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Asimakidis ND, Mukandi IN, Beato M, Bishop C, Turner AN. Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8. [PMID: 39026085 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests. METHODS A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as "professional", "international" or "elite". RESULTS Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies). CONCLUSIONS The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D Asimakidis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK.
| | - Irvin N Mukandi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Anthony N Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
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Nobari H, Eken Ö, Singh U, Gorouhi A, Bordón JCP, Prieto-González P, Kurtoğlu A, Calvo TG. Which training load indicators are greater correlated with maturation and wellness variables in elite U14 soccer players? BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:289. [PMID: 38689258 PMCID: PMC11059657 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of training load is done to improve physical performance and minimize the incidence of injuries. The study examined the correlation between accumulated training load parameters based on periods with maturity (i.e., maturity offset and peak height velocity -PHV- and wellness variables -e.g., stress and sleep quality-). The second aim was to analyze the multi-linear regression between the above indicators. METHODS Twenty elite young U14 soccer players (M = 13.26 ± 0.52 years, 95% CI [13.02, 13.51]) were evaluated over 26 weeks (early, mid, and end-season) to obtain stress, sleep quality, and measures of workload in the season (accumulated acute workload [AW], accumulated chronic workload [CW], accumulated acute: chronic workload ratio [ACWLR], accumulated training monotony [TM], accumulated training strain [TS]). RESULTS The analysis revealed a moderate, statistically significant negative correlation between sleep quality and training monotony (r = -0.461, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were observed between other variables (p > 0.05). In the multi-linear regression analysis, maturity, PHV, sleep, and stress collectively accounted for variances of 17% in AW, 17.1% in CW, 11% in ACWLR, 21.3% in TM, and 22.6% in TS. However, individual regression coefficients for these predictors were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), indicating limited predictive power. CONCLUSION The study highlights the impact of sleep quality on training monotony, underscoring the importance of managing training load to mitigate the risks of overtraining. The non-significant regression coefficients suggest the complexity of predicting training outcomes based on the assessed variables. These insights emphasize the need for a holistic approach in training load management and athlete wellness monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
| | - Özgür Eken
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sport Science, Inonu University, Battalgazi, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Sports Dynamix Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Armin Gorouhi
- University of A Coruña, A Coruña, 15001, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Department of Biomedicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pablo Prieto-González
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, 10200, Türkiye
| | - Tomás García Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
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Rodrigues F, Monteiro D, Matos R, Jacinto M, Antunes R, Amaro N. Exploring the Dynamics of Athletes' Enjoyment and Self-Determined Motivation, and of the Motivational Climate in Youth Football: A Longitudinal Perspective. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:551-567. [PMID: 38096458 PMCID: PMC10924548 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231222152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to explore a short period longitudinal interplay between athletes' enjoyment and their self-determined motivation and motivational climate in youth football. We recruited 109 youth football athletes (79 males, 30 females) through a convenient sampling method. We included individuals within the 12-17-year-old age range, with a mean age of 14.31 (SD = 1.46) years. To examine these proposed associations, we performed hierarchical multiple regression analyses and found that enjoyment at pre-season assessment (T1) and self-determined motivation and a task-involving sport climate at mid-season (T2) were significant predictors of mid-season enjoyment (at T2). However, self-determined motivation and task-involving climate at T1 did not significantly contribute to the model. These findings emphasize the importance of initial enjoyment and an evolved self-determined motivation, and task-involving climate in understanding later enjoyment in sport. Coaches, practitioners, and policymakers should prioritize strategies that enhance intrinsic motivation, provide opportunities for autonomy, and cultivate a supportive and growth-oriented environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Matos
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Jacinto
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Raúl Antunes
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Amaro
- ESECS - Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
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Martinho DV, Rebelo A, Field A, Ribeiro AS, Pereira F, Bizarro B, Ribeiro J, Len SM, Gouveia ÉR, Sarmento H. The Quantification of Physical Performance and Internal Training Load in Youth Male Soccer Players During Preseason. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38437841 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The monitoring of training loads and quantification of physical performance are common practices in youth soccer academies to support coaches in prescribing and programming training for individuals. The interaction between training load and physical performance is unknown during a preseason period in youth soccer players. The current study assessed changes in training load and physical assessments across a 4-week preseason period. The relationship between physical performance and match playing time in youth male soccer players was also investigated. METHODS The training loads of 25 professional youth academy male soccer players were monitored throughout a 4-week preseason period. Assessments of power, agility, speed, and aerobic capacity were undertaken in the first training session. Session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) and well-being questionnaires were collected during all training sessions and preseason matches. Playing time during subsequent competitive matches was recorded. RESULTS T test and 30-m-sprint assessments, conducted on the first day of preseason, were predictors of sRPE throughout preseason (t test χ2/df = 2.895, poor adjustment; 30-m sprint χ2/df = 1.608, good adjustment). YoYo Test performance was related with changes in perceived fatigue (χ2/df = 0.534, very good adjustment). Faster players reported higher values of sRPE, and players with higher aerobic capacity reported higher levels of fatigue across preseason. Well-being, perceived fatigue and soreness, and sRPE decreased across preseason. Greater match durations were related to higher levels of fatigue during preseason (P < .05). CONCLUSION The current study highlights the relationship between training load, physical assessments, and playing time. Coaches and practitioners can use physical test data at the start of preseason as an indication of players that report higher sRPE, perceived fatigue, and reduced well-being across preseason, supporting decisions around individualized training prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saude, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Bizarro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Performance Optimization, GOD, Sporting Clube de Braga SAD, Braga, Portugal
| | - Silvano M Len
- Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte "Manuel Fajardo,"Havana, Cuba
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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Draper G, Atkinson G, Chesterton P, Portas M, Wright M. Elite North American soccer performance in thermally challenging environments: An explorative approach to tracking outcomes. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1107-1114. [PMID: 37733023 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The physiologic challenges related to performances in hot conditions calls for dedicated consideration when planning athlete training, although complete amelioration of the effects of heat may not be possible. We aimed to quantify within-subject correlations between different measures of environmental temperature and performance changes over multiple elite soccer competitions. METHODS Thirty-seven elite male soccer players (age: 26 ± 3.4 years, height: 171 ± 2 cm, body mass: 78 ± 7.1 kg) competed in North America over four seasons (range: 3 to 98 matches). Players wore global positioning system devices during games and reported differential-RPE immediately post game. Temperatures at kick-off, week average temperature, the difference between game-day and week average (DiffTemp), and heat index at kick-off were obtained. Within-player correlations were calculated using general linear models to quantify associations between fluctuations in temperature measures and physical and perceived outputs. RESULTS Correlations between total distance and the various temperature measures were trivial to small (range: -0.08 to 0.13, p=<0.001-0.02). Small negative correlations were found between all temperature measures except DiffTemp and high-speed running (HSR) (range: -0.17 to -0.14, p=<0.001). Most correlations between differential-RPE and temperature measures were trivial to small and not significant (r = 0.06 to 0.18 p = 0.03-0.92) although breathlessness-RPE and heat index showed a small significant association (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION Decrements in HSR appear to be associated with increased environmental temperature, however, these associations are small in magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison Draper
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
- Philadelphia Union, Major League Soccer (MLS), Philadelphia, USA
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Chesterton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew Portas
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
- The English Football Association, Burton Upton Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Matthew Wright
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
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Ruf L, Drust B, Ehmann P, Skorski S, Meyer T. Are Measurement Instruments Responsive to Assess Acute Responses to Load in High-Level Youth Soccer Players? Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:879858. [PMID: 35847450 PMCID: PMC9283776 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.879858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the short-term responsiveness of measurement instruments aiming at quantifying the acute psycho-physiological response to load in high-level adolescent soccer players.MethodsData were collected from 16 high-level male youth soccer players from the Under 15 age group. Players were assessed on two occasions during the week: after 2 days of load accumulation (“high load”) and after at least 48 h of rest. Measurements consisted of the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS), a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a sub-maximal run to assess exercise heart-rate (HRex) and heart-rate recovery (HRR60s). Training load was quantified using total distance and high-speed running distance to express external and sRPE training load to express internal load. It was expected that good instruments can distinguish reliably between high load and rest.ResultsOdd ratios (0.74–1.73) of rating one unit higher or lower were very low for athlete-reported ratings of stress and recovery of the SRSS. Standardized mean high load vs. rest differences for CMJ parameters were trivial to small (−0.31 to 0.34). The degree of evidence against the null hypothesis that changes are interchangeable ranged from p = 0.04 to p = 0.83. Moderate changes were observed for HRex (−0.62; 90% Cl −0.78 to −0.47; p = 3.24 × 10−9), while small changes were evident for HRR60s (0.45; 90% Cl 0.08–0.80; p = 0.04). Only small to moderate repeated-measures correlations were found between the accumulation of load and acute responses across all measurement instruments. The strongest relationships were observed between HRex and total distance (rm-r = −0.48; 90% Cl −0.76 to −0.25).ConclusionResults suggest that most of the investigated measurement instruments to assess acute psycho-physiological responses in adolescent soccer players have limited short-term responsiveness. This questions their potential usefulness to detect meaningful changes and manage subsequent training load and program adequate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Ruf
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ludwig Ruf ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-8910
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ehmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Skorski
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Low Occurrence of Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Swimming? Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Sports Participation in Adolescents: Cross Sectional Study (ABCD—Growth Study). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063694. [PMID: 35329389 PMCID: PMC8952247 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to identify the association between the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms (MS) and sports participation in adolescents. The sample included 193 adolescents (11 to 17 years of age; 131 boys and 62 girls). For this cross-sectional study, participants were categorized into four groups: “no-sports”, “repetitive non-impact sports”, “high-impact sports”, and “odd-impact sports”. A questionnaire was used, which defined MS as pain or any musculoskeletal complaint that led to restriction of current normal activities. In the entire sample, 112 adolescents reported at least one episode of MS during the recording, representing 58% of the sample. Our findings highlight that adolescents regularly engaged in odd-impact sports, such as martial arts, report a higher occurrence of MS than swimmers and adolescents who do not participate in any physical activity.
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The relationship between running distance and coaches' perception of team performance in professional soccer player during multiple seasons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1454. [PMID: 35087144 PMCID: PMC8795456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed how the physical movement profile of soccer matches evolved throughout a season by assessing the variability of different metrics depending on the season phase. In addition, the evolution of running distances was investigated in the relation to the team performance based on the coaches’ perception. Games from four consecutives Spanish LaLiga seasons (n = 1520) were recorded using an optical tracking system (i.e., ChyronHego). Total distance (TD), distance covered between 14 and 21 km h−1 (MIRD), 21–24 km h−1 (HIRD), and > 24 km h−1 (VHIRD) were analyzed, as well as the number of efforts between 21 and 24 km h−1 (Sp21) and > 24 km h−1 (Sp24). Seasons were divided into four phases (P): P1 (matches 1–10), P2 (11–19), P3 (20–29), and P4 (30–38). Linear mixed models revealed that soccer players covered significantly greater distances and completed a higher number of sprints in P2 and P3. Also, team performance evaluated by soccer coaches was positively related to TD, HIRD, VHIRD and Sp21 in P1. A negative relationship was observed between team performance and distance covered at speeds below 21 km h−1 in P2 and P3. Team performance was negatively related to TD, MIRD, and HIRD, and Sp21 in P4. As conclusion, the team performance perceived by coaches is related to the movement profile throughout a season, and it significantly influences the evolution of soccer players’ movement profiles. Specifically, it seems that the players of the best teams have the best physical performance at the beginning of the season with respect to the rest of the phases.
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André MJG, Georges MV, Prosper L, Dorel MK, Didace MM, Robert MBJ, Alphonse M. Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Body Composition and Fitness Performance among Football Players in Negro African Environment. Health (London) 2022. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2022.144036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effects of Combined Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Soccer-Specific Performance in Elite Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136919. [PMID: 34203286 PMCID: PMC8297001 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Creatine and sodium bicarbonate are both ergogenic aids for athletic performance. However, research on the combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate (CSB) supplementation in soccer is limited. This study investigated the changes in soccer-specific performance in elite soccer players after supplementing with CSB. Twenty well-trained elite soccer players participated in the study (age: 20.70 ± 1.08 years; height: 173.95 ± 2.81 cm; body weight: 70.09 ± 3.96 kg; soccer experience: 8 years; average training hours per week: 20 h). The participants were randomly allocated into CSB groups (CSB, n = 10) and placebo groups (PLA, n = 10). The CSB group took creatine (20 g/day) and sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg/day); these two supplements were taken four times a day (morning, afternoon, evening, and before sleep) for seven days. Soccer-specific performance was assessed via 10- and 30-m sprint, coordination, arrowhead agility, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests. Compared to the PLA group, the CSB group performed better in the 30-m sprint (CSB: −3.6% vs. PLA: −0.6%, p = 0.007, effect size (ES): 2.3) and both right and left arrowhead agility (right: CSB: −7.3% vs. PLA: −0.7%, p < 0.001, ES: 2.8; left: CSB: −5.5% vs. PLA: −1.2%, p = 0.001, ES: 2.1) tests. However, there were no differences in 10 m sprints, coordination, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests between the two groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CSB supplementation improved sprint and agility in elite soccer players. However, it is still unclear whether such effect is synergistic effect of two supplements or the result of either one of them. Therefore, caution should be taken when interpreting the results, and the limitations should be examined further in future studies.
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The Relationship between Training Load Measures and Next-Day Well-Being in Rugby Union Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11135926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between different internal and external load measures and next day subjective wellbeing. With institutional ethics approval, ten academy rugby union players (Five forwards, and five backs) with a local National League One club agreed to participate in the study (aged; 18.4 ± 1.0 years, height; 181.3 ± 5.9 cm, body mass 85.9 ± 13.0 kg, VO2max 56.2 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1). Before the 6-week in-season data collection period, participants completed an incremental treadmill test to determine lactate thresholds at 2 mmol·L−1 (LT) and 4 mmol·L−1 and the heart rate blood lactate (HR-BLa) profile for individualized training impulse (iTRIMP) calculations. Internal training load was quantified using Banister’s TRIMP, Edward’s TRIMP, Lucia’s TRIMP, individualised TRIMP and session-RPE. External training load was reported using total distance, PlayerLoadTM, high-speed distances (HSD) > 18 km∙h−1 and >15 km∙h−1, and individualized high-speed distance (iHSD) based on each player’s velocity at OBLA. On arrival and prior to all training sessions players completed a well-being questionnaire (WB). Bayesian linear mixed model analysis identified that a range of internal and external load measures explained between 30% and 37% of next-day total wellbeing and between 65% and 67% of next-day perceived stress. All other internal and external load measures demonstrated very weak to moderate relationships (R2 = 0.08 to 0.39) with all other wellbeing components. Internal sRPE, iTRIMP and bTRIMP loads alongside external HSD loads provide coaches with the most practical measures to influence players’ perceived wellbeing.
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Fluctuations in Well-Being Based on Position in Elite Young Soccer Players during a Full Season. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9050586. [PMID: 34069245 PMCID: PMC8156560 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study surveyed weekly and daily variations of well-being ratings relative to the Hooper Index (HI): fatigue (wFatigue), stress (wStress), delayed onset muscle soreness (wDOMS), and sleep quality (wSleep) during a soccer season based on players’ positions. The full-season was divided into three meso-cycles: Early season, week (W)1 to W7; Mid-season, W8 to W13, and End-season, W14 to W20. Twenty-six young players participated in the study (age, 15.5 ± 0.2 years; height, 172.9 ± 4.2 cm; body mass, 61.4 ± 5.6 kg; body fat, 8.6 ± 2.9%; VO2max, 48.4 ± 2.4 mL.kg−1·min−1; maturity offset, 1.9 ± 0.3 years). Participants played in the same team and competed in Iran national under-16 competitions. Well-being status was monitored on training days using the HI questionnaire. The main result was a significant difference between well-being status 5 days before match day (MD) and 4 days before MD, compared to MD for all playing positions (p ≤ 0.001). The highest and lowest records occurred during End-season for wDOMS (strikers = 11.5 ± 8.4 arbitrary units (AU)), Early season (central defenders = 9.5 ± 0.7 AU) and for wFatigue (central midfielders = 11.4 ± 0.9 AU), and Early season (wide defenders = 9.7 ± 0.7 AU), respectively. Overall, the results showed a significant increase in wStress and wSleep for all players’ positions from Early- to End-season. The main application of this study is to make coaches aware of their players’ well-being fluctuations throughout the full season, especially in young elite soccer players, and to avoid injuries, overtraining, and overreaching as much as possible.
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Nobari H, Fani M, Clemente FM, Carlos-Vivas J, Pérez-Gómez J, Ardigò LP. Intra- and Inter-week Variations of Well-Being Across a Season: A Cohort Study in Elite Youth Male Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:671072. [PMID: 33897575 PMCID: PMC8062971 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the weekly variations of well-being ratings relative to fatigue (wFatigue), stress (wStress), delayed-onset muscle soreness (wDOMS), sleep quality (wSleep), and Hooper questionnaire (wHQ) throughout the season. In addition, the well-being variables for the playing position in different moments of the season were discussed. Twenty-one elite young soccer players U17 took part in this study. From the beginning of the pre-season, well-being status was monitored daily by the HQ method throughout 36 weeks, including four periods: (1) pre-season, (2) early-season, (3) mid-season, and (4) end-season. Players trained at least 3 times per week throughout the season. The main outcome was that, in weeks 33 and 28, the highest [wFatigue: 15.85 ± 3.38 arbitrary units (AU); wHQ: 48.86 ± 9.23 AU] and the lowest (wFatigue: 5.38 ± 1.88 AU; wHQ: 20.43 ± 5.49 AU) wFatigue and wHQ occurred, respectively, although the lowest level of wDOMS happened in week 28 (4.86 ± 2.15 AU), while the highest wDOMS was observed in week 5 (14.65 ± 4.16 AU). The highest wSleep (13.00 ± 2.12 AU) and wStress (11.65 ± 2.92 AU) were observed in weeks 8 and 34, respectively, while the lowest wSleep (5.81 ± 2.29 AU) and wStress (3.76 ± 0.94 AU) were marked in week 29 coincidentally. In the HQ between every weekday, except recovery day, and the day of the match (MD), considerable highest HQ was only revealed in 2 days after MD in contrast to overall team comparison. In the present study, we observed that the well-being changes between different phases of the season as well as between weeks and days of the week with the MD are significant. These results provide a great point of view for coaches and practitioners about well-being variations over a season in elite youth soccer level. As a result, coaches will be more aware about non-functional overreaching and taking measures to prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Fani
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport and Health, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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14
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Sawczuk T, Jones B, Scantlebury S, Till K. Influence of Perceptions of Sleep on Well-Being in Youth Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1066-1073. [PMID: 30358699 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sawczuk, T, Jones, B, Scantlebury, S, and Till, K. Influence of perceptions of sleep on well-being in youth athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1066-1073, 2021-To date, most research considering well-being questionnaires has only considered the training stress imposed on the athlete, without evaluating the questionnaire's relationship with a measure of recovery (e.g., sleep). This study aimed to assess the influence of sleep duration (Sduration), sleep quality (Squality), and sleep index (Sindex; Sduration × Squality) on well-being in youth athletes, while accounting for the known training stressors of training load and exposure to match play. Forty-eight youth athletes (age 17.3 ± 0.5 years) completed a daily questionnaire including well-being (DWBno-sleep; fatigue, muscle soreness, stress, and mood) measures, Perceived Recovery Status Scale (PRS), the previous day's training loads, Sduration, and Squality every day for 13 weeks. Linear mixed models assessed the impact of Sduration, Squality, and Sindex on DWBno-sleep, its individual subscales, and PRS. Sduration had a small effect on DWBno-sleep (d = 0.31; ±0.09), fatigue (d = 0.42; ±0.11), and PRS (d = 0.25; ±0.09). Squality had a small effect on DWBno-sleep (d = 0.47; ±0.08), fatigue (d = 0.53; ±0.11), stress (d = 0.35; ±0.07), mood (d = 0.41; ±0.09), and PRS (d = 0.37; ±0.08). Sindex had a small effect on DWBno-sleep (d = 0.44; ±0.08), fatigue (d = 0.55; ±0.11), stress (d = 0.29; ±0.07), mood (d = 0.37; ±0.09), and PRS (d = 0.36; ±0.09). The results indicate that an athlete's perceptions of sleep are associated with deviations in well-being measures and should be used as an input to the monitoring process rather than as part of the outcome well-being score. The sleep index is suggested as a potential input because it provides information on both the duration and quality of the sleep experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sawczuk
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate, Thorpe Underwood, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate, Thorpe Underwood, York, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
- The Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate, Thorpe Underwood, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
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15
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Nobari H, Alves AR, Clemente FM, Pérez-Gómez J, Clark CCT, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Associations Between Variations in Accumulated Workload and Physiological Variables in Young Male Soccer Players Over the Course of a Season. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638180. [PMID: 33815144 PMCID: PMC8012769 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to analyze the relationship between in-season training workload with changes in aerobic power (VO2m ax ), maximum and resting heart rate (HR max and HR rest ), linear sprint medium (LSM), and short test (LSS), in soccer players younger than 16 years (under-16 soccer players). We additionally aimed to explain changes in fitness levels during the in-season through regression models, considering accumulated load, baseline levels, and peak height velocity (PHV) as predictors. Twenty-three male sub-elite soccer players aged 15.5 ± 0.2 years (PHV: 13.6 ± 0.4 years; body height: 172.7 ± 4.2 cm; body mass: 61.3 ± 5.6 kg; body fat: 13.7% ± 3.9%; VO2m ax : 48.4 ± 2.6 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1), were tested three times across the season (i.e., early-season (EaS), mid-season (MiS), and end-season (EnS) for VO2m ax , HR max , LSM, and LSS. Aerobic and speed variables gradually improved over the season and had a strong association with PHV. Moreover, the HR max demonstrated improvements from EaS to EnS; however, this was more evident in the intermediate period (from EaS to MiS) and had a strong association with VO2m ax . Regression analysis showed significant predictions for VO2m ax [F ( 2, 20) = 8.18, p ≤ 0.001] with an R 2 of 0.45. In conclusion, the meaningful variation of youth players' fitness levels can be observed across the season, and such changes can be partially explained by the load imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ana Ruivo Alves
- Department of Arts, Humanities and Sport, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United-Kingdom
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
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16
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Martín-San Agustín R, Medina-Mirapeix F, Esteban-Catalán A, Escriche-Escuder A, Sánchez-Barbadora M, Benítez-Martínez JC. Epidemiology of Injuries in First Division Spanish Women's Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063009. [PMID: 33804081 PMCID: PMC8000692 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of injuries in female soccer has been studied extensively in several national leagues. Even so, data on the first division Spanish league are limited. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of the first division of the Spanish Women’s Soccer League and to analyze data in relation to game position, circumstance, or the moment of injury. Fifteen teams and 123 players participated in the study. Players’ characteristics and their injuries (location, type, diagnosis, circumstance, and moment) were collected. Injuries were described by their frequencies (number and percentage) and incidence rates (IR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Lower limb injuries accounted for 86.8% of total injuries. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus injuries occurred in totality in non-contact circumstance (0.35/1000 h; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.62 and 0.23/1000 h; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.45, respectively). Match injury IRs (19.02/1000 h; 95% CI, 14.89 to 23.97) were significantly higher than training (1.70/1000 h; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.22). As a conclusion, structures such as the ACL or meniscus are most commonly injured in the non-contact circumstance in the first division of the Spanish Women’s Soccer League. In addition, match situations involve a greater risk of injury than training, increasing the risk to the ankle and knee injuries as the season progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martín-San Agustín
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-S.A.); (A.E.-C.); (M.S.-B.); (J.C.B.-M.)
| | | | - Andrea Esteban-Catalán
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-S.A.); (A.E.-C.); (M.S.-B.); (J.C.B.-M.)
| | | | - Mariana Sánchez-Barbadora
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-S.A.); (A.E.-C.); (M.S.-B.); (J.C.B.-M.)
| | - Josep C. Benítez-Martínez
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-S.A.); (A.E.-C.); (M.S.-B.); (J.C.B.-M.)
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17
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Jang JH, Joo CH. The effects of residential environment on the condition and fitness of soccer players in the summer. J Exerc Rehabil 2021; 16:522-528. [PMID: 33457389 PMCID: PMC7788251 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040748.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise performance is reduced in hot environments due to physiological responses caused by increased body temperature. A proper residential environment is important for improving the performance and maintaining physical condition of soccer players in the summer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of indoor temperature of the resting space during the summer on the fitness and condition of soccer players. A total of 12 K-3 League semiprofessional players without serious injuries in the last 3 months voluntarily participated in the study. Participants performed speed (10 m, 20 m, and 30 m), soccer-specific coordination skill (dribbling), agility, repeated sprints, Yo-Yo intermittent level 2, vertical jump, and questionnaire (fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, stress, and mood) after staying indoor temperature at 20°C, 26°C, and 30°C for one night, respectively. There was no difference among groups in physical fitness (speed, agility, jump, coordination, Yo-Yo intermittent level 2, and repeated sprints). The differences in fatigue and sleep quality were not statistically significant among groups, but they tended to be different. Muscle soreness was similar among all groups. Significant differences were observed between the 20°C and 30°C groups in stress and mood levels. The present study concluded that, while the physical fitness did not differ among groups, the 30°C residential environment was shown to have a negative psychological effect. Considering that many diseases associated with hot weather occur in low residential temperatures, a room temperature of 26°C is recommended for elite soccer players in hot summer weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Jang
- Department of Football Science, Honam University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwa Joo
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Biohealth-machinery Convergence Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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18
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Pla R, Pujos-Guillot E, Durand S, Brandolini-Bunlon M, Centeno D, Pyne DB, Toussaint JF, Hellard P. Non-targeted metabolomics analyses by mass spectrometry to explore metabolic stress after six training weeks in high level swimmers. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:969-978. [PMID: 33320058 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1851933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare the metabolic responses of high-level national swimmers to threshold or polarised training. 22 swimmers (n = 12 males and 10 females) participated in a 28-week cross-over intervention study consisting of 2 × 6 period weeks of training. Swimmers were assigned randomly to either training group for the first period: polarised (POL) (81% in energetic zone 1: blood lactate [La]b ≤ 2 mmol.L-1; 4% in zone 2: 2 mmol.L-1 <[La]b ≤ 4 mmol.L-1; 15% in zone 3: [La]b > 4 mmol.L-1) or threshold (THR) (65%/25%/10%). Before and after each training period, urine samples were collected for non-targeted metabolomics analysis. Mixed model analysis was performed on metabolomics data including fatigue class factors and/or training and/or interaction. Ion intensities of 6-keto-decanoylcarnitine (+31%), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (+81%), P-cresol sulphate (+18%) were higher in the threshold group (P < 0.05) indicating higher glycogenic depletion and inflammation without alteration of the neuroendocrine stress axis. 4-phenylbutanic acid sulphate was 200% higher in less fatigued swimmers (P < 0.01) linking the anti-inflammatory activity at the cell membrane level to the subjective perception of fatigue. This research suggests the importance of replenishing glycogen stores and reducing inflammation during high thresholds training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Pla
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France.,French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France.,Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Paris, France
| | - Estelle Pujos-Guillot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marion Brandolini-Bunlon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Delphine Centeno
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, MetaboHUB Clermont, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), Paris, France.,EA 7329, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,CIMS, Centre for Investigation in Sports Medicine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Hellard
- French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France.,CREPS- Sport Resource and Expertise Center, Bordeaux, France
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19
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Lee H, Joo CH. Differences in physical fitness after an 8-week preseason training among elite football players aged 17-19 years. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:442-449. [PMID: 33178646 PMCID: PMC7609845 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040598.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There may be an optimal period of time to maximize the improvement of physical fitness during adolescence. The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude of changes in physical fitness after 8 weeks of preseason training according to chronological ages after the age at peak high velocity. Thirty male young football players from an elite football team (U-16, n=10; U-17, n=10; U-18, n=10) participated in the study. The players completed an 8-week general preseason football training and participated in the pre- and posttests to measure physical fitness. The 8-week preseason training improved the power of all young players (P<0.05). The 20-m sprint performance was improved by training in U-16 and U-18 (P<0.05), but no changes were found in the U-17 group (P>0.05). Significant differences were found in the arrowhead left in U-16 and U-18 (P<0.05) after training; however, no difference was observed in U-17 (P>0.05). Coordination was enhanced further in U-16 and U-17 (P<0.05) compared with that in U-18 (P>0.05). The performance of repeated sprints and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) were similar between pre- and posttraining in all age groups (P>0.05). Collectively, the results emphasized the importance of systematic and scientific training methods to improve the fitness levels of young football players in the preseason training period. Moreover, training to improve coordination in young football players is effective at younger ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwa Joo
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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20
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Jeffries AC, Wallace L, Coutts AJ, McLaren SJ, McCall A, Impellizzeri FM. Athlete-Reported Outcome Measures for Monitoring Training Responses: A Systematic Review of Risk of Bias and Measurement Property Quality According to the COSMIN Guidelines. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1203-1215. [PMID: 32957081 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athlete-reported outcome measures (AROMs) are frequently used in research and practice but no studies have examined their psychometric properties. OBJECTIVES Part 1-identify the most commonly used AROMs in sport for monitoring training responses; part 2-assess risk of bias, measurement properties, and level of evidence, based on the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Methodological quality of the studies, quality of measurement properties, and level of evidence were determined using the COSMIN checklist and criteria. RESULTS Part 1-from 9446 articles screened for title and abstract, 310 out of 334 full texts were included; 53.9% of the AROMs contained multiple items, while 46.1% contained single items. Part 2-from 1895 articles screened for title and abstract, 71 were selected. Most measurement properties of multiple-item AROMs were adequate, but content validity and measurement error were inadequate. With the exclusion of 2 studies examining reliability and responsiveness, no validity studies were found for single items. CONCLUSIONS The measurement properties of multiple-item AROMs derived from psychometrics were acceptable (with the exclusion of content validity and measurement error). The single-item AROMs most frequently used in sport science have not been validated. Additionally, nonvalidated modified versions of the originally nonvalidated items are common. Until proper validation studies are completed, all conclusions based on these AROMs are questionable. Established reference methods, such as those of clinimetrics, should be used to develop and assess the validity of AROMs.
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21
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The Influence of Recruitment Age and Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics on the Development Pathway of English Academy Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:199-207. [PMID: 32994386 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of recruitment age on retention and release across the development pathway and to explore the influence of anthropometric and physical characteristics on retention and release at different ages throughout the development pathway and the likelihood of obtaining a professional contract. METHODS Following receipt of ethics approval, a cross-sectional study tracking 4 cohorts of players over 5 years assessed 76 male youth football players (11-16 y) from an English football academy on 3 occasions annually in anthropometry, countermovement jump height, and linear (30 and 15 m) and multidirectional sprint time. Players were categorized based on their start and release date. RESULTS Starting early (ie, before U12) in an academy was a key indicator of obtaining a professional contract, representing 87% of the players signed. Bayesian regression models suggest that the majority of differences in physical characteristics between players that were released and retained are trivial, small, and/or uncertain. Players who attained a professional contract at 18 had slower 15- and 30-m sprint times at U13 to U15 (P > 0 = .87-.99), slower multidirectional sprint times at U14 (P > 0 = .99), and lower countermovement jump height at U13 to U16 (P > 0 = .88-.99) compared with players who did not gain a contract. CONCLUSION Players recruited early have an increased likelihood of gaining a professional contract. Physical assessments lack utility when used in isolation as a talent-identification tool.
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22
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Ermidis G, Barreira D, Rebelo A. The Arrowhead Agility Test: Reliability, Minimum Detectable Change, and Practical Applications in Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:483-494. [PMID: 30676390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rago, V, Brito, J, Figueiredo, P, Ermidis, G, Barreira, D, and Rebelo, A. The arrowhead agility test: Reliability, minimum detectable change, and practical applications in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 483-494, 2020-Four independent studies were conducted to examine the utility of the arrowhead agility test (AAT) to measure change of direction (COD) capacity in soccer players, specifically, (a) intersession reliability and minimum detectable change (n = 24); (b) power-dependent abilities associated with AAT performance (n = 56); and (c) fatigue sensitivity (n = 20); differences between competitive levels and age groups (n = 264). Irrespective of the AAT outcome measure (skillful side, less-skillful side, sum of both), intersession reliability and the ability to detect changes in performance were good (ICC = 0.80-0.83; CV = 1.25-2.21%; smallest worthwhile change, 0.06-0.12 >SEM, 0.01-0.03) except for the asymmetry index. A 15-m sprint explained a significant amount of variance in COD (p < 0.01; R = 0.42). Arrowhead agility test performance did not change from the prematch toward half time (p = 0.21). However, reduced COD performance was observed after an intense period in the second half and after the game, compared with prematch and half-time performance (p < 0.05; effect size [ES] = -0.85 to 0.42). Irrespective of age group, national players were more agile than regional players (p < 0.05; ES = -1.97 to -0.36). Moreover, independently of their competitive level, senior and U18 players had a better performance than U16 (p < 0.05; ES = -2.33 to -0.84), whereas no significant differences were observed between senior and U18. Percentiles were also reported in the results. The AAT is reliable to measure COD in soccer players. The test may simultaneously encompass 15-m sprint testing but should be implemented independently to countermovement jump. Furthermore, the test is sensitive to match-induced fatigue during the second half and discriminates players from different competitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy; and.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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23
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Emmonds S, Scantlebury S, Murray E, Turner L, Robsinon C, Jones B. Physical Characteristics of Elite Youth Female Soccer Players Characterized by Maturity Status. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2321-2328. [PMID: 30199446 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emmonds, S, Scantlebury, S, Murray, E, Turner, L, Robsinon, C, and Jones, B. Physical characteristics of elite youth female soccer players characterized by maturity status. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2321-2328, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of maturity status on the physical characteristics of youth female soccer players. One hundred fifty-seven players from 3 elite soccer academies in England completed assessments of anthropometry, strength (isometric midthigh pull), lower-body power (countermovement jump [CMJ]), aerobic capacity (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1), change of direction (CoD: 505-left/right), and speed (10 and 30 m). Each player was classified into 1 of 6 maturity groups based on their estimated years from peak height velocity (YPHV). Magnitude-based inferences were used to assess for the practical significance between consecutive groups. Speed, CoD time, CMJ, and aerobic capacity were all possibly most likely better in more mature players. However, there was a likely difference in relative peak force between maturity groups -0.5 YPHV (27.13 ± 4.24 N·Kg) and 0.5 YPHV (24.62 ± 3.70 N·Kg), which was associated with a likely difference in 10-m sprint time (-0.5 YPHV: 2.00 ± 0.12 vs. 0.5 YPHV 2.08 ± 0.16 seconds) and unclear changes in CMJ and CoD time. Findings provide novel comparative data for this cohort relative to maturity status and can be used by strength and conditioning coaches to inform the design of training programs for youth female soccer players. Strength and conditioning coaches should be aware that youth female soccer players may experience a decrease in relative strength around peak height velocity, which may impact upon the speed, CoD time, and CMJ of players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Emmonds
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds United Regional Talent Center, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin Murray
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds United Regional Talent Center, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Turner
- Manchester United Regional Talent Center, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Rongen F, McKenna J, Cobley S, Tee JC, Till K. Psychosocial outcomes associated with soccer academy involvement: Longitudinal comparisons against aged matched school pupils. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1387-1398. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1778354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fieke Rongen
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jim McKenna
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Cameron Tee
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Influence of Faster and Slower Recovery-Profile Classifications, Self-Reported Sleep, Acute Training Load, and Phase of the Microcycle on Perceived Recovery in Futsal Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:648-653. [PMID: 31896076 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether daily perceived recovery is explained from a multifactorial single-session classification of recovery (ie, faster vs slower) or other circumstantial factors (ie, previous training load, self-reported sleep, or phase of the microcycle). METHODS Nineteen elite male futsal players were initially allocated to a recovery-classification group (faster recovery, slower physiological, or slower perceptual) based on previous research using a multifactorial cluster-analysis technique. During 4 ensuing weeks of preseason, training loads were monitored via player load, training impulse, and session rating of perceived exertion. Before each day's training, players reported their perception of recovery (Total Quality of Recovery scale [TQR]) and the number of hours and perceived quality of sleep the night prior. A hierarchical linear mixed model was used to analyze the effect of the different recovery profiles, training load, sleep, and phase of the microcycle (ie, start, middle, end) on daily TQR. RESULTS The recovery classification of players (P = .20), training load (training impulse, P = .32; player load, P = .23; session rating of perceived exertion, P = .46), and self-reported hours slept the night before (P = .45) did not significantly influence TQR. However, perceived sleep quality (P < .01) and phase of the microcycle (P < .01) were significantly associated with TQR (r2 = .41). CONCLUSIONS Neither recovery classification nor prior training load influenced perceived recovery during the preseason. However, higher TQR was evident with better self-reported sleep quality, whereas lower values were associated with phases of the training week.
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Till K, Baker J. Challenges and [Possible] Solutions to Optimizing Talent Identification and Development in Sport. Front Psychol 2020; 11:664. [PMID: 32351427 PMCID: PMC7174680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern-day landscape of Olympic and Professional sport is arguably more competitive than ever. One consequence of this is the increased focus on identifying and developing early athletic talent. In this paper, we highlight key challenges associated with talent (athlete) identification and development and propose possible solutions that could be considered by research and practice. The first challenge focuses on clarifying the purposes of talent identification initiatives such as defining what talent is and how its meaning might evolve over time. Challenge two centers on ways to best identify, select and develop talent, including issues with different approaches to identification, the need to understand the impact of development and the need to have appropriate resourcing in the system to support continued development of knowledge. Finally, we discuss two challenges in relation to the 'healthiness' of talent identification and development. The first examines whether a talent identification and development system is 'healthy' for athletes while the second focuses on how sport stakeholders could discourage the apparent trend toward early specialization in youth sport settings. Whilst this paper discusses the research in relation to these challenges, we propose multiple possible solutions that researchers and practitioners could consider for optimizing their approach to talent identification and development. In summary, talent is a complex and largely misunderstood phenomenon lacking robust research evidence, and given concerns that it is potentially unhealthy, talent identification and selection at younger ages is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Till K, Weakley J, Read DB, Phibbs P, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Chantler S, Mellalieu S, Hislop M, Stokes K, Rock A, Jones B. Applied Sport Science for Male Age-Grade Rugby Union in England. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32086645 PMCID: PMC7035403 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rugby union (RU) is a skill-collision team sport played at junior and senior levels worldwide. Within England, age-grade rugby governs the participation and talent development of youth players. The RU player development pathway has recently been questioned, regarding player performance and well-being, which sport science research can address. The purpose of this review was to summarise and critically appraise the literature in relation to the applied sport science of male age-grade RU players in England focussing upon (1) match-play characteristics, (2) training exposures, (3) physical qualities, (4) fatigue and recovery, (5) nutrition, (6) psychological challenges and development, and (7) injury. Current research evidence suggests that age, playing level and position influence the match-play characteristics of age-grade RU. Training exposures of players are described as 'organised chaos' due to the multiple environments and stakeholders involved in coordinating training schedules. Fatigue is apparent up to 72 h post match-play. Well-developed physical qualities are important for player development and injury risk reduction. The nutritional requirements are high due to the energetic costs of collisions. Concerns around the psychological characteristics have also been identified (e.g. perfectionism). Injury risk is an important consideration with prevention strategies available. This review highlights the important multi-disciplinary aspects of sport science for developing age-grade RU players for continued participation and player development. The review describes where some current practices may not be optimal, provides a framework to assist practitioners to effectively prepare age-grade players for the holistic demands of youth RU and considers areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dale B Read
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leinster Rugby, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Josh Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Greg Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Keith Stokes
- University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Rugby Football Union, London, UK
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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A Prospective Cohort Study of Load and Wellness (Sleep, Fatigue, Soreness, Stress, and Mood) in Elite Junior Australian Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:829–840. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To investigate associations between load (training and competition) and wellness in elite junior Australian Football players across 1 competitive season.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted during the 2014 playing season in 562 players from 9 teams. Players recorded their training and match intensities according to the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (sRPE) method. Based on sRPE player loads, a number of load variables were quantified, including cumulative load and the change in load across different periods of time (including the acute-to-chronic load ratio). Wellness was quantified using a wellness index including sleep, fatigue, soreness, stress, and mood on a Likert scale from 1 to 5.Results:Players spent an average of 85 (21) min in each match and 65 (31) min per training session. Average match loads were 637 (232) arbitrary units, and average training loads were 352 (233) arbitrary units. Over the 24 wk of the 2014 season, overall wellness had a significant linear negative association with 1-wk load (B = −0.152; 95% confidence interval, −0.261 to −0.043;P = .006) and an inverseU-curve relationship with session load (B = −0.078; 95% confidence interval, 0.143 to 0.014;P = .018). Mood, stress, and soreness were all found to have associations with load.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that load (within a session and across the week) is important in managing the wellness of elite junior Australian Football players. Quantifying loads and wellness at this level will help optimize player management and has the potential to reduce the risk of adverse events such as injury.
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Generic vs. small-sided game training in futsal: Effects on aerobic capacity, anaerobic power and agility. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:347-354. [PMID: 30894306 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare a 6-week conditioning training program based on Small Sided and conditioning game (SSG) and based on traditional and generic fitness the aerobic capacity, anaerobic power and agility of young futsal players. It was also aim of this study to compare the variations on the internal load markers (heart rate and perceived exertion) between both training programs. Twenty youth players (age: 18.6 ± 0.5 years old) were randomly assigned to SSG (n = 12) and generic fitness training (GFT) group (n = 8). Each group performed workouts with equal duration and intensities. Participants completed a VO2max treadmill test, the Wingate test and an agility test pre and post training period. Training heart rate and Rate Perceived Exertion (RPE) were used as internal load markers during the training program. There was a significant difference in training load (RPE) between two groups in all types of training but not in the heart rate. Despite significant improvements (p < .05) from pre to post tests in all measured indicators except minimum power, there was no significant changes between groups for agility, anaerobic, and aerobic parameters (p > .05). SSG-based program provided a similar heart rate stimulus on players comparing to GFT program and both programs meaningfully improved the fitness parameters of the young futsal players. Moreover, SSG-based program also resulted in better technical performance, thus representing an effective alternative to generic fitness training for the development of aerobic capacity and anaerobic power in futsal.
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Claudino JG, J Gabbet T, de Sá Souza H, Simim M, Fowler P, de Alcantara Borba D, Melo M, Bottino A, Loturco I, D'Almeida V, Carlos Amadio A, Cerca Serrão J, P Nassis G. Which parameters to use for sleep quality monitoring in team sport athletes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000475. [PMID: 30729029 PMCID: PMC6340585 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep quality is an essential component of athlete's recovery. However, a better understanding of the parameters to adequately quantify sleep quality in team sport athletes is clearly warranted. Objective To identify which parameters to use for sleep quality monitoring in team sport athletes. Methods Systematic searches for articles reporting the qualitative markers related to sleep in team sport athletes were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science online databases. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. For the meta-analysis, effect sizes with 95% CI were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model. The coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% CI was also calculated to assess the level of instability of each parameter. Results In general, 30 measuring instruments were used for monitoring sleep quality. A meta-analysis was undertaken on 15 of these parameters. Four objective parameters inferred by actigraphy had significant results (sleep efficiency with small CV and sleep latency, wake episodes and total wake episode duration with large CV). Six subjective parameters obtained from questionnaires and scales also had meaningful results (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (sleep efficiency), Likert scale (Hooper), Likert scale (no reference), Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire, Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire (sleep rating) and RESTQ (sleep quality)). Conclusions These data suggest that sleep efficiency using actigraphy, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Likert scale, Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire and RESTQ are indicated to monitor sleep quality in team sport athletes. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018083941.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gustavo Claudino
- School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,LOAD CONTROL, Contagem, Brazil
| | - Tim J Gabbet
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Simim
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Peter Fowler
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Marco Melo
- Department of Physiology, São Paulo Futebol Clube, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Altamiro Bottino
- Department of Physiology, São Paulo Futebol Clube, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Cerca Serrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Effects of a 6-Week Period of Polarized or Threshold Training on Performance and Fatigue in Elite Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:183-189. [PMID: 30040002 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the impact of a polarized distribution of training intensity on performance and fatigue in elite swimmers. METHODS Twenty-two elite junior swimmers (12 males, age = 17 [3] y, and 10 females, age = 17 [3] y) participated in a crossover intervention study over 28 wk involving 2- × 6-wk training periods separated by 6 wk. Swimmers were randomly assigned to a training group for the first period: polarized (81% in zone 1, blood lactate concentration, [La]b ≤ 2 mmol·L-1; 4% in zone 2, 2 mmol·L-1 < [La]b ≤ 4 mmol·L-1; and 15% in zone 3, [La]b > 4 mmol·L-1) or threshold (65%/25%/10%). Before and after each period, they performed a 100-m maximal swimming test to determine performance, maximal [La]b, and oxygen consumption and an incremental swimming test to determine speed corresponding to [La]b = 4 mmol·L-1 (V4 mmol·L-1). Self-reported indices of well-being were collected with a daily questionnaire. RESULTS Polarized training elicited small to moderately greater improvement than threshold training on 100-m performance (within-group change ± 90% confidence interval: 0.97% ± 1.02% vs 0.09% ± 0.94%, respectively) with less fatigue and better quality of recovery. There was no substantial gender effect. No clear differences were observed in physiological adaptations between groups. CONCLUSIONS In elite junior swimmers, a 6-wk period of polarized training induced small improvements in 100-m time-trial performance and, in combination with less perceived fatigue, forms a viable option for coaches preparing such cohorts of swimmers for competition.
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Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the internal training load (ITL) in soccer players of two competitive age groups (under-15 [U-15] and under-19 [U-19]) during an 8-week preseason training period and compare the associated changes in physical performance measures. Eighteen U-15 and twelve U-19 players were monitored over an 8-week period during the preseason phase. The ITL was monitored using the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method. Before and after the preseason period, physical performance was assessed by best (RSAbest) and mean (RSAmean) times in a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test and peak velocity derived from the Carminatti test (PVT-CAR). Total weekly ITL increased with age (U-15: 13770 ± 874 AU vs. U-19: 33584 ± 2506 AU; p < 0.001). In addition, U-19 players perceived training sessions as heavier than U-15 players (6.1 ± 0.3 vs. 5.3 ± 0.3 AU, respectively; p < 0.001). After the preseason period, very likely to almost certainly positive changes were observed for all performance measures in both age groups. However, the U-15 group had possibly superior gains in RSAbest (+1.40%, 90%CL -0.29 to 3.05, with ES = 0.35) and likely higher effects in RSAmean (+1.89%, 90%CL 0.04 to 3.70, with ES = 0.53) and PVT-CAR (+2.71%, 90%CL 0.35 to 5.01, with ES = 0.37) compared to the U-19 group. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the U-19 group accumulate higher total weekly ITLs than the U-15 group during the preseason phase due to longer and heavier training sessions. However, the U-15 group obtained superior gains in soccer-specific physical abilities while accumulating half the total ITLs during lighter training sessions.
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Loturco I, Jeffreys I, Kobal R, Cal Abad CC, Ramirez-Campillo R, Zanetti V, Pereira LA, Nakamura FY. Acceleration and Speed Performance of Brazilian Elite Soccer Players of Different Age-Categories. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:205-218. [PMID: 30429912 PMCID: PMC6231337 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare vertical jump ability (squat-jump [SJ] and countermovement-jump [CMJ]), relative to body mass mean propulsive power in the jump-squat (MPP-REL JS), and the 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 m acceleration and speed among soccer players from the same professional club, divided into age-categories (U15 [n = 20], U17 [n = 53], U20 [n = 22] and senior [n = 25] players). The tests were performed at the start of the preseason in indoor facilities. The magnitude-based inference approach and the standardized differences (based on effect sizes) were used to compare the age-groups. The SJ, CMJ, and MPP-REL JS increased across the age-groups up to U20, the latter being similar to senior players. Interestingly, the 0-5 m acceleration was likely and possibly higher in U15 players compared to U17 and senior players. Although soccer athletes improve their unloaded and loaded jump abilities across the age-categories (plateauing during adulthood), the same does not hold true for acceleration capacity, from the early phases of players’ development (i.e., U15). Strength and conditioning professionals should seek effective strategies to minimize impairment in maximal acceleration performance of elite soccer players throughout their prospective training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ian Jeffreys
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ronaldo Kobal
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - César C Cal Abad
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Relationships Between Training Load, Sleep Duration, and Daily Well-Being and Recovery Measures in Youth Athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:345-352. [PMID: 29478381 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationships between training load, sleep duration, and 3 daily well-being, recovery, and fatigue measures in youth athletes. METHODS Fifty-two youth athletes completed 3 maximal countermovement jumps (CMJs), a daily well-being questionnaire (DWB), the perceived recovery status scale (PRS), and provided details on their previous day's training loads (training) and self-reported sleep duration (sleep) on 4 weekdays over a 7-week period. Partial correlations, linear mixed models, and magnitude-based inferences were used to assess the relationships between the predictor variables (training and sleep) and the dependent variables (CMJ, DWB, and PRS). RESULTS There was no relationship between CMJ and training (r = -.09; ±.06) or sleep (r = .01; ±.06). The DWB was correlated with sleep (r = .28; ±.05, small), but not training (r = -.05; ±.06). The PRS was correlated with training (r = -.23; ±.05, small), but not sleep (r = .12; ±.06). The DWB was sensitive to low sleep (d = -0.33; ±0.11) relative to moderate; PRS was sensitive to high (d = -0.36; ±0.11) and low (d = 0.29; ±0.17) training relative to moderate. CONCLUSIONS The PRS is a simple tool to monitor the training response, but DWB may provide a greater understanding of the athlete's overall well-being. The CMJ was not associated with the training or sleep response in this population.
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Nedelec M, Aloulou A, Duforez F, Meyer T, Dupont G. The Variability of Sleep Among Elite Athletes. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:34. [PMID: 30054756 PMCID: PMC6063976 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Practicing sport at the highest level is typically accompanied by several stressors and restrictions on personal life. Elite athletes’ lifestyle delivers a significant challenge to sleep, due to both the physiological and psychological demands, and the training and competition schedules. Inter-individual variability of sleep patterns (e.g., sleep requirements, chronotype) may have important implications not only for recovery and training schedules but also for the choice of measures to possibly improve sleep. This article provides a review of the current available literature regarding the variability of sleep among elite athletes and factors possibly responsible for this phenomenon. We also provide methodological approaches to better address the inter-individual variability of sleep in future studies with elite athletes. There is currently little scientific evidence supporting a specific influence of one particular type of sport on sleep; sleep disorders may be, however, more common in strength/power and contact sports. Sleep behavior may notably vary depending on the athlete’s typical daily schedule. The specificity of training and competition schedules possibly accounts for the single most influential factor leading to inconsistency in sleep among elite athletes (e.g., “social jet lag”). Additionally, athletes are affected by extensive exposure to electric light and evening use of electronic media devices. Therefore, the influence of ordinary sleep, poor sleep, and extended sleep as important additional contributors to training load should be studied. Future experimental studies on sleep and elite sport performance should systematically report the seasonal phase. Boarding conditions may provide a good option to standardize as many variables as possible without the inconvenience of laboratory. The use of interdisciplinary mixed-method approaches should be encouraged in future studies on sleep and elite sport. Finally, high inter- and intra-individual variability in the athletes’ sleep characteristics suggests a need for providing individual responses in addition to group means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nedelec
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Anis Aloulou
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
| | - François Duforez
- Centre du Sommeil, Hotel Dieu de Paris, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, GEB. B82, 66123, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Gregory Dupont
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results. Front Physiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30026706 PMCID: PMC6041409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included. Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Malmborg JS, Olsson MC, Bergman S, Bremander A. Musculoskeletal pain and its association with maturity and sports performance in 14-year-old sport school students. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000395. [PMID: 30018793 PMCID: PMC6045717 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In youth sports, musculoskeletal pain is often studied from the standpoint of sports injuries, but little is known about pain conditions in which athletes still participate. The aim was to study the frequency of pain and associations with maturity offset, health status and sports performance in 14-year-old sport school students. METHODS Cross-sectional design. One hundred and seventy-eight students (108 boys and 70 girls) completed anthropometric measures for maturity offset (height, weight and sitting height), questionnaires (pain mannequin and EQ-5D for health status) and sports performance tests (sprint, agility, counter-movement jump and grip strength). Differences between groups were analysed with Student's t-test and analysis of covariance. RESULTS Thirty-one students (18.6%) reported infrequent pain, 85 (50.9%) frequent pain and 51 (30.5%) constant pain. Students in the constant pain group had worse health status than those in the infrequent pain group. Boys with constant pain (n=27) had a lower mean maturity offset (-0.38 vs 0.07 years; p=0.03) than boys with infrequent pain (n=22), and pain was associated with worse sports performance. There was no difference in maturity or sports performance between girls with constant pain (n=24) and girls with infrequent pain (n=9). CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal pain is common in sport school students and coincides with worse health status and with a younger biological age in boys. The high prevalence of pain should be acknowledged by coaches and student healthcare workers in order to promote a healthy and sustainable development in young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Malmborg
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
- Spenshult Research and Development Center, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - M Charlotte Olsson
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
- Malmö Sports Academy, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bergman
- Primary Health Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann Bremander
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Next Day Subjective and Objective Recovery Indices Following Acute Low and High Training Loads in Academy Rugby Union Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020056. [PMID: 29910360 PMCID: PMC6026827 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of selected subjective and objective monitoring assessments in detecting changes in group and individual responses to low and high load bouts of high intensity intermittent exercise. In a counterbalanced crossover design, Thirteen Academy Rugby Union players (mean ± SD: age: 18 ± 1 years) performed a low load (15 min) and a high load (90 min) bout of high intensity intermittent exercise (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test) one week apart. Monitoring assessments were performed immediately prior to and 20 h following each trial. Subjective self-report Well-being Questionnaire (WQ) items showed small to large deteriorations following the high load compared to low load (d = 0.4–1.5, p = 0.03–0.57). A very large increase in resting HR (HRrest) (d = 2.1, p = 0.02), moderate decrease in heart rate variability (HRV) indices (d = 0.7, p = 0.04 and d = 0.7, p = 0.01 for the natural logarithm of the standard deviation of R-R intervals (ln SDNN) and the root square of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (rMSSD), respectively) and no change in countermovement jump (d = 0.0, p = 0.97) were evident following the high load compared to low load. Individual WQ responses revealed 7/9, 7/9, 6/9, 6/9, 5/9, 3/9 and 1/9 participants reported deteriorations in recovery, sleep quality, motivation, muscle soreness, fatigue, stress and appetite, respectively, following the high load compared to low load. Individual analysis indicated a negative response following the high load compared to low load in HRrest, ln SDNN and ln rMSSD for 4/6, 2/6 and 1/6 participants, respectively. Selected WQ items detected group and individual responses to high load and low load highlighting their potential utility. However, objective assessments lacked the sensitivity to detect small individual changes.
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Rongen F, McKenna J, Cobley S, Till K. Are youth sport talent identification and development systems necessary and healthy? SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:18. [PMID: 29790057 PMCID: PMC5964052 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Talent identification and development systems (TIDS) are commonly used in professional sport to convert youth athletes into sporting stars of the future. Acknowledging that only a few athletes can "make it," the necessity and healthiness of TIDS have recently been questioned based on their increased professionalism, high training, and competition volumes, but limited effectiveness. In this short communication, we suggest that the key issues associated with TIDS are not due to their overall concept, but with how they are designed and implemented. It is recommended that researchers and practitioners determine the worth and value of TIDS by also evaluating the positive health of the athlete rather than solely focusing on performance outcomes. To achieve this, TIDS staff should shape and develop their values, expectations, and day-to-day routines to achieve positive health outcomes focusing on personal development and an athlete-centered culture. In business, this has been termed the concept of "Deliberately Developmental Organisation." TIDS can deploy the factors (e.g., high-quality staff, expert support services, quality facilities, and learning routines) characteristic of such organizations, to concurrently ensure positive impacts and minimize predictable negative outcomes without losing focus on a drive for sporting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fieke Rongen
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jim McKenna
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Discipline of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.
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Joo CH. The effects of short term detraining and retraining on physical fitness in elite soccer players. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196212. [PMID: 29746505 PMCID: PMC5944970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic high-intensity training with reduced volume and training cessation on body composition and physical fitness after the end of season and the time required to recapture physical fitness with intensified retraining following two weeks of detraining in elite soccer players. Method Twenty male semi-professional soccer players participated in this study. The soccer players were assigned to either a group that completed high-intensity aerobic training (HAT, n = 10) or to a detraining and retraining group (DHAT, n = 10) for a 5-week period immediately after the end of the season. The first 2 weeks of the period, members of the HAT group performed high-intensity aerobic exercise (80–90% of HRmax, 12 min × 3, three times per week), whereas members of the DHAT group abstained from any physical activity. During the subsequent 3 weeks, members of both the HAT and DHAT groups completed high-intensity aerobic exercise. Exercise performance testing and body composition analysis were performed before; after 2 weeks of detraining; and at 1, 2 and 3 weeks of retraining. Results Intensified high-intensity training for 5 weeks maintained the performance in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 test (Yo-Yo IR2) and repeated sprints at any time point (P > 0.05). However 2 weeks of detraining resulted in significant decreases in the performance on the Yo-Yo IR2 (P < 0.01) and repeated sprints test (P < 0.05). Performance on the Yo-Yo IR2 enhanced after 2 weeks of retraining and was maintained up to 3 weeks after retraining, with no significant differences between conditions (P > 0.05). In addition, repeated sprint performance markedly decreased after the detraining period (P < 0.05) and was continuously lower compared to the baseline at 2 weeks after retraining (P < 0.05). Furthermore, this value reached baseline level at the end of the experimental period (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between conditions in body composition, performance of agility, or sprint ability throughout the 5-week experimental period (P > 0.05). Conclusions The present data suggest that short-term detraining after the competitive season can markedly decrease performances in the Yo-Yo IR2 test and repeated sprints. To return to a previous level of ability on the Yo-Yo IR2 and/or sprint test with retraining through high-intensity aerobic training after a period of detraining, a similar or longer period of retraining is required. However, the high-intensity training with reduced amount of training after competitive season can prevent reductions in physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hwa Joo
- Department of Football Science, Honam University, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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41
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Sawczuk T, Jones B, Scantlebury S, Till K. The influence of training load, exposure to match play and sleep duration on daily wellbeing measures in youth athletes. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2431-2437. [PMID: 29620966 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1461337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of training load, exposure to match play and sleep duration on two daily wellbeing measures in youth athletes. Forty-eight youth athletes (age 17.3 ± 0.5 years) completed a daily wellbeing questionnaire (DWB), the Perceived Recovery Status scale (PRS), and provided details on the previous day's training loads (TL) and self-reported sleep duration (sleep) every day for 13 weeks (n = 2727). Linear mixed models assessed the effect of TL, exposure to match play and sleep on DWB and PRS. An increase in TL had a most likely small effect on muscle soreness (d = -0.43;± 0.10) and PRS (d = -0.37;± 0.09). Match play had a likely small additive effect on muscle soreness (d = -0.26;± 0.09) and PRS (d = -0.25;± 0.08). An increase in sleep had a most likely moderate effect on sleep quality (d = 0.80;± 0.14); a most likely small effect on DWB (d = 0.45;± 0.09) and fatigue (d = 0.42;± 0.11); and a likely small effect on PRS (d = 0.25;± 0.09). All other effects were trivial or did not reach the pre-determined threshold for practical significance. The influence of sleep on multiple DWB subscales and the PRS suggests that practitioners should consider the recovery of an athlete alongside the training stress imposed when considering deviations in wellbeing measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sawczuk
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate , Thorpe Underwood , York , UK
| | - Ben Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate , Thorpe Underwood , York , UK.,c Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK.,d The Rugby Football League , Red Hall , Leeds , UK.,e Leeds Rhinos Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate , Thorpe Underwood , York , UK
| | - Kevin Till
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,c Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK.,e Leeds Rhinos Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
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Morris R, Emmonds S, Jones B, Myers TD, Clarke ND, Lake J, Ellis M, Singleton D, Roe G, Till K. Seasonal changes in physical qualities of elite youth soccer players according to maturity status: comparisons with aged matched controls. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1454599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Morris
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tony D. Myers
- Sport, Exercise and Health Research Centre, Newman University Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D. Clarke
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Lake
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Coventry City Football Club, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Singleton
- Birmingham City Football Club, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Lesinski M, Prieske O, Helm N, Granacher U. Effects of Soccer Training on Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness during a Soccer Season in Female Elite Young Athletes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1093. [PMID: 29375392 PMCID: PMC5770736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (i) describe soccer training (e.g., volume, types), anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness and (ii) compute associations between soccer training data and relative changes of anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness during a soccer season in female elite young athletes. Seasonal training (i.e., day-to-day training volume/types) as well as variations in anthropometry (e.g., body height/mass), body composition (e.g., lean body/fat mass), and physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength/power, speed, balance) were collected from 17 female elite young soccer players (15.3 ± 0.5 years) over the training periods (i.e., preparation, competition, transition) of a soccer season that resulted in the German championship title in under-17 female soccer. Training volume/types, anthropometrics, body composition, and physical fitness significantly varied over a soccer season. During the two preparation periods, higher volumes in resistance and endurance training were performed (2.00 ≤ d ≤ 18.15; p < 0.05), while higher sprint and tactical training volumes were applied during the two competition periods (2.22 ≤ d ≤ 11.18; p < 0.05). Body height and lean body mass increased over the season (2.50 ≤ d ≤ 3.39; p < 0.01). In terms of physical fitness, significant performance improvements were found over the soccer season in measures of balance, endurance, and sport-specific performance (2.52 ≤ d ≤ 3.95; p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistically significant changes were observed for measures of muscle power/endurance, speed, and change-of-direction speed. Of note, variables of muscle strength (i.e., leg extensors) significantly decreased (d = 2.39; p < 0.01) over the entire season. Our period-specific sub-analyses revealed significant performance improvements during the first round of the season for measures of muscle power/endurance, and balance (0.89 ≤ d ≤ 4.01; p < 0.05). Moreover, change-of-direction speed significantly declined after the first round of the season, i.e., transition period (d = 2.83; p < 0.01). Additionally, significant medium-to-large associations were observed between training and anthropometrics/body composition/physical fitness (−0.541 ≤ r ≤ 0.505). Soccer training and/or growth/maturation contributed to significant variations in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness outcomes throughout the different training periods over the course of a soccer season in female elite young soccer players. However, changes in components of fitness were inconsistent (e.g., power, speed, strength). Thus, training volume and/or types should be carefully considered in order to develop power-, speed- or strength-related fitness measures more efficiently throughout the soccer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lesinski
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Norman Helm
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Yanci J, Castillo D, Iturricastillo A, Ayarra R, Nakamura FY. Effects of Two Different Volume-Equated Weekly Distributed Short-Term Plyometric Training Programs on Futsal Players' Physical Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1787-1794. [PMID: 27662489 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Yanci, J, Castillo, D, Iturricastillo, A, Ayarra, R, and Nakamura, FY. Effects of two different volume-equated weekly distributed short-term plyometric training programs on futsal players' physical performance. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1787-1794, 2017-The aim was to analyze the effect of 2 different plyometric training programs (i.e., 1 vs. 2 sessions per week, same total weekly volume) on physical performance in futsal players. Forty-four futsal players were divided into 3 training groups differing in weekly plyometric training load: the 2 days per week plyometric training group (PT2D, n = 15), the 1 day per week plyometric training group (PT1D, n = 12), and the control group (CG, n = 12) which did not perform plyometric training. The results of this study showed that in-season futsal training per se was capable of improving repeat sprint ability (RSA) (effect size [ES] = -0.59 to -1.53). However, while change of direction ability (CODA) was maintained during the training period (ES = 0.00), 15-m sprint (ES = 0.73), and vertical jump (VJ) performance (ES = -0.30 to -1.37) were significantly impaired. By contrast, PT2D and PT1D plyometric training were effective in improving futsal players' 15-m sprint (ES = -0.64 to -1.00), CODA (ES = -1.83 to -5.50), and horizontal jump (ES = 0.33-0.64) performance. Nonetheless, all groups (i.e., PT2D, PT1D, and CG) presented a reduction in VJ performance (ES = -0.04 to -1.37). Regarding RSA performance, PT1D showed a similar improvement compared with CG (ES = -0.65 to -1.53) after the training intervention, whereas PT2D did not show significant change (ES = -0.04 to -0.38). These results may have considerable practical relevance for the optimal design of plyometric training programs for futsal players, given that a 1-day-per-week plyometric training program is more efficient than a 2-day-per-week plyometric training program to improve the futsal players' physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Yanci
- 1Physical Education and Sport Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; 2Physical Education Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; and 3Nucleus of High Performance in Sport Department, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fransson D, Nielsen TS, Olsson K, Christensson T, Bradley PS, Fatouros IG, Krustrup P, Nordsborg NB, Mohr M. Skeletal muscle and performance adaptations to high-intensity training in elite male soccer players: speed endurance runs versus small-sided game training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:111-121. [PMID: 29119246 PMCID: PMC5754420 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine the skeletal muscle and performance responses across two different exercise training modalities which are highly applied in soccer training. Methods Using an RCT design, 39 well-trained male soccer players were randomized into either a speed endurance training (SET; n = 21) or a small-sided game group (SSG; n = 18). Over 4 weeks, thrice weekly, SET performed 6–10 × 30-s all-out runs with 3-min recovery, while SSG completed 2 × 7–9-min small-sided games with 2-min recovery. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis pre and post intervention and were subsequently analysed for metabolic enzyme activity and muscle protein expression. Moreover, the Yo–Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 test (Yo–Yo IR2) was performed. Results Muscle CS maximal activity increased (P < 0.05) by 18% in SET only, demonstrating larger (P < 0.05) improvement than SSG, while HAD activity increased (P < 0.05) by 24% in both groups. Na+–K+ ATPase α1 subunit protein expression increased (P < 0.05) in SET and SSG (19 and 37%, respectively), while MCT4 protein expression rose (P < 0.05) by 30 and 61% in SET and SSG, respectively. SOD2 protein expression increased (P < 0.05) by 28 and 37% in SET and SSG, respectively, while GLUT-4 protein expression increased (P < 0.05) by 40% in SSG only. Finally, SET displayed 39% greater improvement (P < 0.05) in Yo–Yo IR2 performance than SSG. Conclusion Speed endurance training improved muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance more pronouncedly than small-sided game training, but comparable responses were in muscle ion transporters and antioxidative capacity in well-trained male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fransson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Human Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tobias Schmidt Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Olsson
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Tobias Christensson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Human Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul S Bradley
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Human Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Jónas Broncks gøta 25. 3rd floor, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
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Williams CA, Winsley RJ, Pinho G, de Ste Croix M, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL. Prevalence of non-functional overreaching in elite male and female youth academy football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1336282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Williams
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Richard J. Winsley
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Goncalo Pinho
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark de Ste Croix
- Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NZ
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NZ
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47
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Van Ryswyk E, Weeks R, Bandick L, O'Keefe M, Vakulin A, Catcheside P, Barger L, Potter A, Poulos N, Wallace J, Antic NA. A novel sleep optimisation programme to improve athletes' well-being and performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:144-151. [PMID: 27574901 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1221470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To improve well-being and performance indicators in a group of Australian Football League (AFL) players via a six-week sleep optimisation programme. DESIGN Prospective intervention study following observations suggestive of reduced sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness in an AFL group. METHODS Athletes from the Adelaide Football Club were invited to participate if they had played AFL senior-level football for 1-5 years, or if they had excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] >10), measured via ESS. An initial education session explained normal sleep needs, and how to achieve increased sleep duration and quality. Participants (n = 25) received ongoing feedback on their sleep, and a mid-programme education and feedback session. Sleep duration, quality and related outcomes were measured during week one and at the conclusion of the six-week intervention period using sleep diaries, actigraphy, ESS, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Profile of Mood States, Training Distress Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task. RESULTS Sleep diaries demonstrated an increase in total sleep time of approximately 20 min (498.8 ± 53.8 to 518.7 ± 34.3; p < .05) and a 2% increase in sleep efficiency (p < 0.05). There was a corresponding increase in vigour (p < 0.001) and decrease in fatigue (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Improvements in measures of sleep efficiency, fatigue and vigour indicate that a sleep optimisation programme may improve athletes' well-being. More research is required into the effects of sleep optimisation on athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Van Ryswyk
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Repatriation General Hospital , Daw Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Richard Weeks
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Repatriation General Hospital , Daw Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Laura Bandick
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Repatriation General Hospital , Daw Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Michaela O'Keefe
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Repatriation General Hospital , Daw Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Andrew Vakulin
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Repatriation General Hospital , Daw Park , South Australia , Australia.,b NHMRC Centres of Research Excellence CIRUS and NEUROSLEEP, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Peter Catcheside
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Repatriation General Hospital , Daw Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Laura Barger
- c Harvard Medical School, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Andrew Potter
- d Adelaide Football Club , West Lakes , South Australia , Australia
| | - Nick Poulos
- d Adelaide Football Club , West Lakes , South Australia , Australia
| | - Jarryd Wallace
- d Adelaide Football Club , West Lakes , South Australia , Australia
| | - Nick A Antic
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Repatriation General Hospital , Daw Park , South Australia , Australia
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48
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Kobal R, Maldonado T, Piazzi AF, Bottino A, Kitamura K, Cal Abad CC, de Arruda M, Nakamura FY. Improving Sprint Performance in Soccer: Effectiveness of Jump Squat and Olympic Push Press Exercises. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153958. [PMID: 27100085 PMCID: PMC4839661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Training at the optimum power load (OPL) is an effective way to improve neuromuscular abilities of highly trained athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of training using the jump squat (JS) or Olympic push-press (OPP) exercises at the OPL during a short-term preseason on speed-power related abilities in high-level under-20 soccer players. The players were divided into two training groups: JS group (JSG) and OPP group (OPPG). Both groups undertook 12 power-oriented sessions, using solely JS or OPP exercises. Pre- and post-6 weeks of training, athletes performed squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), sprinting speed (5, 10, 20 and 30 m), change of direction (COD) and speed tests. To calculate the transfer effect coefficient (TEC) between JS and MPP OPP and the speed in 5, 10, 20, and 30 m, the ratio between the result gain (effect size [ES]) in the untrained exercise and result gain in the trained exercise was calculated. Magnitude based inference and ES were used to test the meaningful effects. The TEC between JS and VEL 5, 10, 20, and 30 m ranged from 0.77 to 1.29, while the only TEC which could be calculated between OPP and VEL 5 was rather low (0.2). In addition, the training effects of JS on jumping and speed related abilities were superior (ES ranging from small to large) to those caused by OPP (trivial ES). To conclude, the JS exercise is superior to the OPP for improving speed-power abilities in elite young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR–Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ronaldo Kobal
- NAR–Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Katia Kitamura
- NAR–Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- NAR–Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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