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Mclaughlin M, Duff J, Campbell E, McKenzie T, Davies L, Wolfenden L, Wiggers J, Sutherland R. Process Evaluation of a Scaled-Up School-Based Physical Activity Program for Adolescents: Physical Activity 4 Everyone. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:741-755. [PMID: 38849120 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2024-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical Activity 4 Everyone (PA4E1) is a whole-school physical activity program, with demonstrated efficacy (2012-2014). PA4E1 was adapted (scaled-up) and tested in a scale-up trial (2017-2020). This process evaluation study of the scale-up trial had 2 aims. First, to describe the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of PA4E1 in the scale-up trial, from the perspective of school staff involved in the program management and delivery. Second, to generate themes that may explain school staff assessments of acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. METHODS Data were collected at various time points throughout the 2-year implementation phase. Online surveys were collected from In-School Champions, Head Physical Education teachers, Principals, and Physical Education teachers (quantitative data). Focus groups and interviews were conducted with In-School Champions, Principals, and Physical Education teachers (qualitative data). Existing published data on website engagement, adaptations, modifications, and the scale-up trial primary outcome (implementation of physical activity practices) were triangulated with the quantitative and qualitative during analysis, to generate themes. RESULTS School staff delivering PA4E1 reported it was highly acceptable, appropriate, and feasible. Seven themes were generated relating to acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. The themes related to how the program was funded, the delivery modes of implementation support, the identification of easy-wins, the recruitment of the right in-school champion, facilitating principal buy-in, mitigating the impact of school staff turnover, and engaging the whole school. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations are made to inform future adaptations for PA4E1 and potentially school-based physical activity programs more generally. The findings may inform future scalability assessments of the suitability of programs for scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mclaughlin
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Center for Health Behavior, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jed Duff
- School of Nursing Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Campbell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Center for Health Behavior, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Tom McKenzie
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Center for Health Behavior, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynda Davies
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Center for Health Behavior, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Center for Health Behavior, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - John Wiggers
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Center for Health Behavior, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Center for Health Behavior, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Onadeko K, Walker TJ, Craig DW, Szeszulski J, Pavlovic A, DeFina LF, Kohl HW. Comparing the Use and Effectiveness of In-Person and Remote Physical Education Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2024; 55:24-32. [PMID: 38264143 PMCID: PMC10803051 DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2023.2277945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical Education is a key component to improve youth health, but there is limited information on Physical Education delivery in different formats. PURPOSE We compared PE formats (in-person versus remote) across evaluation aspects: weekly minutes; perceived effectiveness; and student-to-teacher ratio. METHODS We distributed questionnaires (2020-2021 school year) to school contacts who represented NFL Play 60 FitnessGram® Project (n=216) schools in multiple US cities. Questionnaires entailed learning format, weekly PE minutes, perceived effectiveness, and student-to-teacher ratio. We used linear mixed models to compare PE formats across evaluation variables. RESULTS Among 165 schools, 10% (n=17) offered in-person instruction, 31% (n=51) offered remote instruction, and 59% offered both (n=97). Results revealed higher in-person PE minutes (77.2±7.3) compared to remote minutes (67.1±14.6), but results were not significantly different (p=0.19). School contacts reported significantly more effective in-person PE (4.0) than remote PE (2.8, p<0.001). In-person PE also had significantly smaller reported student-to-teacher ratio (16.7) compared to remote PE (23.7, p<0.001). DISCUSSION Findings indicate PE was offered during the pandemic, but remote learning appeared less effective than in-person PE. TRANSLATION to HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICE Efforts are needed to improve remote PE to reinforce high-quality PE in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kempson Onadeko
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health
| | - Timothy J Walker
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health
| | - Derek W Craig
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health
| | | | | | | | - Harold W Kohl
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health
- The University of Texas at Austin
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Becker KA, McNamara SWT. The Absence of Vision Impacts Attentional Focus Effects During a Balancing Task. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:118-123. [PMID: 34913846 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1946462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Recent work involving reaching and aiming tasks provides evidence that an internal focus results in less error than an external focus when visual information is removed. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings by determining how an internal and external focus impact motor performance during a balancing task for adults with and without visual occlusion. Method: Thirty-two undergraduate students were randomly assigned to perform the task with or without visual occlusion. Participants balanced on a stability platform during four familiarization trials, three internal focus trials, and three external focus trials. Results: A significant Focus x Vision interaction indicated the group without visual occlusion had significantly lower root mean square error (RMSE) with an external focus, whereas the group with visual occlusion had lower RMSE with an internal focus. Conclusions: These findings indicate that for tasks that rely on online sensory feedback, such as balancing, the optimal attentional focus may be dependent on the dominant type of sensory feedback that is available.
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Neil-Sztramko SE, Caldwell H, Dobbins M. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 9:CD007651. [PMID: 34555181 PMCID: PMC8459921 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007651.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity among children and adolescents is associated with lower adiposity, improved cardio-metabolic health, and improved fitness. Worldwide, fewer than 30% of children and adolescents meet global physical activity recommendations of at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day. Schools may be ideal sites for interventions given that children and adolescents in most parts of the world spend a substantial amount of time in transit to and from school or attending school. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review update is to summarise the evidence on effectiveness of school-based interventions in increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity and improving fitness among children and adolescents 6 to 18 years of age. Specific objectives are: • to evaluate the effects of school-based interventions on increasing physical activity and improving fitness among children and adolescents; • to evaluate the effects of school-based interventions on improving body composition; and • to determine whether certain combinations or components (or both) of school-based interventions are more effective than others in promoting physical activity and fitness in this target population. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, BIOSIS, SPORTDiscus, and Sociological Abstracts to 1 June 2020, without language restrictions. We screened reference lists of included articles and relevant systematic reviews. We contacted primary authors of studies to ask for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible interventions were relevant to public health practice (i.e. were not delivered by a clinician), were implemented in the school setting, and aimed to increase physical activity among all school-attending children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18) for at least 12 weeks. The review was limited to randomised controlled trials. For this update, we have added two new criteria: the primary aim of the study was to increase physical activity or fitness, and the study used an objective measure of physical activity or fitness. Primary outcomes included proportion of participants meeting physical activity guidelines and duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time (new to this update). Secondary outcomes included measured body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, health-related quality of life (new to this update), and adverse events (new to this update). Television viewing time, blood cholesterol, and blood pressure have been removed from this update. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent review authors used standardised forms to assess each study for relevance, to extract data, and to assess risk of bias. When discrepancies existed, discussion occurred until consensus was reached. Certainty of evidence was assessed according to GRADE. A random-effects meta-analysis based on the inverse variance method was conducted with participants stratified by age (children versus adolescents) when sufficient data were reported. Subgroup analyses explored effects by intervention type. MAIN RESULTS Based on the three new inclusion criteria, we excluded 16 of the 44 studies included in the previous version of this review. We screened an additional 9968 titles (search October 2011 to June 2020), of which 978 unique studies were potentially relevant and 61 met all criteria for this update. We included a total of 89 studies representing complete data for 66,752 study participants. Most studies included children only (n = 56), followed by adolescents only (n = 22), and both (n = 10); one study did not report student age. Multi-component interventions were most common (n = 40), followed by schooltime physical activity (n = 19), enhanced physical education (n = 15), and before and after school programmes (n = 14); one study explored both enhanced physical education and an after school programme. Lack of blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors and loss to follow-up were the most common sources of bias. Results show that school-based physical activity interventions probably result in little to no increase in time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (mean difference (MD) 0.73 minutes/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 1.30; 33 studies; moderate-certainty evidence) and may lead to little to no decrease in sedentary time (MD -3.78 minutes/d, 95% CI -7.80 to 0.24; 16 studies; low-certainty evidence). School-based physical activity interventions may improve physical fitness reported as maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) (MD 1.19 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.82; 13 studies; low-certainty evidence). School-based physical activity interventions may result in a very small decrease in BMI z-scores (MD -0.06, 95% CI -0.09 to -0.02; 21 studies; low-certainty evidence) and may not impact BMI expressed as kg/m² (MD -0.07, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.01; 50 studies; low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain whether school-based physical activity interventions impact health-related quality of life or adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the variability of results and the overall small effects, school staff and public health professionals must give the matter considerable thought before implementing school-based physical activity interventions. Given the heterogeneity of effects, the risk of bias, and findings that the magnitude of effect is generally small, results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilary Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Child Health & Exercise Medicine Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Maureen Dobbins
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools, Hamilton, Canada
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Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Estabrooks PA, Nathan N, Noetel M, Morgan PJ, Salmon J, Dos Santos GC, Lubans DR. Evaluating the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the Resistance Training for Teens program. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:122. [PMID: 34496861 PMCID: PMC8425054 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity guidelines recommend young people engage in regular muscle-strengthening activities (e.g., resistance training [RT]). However, few school-based physical activity interventions have been delivered at-scale or promoted RT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the Resistance Training for Teens (RT for Teens) program. METHODS Data were collected between August 2015 and October 2020. RE-AIM was operationalized as: (i) Reach: number and characteristics of students estimated to be exposed to the program; (ii) Effectiveness: impact of the program on student-level outcomes measured in a subsample of 750 students from 17 schools; (iii) Adoption: number and representativeness of schools with one or more teachers trained to deliver the program; (iv) Implementation: extent to which the program was delivered as intended; and (v) Maintenance: extent to which the program was sustained in schools. RESULTS The estimated program reach was ~ 10,000 students, out of a total student population of ~ 200,000 (~ 5%). Students were from diverse socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Improvements in muscular fitness, RT self-efficacy, perceived cardiorespiratory fitness and flexibility, and participation in muscle-strengthening physical activities were documented. A total of 30 workshops were delivered, involving 468 teachers from 249 schools from diverse geographical regions. Implementation varied considerably, with teachers adapting the program to suit the context of their school and student cohorts. However, RT skill development and the promotion of muscular fitness were the session components delivered most during sessions. Teachers' adherence to the SAAFE (Supportive, Active, Autonomous, Fair and Enjoyable) teaching principles was high. Approximately 30% of teachers (144/476) registered to use the RT for Teens app. At the school-level, 37% (93/249) of schools had at least one registered user (teacher and/or student). A total of 2,336 workouts and 3,116 fitness tests were completed by registered users. Of the 249 schools represented, 51 (20.5%) sent an additional (previously untrained) teacher to a second workshop. CONCLUSIONS The RT for Teens program had broad reach and adoption. However, intervention delivery varied considerably across schools and additional support strategies are required to optimize intervention implementation and maintain program delivery over time. Future studies will benefit from the utilization of accepted frameworks, recommendations and guidelines for implementation research. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000352808), retrospectively registered 1st February 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Estabrooks
- Department of Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nicole Nathan
- National Centre of Implementation Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Area Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike Noetel
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gessika C Dos Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education Associate UEM/UEM, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Welk GJ, Saint-Maurice PF, Dixon PM, Hibbing PR, Bai Y, McLoughlin GM, da Silva MP. Calibration of the Online Youth Activity Profile Assessment for School-Based Applications. JOURNAL FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL BEHAVIOUR 2021; 4:236-246. [PMID: 38223785 PMCID: PMC10785831 DOI: 10.1123/jmpb.2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A balance between the feasibility and validity of measures is an important consideration for physical activity research - particularly in school-based research with youth. The present study extends previously tested calibration methods to develop and test new equations for an online version of the Youth Activity Profile (YAP) tool, a self-report tool designed for school applications. Data were collected across different regions and seasons to develop more robust, generalizable equations. The study involved a total of 717 youth from 33 schools (374 elementary (ages 9-11), 224 middle (ages 11-14), and 119 high school (ages 14-18)) in two different states in the U.S. Participants wore a Sensewear monitor for a full week and then completed the online YAP at school to report physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) in school and at home. Accelerometer data were processed using an R-based segmentation program to compute PA and SB levels. Quantile regression models were used with half of the sample to develop item-specific YAP calibration equations and these were cross validated with the remaining half of the sample. Computed values of Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) ranged from 15-25% with slightly lower error observed for the middle school sample. The new equations had improved precision compared to the previous versions when tested on the same sample. The online version of the YAP provides an efficient and effective way to capture school level estimates of PA and SB in youth.
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Vazou S, Bai Y, McLoughlin GM, Welk GJ. Self-Regulations for Educators Questionnaire (SREQ) for implementation programming. Transl Behav Med 2021; 11:1078-1087. [PMID: 32970132 PMCID: PMC8355485 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoption and dissemination of evidence-based programs is predicated on multiple factors, including the degree to which key stakeholders are motivated to implement program best practices. The present study focuses on the development of indicators that capture motivations of teachers to adopt school wellness programming since personal motivations are central to achieving sustainable impacts in these settings. The study specifically describes the measurement development and validation of the Self-Regulations for Educators Questionnaire (SREQ), designed to measure educators’ autonomous and controlled motivation for adopting evidence-based programming in their schools. A naturalistic design to study motivation to adopt aspects of NFL PLAY60 programming through the NFL PLAY60 FitnessGram Partnership Project was used. A total of 1,106 teachers completed the SREQ online. Internal validity was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and predictive validity using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results supported the two-factor solution with separate items capturing aspects of autonomous and controlled motivation. Both factors had good internal reliability and the item-total correlation coefficients were above 0.40 for both factors. The results also supported the predictive validity as autonomous motivation positively predicted the level of overall engagement, teaching effectiveness, fitness testing reports sent home, and completion of fitness testing with students (p < .05). Controlled motivation positively predicted whether the teachers conducted fitness testing and the engagement of Play 60 Challenge (p < .05). Findings suggest that the SREQ displays a number of psychometric characteristics that make the instrument useful for examining motivation of providers to implement evidence-based best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Gregory J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Kennedy SG, Sanders T, Estabrooks PA, Smith JJ, Lonsdale C, Foster C, Lubans DR. Implementation at-scale of school-based physical activity interventions: A systematic review utilizing the RE-AIM framework. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13184. [PMID: 33527738 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
School-based interventions can increase young people's physical activity levels, but few are implemented at-scale (i.e., the expanded delivery of efficacious interventions under real-world conditions into new/broader populations). The Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework can be used to describe the extent to which interventions have been implemented at-scale. The aim of our review was to determine the extent to which studies of school-based physical activity interventions implemented at-scale reported information across the RE-AIM dimensions. We conducted a systematic search of seven electronic databases to identify studies published up to June 2019. A total of 26 articles (representing 14 individual studies) met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Eleven studies reported actual or estimated number of students exposed to the intervention; however, the representativeness of these students was rarely reported. Nine studies reported the intervention effect on the primary outcome during scale-up. Ten studies reported the rate of participating schools/teachers; however, none reported on the characteristics of adopters/nonadopters. Eight studies reported intervention fidelity. Eleven studies described the extent to which the intervention was sustained in schools. There was considerable variability in the reporting of RE-AIM outcomes across studies. There is a need for greater consistency in the evaluation, and reporting of, school-based physical activity interventions implemented at-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taren Sanders
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Estabrooks
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charlie Foster
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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The Feasibility of a Fitness Test Battery and Web-Based Platform for Monitoring Key Indicators of Adolescent Health in School Settings. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.5334/paah.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Pinoniemi BK, Tomkinson GR, Walch TJ, Roemmich JN, Fitzgerald JS. Temporal Trends in the Standing Broad Jump Performance of United States Children and Adolescents. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:71-81. [PMID: 32053474 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1710446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To estimate temporal trends in broad jump performance for United States youth, a marker of muscular fitness and health. Method: Electronic databases, topical systematic reviews, and personal libraries were systematically searched for studies reporting descriptive standing broad jump data for apparently healthy United States youth (age 10-17 years). Temporal trends at the sex-age level were estimated using sample-weighted regression models associating the year of testing to mean jump performance, with national trends standardized to the year 1985 using a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Results: Collectively, there was a small increase of 12.6 cm (95%CI: 12.5 to 12.7) or 7.9% (95%CI: 7.1 to 8.6) in 65,527 United States youth between 1911 and 1990. Increases were greater for girls (change in means [95% CI]: 17.1 cm [16.9 to 17.3]; 11.4% [10.7 to 12.2]) compared to boys (change in means [95% CI]: 8.5 cm [8.3 to 8.7]; 4.6% [3.8 to 5.4]), but did not differ between children (10-12 years) and adolescents (13-17 years). Increases in broad jump performance were not always uniform across time, with steady and progressive increases observed for boys and children, respectively, and a diminishing rate of increase observed for girls and adolescents. Conclusions: Muscular fitness is a good marker of health, so greater broad jump performance from 1911 to 1990 may reflect corresponding changes in health. Routine assessment of broad jump performance may be useful to monitor trends in health and muscular fitness of United States youth due to its practicality, scalability, and predictive utility.
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Cassar S, Salmon J, Timperio A, Naylor PJ, van Nassau F, Contardo Ayala AM, Koorts H. Adoption, implementation and sustainability of school-based physical activity and sedentary behaviour interventions in real-world settings: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:120. [PMID: 31791341 PMCID: PMC6889569 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, many children fail to meet the World Health Organization's physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidelines. Schools are an ideal setting to intervene, yet despite many interventions in this setting, success when delivered under real-world conditions or at scale is limited. This systematic review aims to i) identify which implementation models are used in school-based physical activity effectiveness, dissemination, and/or implementation trials, and ii) identify factors associated with the adoption, implementation and sustainability of school-based physical activity interventions in real-world settings. METHODS The review followed PRISMA guidelines and included a systematic search of seven databases from January 1st, 2000 to July 31st, 2018: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and ERIC. A forward citation search of included studies using Google Scholar was performed on the 21st of January 2019 including articles published until the end of 2018. Study inclusion criteria: (i) a primary outcome to increase physical activity and/or decrease sedentary behaviour among school-aged children and/or adolescents; (ii) intervention delivery within school settings, (iii) use of implementation models to plan or interpret study results; and (iv) interventions delivered under real-world conditions. EXCLUSION CRITERIA (i) efficacy trials; (ii) studies applying or testing school-based physical activity policies, and; (iii) studies targeting special schools or pre-school and/or kindergarten aged children. RESULTS 27 papers comprising 17 unique interventions were included. Fourteen implementation models (e.g., RE-AIM, Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations, Precede Proceed model), were applied across 27 papers. Implementation models were mostly used to interpret results (n = 9), for planning evaluation and interpreting results (n = 8), for planning evaluation (n = 6), for intervention design (n = 4), or for a combination of designing the intervention and interpreting results (n = 3). We identified 269 factors related to barriers (n = 93) and facilitators (n = 176) for the adoption (n = 7 studies), implementation (n = 14 studies) and sustainability (n = 7 studies) of interventions. CONCLUSIONS Implementation model use was predominately centered on the interpretation of results and analyses, with few examples of use across all study phases as a planning tool and to understand results. This lack of implementation models applied may explain the limited success of interventions when delivered under real-world conditions or at scale. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42018099836).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cassar
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Patti-Jean Naylor
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Femke van Nassau
- Department of Public and Occupational Health and Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana María Contardo Ayala
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Harriet Koorts
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Calibration and Validation of the Youth Activity Profile as a Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Surveillance Tool for English Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193711. [PMID: 31581617 PMCID: PMC6801945 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-reported youth physical activity (PA) is typically overestimated. We aimed to calibrate and validate a self-report tool among English youth. Four-hundred-and-two participants (aged 9-16 years; 212 boys) wore SenseWear Armband Mini devices (SWA) for eight days and completed the self-report Youth Activity Profile (YAP) on the eighth day. Calibration algorithms for temporally matched segments were generated from the YAP data using quantile regression. The algorithms were applied in an independent cross-validation sample, and student- and school-level agreement were assessed. The utility of the YAP algorithms to assess compliance to PA guidelines was also examined. The school-level bias for the YAP estimates of in-school, out-of-school, and weekend moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were 17.2 (34.4), 31.6 (14.0), and -4.9 (3.6) min·week-1, respectively. Out-of-school sedentary behaviour (SB) was over-predicted by 109.2 (11.8) min·week-1. Predicted YAP values were within 15%-20% equivalence of the SWA estimates. The classification accuracy of the YAP MVPA estimates for compliance to 60 min·day-1 and 30 min·school-day-1 MVPA recommendations were 91%/37% and 89%/57% sensitivity/specificity, respectively. The YAP generated robust school-level estimates of MVPA and SB and has potential for surveillance to monitor compliance with PA guidelines. The accuracy of the YAP may be further improved through research with more representative UK samples to enhance the calibration process and to refine the resultant algorithms.
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Palmer-Keenan DM, Bair K. Research to Support the Development of a Campaign to Increase Physical Activity Among Low-Income, Urban, Diverse, Inactive Teens. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 51:703-710. [PMID: 30910316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain inactive teens' insights regarding the types of physical activities (PAs) they would be willing to do, and to inform a Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education PA social marketing campaign targeting this audience. DESIGN Formative, qualitative research via focus groups. SETTING Low-income, urban New Jersey areas between September, 2013 and April, 2014. PARTICIPANTS Low-income, urban, ethnically diverse, inactive teens. PHENOMENON OF INTEREST Teens' favored PAs and insights into how to develop a successful marketing campaign. ANALYSIS Edited audio-transcriptions were coded and a constant comparative analysis was employed to identify emergent themes. RESULTS Data from 5 focus groups' teens (n = 31), 58% of whom were Hispanic, 23% of whom were African American, and 19% of whom were of mixed race, revealed 3 themes. To be appealing, PAs (1) must be fun (eg, dancing, with friends and families) and (2) need to be comfortable (indoors, not sweaty, not physically competitive or embarrassing), and (3) they must be promoted by "cool" and relatable people (eg, teens like themselves or young comedians). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Nutrition and health educators and social marketers may be well advised to consider the unique preferences of inactive teens to improve their PA levels. Additional research in varied geographic regions is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra M Palmer-Keenan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.
| | - Kerry Bair
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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Suminski RR, Blair RI, Lessard L, Peterson M, Killingsworth R. Physical education teachers' and principals' perspectives on the use of FitnessGram. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312119831515. [PMID: 30800302 PMCID: PMC6379791 DOI: 10.1177/2050312119831515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: FitnessGram is commonly used to measure physical fitness and improve physical
activity and health in youth. However, little is known about its use for
informing physical activity and health promotion policy within schools and
school districts, especially from the perspective of key decision-makers
like principals. Therefore, this study examined physical education teachers’
and principals’ perceptions of FitnessGram use and its relationship with
school and district efforts to promote physical activity. Methods: Principal and physical education teacher surveys were developed, converted to
an online format, and then emailed along with a project description and
instructions to all Delaware public and charter school physical education
teachers (N = 183) and principals (N = 193) with a valid email. Results: Completed surveys were received from 35.5% of the teachers and 21.2% of the
principals. All teachers and 95.1% of the principals reported their school
used FitnessGram the past academic year. FitnessGram was significantly more
likely to be used if FitnessGram results better aligned with school/district
policies (r = 0.39) and were considered important in the school’s
decision-making process (r = 0.53). Significantly more principals than
teachers said that FitnessGram results were important in their school’s
decision-making process and that FitnessGram results were used to inform
policy-/decision-making. Conclusion: Use of FitnessGram was correlated with how well it related to school/district
policy. Unfortunately, most of the physical education teachers and
principals did not think FitnessGram was adequately integrated into the
policy-/decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Suminski
- Center for Innovative Health Research, Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Rachel I Blair
- Center for Innovative Health Research, Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Laura Lessard
- Center for Innovative Health Research, Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Michael Peterson
- Center for Innovative Health Research, Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Richard Killingsworth
- Center for Innovative Health Research, Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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15
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Lang JJ, Tomkinson GR, Janssen I, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Léger L, Tremblay MS. Making a Case for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Surveillance Among Children and Youth. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:66-75. [PMID: 29346159 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We review the evidence that supports cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as an important indicator of current and future health among school-aged children and youth, independent of physical activity levels. We discuss the merit of CRF measurement for population health surveillance and propose the development of CRF guidelines to help support regional, national, and international surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Léger
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Self-Reported Physical Activity is Not a Valid Method for Measuring Physical Activity in 15-Year-Old South African Boys and Girls. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5060071. [PMID: 29882794 PMCID: PMC6025032 DOI: 10.3390/children5060071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity plays an important role in the prevention of chronic lifestyle-related diseases. The development of valid instruments for the assessment of physical activity remains a challenge in field studies. The purpose of the present study was therefore to determine the level of agreement between physical activity objectively measured by the ActiHeart® (Cambridge Neurotechnology Ltd, Cambridge, UK) device and subjectively reported physical activity by means of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) among adolescents attending schools in the Tlokwe Local Municipality, South Africa. A cross-sectional study design was used with a total of 63 boys and 45 girls aged 15 years who took part in the Physical Activity and Health Longitudinal Study (PHALS). Stature and weight were measured according to standard International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocols. Objective physical activity (PA) was measured by a combined heart rate and accelerometer device (ActiHeart®) for seven consecutive days. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) was assessed. Subjective physical activity was assessed with the self-reported IPAQ-SF. Objective PA indicated that 93% of the participants were inactive and only 6% were highly active. The IPAQ-SF showed that 24% were inactive, with 57% active. A non-significant correlation (r = 0.11; p = 0.29) between the ActiHeart® measure of activity energy expenditure (AEE) and total physical activity (IPAQ-SF) was observed. The Bland–Altman plot showed no agreement between the two measurement instruments and also a variation in the level of equivalence. When Cohen’s kappa (κ) was run to determine the agreement between the two measurement instruments for estimated physical activity, a poor agreement (κ = 0.011, p < 0.005) between the two was found. The poor level of agreement between the objective measure of physical activity (ActiHeart®) and the IPAQ-SF questionnaire should be interpreted cautiously. Future physical activity research using a combination of subjective and objective assessment methods in a large-scale cohort in adolescents is recommended.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The consensus is that physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are independent behaviors, but past findings suggest that they may be influenced by common underlying factors. To clarify this issue, we examined associations between enjoyment of PA and participation in both PA and SB in a large sample of 4th- to 12th-grade US youth. METHODS A total of 18,930 students from 187 schools completed the youth activity profile, a self-report 15-item survey that assesses time spent in PA and SB in school and home settings. Two additional items captured enjoyment of PA and physical education. Two-way (gender × enjoyment and grade × enjoyment) mixed analysis of variances were conducted. RESULTS Pearson correlation results revealed a positive relationship between enjoyment and PA (r = .38, P < .05) and an inverse correlation between enjoyment and SB (r = -.23, P < .05). Statistically significant main effects of enjoyment were found in the 2-way analysis of variance for both PA and SB. The simple main effect from analysis of variance indicated students with high enjoyment of PA reported higher levels of PA and lower levels of SB compared with students reporting moderate or low levels of enjoyment. CONCLUSION The results provide new insights related to the relevance of enjoyment as a common underlying variable influencing both PA and SB across gender and grade levels.
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Welk GJ. The Intersections of Science and Practice: Examples From FitnessGram® Programming. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2017; 88:391-400. [PMID: 29048253 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1377485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The FitnessGram® program has provided teachers with practical tools to enhance physical education programming. A key to the success of the program has been the systematic application of science to practice. Strong research methods have been used to develop assessments and standards for use in physical education, but consideration has also been given to ensure that programming meets the needs of teachers, students, parents, and other stakeholders. This essay summarizes some of these complex and nuanced intersections between science and practice with the FitnessGram® program. The commentaries are organized into 5 brief themes: science informing practice; practice informing science; balancing science and practice; promoting evidence-based practice; and the integration of science and practice. The article draws on personal experiences with the FitnessGram® program and is prepared based on comments shared during the 37th Annual C. H. McCloy Research Lecture at the 2017 SHAPE America - Society of Health and Physical Educators Convention.
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19
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Saint-Maurice PF, Bai Y, Welk GJ, Bandelli LN, Allums-Featherston K, Candelaria N. Impact of NFL PLAY 60 Programming on Elementary School Children's Body Mass Index and Aerobic Capacity: The NFL PLAY 60 FitnessGram Partnership Project. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2017; 87:873-881. [PMID: 29023836 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the impact of the Fuel Up to Play 60 (FUTP60) program on children's body mass index (BMI) and aerobic capacity (AC). METHODS Participation in the FUTP60 and both BMI and AC profiles were collected through the NFL PLAY 60 FitnessGram Partnership Project involving over 100 schools from 22 US states. We specifically examined the distributions of BMI and AC among participating versus nonparticipating schools in the 2012-2013 school year. Hierarchical linear models tested the impact of participation and availability of additional funding for program implementation on the proportions of youth meeting FitnessGram health-related fitness standards (ie, Needs Improvement-Health Risk [NIHR] and Healthy Fitness Zone [HFZ] categories). RESULTS After 1 year implementing the program, participating schools had lower proportions of boys (-4.1 ± 2.0%, p = .04) and girls (-4.5 ± 2.0%, p = .03) in the NIHR for BMI, and lower proportion of girls (-9.7 ± 4.0%, p = .02) in the NIHR for AC. There were no differences in the distributions for the HFZ and the availability of additional funding did not alter the relationships (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that participation in the FUTP60 is associated with improved profiles of health-related fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, University of Vermont, Rowell 310P, 106 Carrigan Dr, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Gregory J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, 257 Forker Building, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Lorraine N Bandelli
- Health & Wellness Partnerships and Evaluation, GENYOUth, West New York, NJ 07093
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20
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Bai Y, Saint-Maurice PF, Welk GJ, Russell DW, Allums-Featherston K, Candelaria N. The Longitudinal Impact of NFL PLAY 60 Programming on Youth Aerobic Capacity and BMI. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:311-323. [PMID: 27919454 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The NFL PLAY 60 campaign has actively promoted physical activity and healthy eating in youth through programs such as the PLAY 60 Challenge and Fuel Up to PLAY 60. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of NFL PLAY 60 programming on longitudinal trajectories of youth aerobic capacity and BMI. STUDY DESIGN Data were from the NFL PLAY 60 FitnessGram Partnership Project, a large participatory research project designed to promote physical activity and healthy eating among Kindergarten through 12th grade children and adolescents. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS The programming was led by teachers in school settings across 32 NFL franchise markets. A range of 50,000-100,000 students from 497 schools completed FitnessGram assessments annually starting in 2011 and continuing through 2015. The analysis was conducted in 2015. INTERVENTION Adoption of NFL PLAY 60 programming was encouraged but not required and the program implementation was evaluated each year. The adoption was evaluated through self-reported annual survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES School assessments of aerobic capacity and BMI were evaluated using FitnessGram standards to calculate the percentage of students meeting the Healthy Fitness Zone for each test. Growth curve modeling was used to estimate the longitudinal trajectories. RESULTS About 19% of schools were classified as programming schools. Annual improvements in aerobic capacity were significantly greater in schools that participated in the programs for both girls (3.0%, p<0.01) and boys (2.9%, p<0.01) compared with non-programming schools. The annual improvements in BMI Healthy Fitness Zone achievement were also higher in girls (1.3%, p<0.05) and in boys (1.2%, p<0.05) from schools that participated in the programs versus non-participating schools. Schools that implemented the programs for the entire 4-year period tended to have better improvements in aerobic capacity than schools enrolled for only 2 or 3 years (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of these longitudinal analyses support the utility of the NFL PLAY 60 physical activity promotion programs for improving youth aerobic capacity and potentially helping to reverse the prevalence of overweight/obesity. However, the overall program adoption rate is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
| | | | - Gregory J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Daniel W Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Lang JJ, Tremblay MS, Léger L, Olds T, Tomkinson GR. International variability in 20 m shuttle run performance in children and youth: who are the fittest from a 50-country comparison? A systematic literature review with pooling of aggregate results. Br J Sports Med 2016; 52:276. [PMID: 27650256 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe and compare 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) performance among children and youth across 50 countries; to explore broad socioeconomic indicators that correlate with 20mSRT performance in children and youth across countries and to evaluate the utility of the 20mSRT as an international population health indicator for children and youth. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken to identify papers that explicitly reported descriptive 20mSRT (with 1-min stages) data on apparently healthy 9-17 year-olds. Descriptive data were standardised to running speed (km/h) at the last completed stage. Country-specific 20mSRT performance indices were calculated as population-weighted mean z-scores relative to all children of the same age and sex from all countries. Countries were categorised into developed and developing groups based on the Human Development Index, and a correlational analysis was performed to describe the association between country-specific performance indices and broad socioeconomic indicators using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS Performance indices were calculated for 50 countries using collated data on 1 142 026 children and youth aged 9-17 years. The best performing countries were from Africa and Central-Northern Europe. Countries from South America were consistently among the worst performing countries. Country-specific income inequality (Gini index) was a strong negative correlate of the performance index across all 50 countries. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of variability in the performance index broadly supports the theory of a physical activity transition and income inequality as the strongest structural determinant of health in children and youth. This simple and cost-effective assessment would be a powerful tool for international population health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Léger
- Département de kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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