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Vuckovic V, Duric S. Motivational variations in fitness: a population study of exercise modalities, gender and relationship status. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1377947. [PMID: 38577116 PMCID: PMC10991817 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1377947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Motivation plays a crucial role in determining whether or not a person adheres to an exercise program. The present study aimed to determine the motivational differences between people exercising in fitness alone, in groups/aerobics and with a personal trainer by gender and relationship status. Methods The Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 (EMI-2) questionnaire was completed by 830 users of 20 largest fitness centers in Slovenia. Results The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn post-hoc test revealed that health-related motives such as ill-health avoidance were most frequently associated with exercising with a personal trainer compared to other exercise modalities, especially among females (p = 0.032, M = 4.88) and people in a relationship (p = 0.020, M = 5.18). On the other hand, intrinsic motivations such as enjoyment and stress management were mostly associated with exercising alone (p = 0.002, M = 4.98 and p = 0.021, M = 4.68, respectively). These results were also transferred to females and to some extent to people in a relationship (for enjoyment only). It is expected that intrinsic motivation is related to sustained exercise behavior. Discussion Future studies could implement a longitudinal design to test this statement and examine the proposed relationships over a longer period to better understand whether there may be causal relationships between motivation and different exercise modalities depending on different characteristics of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojko Vuckovic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sasa Duric
- Liberal Arts Department, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait
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2
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Greule C, Sudeck G, Thiel A, Kastner L, Janßen P, Nieß A, Rapp F, Junne F, Krauß I. Correlates of physical activity enjoyment in children and adolescents for a new perspective on the treatment of overweight: A systematic literature review. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13655. [PMID: 37987113 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic literature review was to systematically compile the state of knowledge on correlates of physical activity enjoyment in children and adolescents to influence the perspective of future physical activity promotion approaches especially for children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity. The electronic database search was executed in the five databases PubMed, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and BISp-SURF, from inception to December 6, 2021. A semi-quantitative method was used for summarizing the resulted correlates. For final analysis, 85 studies comprising 48,144 children and adolescents were included. Fifty-seven variables could be coded for their relationship with physical activity enjoyment. Of these, 12 psychological variables, for example, the basic psychological needs, task orientation, or self-efficacy; six interpersonal variables, for example, peer/group acceptance, parental support, and autonomy support; and one behavioral variable, the higher self-reported physical activity, are consistent positively associated to physical activity enjoyment. A scientifically based overview could be extracted for the promotion of physical activity enjoyment in children and adolescents. There is a gap in literature focusing the perception of physical activity enjoyment in the subgroup of children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity. Therefore, recommendations were made to enable the development of further innovative research approaches in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Greule
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gorden Sudeck
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lydia Kastner
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pia Janßen
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Nieß
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felicitas Rapp
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Junne
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Inga Krauß
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Schüler J, Stähler J, Wolff W. Mind-over-body beliefs in sport and exercise: A driving force for training volume and performance, but with risks for exercise addiction. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 68:102462. [PMID: 37665904 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
We assume that athletic success is associated with certain beliefs that on the one hand promote performance-enhancing behavior (training volume), but on the other hand can also be detrimental to health (sports addiction). These beliefs are succinctly characterized by the title of the 9-item "Mind-over-Body" scale presented here. They are the three beliefs that 1) athletic performance requires a high level of effort, 2) that willpower plays an important role in athletic success, and 3) that athletic success requires pain tolerance. A total of six web-survey-based studies with a total of 1121 participants (approximately gender parity), including individuals with different levels of athletic performance (no competition; amateur sport; regional, national, or international competition), examined the psychometric network and construct and criterion validity of the MoB scale. Exploratory graph analyses, which included the studies with the largest sample sizes, showed that the three belief components (effort, willpower, pain) form separable communities within the MoB network and that the MoB items form communities distinct from self-control and self-efficacy. Meta-analyzed correlations across all six studies showed low positive correlations with self-control and self-efficacy. In terms of criterion validity, MoB beliefs were positively correlated with training volume and exercise addiction. We discuss MoBs as "on the edge of unhealthy" and place MOBs within a framework of related but distinct concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wanja Wolff
- University of Konstanz, Germany; University of Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Levental O, Yaffe Y, Lev Arey D. Goals and Success in Sport: The Perspectives of Parents and Adolescent Girls in Kayaking. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:580. [PMID: 37504027 PMCID: PMC10376742 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Setting objectives and evaluating success are intrinsically linked to motivation in sports and behavior during training and competition. According to social cognitive theory, the perception of success is divided into "task" and "ego", which indicate an inner orientation versus an external perspective when analyzing an athlete's achievements. These impressions can be influenced by various factors such as maturity level, gender, and the type of activity in which they participate. The current study compares perceptions of success among parents and adolescent girls competing in kayaking in Israel. To this end, a qualitative study was conducted with 20 in-depth interviews emphasizing goal setting and individual perceptions of success. The research findings reveal that contrary to previous studies, there is a perceptual gap between the two groups, with parents measuring success primarily in terms of enjoyment and self-fulfillment, and girls referring to perceived success in the context of achievements. It was also found that there is a discrepancy between setting goals and defining success, following experience and interactions within the training. The article discusses the reasons behind these gaps and the potential ramifications for sports activity and participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Levental
- Department of Physical Education, Tel Hai Academic College, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel
| | - Yosi Yaffe
- Department of Education, Tel Hai Academic College, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel
| | - Dalit Lev Arey
- School of Psychology, The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6818211, Israel
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5
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Ankney AS, Baker RT, Pickering MA, Carr-Chellman DJ, Holyoke LB, Larkins LW. Psychometric evaluation of the acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) with Special Operations Forces soldiers. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Long Y, Zhai W. Evaluation of Football Teaching Quality Based on Big Data. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7174246. [PMID: 35799663 PMCID: PMC9256316 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7174246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The arrival of the big data era has opened up new avenues for assessing the quality of physical education instruction. Using big data to explore these systems may help improve the quality of physical education itself, in addition to assisting schools in developing quality assessment systems for physical education. More and more schools are making football a compulsory part of their physical education and wellness curriculum. Therefore, this study used the methods of literature materials, expert interviews, questionnaires, and Delphi method to determine the evaluation indicators and index weight coefficients of football teaching and borrowed the application background of big data to initially explore the construction of a football teaching quality evaluation system. To this end, this paper completes the following tasks: (1) The current state of football teaching quality evaluation studies in the United States and internationally is summarized. (2) A football teaching quality evaluation system based on the background of big data is constructed. (3) Our experiments show that the assessment approach described in this study is scientifically and rationally distributed and can accurately represent all components of physical education. As a result, evaluating football instruction using big data is a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Long
- Football College, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan Hubei 430077, China
| | - Wei Zhai
- Football College, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan Hubei 430077, China
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7
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Lisowski P, Kantanista A, Bronikowski M. Moderate Effects of School-Based Time Increasing Physical Education Intervention on Physical Fitness and Activity of 7-Year Pupils—A Report from a Follow-Up of a HCSC Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9060882. [PMID: 35740818 PMCID: PMC9221894 DOI: 10.3390/children9060882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effectiveness of a 15-week intervention that increased from three to five lessons of physical education (PE) a week on 7-year-old boys’ and girls’ physical fitness (PF), physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour on week and weekend days. A total of 212 first grade pupils (mean age 6.95 ± 0.43) from two urban schools in Poznań were randomly assigned to the experimental or control groups. The PF was measured with a battery of field tests, while health-related behaviours were assessed with the Healthy Children in Sound Communities questionnaire. There were some interaction effects noticed in the PF scores in the case of a 20-min run for boys (F2,196 = 5.29, p = 0.0058) and for girls (F2,220 = 3.31, p = 0.0382) and the sit-ups test for boys (F2,196 = 1.93, p = 0.1478) and for girls (F2,220 = 3.98, p = 0.0201) and for the sit and reach test in the case of girls (F2,220 = 3.98, p = 0.0201). In terms of outdoor PA levels, there were no major differences between any of the examined groups. Differences were found between girls from the experimental and control groups in the post-test (p = 0.0107) and follow-up (p = 0.0390) during the weekdays, with no differences between the groups of boys. Despite the moderate effects of the extended PE time programme right after the intervention, there were some indications of progress in the follow-up experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lisowski
- Department of School Practice, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Adam Kantanista
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Michał Bronikowski
- Department of Didactics of Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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8
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Tóth-Király I, Morin AJS, Litalien D, Valuch M, Bőthe B, Orosz G, Rigó A. Self-determined profiles of academic motivation. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Nalipay MJN, King RB, Haw JY, Mordeno IG, Dela Rosa ED. Teachers who believe that emotions are changeable are more positive and engaged: The role of emotion mindset among in- and preservice teachers. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Ruth N, Müllensiefen D. Survival of musical activities. When do young people stop making music? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259105. [PMID: 34818348 PMCID: PMC8612519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although making music is a popular leisure activity for children and adolescents, few stay musically engaged. Previous research has focused on finding reasons for quitting musical activities, pedagogical strategies to keep students engaged with music, and motivational factors of musical training. Nonetheless, we know very little about how the proportion of musically active children changes with age and what traits influence the survival of musical engagement. This study used longitudinal data from secondary school students in the UK and Germany aged between 10 and 17 years. A survival analysis was applied to investigate the trajectories of musical activities across this age span. Other factors like type of learned instrument, gender, personality and intelligence were taken into account for further analyses using generalized linear models. Results indicate that about 50% of all students drop out of music lessons and other musical activities by the time they turn 17 years old, with most students quitting between the ages of 15 and 17. Musical home environment is an important factor that is associated with lower drop out rates while conscientiousness and theory of musicality showed smaller significant associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruth
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Müllensiefen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Nalipay MJN, King RB, Mordeno IG, Chai CS, Jong MSY. Teachers with a growth mindset are motivated and engaged: the relationships among mindsets, motivation, and engagement in teaching. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-021-09661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Warburton VE, Spray CM, Bishop KC, Maloney CM. Motivation and self-enhancement as antecedents of implicit theories in youth sport. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Hancı E, Ruijten PAM, Lacroix J, IJsselsteijn WA. The Impact of Mindset on Self-Tracking Experience. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:676742. [PMID: 34713146 PMCID: PMC8521810 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.676742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-tracking technologies aim to offer a better understanding of ourselves through data, create self-awareness, and facilitate healthy behavior change. Despite such promising objectives, very little is known about whether the implicit beliefs users may have about the changeability of their own behavior influence the way they experience self-tracking. These implicit beliefs about the permanence of the abilities are called mindsets; someone with a fixed mindset typically perceives human qualities (e.g., intelligence) as fixed, while someone with a growth mindset perceives them as amenable to change and improvement through learning. This paper investigates the concept of mindset in the context of self-tracking and uses online survey data from individuals wearing a self-tracking device (n = 290) to explore the ways in which users with different mindsets experience self-tracking. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches indicates that implicit beliefs about the changeability of behavior influence the extent to which users are self-determined toward self-tracking use. Moreover, differences were found in how users perceive and respond to failure, and how self-judgmental vs. self-compassionate they are toward their own mistakes. Overall, considering that how users respond to the self-tracking data is one of the core dimensions of self-tracking, our results suggest that mindset is one of the important determinants in shaping the self-tracking experience. This paper concludes by presenting design considerations and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elçin Hancı
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Peter A. M. Ruijten
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Mossman GJ, Robertson C, Williamson B, Cronin L. Coaches, parents, or peers: Who has the greatest influence on sports participants' life skills development? J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2475-2484. [PMID: 34130606 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1939980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships between the coach, parent, and peer motivational climate and participants' life skills development in youth sport. In total, 308 participants (Mage = 14.67, SD = 2.20) completed a survey assessing the motivational climate (mastery and ego) and their life skills development in sport (teamwork, goal setting, social skills, emotional skills, problem solving and decision making, leadership, time management, and interpersonal communication). Multiple regression analyses found that a peer-created mastery-climate had the strongest positive associations with all eight life skills and total life skills. Coach and parent mastery-oriented climates were also positively related to five of the life skills and total life skills. A parent-created ego-climate had the strongest negative association with all life skills except for goal setting; whereas, a coach-created ego-climate was negatively related to three life skills and total life skills. Contrary to expectations, a peer-created ego-climate was positively associated with three life skills and total life skills. In practice, these novel results suggest that peers have the greatest positive influence on participants' life skills development in sport and all three social agents should be encouraged to create a mastery-climate to help promote participants' life skills development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Mossman
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Colin Robertson
- School of Sport and Biological Sciences, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | | | - Lorcan Cronin
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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De Vries JH, Spengler M, Frintrup A, Mussel P. Personality Development in Emerging Adulthood-How the Perception of Life Events and Mindset Affect Personality Trait Change. Front Psychol 2021; 12:671421. [PMID: 34234715 PMCID: PMC8256263 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality changes throughout the life course and change is often caused by environmental influences, such as critical life events. In the present study, we investigate personality trait development in emerging adulthood as a result of experiencing two major life events: graduating from school and moving away from home. Thereby, we examined the occurrence of the two life events per se and the subjective perception of the critical life event in terms of valence. In addition, we postulate a moderation effect of the construct of mindset, which emphasizes that beliefs over the malleability of global attributes can be seen as predictors of resilience to challenges. This suggests that mindset acts as a buffer for these two distinct events. In a large longitudinal sample of 1,243 people entering adulthood, we applied latent structural equation modeling to assess mean-level changes in the Big Five, the influence of life events per se, the subjective perception of life events, and a moderating role of mindset. In line with maturity processes, results showed significant mean-level changes in all Big Five traits. While no changes in the Big Five dimensions were noted when the mere occurrence of an event is assessed, results indicated a greater increase in extraversion and diminished increase in emotional stability when we accounted for the individual's (positive/negative) perception of the critical life event. In case of extraversion, this also holds true for the moderator mindset. Our findings contribute valuable insights into the relevance of subjective appraisals to life events and the importance of underlying processes to these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantje Hinrika De Vries
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Patrick Mussel
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Vandoni M, Lovecchio N, Carnevale Pellino V, Codella R, Fabiano V, Rossi V, Zuccotti GV, Calcaterra V. Self-Reported Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents with Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis on the Level of Alignment with Multiple Adiposity Indexes. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060476. [PMID: 34200029 PMCID: PMC8230218 DOI: 10.3390/children8060476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with several alterations that could limit physical activity (PA) practice. In pediatrics, some studies have highlighted the importance of enjoyment as a motivation to begin and maintain adherence in PA. Since self-reported physical (SRPF) fitness was related to motivation, the aim of this study was to investigate the existence of differences between SRPF in children with obesity (OB) compared to normal weight (NW). The International Fitness Enjoyment Scale (IFIS) questionnaire was administered to 200 OB and 200 NW children. In all the subjects, height, weight, and BMI and in OB children adiposity indexes including waist circumference (WC), body shape index (ABSI), triponderal mass index (TMI), and fat mass were measured. NW group showed higher IFIS item scores than the OB group (p < 0.01), except in muscular strength. In OB, the anthropometric outcomes were inversely correlated to SRPF outcome except for muscular strength. OB children reported a lower perception of fitness that could limit participation in PA/exercise programs. The evaluation of anthropometric patterns may be useful to prescribe a tailored exercise program considering individual better self-perception outcomes to obtain an optimal PA adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicola Lovecchio
- Department of Human and Social Science, University of Bergamo, 24127 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Vittoria Carnevale Pellino
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (V.F.); (V.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy;
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (V.F.); (V.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (V.F.); (V.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy;
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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17
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Liu WC. Implicit Theories of Intelligence and Achievement Goals: A Look at Students' Intrinsic Motivation and Achievement in Mathematics. Front Psychol 2021; 12:593715. [PMID: 33692718 PMCID: PMC7937610 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.593715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research seeks to utilize Implicit Theories of Intelligence (mindsets) and Achievement Goal Theory to understand students' intrinsic motivation and academic performance in mathematics in Singapore. 1,201 lower-progress stream students (596 males, 580 females, 25 missing data), ages ranged from 13 to 17 years (M = 14.68 years old, SD = 0.57), from 17 secondary schools in Singapore took part in the study. Using structural equation modeling, results confirmed hypotheses that incremental mindset predicted mastery-approach goals and, in turn, predicted intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance. Entity mindset predicted performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Performance-approach goal was positively linked to intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance; performance-avoidance goal, however, negatively predicted intrinsic motivation and mathematics performance. The model accounted for 35.9% of variance in intrinsic motivation and 13.8% in mathematics performance. These findings suggest that intrinsic motivation toward mathematics and achievement scores might be enhanced through interventions that focus on incremental mindset and mastery-approach goal. In addition, performance-approach goal may enhance intrinsic motivation and achievement as well, but to a lesser extent. Finally, the study adds to the literature done in the Asian context and lends support to the contention that culture may affect students' mindsets and adoption of achievement goals, and their associated impact on motivation and achievement outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Chia Liu
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Giuriato M, Lovecchio N, Fugiel J, Lopez Sanchez GF, Pihu M, Emeljanovas A. Enjoyment and self-reported physical competence according to Body Mass Index: international study in European primary school children. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1049-1055. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hirsch A, Bieleke M, Schüler J, Wolff W. Implicit Theories about Athletic Ability Modulate the Effects of If-Then Planning on Performance in a Standardized Endurance Task. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2576. [PMID: 32283727 PMCID: PMC7177509 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Muscular strength has a strong positive impact on cardiometabolic health and fitness. However, building up strength endurance requires effortful exercises. From a health perspective, it is important to understand which psychological strategies help people deal with straining exercise. Self-regulation strategies like if-then planning (also known as implementation intentions) appear particularly promising because they might directly alter how people deal with exercise-induced sensations. However, research on the effects of if-then planning on exercise performance has yielded mixed results so far. One possible reason for these inconsistent results is the lack of tailored interventions and the neglect of potential moderators. To address this, we investigated the efficacy of if-then plans that were tailored to perceived limits of endurance performance (i.e., perceptions of exertion versus pain). In addition, we investigated the effects of these tailored if-then plans while taking into account the potentially moderating effects of individual differences in implicit theories. Specifically, we were interested in the role of implicit theories about athletic performance (i.e., entity versus incremental beliefs) and about the limitation of athletic performance by mental versus physical factors (i.e., mind-over-body beliefs). N = 66 male students (age: M = 25.8 years, SD = 3.2) performed a static muscular endurance task twice (measurement: baseline task vs. main task) and were randomly assigned to a goal or an implementation intention condition. They were instructed to hold two intertwined rings for as long as possible while avoiding contacts between them (measure of performance: time-to-failure and errors). After the baseline task, participants were either given an implementation intention or were simply asked to rehearse the task instructions. The content of the instruction depended on whether they ascribed ultimate baseline task termination to perceptions of exertion or pain. After the main task, implicit theories on athletic ability were assessed. No differences in performance emerged between conditions. In the implementation intention condition, however, stronger entity beliefs were associated with increasing time-to-failure when participants planned to ignore exertion but with decreasing time-to-failure when they planned to ignore pain. This pattern of results was reversed with regard to mind-over-body beliefs. These findings indicate that the efficacy of psychological strategies hinges on recreational athletes' beliefs regarding athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hirsch
- Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; (J.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Maik Bieleke
- Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Julia Schüler
- Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; (J.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; (J.S.); (W.W.)
- Educational Psychology, Institute of Educational Science, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Hoyt CL, Burnette JL, Thomas FN, Orvidas K. Public Health Messages and Weight-Related Beliefs: Implications for Well-Being and Stigma. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2806. [PMID: 31920849 PMCID: PMC6928046 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Across two studies, we examined the double-edged sword hypothesis, which outlines effects of weight-related beliefs and public health messages on physical and mental health. The double-edged sword hypothesis proposes that growth mindsets and messages (weight is changeable) predict reduced well-being and stigma via an increase in blame, but also predict greater well-being via an increase in efficacy and less stigma via a reduction in essentialist thinking. We tested this model in a correlational study (N = 311) and in an experimental study, randomly assigning participants (N = 392) to different weight-based public health messages. In Study 1, growth mindsets predicted greater onset blame and more offset efficacy. Blame did not predict any of the outcomes. However, offset efficacy predicted reduced risk for eating disorders, fewer unhealthy weight control behaviors, and less psychological distress. And, growth mindsets had a negative indirect effect on outcomes. In Study 2, we experimentally demonstrated that a changeable message about the nature of weight, designed to also reduce blame, indirectly decreased eating disorder risk, unhealthy weight control behaviors, body shame, and prejudice through increased offset efficacy and decreased social essentialism. This work contributes to our theoretical understanding of the psychological consequences of weight beliefs and messages on well-being and stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Hoyt
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jeni L Burnette
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Fanice N Thomas
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kasey Orvidas
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Implicit theories of smoking and association with interest in quitting among current smokers. J Behav Med 2019; 43:544-552. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lay belief systems about the malleability of human attributes have been shown to impact behavior change in multiple domains. Addiction mindset-i.e., beliefs about the permanence (vs. malleability) of addiction - may affect cigarette smokers' ability to quit, but this has never been examined. OBJECTIVES The aims of the present research were to develop a measure of addiction mindset (study 1) and examine its associations with various psychological aspects of quitting smoking (study 2). METHODS In Study 1, using factor analysis of current smokers' and nonsmokers' (n = 600) responses to 22 items designed to measure addiction mindset, we developed a reliable six-item Addiction Mindset Scale (AMS). In Study 2, adult smokers (n = 200) completed the AMS, and measures of a number of psychological processes related to smoking. RESULTS Higher scores on the AMS, indicative of the belief that addiction is malleable (referred to as a growth mindset), were positively and significantly associated with greater motivation to quit, greater commitment to quitting, greater self-efficacy to abstain, less attribution of failure to lack of ability to change addiction, and fewer self-reported barriers to cessation (all p's < .05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show a relationship between the beliefs about the permanence of addiction and psychological processes relevant to quitting smoking. The findings underscore the potential of future research exploring how addiction mindsets relate to successful smoking cessation as well as other types of addictive behavior and how they can be applied to change people's behavior.
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Student Attitudes Toward Inclusion in Physical Education: The Impact of Ability Beliefs, Gender, and Previous Experiences. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2019; 36:132-149. [PMID: 30554524 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2017-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the associations between students' ability beliefs and attitudes toward inclusion in physical education, as well as the impact of gender and previous contact/participation with children with disability on these variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 976 students (491 girls and 485 boys; age 11-16 years), who responded to ability beliefs and attitudes questionnaires. Ability beliefs (entity and incremental) and the 3 sociodemographic variables predicted 20.4% and 9% of the behavioral and cognitive subscales of attitudes, respectively. Students with higher scores for entity beliefs of ability had a less favorable attitude toward inclusion. Girls reported more favorable attitudes toward inclusion than boys. Students who indicated previous participation in physical activities with children with disabilities showed attitudes that were more favorable in both the behavioral and cognitive subscales, while those who reported previous contact had more favorable attitudes in the behavioral subscale and lower entity beliefs. However, the 3 sociodemographic variables had a lower contribution to the explained variance of attitudes.
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Gómez-López M, Manzano-Sánchez D, Merino-Barrero JA, Valero-Valenzuela A. The Importance of the Coach in Predicting Implicit Beliefs about Skill and Beliefs about the Causes of Success in Handball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 16:ijerph16010078. [PMID: 30597928 PMCID: PMC6339213 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the predictive capacity of the motivational climate generated by coaches and perceived by handball players on implicit beliefs about ability and beliefs about the causes of success in sport. The sample consisted of 444 youth handball players. These players completed the Beliefs about the Causes of Success in Sport Questionnaire, the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire, Version Two, and the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire. The structural regression model showed that the mastery climate positively predicted the belief in incremental ability and that this in turn positively predicts both belief in athletic success through effort and ability. The results reflected the importance of the coach in the formative process of the player and the search for performance in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez-López
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Santiago de la Ribera, 30720 Murcia, Spain.
| | - David Manzano-Sánchez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Santiago de la Ribera, 30720 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Andrés Merino-Barrero
- Health, Physical Activity and Education Research Group (SAFE-E0B5-04), University of Murcia, Santiago de la Ribera, 30720 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Valero-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Santiago de la Ribera, 30720 Murcia, Spain.
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Hooper N, Crumpton A, Robinson MD, Meier BP. A weight-related growth mindset increases negative attitudes toward obese people. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nic Hooper
- University of the West of England; Bristol UK
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Sales M, Levinger P, Polman R. Relationships between self perceptions and physical activity behaviour, fear of falling, and physical function among older adults. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2017; 14:17. [PMID: 28943974 PMCID: PMC5607601 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-017-0185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been a lack of research examining the relationship among self-perceptions, behaviour, cognitions and functioning in older adults. This study, therefore, examined the relationship between global and physical self-perceptions, physical activity behaviour, and fear of falling taking into considerations objective measures of physical functioning in community dwelling older adults. Methods/design Sixty-six participants between 60 and 90 years old (71.9 ± 6.6 years; 47 females; 19 males) completed questionnaires assessing physical and global self-description (PSDQ), planned and incidental physical activity behaviour (IPEQ), and falls efficacy (Short FES-I) as well as tests measuring physical functioning. Backwards multiple linear regression modelling was used to assess possible relationships among variables. Results Findings showed that physical self-perceptions (activity, coordination, endurance, flexibility) were associated with self-reported planned and incidental PA whereas sit-to-stand was the only objectively measured physical functioning variable associated with planned PA. Similarly, more falls, global self-esteem, general physical and domain specific physical self-perceptions (flexibility and strength) as well as knee strength were associated with fear of falling. There were also associations between some of the objectively measured physical functioning variables and self-perceptions of the physical self, providing some predictive validity for the PDSQ. Conclusions The findings of this study come to corroborate that the belief system of older adults ideally need to be taken into consideration when designing interventions that aim to enhance PA behaviour or reduce fear of falling. Coupling that with goal-setting, life coaching and behaviour change strategies would also be beneficial to address engagement and adherence to such interventions. Trial registration This trial was retrospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry - Registry No. ACTRN12614000700639 on the Jul 03rd 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrla Sales
- Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Pazit Levinger
- Associate Professor and Group Discipline Leader Exercise Science and Clinical Rehabilitation, Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- Professor and Head of School Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia
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Palmer SE, Bycura DK, Warren M. A Physical Education Intervention Effects on Correlates of Physical Activity and Motivation. Health Promot Pract 2017; 19:455-464. [PMID: 28548556 DOI: 10.1177/1524839917707740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to measure effects of a modified physical education (PE) unit on leisure time physical activity (LTPA), relative autonomy, and known correlates of LTPA in seventh-grade boys and girls. METHOD A seventh-grade mountain biking unit was modified to include instructional activities targeting known correlates of PA behavior following principles of Physical Education Dedicated to Physical Activity for Life (PEDAL). A three-group design (intervention, standard PE, no PE) was employed. Participants completed a survey at baseline, postintervention, and follow-up at 4 weeks. RESULTS A total of 300 seventh graders (girls = 151) from two schools completed the surveys. Data suggest PE may influence certain correlates of and autonomous motivation for PA although results revealed no intervention main effects for continuous and noncontinuous dependent variables. Results also provide evidence of sport-specific skill being improved through physical education. CONCLUSION While results of this study showed no main effects from the intervention, data suggest PE may influence certain correlates of and autonomous motivation for PA. This warrants attention toward autonomy supporting PE environments and instruction sensitive to autonomous motivation. Future studies should examine PEDAL-designed PE programs over an entire year or more.
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Emile M, Chalabaev A, Colson SS, Vaulerin J, Falzon C, D'Arripe-Longueville F. Effects of implicit theories of ability and stereotype-inconsistent information on handgrip strength in older adults: A regulatory fit perspective. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:483-489. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Emile
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, France
- Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, France
| | - Aina Chalabaev
- SENS, Université Grenoble Alpes; Saint Martin d'Hères France
| | - Serge S. Colson
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, France
- Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, France
| | - Jerome Vaulerin
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, France
- Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, France
| | - Charlene Falzon
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, France
- Université de Toulon, LAMHESS, France
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Cervelló Gimeno E, González-Cutre D, Iglesias Gallego D, Moreno Murcia JA. El papel de la motivación en la predicción del conocimiento procedimental en jugadores de baloncesto. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy15-4.pmpc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el poder de predicción de las creencias implícitas de habilidad, las orientaciones de meta y la percepción de competencia deportiva sobre el conocimiento procedimental en jugadores de baloncesto. En la investigación participaron 339 jugadores de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 15 años. Se les midió la orientación motivacional (POSQ), las creencias de habilidad en el deporte (CNAAQ-2), la competencia deportiva y el conocimiento procedimental en baloncesto (CCPB). Los resultados mostraron que la creencia incremental de habilidad predecía positivamente el conocimiento procedimental, mientras que la creencia de entidad lo hacía de forma negativa. La relación entre las creencias de habilidad y el conocimiento procedimental fue directa, sin mediación de las orientaciones de meta y la competencia percibida. Los resultados se discuten en relación al papel de la motivación sobre el conocimiento procedimental en el deporte.
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Vidic Z, Burton D, South G, Pickering AM, Start A. Emotional and Motivational Correlates of Leadership Styles: A Comprehensive Framework for Understanding Effective Leaders. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jls.21485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Vidic
- MA Coaching Sport Performance at Western Michigan University
| | - Damon Burton
- Department of Movement Sciences; University of Idaho
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Thai CL, Coa KI, Kaufman AR. Implicit theories of smoking and association with current smoking status. J Health Psychol 2016; 23:1234-1239. [PMID: 27216983 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316648483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Implicit theories of smoking refer to people's beliefs about whether smoking behavior is something that is changeable (incremental belief) or fixed (entity belief). This study examines implicit theories of smoking and its association with smoking behavior in a nationally representative sample of US adults using data from the Health Information National Trends Survey. The current results show that implicit theories of smoking are associated with smoking. Among former smokers, 90 percent endorsed an incremental belief about smoking compared to 70 percent of current smokers. Our study provides initial evidence for the role of implicit theories of smoking as a psychological factor associated with smoking behavior.
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Folk JB, Disabato DJ, Goodman FR, Carter SP, DiMauro JC, Riskind JH. Wise Additions Bridge the Gap between Social Psychology and Clinical Practice: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy as an Exemplar. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY INTEGRATION 2016; 2016:2016-24946-001. [PMID: 28919701 PMCID: PMC5597058 DOI: 10.1037/int0000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Progress in clinical science, theory, and practice requires the integration of advances from multiple fields of psychology, but much integration remains to be done. The current article seeks to address the specific gap that exists between basic social psychological theories and the implementation of related therapeutic techniques. We propose several "wise additions," based upon the principles outlined by Walton (2014), intended to bridge current social psychological research with clinical psychological therapeutic practice using cognitive behavioral therapy as an example. We consider how recent advances in social psychological theories can inform the development and implementation of wise additions in clinical case conceptualization and interventions. We specifically focus on self and identity, self-affirmation, transference, social identity, and embodied cognition, five dominant areas of interest in the field that have clear clinical applications.
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Mascret N, Falconetti JL, Cury F. Implicit measures of beliefs about sport ability in swimming and basketball. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:358-64. [PMID: 26360924 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sport ability may be seen as relatively stable, genetically determined and not easily modified by practice, or as increasable with training, work and effort. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the purpose of the present study is to examine whether the practice of a particular sport (swimming or basketball) can influence automatic beliefs about sport ability in these two sports. The IAT scores evidence that swimmers and basketball players automatically and implicitly associate their own sport with training rather than genetics, whereas non-sportspersons have no significant automatic association. This result is strengthened when perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in swimming or basketball are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mascret
- a Aix Marseille Université, CNRS , ISM UMR 7287, 13288 Marseille , France
| | | | - François Cury
- a Aix Marseille Université, CNRS , ISM UMR 7287, 13288 Marseille , France
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Spencer RA, Bower J, Kirk SFL, Hancock Friesen C. Peer mentoring is associated with positive change in physical activity and aerobic fitness of grades 4, 5, and 6 students in the heart healthy kids program. Health Promot Pract 2014; 15:803-11. [PMID: 24737774 DOI: 10.1177/1524839914530402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Only 7% of Canadian children achieve activity recommendations, contributing to obesity and preventable disease. The Heart Healthy Kids (H2K) program was designed to test the relationship between peer mentoring, physical activity, and cardiovascular fitness. Participants from 10 schools (5 control, 5 intervention) were enrolled in the program. In control schools, H2K included a physical activity challenge and education sessions. Intervention schools included the addition of a peer-mentoring component. Physical activity was measured through daily pedometer recording. Cardiovascular fitness was evaluated using the PACER (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) protocol to calculate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). Participants included 808 children (average age 9.9 ± 1.0 years). Although control and intervention schools did not differ at baseline, participants with peer mentoring logged significantly more steps per school day, on average, than those in control schools (6,785 ± 3,011 vs. 5,630 ± 2,586; p < .001). Male participants logged significantly more steps per school day than female participants. A significant improvement in VO2 max was also noted in intervention schools, with an average increase of 1.72 ml/mg/min. H2K was associated with positive change in physical activity and cardiovascular fitness, suggesting that peer mentoring shows promise for application in health promotion interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Bower
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada IWK Health Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Camille Hancock Friesen
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada IWK Health Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Stenling A, Hassmén P, Holmström S. Implicit beliefs of ability, approach-avoidance goals and cognitive anxiety among team sport athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14:720-9. [PMID: 24678759 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.901419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lyons C, Kaufman AR, Rima B. Implicit theories of the body among college women: implications for physical activity. J Health Psychol 2013; 20:1142-53. [PMID: 24271689 DOI: 10.1177/1359105313508997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between implicit theories of the body (ITB) and self-reported physical activity. ITB are beliefs about the malleability of the body. Individuals may hold entity ITB (that body appearance is fixed) or incremental ITB (that body appearance can be changed). Female undergraduate students (N = 313) completed an online survey assessing ITB, physical activity, and discrepancy between actual and ideal body weight. Participants endorsing incremental ITB reported more physical activity. A significant ITB by weight discrepancy interaction emerged. Developing interventions targeting implicit theories of the body may be one way to increase physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lyons
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, USA
| | | | - Brandi Rima
- Department of Social Sciences, Bronx Community College, City University of New York, USA
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Fitz CC, Kaufman A, Moore PJ. Lay theories of smoking and young adult nonsmokers' and smokers' smoking expectations. J Health Psychol 2013; 20:438-45. [PMID: 24155189 DOI: 10.1177/1359105313502694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between lay theories of cigarette smoking and expectations to smoke. An incremental lay theory of smoking entails the belief that smoking behavior can change; an entity theory entails the belief that smoking behavior cannot change. Undergraduate nonsmokers and smokers completed a survey that assessed lay theories of smoking and smoking expectations. Results demonstrated that lay theories of smoking were differentially associated with smoking expectations for nonsmokers and smokers: stronger incremental beliefs were associated with greater expectations of trying smoking for nonsmokers but lower expectations of becoming a regular smoker for smokers. Implications for interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Fitz
- The George Washington University, USA Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, USA
| | - Annette Kaufman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, USA
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Pannekoek L, Piek JP, Hagger MS. Motivation for physical activity in children: a moving matter in need for study. Hum Mov Sci 2013; 32:1097-115. [PMID: 24100193 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Motivation for physical activity in children below the age of 12 years is a largely underrepresented issue in contemporary research. Although engagement in sufficient physical activity is highly important for children's current and later health, relatively little is known of the factors that motivate children to be physically active. Various theories have been developed in an attempt to explain motivation toward physical activity in adults. Recent developments have focussed on integrating constructs of these theories in order to attain a comprehensive account of motivated behavior. The relationships between different motivational constructs have generally been investigated in healthy adolescents and adults. This manuscript outlines why more theoretically driven research into children's motivation toward physical activity is needed. Constructs stemming from various motivational theories and their interrelationship as evidenced in youth and adults will be summarized. The current state of research on the applicability of these motivational constructs to children, and the generalizability of the interrelationship between the constructs to child samples will be outlined. A deeper insight into the motivational determinants of physical activity participation in children could inform the design of interventions to facilitate the development of physically active lifestyles that persist at older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Pannekoek
- Curtin University, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Building 603, 6 Sarich Way Technology Park, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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Bortoli L, Bertollo M, Filho E, Robazza C. Do psychobiosocial states mediate the relationship between perceived motivational climate and individual motivation in youngsters? J Sports Sci 2013; 32:572-82. [PMID: 24073933 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.843017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Grounded in achievement goal theory and self-determination theory, this cross-sectional study examined the relationship between perceived motivational climate and individuals' motivation as well as the mediation effect of psychobiosocial states as conceptualised within the individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model. Young students (N = 167, age range 14-15 years) taking part in physical education classes completed measures of teacher-initiated motivational climate, task and ego orientation, motivation and psychobiosocial states. Simple and serial mediation analyses indicated that a perceived mastery climate and individuals' task orientation were related to intrinsic motivation and identified regulation through the mediation of pleasant/functional psychobiosocial states. In contrast, a perceived performance climate was related to external regulation and amotivation through the mediation of unpleasant/dysfunctional psychobiosocial states. Regression analysis results also showed that discrete psychobiosocial states accounted for a significant proportion of variance in motivational variables. Taken together, findings highlight the role of psychobiosocial states as mediators of the relationship between motivational climate and an individual's motivation, and suggest that educators should consider a wide range of individual's functional and dysfunctional reactions deriving from their instructional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bortoli
- a BIND - Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences , University "G. D'Annunzio" , Chieti-Pescara , Italy
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Moreno Murcia JA, Lacárcel JAV, Del Villar Álvarez F. Search for autonomy in motor task learning in physical education university students. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10212-009-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang CKJ, Liu WC, Lochbaum MR, Stevenson SJ. Sport ability beliefs, 2 x 2 achievement goals, and intrinsic motivation: the moderating role of perceived competence in sport and exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2009; 80:303-312. [PMID: 19650396 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2009.10599565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether perceived competence moderated the relationships between implicit theories, 2 x 2 achievement goals, and intrinsic motivation for sports and physical activity. We placed 309 university students into high and moderate perceived competence groups. When perceived competence was high, entity beliefs did not predict the performance-avoidance goal; yet when perceived competence was moderately low, entity beliefs did predict this goal. The mastery-avoidance goal had no relationship with intrinsic motivation when perceived competence was high, but had a significant negative relationship when perceived competence was moderately low. Our findings highlight the importance of reexamining the role of perceived competence when studying implicit beliefs and the 2 x 2 achievement goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K John Wang
- Motivation in Educational Research Laboratory, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Walk, Singapore.
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Chen LH, Chen MY, Lin MS, Kee YH, Kuo CF, Shui SH. Implicit theory of athletic ability and self-handicapping in college students. Psychol Rep 2008; 103:476-84. [PMID: 19102473 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.103.2.476-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-handicapping is a maladaptive behavior which undermines students' achievements, but the antecedents of self-handicapping are not well studied in physical education. The aim was to examine the relations of implicit theory of abilities and self-handicapping in physical education. 264 college students, whose mean age was 20.3 yr. (SD = 1.7), completed the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire-2 and Self-handicapping Scale for Sport. Analysis indicated entity beliefs positively predicted reduced effort and making excuses. Also, incremental beliefs negatively predicted reduced effort. Results are discussed in terms of implicit theory of ability and self-handicapping. Directions for research and implications are stated.
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Williams AM, Hardy L, Mutrie N. Twenty-five years of psychology in the Journal of Sports Sciences: a historical overview. J Sports Sci 2008; 26:401-12. [PMID: 18228168 DOI: 10.1080/02640410701765631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of some of the outstanding papers published in the Journal over the last 25 years within the discipline of psychology. Altogether, almost 300 papers had been published in the Journal under the psychology banner at the start of its silver anniversary year. The greatest contribution of papers has come from the motor control and learning and sport psychology sub-areas, with papers focusing on exercise psychology being a more recent addition. Prominent research themes that have emerged from each of the different sub-areas are reviewed and some notable omissions highlighted. Finally, some issues for sport and exercise psychologists to consider in coming years are briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mark Williams
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Li W, Lee AM, Solmon M. Effects of dispositional ability conceptions, manipulated learning environments, and intrinsic motivation on persistence and performance: an interaction approach. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2008; 79:51-61. [PMID: 18431951 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2008.10599460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study used an interaction approach to investigate how individuals' dispositions about ability as incremental or fixed (entity), manipulated learning environments, and intrinsic motivation affect persistence and performance on a challenging, novel motor skill. Seventy-two female college students who were assigned to either an incremental or entity learning condition for instruction and practice completed questionnaires and attempted to learn the skill. The results indicated that participants oriented toward incremental beliefs were likely to be more intrinsically motivated. Participants who were intrinsically motivated were likely to perform better on a final skill test. The significant interaction effect on persistence suggests that participants who were highly intrinsically motivated in the incremental condition persisted longer than those in the entity condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Li
- School of Physical Activity and Educational Services, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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CHEN LUNGHUNG. IMPLICIT THEORY OF ATHLETIC ABILITY AND SELF-HANDICAPPING IN COLLEGE STUDENTS. Psychol Rep 2008. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.103.6.476-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hein V, Hagger MS. Global self-esteem, goal achievement orientations, and self-determined behavioural regulations in a physical education setting. J Sports Sci 2007; 25:149-59. [PMID: 17127590 DOI: 10.1080/02640410600598315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined a theoretical model of global self-esteem that incorporated constructs from achievement goal and self-determination theories. The model hypothesized that self-determined or autonomous motives would mediate the influence of achievement goal orientation on global self-esteem. The adapted version of the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (Mullan et al., 1997), the Perception of Success Questionnaire (Roberts & Balague, 1991), and Rosenberg's (1965) self-esteem scales were administered to 634 high school students aged 11 - 15 years. A structural equation model supported the hypotheses and demonstrated that autonomous motives mediated the effect of goal orientations on global self-esteem. The results suggest that generalized motivational orientations influence self-esteem by affecting autonomous motivation and is consistent with theory that suggests that experiences relating to intrinsic motivation are the mechanism by which global motivational orientations are translated into adaptive outcomes like self-esteem. The findings suggest that physical activity interventions that target autonomous motives in physical activity contexts are likely to enhance young people's general self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vello Hein
- Faculty of Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Chiang LC, Huang JL, Fu LS. Physical activity and physical self-concept: comparison between children with and without asthma. J Adv Nurs 2007; 54:653-62. [PMID: 16796657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper reports a study comparing levels of physical activity and physical self-concepts between children with and without asthma. BACKGROUND Childhood asthma has become one of the world's most prevalent chronic illnesses. Its symptoms are thought to prevent children from participating in some forms of physical activity. However, asthma treatment guidelines are increasingly suggesting that children with asthma can participate in the same physical activities as healthy children for the same reasons-- to promote normal growth, physical development and psychological health. METHOD Between October 2001 and May 2002, 120 children between the ages of 9 and 11 with mild and moderate asthma were recruited from three paediatric asthma clinics in Taiwan, and 309 non-asthmatic children in the same age group were selected from four elementary schools in Taiwan's three largest cities. Participants were asked to record physical activity levels for 3 days out of the past 7 days and to fill out a 29-item Physical Self-Concept Inventory. Physical activities were classified as moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or vigorous physical activity. Physical self-concept was measured in terms of perceived flexibility, endurance, appearance, agility, obesity and strength. RESULTS Asthma was the primary factor determining vigorous physical activity levels, but gender was the primary factor determining physical self-concept, especially in terms of endurance, obesity and strength. No statistically significant relationships were noted between asthma and gender in terms of effects on physical activity and physical self-concept. CONCLUSIONS Asthma interferes with children's ability to participate in vigorous physical activity but not in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Gender determines primary differences in physical self-concept. Appropriate exercise recommendations are necessary to encourage children with asthma to engage in vigorous physical activity for normal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chi Chiang
- School of Nursing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, China.
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Wang C, Liu W, Biddle SJ, Spray CM. Cross-cultural validation of the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire Version 2. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Angyán L, Téczely T, Karsai I, Petofi A. Comparative analysis of the effects of physical exercise. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2005; 92:19-26. [PMID: 16003941 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.92.2005.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess anthropometrical, somatomotor, and cardio respiratory characteristics of athletes and non-athletes subjects to establish which effects of the organized physical training discriminate well between them. Subjects were 61 athlete and non-athlete medical students. Four groups were formed relying upon gender and physical activity. Body measures were computed. The motor abilities were tested by a set of static and dynamic motor tests, and cardio respiratory functions were recorded. No statistically significant differences were obtained from the comparisons of the body measures of basketball players and non-athlete medical students, except the body height. In contrast, significant differences were found both between the motor performances and between the cardio respiratory functions of the athlete and non-athlete groups. The body mass index (BMI) and the body fat (%) correlated negatively with static hanging, vertical jumping, and balance capability. On the contrary, BMI and body fat correlated positively with systolic blood pressure and vital capacity. The present results show that the effects of regular physical exercise on motor performances and cardio respiratory functions differentiate better between the athlete and non-athlete subjects than the changes in body measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Angyán
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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Biddle SJH, Wang CKJ. Motivation and self-perception profiles and links with physical activity in adolescent girls. J Adolesc 2003; 26:687-701. [PMID: 14643740 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research shows a decline in participation in physical activity across the teenage years. It is important, therefore, to examine factors that might influence adolescent girl's likelihood of being physically active. This study used contemporary theoretical perspectives from psychology to assess a comprehensive profile of motivational and self-perception variables in 11-16 year old English girls (n=516). A cross-sectional design was employed. Cluster analysis was conducted to (a) map cluster profiles and (b) test whether clusters differed in physical self-worth, global self-esteem, and physical activity. Results revealed a five-cluster solution depicting 40% of the sample as moderately motivated, 30% lowly motivated in two clusters, and 30% highly motivated, also in two clusters. However, differences between clusters on physical activity were quite small. Results show potential areas for intervention to enhance the motivation of adolescent girls for physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J H Biddle
- Institute of Youth Sport, School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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