den Akker
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost van Rosmalen
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Marco Schnater
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Vincent
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens Dirven
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Klimek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Jeekel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Huygen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jitske Tiemensma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Zhou Y, Liu Z. Saliva biomarkers in oral disease. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117503. [PMID: 37536520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a versatile biofluid that contains a wide variety of biomarkers reflecting both physiologic and pathophysiologic states. Saliva collection is noninvasive and highly applicable for tests requiring serial sampling. Furthermore, advances in test accuracy, sensitivity and precision for saliva has improved diagnostic performance as well as the identification of novel markers especially in oral disease processes. These include dental caries, periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Numerous growth factors, enzymes, interleukins and cytokines have been identified and are the subject of much research investigation. This review highlights current procedures for successful determination of saliva biomarkers including preanalytical factors associated with sampling, storage and pretreatment as well as subsequent analysis. Moreover, it provides an overview of the diagnostic applications of these salivary biomarkers in common oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Zhou
- Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Fan S, Goldfarb EV, Lacadie C, Fogelman N, Seo D, Sinha R. Binge drinking is associated with higher cortisol and lower hippocampal and prefrontal gray matter volume: Prospective association with future alcohol intake. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 25:100540. [PMID: 37323647 PMCID: PMC10265520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cortisol is a significant driver of the biological stress response that is potently activated by acute alcohol intake and increased with binge drinking. Binge drinking is associated with negative social and health consequences and risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). Both cortisol levels and AUD are also associated with changes in hippocampal and prefrontal regions. However, no previous research has assessed structural gray matter volume (GMV) and cortisol concurrently to examine BD effects on hippocampal and prefrontal GMV and cortisol, and their prospective relationship to future alcohol intake. Methods Individuals who reported binge drinking (BD: N = 55) and demographically matched non-binge moderate drinkers (MD: N = 58) were enrolled and scanned using high-resolution structural MRI. Whole brain voxel-based morphometry was used to quantify regional GMV. In a second phase, 65% of the sample volunteered to participate in prospective daily assessment of alcohol intake for 30 days post-scanning. Results Relative to MD, BD showed significantly higher cortisol and smaller GMV in regions including hippocampus, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), prefrontal and supplementary motor, primary sensory and posterior parietal cortex (FWE, p < 0.05). GMV in bilateral dlPFC and motor cortices were negatively associated with cortisol levels, and smaller GMV in multiple PFC regions was associated with more subsequent drinking days in BD. Conclusion These findings indicate neuroendocrine and structural dysregulation associated with BD relative to MD. Notably, BD-associated lower GMV regions were those involved in stress, memory and cognitive control, with lower GMV in cognitive control and motor regions also predicting higher levels of future alcohol intake in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nia Fogelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Lentjes EGWM, Bui HN, Ruhaak LR, Kema IP, Coene KLM, van den Ouweland JMW. LC-MS/MS in Clinical Chemistry: did it live up to its promise?: Consideration from the Dutch EQAS organisation. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 546:117391. [PMID: 37196897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade the use of LC-MS/MS has increased significantly in the hospital laboratories. Clinical laboratories have switched from immunoassays to LC-MS/MS methods due to the promise of improvements in sensitivity and specificity, better standardization with often non-commutable international standards, and better between-laboratory comparison. However, it remains unclear whether routine performance of the LC-MS/MS methods have met these expectations. METHOD This study examined the EQAS results, from the Dutch SKML, of serum cortisol, testosterone, 25OH-vitaminD and cortisol in urine and saliva over 9 surveys (2020 to first half of 2021). RESULTS The study found a significant increase in the number of compounds and in the number of results measured in the different matrices, with LC-MS/MS over a period of eleven years. In 2021, approximately 4000 LC-MS/MS results were submitted (serum: urine: saliva = 58:31:11%) compared to only 34 in 2010. When compared to the individual immunoassays, the LC-MS/MS based methods for serum cortisol, testosterone and 25OH-vitaminD showed comparable but also higher between-laboratory CVs in different samples of the surveys. For cortisol, testosterone and 25OH-vitaminD the median CV was 6.8%, 6.1% and 4.7% respectively for the LC-MS/MS compared to 3.9-8.0%,4.5-6.7%, and 7.5-18.3% for immunoassays. However, the bias and imprecision of the LC-MS/MS was better than that of the immunoassays. CONCLUSION Despite the expectation that LC-MS/MS methods would result in smaller between-laboratory differences, as they are relatively matrix independent and better to standardize, the results of the SKML round robins do not reflect this for some analytes and may be in part explained by the fact that in most cases laboratory developed tests were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G W M Lentjes
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - H N Bui
- Clinical Chemistry , Reinier de Graaf Groep Diagnostisch Centrum SSDZ, The Netherlands
| | - L R Ruhaak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - I P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - K L M Coene
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, Elisabeth TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - J M W van den Ouweland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ahmed F, Liberda EN, Solomon A, Davey R, Sutherland B, Tsuji LJS. Indigenous Land-Based Approaches to Well-Being: The Niska (Goose) Harvesting Program in Subarctic Ontario, Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3686. [PMID: 36834382 PMCID: PMC9958717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Historically, goose harvesting provided a source of culturally significant, safe, and nutritious food for the Omushkego Cree of subarctic Ontario, Canada. Disruptions stemming from colonization and climate change have led to a decrease in harvesting, resulting in higher rates of food insecurity. The aim of the Niska program was to reconnect Elders and youth to revitalize goose harvesting activities and associated Indigenous knowledge within the community. The program and evaluation were built using a two-eyed seeing (Etuaptmumk) and community-based participatory research approach. Salivary cortisol, a biomedical measure of stress, was collected before (n = 13) and after (n = 13) participation in the spring harvest. Likewise, cortisol samples were collected before (n = 12) and after (n = 12) the summer harvest. Photovoice and semi-directed interviews were employed after the spring (n = 13) and summer (n = 12) harvests to identify key elements of well-being from an Indigenous perspective. The changes observed in cortisol levels for the spring (p = 0.782) and summer (p = 0.395) harvests were not statistically significant. However, there was a noteworthy increase in the subjective well-being observed through the qualitative measures (semi-directed interviews and photovoice), highlighting the importance of using multiple perspectives when assessing well-being, especially in Indigenous peoples. Future programs should incorporate multiple perspectives when addressing complex environmental and health issues, such as food security and environmental conservation, especially in Indigenous homelands worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ahmed
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Eric N. Liberda
- School of Occupation and Public Health, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Andrew Solomon
- Fort Albany First Nation, Fort Albany, ON P0L 1H0, Canada
| | - Roger Davey
- Fort Albany First Nation, Fort Albany, ON P0L 1H0, Canada
| | - Bernard Sutherland
- Peetabeck Academy, Mundo Peetabeck Education Authority, Fort Albany, ON P0L 1H0, Canada
| | - Leonard J. S. Tsuji
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Characterising salivary peptidome across diurnal dynamics and variations induced by sampling procedures. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:285-298. [PMID: 36149517 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterise diurnal dynamics of salivary peptidome and variations induced by sampling procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS A supervised short-term longitudinal study was conducted amongst ten healthy participants. Saliva samples were collected by different procedures (stimulated/unstimulated conditions, forepart/midstream segments) on three consecutive days. The peptidome compositions of saliva samples were analysed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). RESULTS The salivary peptidome exhibited a stable trend generally, even though some diurnal dynamics happened in aspects of both overall structure and certain single peptides. The results indicated saliva samples collected under unstimulated and stimulated conditions have significantly different structures of peptidome, whilst the peptidome profile of stimulated saliva was more abundant than that of unstimulated saliva. It was also indicated that the midstream segment effect might exist in the segmented process of saliva sampling. CONCLUSIONS In summary, salivary peptidome was able to maintain stability though some dynamic changes might happen within a short-term period. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva samples had significantly different peptidome profiles, whilst the stimulated whole saliva was a larger pool of low molecular weight peptides. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The stability of the salivary peptidome highlights the reliability of salivary peptidome as a source of diagnostic biomarker. We recommend keeping one collection condition (stimulated/unstimulated) consistently within one study on salivary peptidome. Stimulated whole saliva would be preferred if more abundant peptidome profile is needed.
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Wissel E, Leon L, Tipton L. Opportunities for growth in the growing field of psychobiotics. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:445-452. [PMID: 36377580 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the field of psychobiotics, which are probiotics that confer a mental health benefit when ingested. As this field grows, it should pay particular attention to three areas within psychobiotics research that are currently under-studied - sex (and gender) representation, fungi and the mycobiome, and vagus nerve activity. Giving these three domains more attention is currently feasible without significant increased investment of time or money. We discuss these three domains briefly, why they are of particular relevance for psychobiotics research, and how psychobiotics research can easily integrate their perspectives. Our recommendations are summarised in the conclusion, but include equal sex representation at all phases of research (human and animal studies), investigating the relationship between psychobiotics and commensal fungi, and measuring the activity of the vagus nerve in psychobiotics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wissel
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - L Leon
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, 605 Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - L Tipton
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
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Gerding T, Wang J. Stressed at Work: Investigating the Relationship between Occupational Stress and Salivary Cortisol Fluctuations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12311. [PMID: 36231612 PMCID: PMC9564551 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress has been associated with a range of health disparities, but examination of occupational stress, especially in the wake of COVID-19, has been minimal for many careers. A novel methodology involving work stress diaries and collection of salivary cortisol was employed to determine correlations between occupations, occupational stressors, and how well these are related to the physiological response to stress exposure, the release of cortisol. While cortisol levels tended to follow typical circadian rhythm based on sampling times, cortisol levels also followed the subjective stress levels listed in the work stress diaries following linear regression analysis using the pooled study population data (p = 0.042). When comparing the stressors between the studied careers, participants who worked in the healthcare industry accounted for one-third of the total participants, but reported nearly half (42%) of the more severe occupational stressors listed in the diaries. Finally, the most commonly listed emotional reactions to exposures listed included feelings of stress, frustration, anger, anxiety, or overwhelm. As the workplace progresses from the pandemic, the opportunity to reduce occupational stress exposures in the workplace is at hand. Companies that work towards minimizing the stress faced by their workforce would have a healthier and more relaxed workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Wang
- Division of Environmental and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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13
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Sensitive and Robust LC-MS/MS Analysis of Salivary Cortisol in Negative Mode. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2546:105-117. [PMID: 36127582 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2565-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is one of the most important glucocorticoids involved in the regulation of human metabolism and physiological stress. Monitoring of levels of cortisol is of immense clinical benefit. In particular, salivary cortisol levels have been shown to correlate well with diurnal changes in cortisol levels in serum and have been used widely for monitoring of cortisol levels for diagnosis and prognosis purposes. We present a sensitive, fast, and robust quantitative liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for salivary cortisol in negative mode. This assay employs protein precipitation followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation, negative-mode electrospray ionization (ESI), and MS/MS detection. This assay has a total run time of 5.8 minutes and a limit of quantification of 0.5 ng/mL with a linear range up to 100 ng/mL. No carryover was observed at 10 μg/mL. This assay also incorporates the routine monitoring of prednisolone, a potential interferent to salivary cortisol.
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Indigenous Land-Based Approaches to Well-Being: The Amisk (Beaver) Harvesting Program in Subarctic Ontario, Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127335. [PMID: 35742603 PMCID: PMC9224250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The act of decolonizing knowledge systems involves recovering and renewing traditional, non-commodified cultural patterns, such as the sustenance of intergenerational relationships and traditional practices. A decline in beaver harvesting, which was once an integral part of the Omushkego Cree culture, has resulted in an overabundance of beavers and dams, which has negatively affected communities by increasing the local flooding events and impacting the water quality. The aim of the Amisk (beaver) program was to reconnect the Elders and youth to revitalize traditional on-the-land activities and, in the present case, beaver harvesting and associated activities within the community. The program and evaluation were built using a two-eyed seeing (Etuaptmumk) and community-based participatory research approach. Salivary cortisol, a biomedical measure of stress, was collected before and after participation in the program. Photovoice, along with semi-directed interviews, were employed to identify the key elements of well-being from a First Nations’ perspective. For the beaver harvesting activities, the changes observed in the cortisol concentrations were not statistically significant (p = 0.094). However, the act of beaver dam removal was associated with a statistically significant increase in the post-participation cortisol concentration (p = 0.021). It was noteworthy that increased stress during the removal of the beaver dams–as indicated by the elevated post-activity cortisol levels–were not reflected in a decrease in the qualitative measures (semi-directed interviews and photovoice) of well-being from an Indigenous perspective. In fact, there was a noted increase in the subjective well-being of the participants, which highlights the importance of multiple perspectives when assessing well-being, especially in Indigenous peoples. However, the cortisol findings of the present pilot project need to be interpreted with caution, due to the limited sample sizes.
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Besbes A, Khemiss M, Bragazzi N, Ben Saad H. The Impacts of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Saliva Flow-Rate and Metabolic Data: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:873502. [PMID: 35464020 PMCID: PMC9019589 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to report the impacts of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on salivary flow-rate (SFR) and metabolic parameters. A thorough literature search was carried out using the databases PubMed and Scopus from their inception up to 15 July 2021. The Boolean connectors used in PubMed were (Saliva [Mesh] AND Fasting [Mesh]). The same keywords were used in Scopus. Inclusion criteria were defined using PICOS. The research included all original studies involving “healthy” adults and published in English. Methodological quality assessment was performed utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool, which allows attributing scores from 1 to 11 to the selected studies. Two authors carried out the literature search, study selection, and data extraction. Differences on issues were resolved by a third author if necessary. The systematic review protocol was registered within the “Open Science Framework” (Doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/DE7BH). Six articles met the inclusion criteria. All studies were heterogeneous and had a high score of bias and several methodological differences. The following parameters were collected: SFR, melatonin, cortisol, glucose, immunoglobulin A (IgA), uric-acid, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The SFR decreased by 10% during Ramadan in fasting subjects. The circadian pattern of melatonin remained unchanged during Ramadan, but melatonin levels dropped significantly from baseline. The salivary cortisol levels were unchanged or increased during Ramadan. The salivary glucose levels were decreased. ALP increased significantly, whilst uric-acid and AST decreased significantly. Salivary IgA decreased during the last week of Ramadan. To conclude, there is a trend toward a decrease in SFR and the content of the majority of the biomarkers investigated, with the exception of ALP and uric-acid. These changes cannot be easily attributed to any single factor (hydration status, dietary habits, physical activity, or hygiene habits). Systematic Review Registration: [https://osf.io/de7bh/], identifier [Doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/DE7B].
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Besbes
- Laboratory Research of Medical and Molecular Parasitology and Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unit of Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Khemiss
- Department of Dental Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicola Bragazzi,
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Research Laboratory “Heart Failure, LR12SP09”, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Farhat Hached, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Chafkin JE, O'Brien JM, Medrano FN, Lee HY, Yeager DS, Josephs RA. Chemiluminescent immunoassay overestimates hormone concentrations and obscures testosterone sex differences relative to LC-MS/MS in a field study of diverse adolescents. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 10:100132. [PMID: 35755201 PMCID: PMC9216594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methodological comparisons of hormone quantification techniques have repeatedly demonstrated that, in adults, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) inflates steroid hormone concentrations relative to mass spectrometry. However, methodological comparisons in adolescent samples remain rare, and few studies have examined how chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), another popular immunoassay, compares to mass spectrometry. Additionally, no studies have examined how differences in analytical techniques may be affecting relationships between steroid hormone levels and outcomes of interest, such as psychopathology. This pre-registered analysis of an existing dataset measured salivary cortisol and testosterone using both CLIA and liquid chromatography dual mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in a repeated measures (516 samples) sample of 207 9th graders. Methods In aim 1, this study sought to expand on past findings by 1) measuring inflation of testosterone and cortisol by CLIA in a relatively large adolescent sample, and 2) showing that CLIA (like EIA) testosterone inflation was especially true in groups with low ‘true’ testosterone levels. In aim 2, this study sought to examine the impact of hormone quantification method on relationships between hormone levels and psychopathological measures (the Children's Depression Inventory, the Perceived Social Stress Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the Anxious Avoidant and Negative Self Evaluation subscales of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents). Results We found that CLIA, like EIA, inflated testosterone and cortisol levels and overestimated female testosterone resulting in suppressed sex differences in testosterone. We did not observe these same patterns when examining testosterone in individuals with differing levels of pubertal development. Results of psychopathology analyses demonstrated no significant method differences in hormone-psychopathology relationships. Conclusions Our findings show that CLIA introduces proportional bias in cortisol and testosterone in a manner that suppresses sex differences in testosterone. Steroid measurement method did not significantly moderate the relationship between hormones and psychopathology in our sample, though more work is needed to investigate this question in larger, clinical samples. Pre-registered comparison of 516 samples of CLIA and LC/MS-MS-assessed cortisol and testosterone from 207 adolescents. CLIA overestimated cortisol and testosterone relative to LC-MS/MS and suppressed sex differences in testosterone. No significant moderating effect of method on hormone-psychopathology relationships. LC-MS/MS should be used to measure steroid hormones when possible. Further research is needed to examine how method differences may be impacting hormone-psychopathology findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Chafkin
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Joseph M. O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | | | | | - David S. Yeager
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Robert A. Josephs
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1654-1663. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers relating to player “stress balance,” immunological (ie, immunoglobulin-A), and hormonal (ie, testosterone and cortisol [T:C]) status are now commonly used in football. This article is our critical review of the scientific literature relating to the response of these measures to player load and their relationships with player health. The commonly reported relationship between immunoglobulin-A and training or match load highlights its sensitivity to changes in psychophysiological stress and the increased risk of compromised mucosal immunity. This is supported by its close relationship with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and its association with perceived fatigue in football players. Testosterone and cortisol concentrations and the testosterone–cortisol ratio are sensitive to changes in player load, but the direction of their response is often inconsistent and is likely influenced by player training status and non-sport-related stressors. Some evidence indicates that sustained periods of high training volume can increase resting testosterone and that sustained periods of low and high training intensity can increase resting cortisol, compromising the testosterone–cortisol ratio. These findings are noteworthy, as recent findings indicate interrelationships between testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone:cortisol and perceived measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and muscle soreness in football players. Variability in individual responses suggests the need for a multivariate and individualized approach to player monitoring. Overall, we consider that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of salivary immunoglobulin-A, testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone:cortisol measures as part of a multivariate, individualized player monitoring system in professional football.
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18
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Harris BR, Beesley SJ, Hopkins RO, Hirshberg EL, Wilson E, Butler J, Oniki TA, Kuttler KG, Orme JF, Brown SM. Heart rate variability and subsequent psychological distress among family members of intensive care unit patients. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211057829. [PMID: 34846178 PMCID: PMC8649465 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211057829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether heart rate variability (HRV; a physiological measure of
acute stress) is associated with persistent psychological distress among
family members of adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods This prospective study investigated family members of patients admitted to a
study ICU. Participants’ variability in heart rate tracings were measured by
low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) ratio and detrended fluctuation
analysis (DFA). Questionnaires were completed 3 months after enrollment to
ascertain outcome rates of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). Results Ninety-nine participants were enrolled (median LF/HF ratio, 0.92
[interquartile range, 0.64–1.38]). Of 92 participants who completed the
3-month follow-up, 29 (32%) had persistent anxiety. Logistic regression
showed that LF/HF ratio (odds ratio [OR] 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]
0.43, 1.53) was not associated with 3-month outcomes. In an exploratory
analysis, DFA α (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87, 0.99), α1 (OR 0.97, 95% CI
0.94, 0.99), and α2 (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88, 0.99) scaling
components were associated with PTSD development. Conclusion Almost one-third of family members experienced anxiety at three months after
enrollment. HRV, measured by LF/HF ratio, was not a predictor of psychologic
distress, however, exploratory analyses indicated that DFA may be associated
with PTSD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Re Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah J Beesley
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ramona O Hopkins
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Psychology Department and Neuroscience Center, 6756Brigham Young University, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Eliotte L Hirshberg
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Emily Wilson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jorie Butler
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA.,Geriatrics and Psychology, University of Utah and Salt Lake City Veterans Administration Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Thomas A Oniki
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Care Transformation Information Systems, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kathryn G Kuttler
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Care Transformation Information Systems, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James F Orme
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Samuel M Brown
- Center for Humanizing Critical Care, 7061Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, 98078Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Ornelas-González A, Ortiz-Martínez M, González-González M, Rito-Palomares M. Enzymatic Methods for Salivary Biomarkers Detection: Overview and Current Challenges. Molecules 2021; 26:7026. [PMID: 34834116 PMCID: PMC8624596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection is a key factor in patient fate. Currently, multiple biomolecules have been recognized as biomarkers. Nevertheless, their identification is only the starting line on the way to their implementation in disease diagnosis. Although blood is the biofluid par excellence for the quantification of biomarkers, its extraction is uncomfortable and painful for many patients. In this sense, there is a gap in which saliva emerges as a non-invasive and valuable source of information, as it contains many of the biomarkers found in blood. Recent technological advances have made it possible to detect and quantify biomarkers in saliva samples. However, there are opportunity areas in terms of cost and complexity, which could be solved using simpler methodologies such as those based on enzymes. Many reviews have focused on presenting the state-of-the-art in identifying biomarkers in saliva samples. However, just a few of them provide critical analysis of technical elements for biomarker quantification in enzymatic methods for large-scale clinical applications. Thus, this review proposes enzymatic assays as a cost-effective alternative to overcome the limitations of current methods for the quantification of biomarkers in saliva, highlighting the technical and operational considerations necessary for sampling, method development, optimization, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mirna González-González
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (M.O.-M.)
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (M.O.-M.)
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20
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Stoffel M, Neubauer AB, Ditzen B. How to assess and interpret everyday life salivary cortisol measures: A tutorial on practical and statistical considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105391. [PMID: 34607270 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol has been the central marker in psychoneuroendocrinological stress research for three decades. Given the technological possibilities to assess data in ecologically valid circumstances, many studies have implemented longitudinal assessments of salivary cortisol in study participants' everyday life. Such studies bear the potential to understand real-life associations of cortisol with psychological traits, states, and health variables. Furthermore, changes in the neuroendocrine regulation and in cortisol reactivity can be used to evaluate the effects of behavioral interventions in real-life circumstances. While standardized paradigms have been developed to measure cortisol in laboratory settings, there is high heterogeneity in the assessment, statistical processing, and interpretation of everyday life cortisol measures. This methodological tutorial aims at summarizing important knowledge which had been accumulated during the past two decades and which could be used to set up an ambulatory assessment study focusing on salivary cortisol in everyday life. Practical advice for possible strategies at all stages of the research process is outlined in detail. Additionally, an example on how to statistically process cortisol data in a multilevel framework (including syntax) is provided. In these analyses, we investigate within- and between-person research questions regarding the association between stress and cortisol in daily life. Thus, the present work (a) can be used as tutorial for setting up everyday life studies focusing on the assessment of salivary cortisol, and (b) can be useful to avoid inconsistencies in study planning, data assessment and data processing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stoffel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas B Neubauer
- Department for Education and Human Development, DIPF
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Rostocker Straße 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Rostocker Straße 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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Self-Report and Biological Indexes of Work-Related Stress in Neonatal Healthcare Professionals: A Repeated-Measures Observational Study. Adv Neonatal Care 2021; 21:E120-E128. [PMID: 33538493 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare providers working in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are considered at high risk for psychological work-related stress. PURPOSE To evaluate both perceived and biological measures of work-related stress in neonatal healthcare professionals and to compare professionals working in the NICU with their colleagues working in less critical environments (ie, neonatal wards [NWs]). METHODS The salivary cortisol level at the beginning (CORT-B) and at the end (CORT-E) of a daily work shift was collected once a week for 6 weeks and a psychological questionnaire was submitted to NW and NICU workers of a tertiary university center. RESULTS No differences emerged in the overall cortisol secretion between professionals (NW 45 vs NICU 28), but the decrease in the mean cortisol values between CORT-B and CORT-E was less pronounced in NICU professionals (P < .001) who had greater psychological stress (P < .001). Lack of correlation between perceived and biological indexes was observed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE NICU professionals reported greater levels of self-perceived psychological stress, especially in terms of professional self-doubt and the complexity of interactions with infants and their parents.The disconnection between psychological and biological indexes raises the issue that work-related stress might be covert to the professionals themselves. Dedicated resources should be developed to address quality of life and the work environment of NICU professionals. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH The absence of a correlation between perceived and biological indexes highlights the need to incorporate multidimensional physiological and biological measurements in evaluating burnout levels in neonatal healthcare providers.
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22
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Begum N, Taylor JR, Brown C, Rajan J, Keevil B, Pye E, Rainey T, Jones A. Morning and evening salivary cortisol levels in patients with chronic widespread pain and those at high risk. Eur J Pain 2021; 26:197-206. [PMID: 34437747 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation has been implicated in chronic widespread pain (CWP); the hallmark of fibromyalgia (FM). This is the first study to compare HPA axis changes in individuals with CWP and those at high risk of symptom development. METHODS We sought to determine differences in morning and evening salivary cortisol levels in FM (n = 19), those at-risk (n = 20) and pain-free controls (n = 17). Risk factors included non-CWP pain, somatic symptoms, illness behaviour and sleep disturbance. We conducted the study in the absence of centrally acting medication, to address limitations of previous research. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects of group (p = 0.003), and time of day (p = 0.002), with no significant interaction. Cortisol levels were higher in FM (p = 0.027) and at-risk (p = 0.003) groups, compared to controls, but there was no significant difference between FM and at-risk groups. The main effect of group remained significant with sleep problems (p = 0.021) and life events (p = 0.007), but was not significant with anxiety (p = 0.076) or depression (p = 0.098) scores as covariates. With sleep problems as a covariate, cortisol levels remained significantly higher only in the at-risk group (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates elevated salivary cortisol in FM and those at high risk, and identifies anxiety, depression and sleep problems as potential contributing factors. The results shed light on the dynamic relationship between stress, mood and sleep disorders and the brain's resilience to pain. SIGNIFICANCE This study examines neurobiological changes in chronic widespread pain and high risk individuals. One strength of the study is the absence of centrally acting medication. We found high salivary cortisol common to Fibromyalgia and those at risk and identified contributing factors. Our results offer insight into the early mechanistic changes underlying Fibromyalgia development and open up possibilities for early diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayab Begum
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Human Pain Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jason R Taylor
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Human Pain Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Brown
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Human Pain Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan Rajan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Human Pain Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Emily Pye
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Human Pain Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy Rainey
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Human Pain Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony Jones
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Human Pain Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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23
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Zhu C, Yuan C, Ren Q, Wei F, Yu S, Sun X, Zheng S. Comparative analysis of the effects of collection methods on salivary steroids. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:352. [PMID: 34271881 PMCID: PMC8285872 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormone test for saliva was a promising area of research, however the impact of different collection methods on salivary steroids was underexplored so far. This study was designed to compare the effects of different collection methods (unstimulated or stimulated by chewing paraffin, forepart or midstream) on salivary flow rate, concentrations and secretion rates of steroids in saliva. METHODS Whole-saliva samples were collected from 10 systemically and orally healthy participants, whose forepart and midstream segments of saliva were collected under unstimulated and stimulated conditions, with the salivary flow rate of each sample recorded. The concentrations and secretion rates of salivary steroids including testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and progesterone were measured by ELISA, with the multiple of change calculated. RESULTS The results indicated mechanical stimulation used in collection of saliva samples could affect concentrations and secretion rates of steroids, whereas forepart and midstream segments had little differences in levels of salivary steroids, which effects could be partly influenced by individual specificity. The asynchronism in change of secretion rate of steroids with that of salivary flow rate might play an important role during this course. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we suggested to use the same collection method throughout one analytical study on salivary steroids or in longitudinal observations to ensure the comparability of the saliva samples collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Dentistry, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qidi Ren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqiao Wei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunlan Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Roca Rubio MF, Eriksson U, Brummer RJ, König J. Short intense psychological stress induced by skydiving does not impair intestinal barrier function. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254280. [PMID: 34237102 PMCID: PMC8266057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Psychological stress has been shown to increase intestinal permeability and is associated with the development of gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to investigate skydiving as an alternative model to analyse the effect of acute psychological stress on intestinal barrier function. Materials and methods Twenty healthy subjects participated in a tandem skydive followed by a negative control visit, of which 19 (9 females and 10 males, 25.9 ± 3.7 years) were included in the study. Intestinal permeability was assessed by a multi-sugar urinary recovery test. Sucrose recovery and lactulose/rhamnose ratio in 0-5h urine indicated gastroduodenal and small intestinal permeability, respectively, and sucralose/erythritol ratio in 5-24h urine indicated colonic permeability. Blood samples were taken to assess markers associated with barrier function. This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03644979) on August 23, 2018. Results Skydiving resulted in a significant increase in salivary cortisol levels directly after skydiving compared to the control visit. Cortisol levels were still increased two hours after landing, while cortisol levels before skydiving were not significantly different from the baseline at the control visit. Skydiving did not induce a significant increase in gastroduodenal, small intestinal or colonic permeability. There was also no significant increase in plasma intestinal and liver fatty acid-binding proteins, suggesting no damage to the enterocytes. Discussion These results show that the acute intense psychological stress induced by skydiving does not affect intestinal permeability in healthy subjects. Future models aiming to investigate the effect of stress on human intestinal barrier function should consider a more sustained exposure to the psychological stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Roca Rubio
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert J. Brummer
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Julia König
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Internalized weight bias and cortisol reactivity to social stress. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 20:49-58. [PMID: 31654234 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Weight-associated stigmatization and discrimination may induce chronic stress in individuals with obesity. As a consequence, this stressor may cause an imbalance of HPA stress axis leading to increased eating behavior, and ultimately, weight gain. However, the direct link between internalized weight bias and stress response to acute stressors via cortisol secretion has not been investigated so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction between internalized weight stigma as a stressor and cortisol reactivity in an acute psychosocial stress situation induced by the Trier Socials Stress Test for groups (TSST-G). Participants with BMI >30 kg/m2 (n = 79) were included in the study. Results reveal that while individuals with low internalized stigma reacted as predicted with an increase in cortisol secretion to acute psychosocial stress, individuals with medium or high internalized stigma did not show a typical cortisol response. However, these findings depend on the several factors, for instance on gender. In sum, acute stress in individuals with internalized weight bias seems to blunt HPA axis reactions to acute psychosocial stress. The study contributes to the understanding of the psychological and endocrinological consequences of internalized weight bias and underlines the importance of interventions to reduce stigmatization.
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Broeders TAA, Schoonheim MM, Vink M, Douw L, Geurts JJG, van Leeuwen JMC, Vinkers CH. Dorsal attention network centrality increases during recovery from acute stress exposure. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102721. [PMID: 34134017 PMCID: PMC8214139 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a major risk factor for the development of almost all psychiatric disorders. In addition to the acute stress response, an efficient recovery in the aftermath of stress is important for optimal resilience. Increased stress vulnerability across psychiatric disorders may therefore be related to altered trajectories during the recovery phase following stress. Such recovery trajectories can be quantified by changes in functional brain networks. This study therefore evaluated longitudinal functional network changes related to stress in healthy individuals (N = 80), individuals at risk for psychiatric disorders (healthy siblings of schizophrenia patients) (N = 39), and euthymic bipolar I disorder (BD) patients (N = 36). Network changes were evaluated before and at 20 and 90 min after onset of an experimental acute stress task (Trier Social Stress Test) or a control condition. Whole-brain functional networks were analyzed using eigenvector centrality as a proxy for network importance, centrality change over time was related to the acute stress response and recovery for each group. In healthy individuals, centrality of the dorsal attention network (DAN; p = 0.007) changed over time in relation to stress. More specifically, DAN centrality increased during the recovery phase after acute stress exposure (p = 0.020), while no DAN centrality change was observed during the initial stress response (p = 0.626). Such increasing DAN centrality during stress recovery was also found in healthy siblings (p = 0.016), but not in BD patients (p = 0.554). This study highlights that temporally complex and precise changes in network configuration are vital to understand the response to and recovery from stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A A Broeders
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M M Schoonheim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Vink
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Douw
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J G Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M C van Leeuwen
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C H Vinkers
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Majeno A, Urizar GG, Halim MLD, Nguyen-Rodriguez ST, Gonzalez A. Examining the role of ethnic microaggressions and ethnicity on cortisol responses to an acute stressor among young adults. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 27:135-144. [PMID: 32551733 PMCID: PMC8091947 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined whether the frequency of experiences of ethnic microaggressions and the sensitivity to such experiences were associated with cortisol responses to an acute social stressor (Trier Social Stress Test; TSST) among an ethnically diverse sample of young adults (N = 109, Mage = 18.82 years, SD = 1.40 years, 74% female, 44% Latinx). Method: Self-reported experiences of and sensitivity to microaggressions were assessed using the Everyday Microaggressions Scale. Participants' salivary cortisol was collected before, immediately after, and at three 15-min intervals after the TSST (for a total of 5 salivary samples) to assess their cortisol responses to an acute social stressor. Results: Mixed model analyses revealed that experiencing a higher frequency of microaggressions (p = .005) and being more sensitive to those experiences (p = .001) were associated with a more blunted cortisol response (i.e., lower cortisol reactivity and recovery) to the TSST, relative to experiencing a lower frequency of microaggressions and being less sensitive to them. Furthermore, this blunted cortisol response to the TSST was more prominent among young adults of Latinx and other ethnic backgrounds (i.e., biracial, African American, and Native American) compared to their Asian American and non-Hispanic White peers (p = .034). Conclusion: Findings provide insight into the different ways in which experiences of ethnic microaggressions can be associated with biological markers of stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Majeno
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Guido G Urizar
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach
| | - May Ling D Halim
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach
| | | | - Araceli Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach
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28
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Ponzetto F, Settanni F, Parasiliti-Caprino M, Rumbolo F, Nonnato A, Ricciardo M, Amante E, Priolo G, Vitali S, Anfossi L, Arvat E, Ghigo E, Giordano R, Mengozzi G. Reference ranges of late-night salivary cortisol and cortisone measured by LC-MS/MS and accuracy for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1797-1806. [PMID: 32772255 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE International guidelines recommend salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Despite mass spectrometry-based assays are considered the analytical gold-standard, there is still the need to define reference intervals and diagnostic accuracy of such methodology. METHODS 100 healthy volunteers and 50 consecutive patients were enrolled to compare LC-MS/MS and electrochemiluminescence assay for the determination of late-night salivary cortisol and cortisone. Moreover, we aimed to determine reference intervals of salivary steroids in a population of healthy individuals and diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected hypercortisolism and in a population including also healthy individuals. RESULTS Method comparison highlighted a positive bias (51.8%) of immunoassay over LC-MS/MS. Reference intervals of salivary cortisol (0.17-0.97 µg/L), cortisone (0.84-4.85 µg/L) and ratio (0.08-0.30) were obtained. The most accurate thresholds of salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism were 1.15 µg/L in the population with suspected hypercortisolism (AUC 1) and 1.30 µg/L in the population including also healthy individuals (AUC 1). Cut-off values of salivary cortisone (7.23 µg/L; Se 92.9%, Sp 97.2%, AUC 0.960 and Se 92.9%, Sp 99.1%, AUC 0.985 in suspected hypercortisolism and in overall population, respectively) and cortisol-to-cortisone ratio (0.20; Se 85.7%, Sp 80.6%, AUC 0.820 and Se 85.7%, Sp 85.5%, AUC 0.855 in suspected hypercortisolism and in overall population, respectively) were accurate and similar in both populations. CONCLUSION LC-MS/MS is the most accurate analytical platform for measuring salivary steroids. Obtained reference intervals are coherent with previously published data and diagnostic accuracy for diagnosis of overt hypercortisolism proved highly satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ponzetto
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - F Settanni
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - M Parasiliti-Caprino
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - F Rumbolo
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - A Nonnato
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - M Ricciardo
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - E Amante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G Priolo
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - S Vitali
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - L Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E Arvat
- Oncologic Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E Ghigo
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - R Giordano
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G Mengozzi
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Guerreiro C, Jesus M, Brandão E, Mateus N, de Freitas V, Soares S. Interaction of a Procyanidin Mixture with Human Saliva and the Variations of Salivary Protein Profiles over a 1-Year Period. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13824-13832. [PMID: 33170702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins are widely associated with astringency perception and promptly interact/precipitate salivary proteins (SPs). In this work, the SP profile of 17 volunteers was monitored for 1 year, focusing on the SP families most related to astringency [aPRPs (acidic proline-rich proteins), bPRPs (basic proline-rich proteins), gPRPs (glycosylated proline-rich proteins), cystatins, P-B peptide, and statherin]. Although the total SP content remained constant, bPRPs showed high variability. Saliva from 5 volunteers was selected, each individual's saliva presenting a prominence in one of the referred SP families; each was used to interact with grape seed procyanidin oligomeric fraction. Independent of the prominences, a total depletion in statherin and P-B peptide was observed. These subjects performed a sensory assay and the limit of detection for astringency was determined. Overall, the specificity of SP toward procyanidins seemed to be more important in the interactions than the total SP content. The highest reactivity toward SPs was observed for epicatechin gallate, procyanidin dimers B7, B2g, and trimer C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guerreiro
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689 Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Jesus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Brandão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689 Porto, Portugal
| | - Victor de Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 689 Porto, Portugal
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30
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Test Anxiety and Physiological Arousal: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-020-09543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhu C, Yuan C, Wei FQ, Sun XY, Zheng SG. Comparative evaluation of peptidome and microbiota in different types of saliva samples. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:686. [PMID: 32617306 PMCID: PMC7327340 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinical and research interest in salivary peptidome and microbiota is ever-growing owing to its great value for diagnosis, risk assessment and prediction of prognosis in oral and systemic diseases. Saliva can be stimulated for the purpose of rapid collection, but currently there are no studies systematically addressing the similarities and differences of salivary peptidome and microbiota in different types of samples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations of salivary peptidome and microbial profiles in response to different stimulating conditions. Methods Unstimulated saliva and three types of stimulated saliva samples (olfaction, gustation, and mastication stimulated saliva) were collected from 10 systematically and orally healthy donors. The peptidome profiles were detected by weak cation exchange magnetic beads and analyzed through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), while their microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S rDNA V3-V4 hypervariable region amplicon sequencing utilizing the Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform. The distance matrixes of salivary peptidome and microbial profiles were generated and the intra-individual distances were extracted, then the variations brought by different sampling conditions and repeated collections were compared. Results By comparisons of the overall salivary peptidome and microbial profiles, olfactory stimulation led to minimal variations comparing with that of unstimulated saliva, but appreciable variations were observed between saliva samples collected with gustatory/masticatory stimulation and unstimulated saliva. The three types of stimulated saliva exhibited significantly different peptidome and microbial profiles. Conclusions Stimulated saliva collected in response to olfactory stimulation is an appropriate alternative to unstimulated saliva, whereas gustatory/masticatory stimulation introduced appreciable variations. It is suggested that only one type of stimulating method should be used throughout one peptidome/microbiome research, which provides comprehensive insight into the optimization of sampling methods for salivaomic studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Qiao Wei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Guo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Booij SH, Wigman JTW, Jacobs N, Thiery E, Derom C, Wichers M, Oravecz Z. Cortisol dynamics in depression: Application of a continuous-time process model. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 115:104598. [PMID: 32087521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The temporal dynamics of cortisol may be altered in depression. Optimally studying these dynamics in daily life requires specific analytical methods. We used a continuous-time multilevel process model to study set point (rhythm-corrected mean), variability around this set point, and regulation strength (speed with which cortisol levels regulate back to the set point after any perturbation). We examined the generalizability of the parameters across two data sets with different sampling and assay methods, and the hypothesis that regulation strength, but not set point or variability thereof, would be altered in depressed, compared to non-depressed individuals. METHODS The first data set is a general population sample of female twins (n = 523), of which 21 were depressed, with saliva samples collected 10 times a day for 5 days. The second data set consists of pair-matched clinically depressed and non-depressed individuals (n = 30), who collected saliva samples 3 times a day for 30 days. Set point, regulation strength and variability were examined using a Bayesian multilevel Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process model. They were first compared between samples, and thereafter assessed within samples in relation to depression. RESULTS Set point and variability of salivary cortisol were twice as high in the female twin sample, compared to the pair-matched sample. The ratio between set point and variability, as well as regulation strength, which are relative measures and therefore less affected by the specific assay method, were similar across samples. The average regulation strength was high; after an increase in cortisol, cortisol levels would decrease by 63 % after 10 min, and by 95 % after 30 min, but depressed individuals of the pair-matched sample displayed an even faster regulation strength. CONCLUSIONS The OU process model recovered similar cortisol dynamics for the relative parameters of the two data sets. The results suggest that regulation strength is increased in depressed individuals. We recommend the presented methodology for future studies and call for replications with more diverse depressed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne H Booij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, The Netherlands; Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Lentis, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Johanna T W Wigman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, The Netherlands; Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Nele Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Evert Thiery
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherine Derom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marieke Wichers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, The Netherlands
| | - Zita Oravecz
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Newell-Price J, Pivonello R, Tabarin A, Fleseriu M, Witek P, Gadelha MR, Petersenn S, Tauchmanova L, Ravichandran S, Gupta P, Lacroix A, Biller BMK. Use of late-night salivary cortisol to monitor response to medical treatment in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 182:207-217. [PMID: 31804965 PMCID: PMC7003692 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monitoring of patients with Cushing's disease on cortisol-lowering drugs is usually performed with urinary free cortisol (UFC). Late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) has an established role in screening for hypercortisolism and can help to detect the loss of cortisol circadian rhythm. Less evidence exists regarding the usefulness of LNSC in monitoring pharmacological response in Cushing's disease. DESIGN Exploratory analysis evaluating LNSC during a Phase III study of long-acting pasireotide in Cushing's disease (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01374906). METHODS Mean LNSC (mLNSC) was calculated from two samples, collected on the same days as the first two of three 24-h urine samples (used to calculate mean UFC [mUFC]). Clinical signs of hypercortisolism were evaluated over time. RESULTS At baseline, 137 patients had evaluable mLNSC measurements; 91.2% had mLNSC exceeding the upper limit of normal (ULN; 3.2 nmol/L). Of patients with evaluable assessments at month 12 (n = 92), 17.4% had both mLNSC ≤ULN and mUFC ≤ULN; 22.8% had mLNSC ≤ULN, and 45.7% had mUFC ≤ULN. There was high variability in LNSC (intra-patient coefficient of variation (CV): 49.4%) and UFC (intra-patient CV: 39.2%). mLNSC levels decreased over 12 months of treatment and paralleled changes in mUFC. Moderate correlation was seen between mLNSC and mUFC (Spearman's correlation: ρ = 0.50 [all time points pooled]). Greater improvements in systolic/diastolic blood pressure and weight were seen in patients with both mLNSC ≤ULN and mUFC ≤ULN. CONCLUSION mUFC and mLNSC are complementary measurements for monitoring treatment response in Cushing's disease, with better clinical outcomes seen for patients in whom both mUFC and mLNSC are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Newell-Price
- The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Newell-Price;
| | | | - Antoine Tabarin
- Department of Endocrinology, CHU of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Przemysław Witek
- Department of Endocrinology, Military Institute of Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mônica R Gadelha
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Pritam Gupta
- Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - André Lacroix
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Beverly M K Biller
- Neuroendocrine Clinical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Costache A, Riza AL, Ioana M, Glavan DG, Dinca ME, Vladu IM, Popescu M, Udristoiu I. Circulating Cortisol in a Cohort of Depressive Patients. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2020; 46:11-15. [PMID: 32637160 PMCID: PMC7323722 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.46.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It has long been suspected that the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Whether this association exists or not, and if it does, the degree of its significance, remain highly disputed. The issue is further complicated as no consensus currently exists on cortisol sampling timepoints or methods. Our study aimed to evaluate HPA functionality by evaluating plasma cortisol levels in a cohort of patients diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We enrolled 96 subjects admitted for a major depressive episode and tested serum cortisol levels for 80 of them. We found that only 15 (12%) had values that were outside the normal reference range, with 14 of these being below the normal threshold. We also interviewed the patients and obtained self-reported information regarding previous depressive episodes, treatment administration, anxiety, suicidal ideas and suicidal gestures. Our study did not find a significant association between cortisol levels and the number of previous depressive episodes, the presence of feelings of anxiety, suicidal ideas or suicidal gestures. While our cohort did not find an association between cortisol levels and depression other authors have reported significantly different results and as such, more research is needed in order to establish or infirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anca-Lelia Riza
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Craiova, County Emergency Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihai Ioana
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Craiova, County Emergency Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Gabriela Glavan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Neuropsychiatry, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela-Eugenia Dinca
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Filantropia Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ionela-Mihaela Vladu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Filantropia Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela Popescu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Filantropia Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ion Udristoiu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Neuropsychiatry, Craiova, Romania
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Angelhoff C, Edéll‐Gustafsson U, Mörelius E. The cortisol response in parents staying with a sick child at hospital. Nurs Open 2019; 6:620-625. [PMID: 30918712 PMCID: PMC6419118 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the cortisol response in parents staying with their child in paediatric wards, to compare the parents' cortisol levels between the paediatric ward and at home 4 weeks after discharge and to compare the parents' cortisol levels with data of an adult reference population, reported by Wust et al., as there are few studies investigating parental cortisol. DESIGN This study has a descriptive and prospective comparative design. METHOD Thirty-one parents participated. Saliva samples were collected in the paediatric ward and 4 weeks later at home. RESULTS The parents had lower morning awakening cortisol levels in the paediatric ward than at home after discharge. There were no statistically significant differences in postawakening cortisol or cortisol awakening response (CAR). The child's age, diagnosis or previously diagnosed chronic condition did not affect the parents' cortisol levels. The morning and postawakening cortisol levels were lower than those of the reference population. CONCLUSION The hospital stay with a sick child affects parents' cortisol levels. Parental stress needs more attention to find interventions to prevent the risk of stress-related complications that subsequently can affect the care of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Angelhoff
- Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Division of Nursing SciencesLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSweden
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Ulla Edéll‐Gustafsson
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing ScienceLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Evalotte Mörelius
- Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Division of Nursing SciencesLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSweden
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Smith JD, Johnson KA, Whittle S, Allen NB, Simmons JG. Measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in the hair of children: Preliminary results and promising indications. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 61:962-970. [PMID: 30478964 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hormone analysis is a valuable tool for understanding how physiology and behavior interact. Cortisol in hair has recently been examined as a measure of longer-term hormone output. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between other androgens in hair and anthropometric measures. In a child sample (n = 114, mean age: 8.5 years, 66 females) levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone were assayed in the 0-3 cm section proximal to scalp. The 3-6 cm segment within a subsample of female participants (n = 35) was examined and compared. Results showed that testosterone strongly correlated with DHEA, and moderately correlated with cortisol (0-3 cm only). Higher hormone concentrations were present in the 3-6 cm segment. Finally, there was a weak positive association between DHEA and height. The replication of previously identified associations between androgens, particularly testosterone-DHEA, and with developmental measures suggests hair may offer a valid method of hormone measurement for DHEA and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Smith
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julian G Simmons
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rosenbaum S, Gettler LT, McDade TW, Belarmino NM, Kuzawa CW. The effects of collection and storage conditions in the field on salivary testosterone, cortisol, and sIgA values. Ann Hum Biol 2018; 45:428-434. [PMID: 30326745 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2018.1495263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine if field-typical storage and collection conditions are related to salivary testosterone (T), cortisol (cort) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as measured using commercially available kits. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study assessed whether storage time (∼6 months to 1.5 years) at -35 °C impacted levels of the measured biomarkers (n = 10,247 samples). For a sub-set of T samples (n = 2954), we also evaluated the impact of collection conditions, such as time spent at room temperature in participants' homes (0-39 hours) and time spent in coolers (0.3-10 hours) in transit. RESULTS T was unrelated to storage and collection variables and there was no evidence of reduced sample fidelity at longer storage times. Cort samples stored at -35 °C for longer had significantly lower values, but the effect was small (β = -0.003 nmol/L/day, SE <0.001, p = 0.005). sIgA trended higher with longer storage at -35 °C (β = 0.84 µg/mL/day, SE = 0.45, p = 0.063). Collection and storage time variables did not improve the fit of any of the models except the one that evaluated cortisol. CONCLUSIONS Salivary T was unaffected by extended storage at -35 °C and only a weak relationship was found between storage time and salivary cort or sIgA. Findings underscore the robustness of these biomarkers under field-typical freezer storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Rosenbaum
- a Department of Anthropology , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Lee T Gettler
- b Department of Anthropology , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA.,c The Eck Institute of Global Health , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Thomas W McDade
- a Department of Anthropology , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA.,d Institute for Policy Research , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Nikola M Belarmino
- e Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , University of San Carlos , Cebu City , Philippines.,f Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc. , University of San Carlos , Cebu City , Philippines
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- a Department of Anthropology , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA.,d Institute for Policy Research , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
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Stress, salivary cortisol and periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 96:58-65. [PMID: 30189327 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aims to systematically assess whether periodontitis has a meaningful effect on salivary cortisol, reflecting changes on free blood cortisol levels. DESIGN The Cochrane Handbook and the PRISMA statement were used as reporting guidelines. The MEDLINE-PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases were searched until September 2017 to identify eligible studies, screened by seven independent authors and verified by an eighth. Studies comparing salivary cortisol level of periodontitis cases to controls were included. Data were extracted using a predefined table and since all papers were non-randomized clinical trials they were appraised using Downs and Black tool. DerSimonian random effects meta-analysis was performed using OpenMetaAnalyst. RESULTS Six cross-sectional studies were included, with 258 participants with chronic periodontitis and 72 with aggressive periodontitis, in a total of 573 participants. Overall results showed that aggressive periodontitis patients have, on average, 53% higher salivary cortisol levels than healthy controls 1.53 (1.11-2.12). Meta-regression exploring the relationship among salivary cortisol levels and periodontal measures, i.e., periodontitis severity, showed a global neutral effect, although this result requires future confirmation due to the low power of the model. CONCLUSION Observational studies results suggest that subjects with aggressive periodontitis have higher salivary cortisol levels than healthy ones or patients with chronic periodontitis. Such salivary cortisol response difference may have a negative impact on the periodontium, contributing to worse the burden of aggressive periodontitis disease. In the future, wide and well-designed longitudinal studies should be carried out in order to extensively confirm this possible effect, considering the complex nature of periodontitis and its many confounders factors that may contribute to this outcome.
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Fujisawa A, Ota A, Matsunaga M, Li Y, Kakizaki M, Naito H, Yatsuya H. Effect of laughter yoga on salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone among healthy university students: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018; 32:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sleep Disturbances in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders: A Review of the Variability of Objective Sleep Markers. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6020046. [PMID: 29867064 PMCID: PMC6024884 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are often observed in child and adolescent mental health disorders. Although previous research has identified consistent subjective reports of sleep disturbances, specific objective sleep markers have not yet been identified. We evaluated the current research on subjective and objective sleep markers in relation to attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety and depressive disorders. Subjective sleep markers are more consistent than objective markers of actigraphy, polysomnography, and circadian measures. We discuss the causes of variability in objective sleep findings and suggest future directions for research.
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Manigault AW, Woody A, Zoccola PM, Dickerson SS. Education Is Associated with the Magnitude of Cortisol Responses to Psychosocial Stress in College Students. Int J Behav Med 2018; 25:532-539. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-018-9727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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LUNDGREN-KOWNACKI K, DAHL M, GAO C, JAKOBSSON K, LINNINGE C, SONG D, KUKLANE K. Exploring how a traditional diluted yoghurt drink may mitigate heat strain during medium-intensity intermittent work: a multidisciplinary study of occupational heat strain. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:106-121. [PMID: 29057769 PMCID: PMC5889929 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is common practice in India to consume the dairy drink buttermilk as a way of mitigating occupational heat strain. This paper explores the thermoregulatory and hydration benefits of drinking buttermilk but also the impacts of work in a hot environment on the gut microbiota, renal and cognitive function. Twelve healthy participants were subjected to a 3-h period of medium load physical intermittent work in a climatic chamber (34°C, 60% RH). The subjects were given water, buttermilk (700 ml) or no rehydration at random. Mean body temperatures when no rehydration was given were significantly higher (p≤0.001). When subjects drank water or buttermilk they had a lower sweat rate than with no rehydration (p≤0.05) and the perception of feeling hot, uncomfortable, thirsty and physically exerted was significantly reduced (p≤0.05). A hormonal stress response at the end of the exposure was seen when not drinking (p≤0.05). No differences in cognitive abilities and gut microbiota were found. The exposure lowered the renal blood flow suggesting an acute impact of short term heat exposure. It was also found that buttermilk has a protective effect on this impact. Our results demonstrated that keeping hydrated by water/buttermilk consumption mitigates heat strain in well-nourished subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin LUNDGREN-KOWNACKI
- Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Mats DAHL
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Chuansi GAO
- Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Kristina JAKOBSSON
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund, Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
| | - Caroline LINNINGE
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Danping SONG
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Kalev KUKLANE
- Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
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Netterstrøm B, Hansen ÅM, Isaacson D, Simonsen AM, Weihe P. Physiological reactions to long-term fishing in the Barents Sea. Occup Med (Lond) 2018; 68:109-115. [PMID: 29444322 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fishing in distant waters for months may induce physiological stress. Aims To assess the physiological stress reactions in fishermen working for 2-3 months continuously in 6-h shifts on trawlers in the Barents Sea. Methods The crew of five trawlers fishing in the Barents Sea from January to April 2004 were invited to participate. In the week before and 5-7 days after the trip, the following measures were collected: salivary cortisol four times a day, 24-h urinary cortisol, blood pressure, heart rate, serum cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol), HbA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin) and weight. In addition, 24-h urinary cortisol, blood pressure and heart rate were measured three times. A questionnaire on health, social conditions and work environment was obtained after the trip. Results In total, 136 men agreed to participate. Full data were obtained for 96 fishermen (70%). A significant decrease in salivary and urinary cortisol was found during the trip. Adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, shift work schedule and time of day for sample collection did not change this finding. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure declined significantly and remained significantly lower after the trip compared to before the trip. Serum cholesterol/HDL ratio declined significantly, whereas triglycerides, HbA1c and weight were unchanged. Conclusions Working up to 3 months on 6-h shifts, 84 h a week, with moderate physical activity, even in artificial light and cold weather on a ship, did not result in increased physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Netterstrøm
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Å M Hansen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Isaacson
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Faroe Islands
| | - A M Simonsen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Faroe Islands
| | - P Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Faroe Islands
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Ostrander GM, Pipitone RN, Shoup-Knox ML. Interactions between observer and stimuli fertility status: Endocrine and perceptual responses to intrasexual vocal fertility cues. Horm Behav 2018; 98:191-197. [PMID: 29277698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Both men and women find female voices more attractive at higher fertility times in the menstrual cycle, suggesting the voice is a cue to fertility and/or hormonal status. Preference for fertile females' voices provides males with an obvious reproduction advantage, however the advantage for female listeners is less clear. One possibility is that attention to the fertility status of potential rivals may enable women to enhance their own reproductive strategies through intrasexual competition. If so, the response to having high fertility voices should include hormonal changes that promote competitive behavior. Furthermore, attention and response to such cues should vary as a function of the observer's own fertility, which influences her ability to compete for mates. The current study monitored variation in cortisol and testosterone levels in response to evaluating the attractiveness of voices of other women. All 33 participants completed this task once during ovulation then again during the luteal phase. The voice stimuli were recorded from naturally cycling women at both high and low fertility, and from women using hormonal birth control. We found that listeners rated high fertility voices as more attractive compared to low fertility, with the effect being stronger when listeners were ovulating. Testosterone was elevated following voice ratings suggesting threat detection or the anticipation of competition, but no stress response was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M Ostrander
- James Madison University, Miller Hall 1120-MSC 7704, 91 E Grace Street, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States.
| | - R Nathan Pipitone
- Florida Gulf Coast University, Department of Psychology, 10501 FGCU Blvd., South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States.
| | - Melanie L Shoup-Knox
- James Madison University, Miller Hall 1120-MSC 7704, 91 E Grace Street, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States.
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Wilson MC, Lorenz TK, Heiman JR. Salivary Afternoon Cortisol and Relationship Status in Healthy Women with Regular Menstrual Cycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:170-182. [PMID: 31355299 DOI: 10.1080/23293691.2018.1490079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although ovarian hormones and social relationships are known to interact with HPA axis regulation, evidence for systematic covariation with basal salivary cortisol levels remains mixed. As part of a larger study, in this analysis we pursued two questions. First, do baseline cortisol concentrations consistently vary across the menstrual cycle? Second, do cortisol levels differ by relationship status? We collected afternoon saliva samples at four points across the menstrual cycle from 14 single and 18 monogamously partnered women, ages 18 to 48, who were not taking hormonal medications. Samples taken in the lab yielded significantly higher cortisol concentrations than samples provided at home; the two were thus considered separately. No significant differences were observed across lab-session (menses vs. ovulation) or at-home (follicular vs. luteal) levels. This finding converges with studies of awakening salivary, urinary, and plasma cortisol, which suggest that, in healthy women, menstrual schedules do not affect systematic shifts in basal cortisol. Contrary to expectations, single and partnered women did not differ in overall cortisol levels. Future research would benefit from examining potential links between cortisol, relationship status, and sexual activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Claire Wilson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | - Tierney K Lorenz
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.,Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington.,Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | - Julia R Heiman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington.,Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington.,Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington
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Elfering A, Grebner S, Ganster DC, Berset M, Kottwitz MU, Semmer NK. Cortisol on Sunday as indicator of recovery from work: Prediction by observer ratings of job demands and control. WORK AND STRESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2017.1417337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Elfering
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research, Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, CISA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simone Grebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel C. Ganster
- College of Business, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Martial Berset
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- FHNW School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland FHNW, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Maria U. Kottwitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert K. Semmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research, Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, CISA, Geneva, Switzerland
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Carlsson RH, Hansen ÅM, Nielsen ML, Blønd M, Netterstrøm B. Changes in Allostatic Load during workplace reorganization. J Psychosom Res 2017; 103:34-41. [PMID: 29167046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Allostatic Load (AL) represents the strain on the body produced by repeated physiologic or allostatic responses activated during stressful situations. Several cross-sectional studies have found empirical substantiation for the relationship between impaired psychosocial work environment and high AL. The aim of this longitudinal study is to investigate changes in AL during workplace reorganization that has been shown to cause impaired psychosocial work environment. Moreover, we aim to investigate the association between changes in AL and changes in psychosocial work environment (job strain, effort-reward imbalance) and psychological distress (stress symptoms and perceived stress). METHODS A major reorganization of non-state public offices was effectuated in Denmark on 1 January 2007. In 2006 and 2008, we collected clinical and questionnaire data from 359 participants, 265 women and 94 men, employed in seven municipality or county administrations. Four municipalities and one county merged with others, while one municipality and one county remained unmerged. We calculated the AL score based on 13 physiological markers reflecting stress responses of the cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine and immune systems. We analysed changes in AL from 2006 to 2008. RESULTS AL increased significantly during workplace reorganization in the whole study group but we observed only a tendency of significant increase in AL in the merger group compared with the control group. Moreover, we observed no association between the changes in AL and changes in psychosocial work environment and psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS This result leaves the conclusion unclear but contributes to the limited research in this area with a longitudinal design and focus on low-risk levels and small changes in AL in healthy people as predictor of future disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hinge Carlsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åse Marie Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; National Research Centre of the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Blønd
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Nykøbing Falster Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bo Netterstrøm
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Prednisolone in Relation to Clinical Outcome in Children With Nephrotic Syndrome. Ther Drug Monit 2017; 38:534-45. [PMID: 27120177 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relapse frequency in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) is highly variable despite standardized prednisolone treatment regimens. Existing evidence on the relationship between prednisolone pharmacokinetics (PK) and clinical response in children with NS is scarce and limited. The aim of this study was to develop a pediatric popPK model for prednisolone based on our previous model based on healthy adults using salivary measurements in children with NS and to correlate clinical outcome with between-subject variability in prednisolone exposure. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of prednisolone in a well-defined, prospective cohort consisting of 104 children with NS while in remission was determined. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed in relation to relapse patterns and side effects. Noninvasive salivary prednisolone measurements were performed using a sparse sampling strategy. A population pharmacokinetic approach was used to derive individual estimates of apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) from the salivary concentration-time curve, followed by calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) of free prednisolone. The individual free serum prednisolone exposure from prednisolone in saliva was derived from the salivary concentration-time curves. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, ABCB1, NR1L2, and POR were explored in relation to between-subject variability of CL/F. RESULTS Moderate interindividual variability was found for CL/F (CV, 44.7%). Unexplained random between-subject variability (eta) of CL/F was lower in patients carrying 1 or 2 ABCB1 3435C>T alleles compared to wild type: median -0.04 (interquartile range, -0.17 to 0.21) and 0.00 (-0.11 to 0.16) versus 0.17 (-0.08 to 0.47), P = 0.046. Exposure to free prednisolone was not associated with frequent relapses or adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the possibility of prednisolone drug monitoring through salivary measurements and this may be of particular usefulness in pediatric patients. However, the observed variability in prednisolone exposure, in the therapeutic dose range studied, is not considered to be a major determinant of clinical outcome in children with NS.
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Acute and repetitive fronto-cerebellar tDCS stimulation improves mood in non-depressed participants. Exp Brain Res 2017; 236:83-97. [PMID: 29098314 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, which allows for selective inhibition or excitation of neural structures. It has demonstrated some efficacy in the treatment of mood disorders. However, these studies have predominately focused on stimulation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The cerebellum has an increasingly recognized role in emotional control, affective state, and some psychopathologies. As such, tDCS research into mood modulation needs to expand beyond conventional PFC-focused paradigms. Using a contralateral stimulation electrode placement [anodal left dorsolateral(dl)PFC, cathodal right cerebellum], and a single-blind, repeated-measures design, we initially assessed changes in the mood of healthy participants in response to acute stimulation (n = 44) and three repeated stimulations delivered second-daily (n = 21). In a second experiment, we separately investigated the influence of reversed polarity upon these same measures, in response to acute stimulation (n = 23) and repeated stimulation (n = 11). We observed a systematic elevation of mood in both active conditions following single and repeated tDCS, the latter of which displayed a progressive elevation of mood from baseline. No mood change was noted in response to either single or repeated stimulation in the sham condition. Frontocerebellar tDCS stimulation advantageously influences mood in healthy participants, with an accumulative and potentiated effect following successive stimulations. The possibility that frontocerebellar stimulation may provide a novel therapeutic adjunctive or pre-emptive intervention in stress-related disorders and mood-related psychopathologies should be considered.
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