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Zhou T, Meng Q, Sun R, Xu D, Zhu F, Jia C, Zhou S, Chen S, Yang Y. Structure and gene expression changes of the gill and liver in juvenile black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) under different salinities. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101228. [PMID: 38547756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) is an important marine aquaculture species in China. It is an ideal object for the cultivation of low-salinity aquaculture strains in marine fish and the study of salinity tolerance mechanisms in fish because of its strong low-salinity tolerance ability. Gill is the main osmoregulatory organ in fish, and the liver plays an important role in the adaptation of the organism to stressful environments. In order to understand the coping mechanisms of the gills and livers of black porgy in different salinity environments, this study explored these organs after 30 days of culture in hypoosmotic (0.5 ppt), isosmotic (12 ppt), and normal seawater (28 ppt) at histologic, physiologic, and transcriptomic levels. The findings indicated that gill exhibited a higher number of differentially expressed genes than the liver, emphasizing the gill's heightened sensitivity to salinity changes. Protein interaction networks and enrichment analyses highlighted energy metabolism as a key regulatory focus at both 0.5 ppt and 12 ppt salinity in gills. Additionally, gills showed enrichment in ions, substance transport, and other metabolic pathways, suggesting a more direct regulatory response to salinity stress. The liver's regulatory patterns at different salinities exhibited significant distinctions, with pathways and genes related to metabolism, immunity, and antioxidants predominantly activated at 0.5 ppt, and molecular processes linked to cell proliferation taking precedence at 12 ppt salinity. Furthermore, the study revealed a reduction in the volume of the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) of the gills, enhancing the contact area of the gill lamellae with water. At 0.5 ppt salinity, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity increased, accompanied by oxidative stress damage. Conversely, at 12 ppt salinity, gill NKA activity significantly decreased without notable changes in liver structure. These results underscore the profound impact of salinity on gill structure and function, highlighting the crucial role of the liver in adapting to salinity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangjian Zhou
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qian Meng
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Ruijian Sun
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Dafeng Xu
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Chaofeng Jia
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Shimiao Zhou
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuyin Chen
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yunxia Yang
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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2
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Xie T, Huang J. Can Protein Structure Prediction Methods Capture Alternative Conformations of Membrane Transporters? J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:3524-3536. [PMID: 38564295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the conformational dynamics of proteins, such as the inward-facing (IF) and outward-facing (OF) transition observed in transporters, is vital for elucidating their functional mechanisms. Despite significant advances in protein structure prediction (PSP) over the past three decades, most efforts have been focused on single-state prediction, leaving multistate or alternative conformation prediction (ACP) relatively unexplored. This discrepancy has led to the development of highly accurate PSP methods such as AlphaFold, yet their capabilities for ACP remain limited. To investigate the performance of current PSP methods in ACP, we curated a data set, named IOMemP, consisting of 32 experimentally determined high-resolution IF and OF structures of 16 membrane proteins with substantial conformational changes. We benchmarked 12 representative PSP methods, along with two recent multistate methods based on AlphaFold, against this data set. Our findings reveal a remarkably consistent preference for specific states across various PSP methods. We elucidated how coevolution information in MSAs influences state preference. Moreover, we showed that AlphaFold, when excluding coevolution information, estimated similar energies between the experimental IF and OF conformations, indicating that the energy model learned by AlphaFold is not biased toward any particular state. Our IOMemP data set and benchmark results are anticipated to advance the development of robust ACP methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Xie
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, HangZhou Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, HangZhou Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake AI Therapeutics Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, HangZhou Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, HangZhou Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, HangZhou Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake AI Therapeutics Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, HangZhou Zhejiang 310024, China
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3
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Mishra S, Stany B, Das A, Kanagavel D, Vijayan M. A Comprehensive Review of Membrane Transporters and MicroRNA Regulation in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04135-2. [PMID: 38558361 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a distressing neurodegenerative condition characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles within the brain. The interconnectedness between membrane transporters (SLCs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in AD pathogenesis has gained increasing attention. This review explores the localization, substrates, and functions of SLC transporters in the brain, emphasizing the roles of transporters for glutamate, glucose, nucleosides, and other essential compounds. The examination delves into the significance of SLCs in AD, their potential for drug development, and the intricate realm of miRNAs, encompassing their transcription, processing, functions, and regulation. MiRNAs have emerged as significant players in AD, including those associated with mitochondria and synapses. Furthermore, this review discusses the intriguing nexus of miRNAs targeting SLC transporters and their potential as therapeutic targets in AD. Finally, the review underscores the interaction between SLC transporters and miRNA regulation within the context of Alzheimer's disease, underscoring the need for further research in this area. This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the complex mechanisms underlying the causation of AD and provides insights into potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatakshi Mishra
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - B Stany
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Anushka Das
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Deepankumar Kanagavel
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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4
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Galetin A, Brouwer KLR, Tweedie D, Yoshida K, Sjöstedt N, Aleksunes L, Chu X, Evers R, Hafey MJ, Lai Y, Matsson P, Riselli A, Shen H, Sparreboom A, Varma MVS, Yang J, Yang X, Yee SW, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Zhang L, Giacomini KM. Membrane transporters in drug development and as determinants of precision medicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:255-280. [PMID: 38267543 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The effect of membrane transporters on drug disposition, efficacy and safety is now well recognized. Since the initial publication from the International Transporter Consortium, significant progress has been made in understanding the roles and functions of transporters, as well as in the development of tools and models to assess and predict transporter-mediated activity, toxicity and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Notable advances include an increased understanding of the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on transporter activity, the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling in predicting transporter-mediated drug disposition, the identification of endogenous biomarkers to assess transporter-mediated DDIs and the determination of the cryogenic electron microscopy structures of SLC and ABC transporters. This article provides an overview of these key developments, highlighting unanswered questions, regulatory considerations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Kenta Yoshida
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauren Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond Evers
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Hafey
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Riselli
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xinning Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Li J, Xie F, Ma X. Advances in nanomedicines: a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic cerebral stroke treatment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:811-835. [PMID: 38445614 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, prevalent among the elderly, necessitates attention to reperfusion injury post treatment. Limited drug access to the brain, owing to the blood-brain barrier, restricts clinical applications. Identifying efficient drug carriers capable of penetrating this barrier is crucial. Blood-brain barrier transporters play a vital role in nutrient transport to the brain. Recently, nanoparticles emerged as drug carriers, enhancing drug permeability via surface-modified ligands. This article introduces the blood-brain barrier structure, elucidates reperfusion injury pathogenesis, compiles ischemic stroke treatment drugs, explores nanomaterials for drug encapsulation and emphasizes their advantages over conventional drugs. Utilizing nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems offers targeting and efficiency benefits absent in traditional drugs. The prospects for nanomedicine in stroke treatment are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Faculty of Environment & Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment & Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Faculty of Environment & Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, PR China
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6
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Tu G, Fu T, Zheng G, Xu B, Gou R, Luo D, Wang P, Xue W. Computational Chemistry in Structure-Based Solute Carrier Transporter Drug Design: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:1433-1455. [PMID: 38294194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Solute carrier transporters (SLCs) are a class of important transmembrane proteins that are involved in the transportation of diverse solute ions and small molecules into cells. There are approximately 450 SLCs within the human body, and more than a quarter of them are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets for multiple complex diseases, e.g., depression, cancer, and diabetes. However, only 44 unique transporters (∼9.8% of the SLC superfamily) with 3D structures and specific binding sites have been reported. To design innovative and effective drugs targeting diverse SLCs, there are a number of obstacles that need to be overcome. However, computational chemistry, including physics-based molecular modeling and machine learning- and deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI), provides an alternative and complementary way to the classical drug discovery approach. Here, we present a comprehensive overview on recent advances and existing challenges of the computational techniques in structure-based drug design of SLCs from three main aspects: (i) characterizing multiple conformations of the proteins during the functional process of transportation, (ii) identifying druggability sites especially the cryptic allosteric ones on the transporters for substrates and drugs binding, and (iii) discovering diverse small molecules or synthetic protein binders targeting the binding sites. This work is expected to provide guidelines for a deep understanding of the structure and function of the SLC superfamily to facilitate rational design of novel modulators of the transporters with the aid of state-of-the-art computational chemistry technologies including artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Tu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Binbin Xu
- Chengdu Sintanovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Rongpei Gou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ding Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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7
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Alam S, Giri PK. Novel players in the development of chemoresistance in ovarian cancer: ovarian cancer stem cells, non-coding RNA and nuclear receptors. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2024; 7:6. [PMID: 38434767 PMCID: PMC10905178 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks as the fifth leading factor for female mortality globally, with a substantial burden of new cases and mortality recorded annually. Survival rates vary significantly based on the stage of diagnosis, with advanced stages posing significant challenges to treatment. OC is primarily categorized as epithelial, constituting approximately 90% of cases, and correct staging is essential for tailored treatment. The debulking followed by chemotherapy is the prevailing treatment, involving platinum-based drugs in combination with taxanes. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy is hindered by the development of chemoresistance, both acquired during treatment (acquired chemoresistance) and intrinsic to the patient (intrinsic chemoresistance). The emergence of chemoresistance leads to increased mortality rates, with many advanced patients experiencing disease relapse shortly after initial treatment. This review delves into the multifactorial nature of chemoresistance in OC, addressing mechanisms involving transport systems, apoptosis, DNA repair, and ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs). While previous research has identified genes associated with these mechanisms, the regulatory roles of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and nuclear receptors in modulating gene expression to confer chemoresistance have remained poorly understood and underexplored. This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the genes linked to different chemoresistance mechanisms in OC and their intricate regulation by ncRNA and nuclear receptors. Specifically, we examine how these molecular players influence the chemoresistance mechanism. By exploring the interplay between these factors and gene expression regulation, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive mechanism driving chemoresistance in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pankaj Kumar Giri
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi 110068, India
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8
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Chaves JCS, Dando SJ, White AR, Oikari LE. Blood-brain barrier transporters: An overview of function, dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and strategies for treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166967. [PMID: 38008230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) has a major function in maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating the entry of molecules from the blood to the brain. Key players in BBB function are BBB transporters which are highly expressed in brain endothelial cells (BECs) and critical in mediating the exchange of nutrients and waste products. BBB transporters can also influence drug delivery into the brain by inhibiting or facilitating the entry of brain targeting therapeutics for the treatment of brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have shown that AD is associated with a disrupted BBB and transporter dysfunction, although their roles in the development in AD are not fully understand. Modulation of BBB transporter activity may pose a novel approach to enhance the delivery of drugs to the brain for enhanced treatment of AD. In this review, we will give an overview of key functions of BBB transporters and known changes in AD. In addition, we will discuss current strategies for transporter modulation for enhanced drug delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C S Chaves
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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9
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Kukułowicz J, Pietrzak-Lichwa K, Klimończyk K, Idlin N, Bajda M. The SLC6A15-SLC6A20 Neutral Amino Acid Transporter Subfamily: Functions, Diseases, and Their Therapeutic Relevance. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:142-193. [PMID: 37940347 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutral amino acid transporter subfamily that consists of six members, consecutively SLC6A15-SLC620, also called orphan transporters, represents membrane, sodium-dependent symporter proteins that belong to the family of solute carrier 6 (SLC6). Primarily, they mediate the transport of neutral amino acids from the extracellular milieu toward cell or storage vesicles utilizing an electric membrane potential as the driving force. Orphan transporters are widely distributed throughout the body, covering many systems; for instance, the central nervous, renal, or intestinal system, supplying cells into molecules used in biochemical, signaling, and building pathways afterward. They are responsible for intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of amino acids. In the central nervous system, orphan transporters constitute a significant medium for the provision of neurotransmitter precursors. Diseases related with aforementioned transporters highlight their significance; SLC6A19 mutations are associated with metabolic Hartnup disorder, whereas altered expression of SLC6A15 has been associated with a depression/stress-related disorders. Mutations of SLC6A18-SLCA20 cause iminoglycinuria and/or hyperglycinuria. SLC6A18-SLC6A20 to reach the cellular membrane require an ancillary unit ACE2 that is a molecular target for the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SLC6A19 has been proposed as a molecular target for the treatment of metabolic disorders resembling gastric surgery bypass. Inhibition of SLC6A15 appears to have a promising outcome in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. SLC6A19 and SLC6A20 have been suggested as potential targets in the treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we gathered recent advances on orphan transporters, their structure, functions, related disorders, and diseases, and in particular their relevance as therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The following review systematizes current knowledge about the SLC6A15-SLCA20 neutral amino acid transporter subfamily and their therapeutic relevance in the treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Kukułowicz
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pietrzak-Lichwa
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Klimończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Nathalie Idlin
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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10
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Stefanski A, Pérez-Palma E, Brünger T, Montanucci L, Gati C, Klöckner C, Johannesen KM, Goodspeed K, Macnee M, Deng AT, Aledo-Serrano Á, Borovikov A, Kava M, Bouman AM, Hajianpour MJ, Pal DK, Engelen M, Hagebeuk EEO, Shinawi M, Heidlebaugh AR, Oetjens K, Hoffman TL, Striano P, Freed AS, Futtrup L, Balslev T, Abulí A, Danvoye L, Lederer D, Balci T, Nouri MN, Butler E, Drewes S, van Engelen K, Howell KB, Khoury J, May P, Trinidad M, Froelich S, Lemke JR, Tiller J, Freed AN, Kang JQ, Wuster A, Møller RS, Lal D. SLC6A1 variant pathogenicity, molecular function and phenotype: a genetic and clinical analysis. Brain 2023; 146:5198-5208. [PMID: 37647852 PMCID: PMC10689929 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the SLC6A1 gene can cause a broad phenotypic disease spectrum by altering the protein function. Thus, systematically curated clinically relevant genotype-phenotype associations are needed to understand the disease mechanism and improve therapeutic decision-making. We aggregated genetic and clinical data from 172 individuals with likely pathogenic/pathogenic (lp/p) SLC6A1 variants and functional data for 184 variants (14.1% lp/p). Clinical and functional data were available for a subset of 126 individuals. We explored the potential associations of variant positions on the GAT1 3D structure with variant pathogenicity, altered molecular function and phenotype severity using bioinformatic approaches. The GAT1 transmembrane domains 1, 6 and extracellular loop 4 (EL4) were enriched for patient over population variants. Across functionally tested missense variants (n = 156), the spatial proximity from the ligand was associated with loss-of-function in the GAT1 transporter activity. For variants with complete loss of in vitro GABA uptake, we found a 4.6-fold enrichment in patients having severe disease versus non-severe disease (P = 2.9 × 10-3, 95% confidence interval: 1.5-15.3). In summary, we delineated associations between the 3D structure and variant pathogenicity, variant function and phenotype in SLC6A1-related disorders. This knowledge supports biology-informed variant interpretation and research on GAT1 function. All our data can be interactively explored in the SLC6A1 portal (https://slc6a1-portal.broadinstitute.org/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Stefanski
- Genomic Medicine Institute and Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Palma
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago de Chile 7610658, Chile
| | - Tobias Brünger
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Ludovica Montanucci
- Genomic Medicine Institute and Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chiara Klöckner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Katrine M Johannesen
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund 4293, Denmark
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshispitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kimberly Goodspeed
- Children’s Health, Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marie Macnee
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Alexander T Deng
- Clinical Genetics, Guys and St Thomas NHS Trust, London SE19RT, UK
| | - Ángel Aledo-Serrano
- Epilepsy Program, Neurology Department, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Artem Borovikov
- Research and Counseling Department, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Maina Kava
- Department of Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth 6009, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Arjan M Bouman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GD, The Netherlands
| | - M J Hajianpour
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Albany Medical College, Albany Med Health System, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Deb K Pal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London SE58AF, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, King’s College Hospital, London SE59RS, UK
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline E O Hagebeuk
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede and Zwolle 2103SW, The Netherlands
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St.Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Kathryn Oetjens
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17837, USA
| | - Trevor L Hoffman
- Department of Regional Genetics, Anaheim, Southern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, CA 92806, USA
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa 16147, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Amanda S Freed
- Department of Clinical Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Line Futtrup
- Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital of Central Jutland, Viborg 8800, Denmark
| | - Thomas Balslev
- Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital of Central Jutland, Viborg 8800, Denmark
- Centre for Educational Development, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Anna Abulí
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Leslie Danvoye
- Department of Neurology, Université catholique de Louvain, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Damien Lederer
- Centre for Human Genetics, Institute for Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Tugce Balci
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Western University, London, ON N6A3K7, Canada
- Medical Genetics Program of Southwestern Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre and Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A5A5, Canada
| | - Maryam Nabavi Nouri
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A5W9, Canada
| | | | - Sarah Drewes
- Department of Medical Genetics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kalene van Engelen
- Medical Genetics Program of Southwestern Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A5W9, Canada
| | - Katherine B Howell
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jean Khoury
- Genomic Medicine Institute and Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Marena Trinidad
- Translational Genomics, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Steven Froelich
- Translational Genomics, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | | | - Jing-Qiong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center of Human Development, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Arthur Wuster
- Translational Genomics, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund 4293, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Dennis Lal
- Genomic Medicine Institute and Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Stanley Center of Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Zeng YC, Sobti M, Quinn A, Smith NJ, Brown SHJ, Vandenberg JI, Ryan RM, O'Mara ML, Stewart AG. Structural basis of promiscuous substrate transport by Organic Cation Transporter 1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6374. [PMID: 37821493 PMCID: PMC10567722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1) plays a crucial role in hepatic metabolism by mediating the uptake of a range of metabolites and drugs. Genetic variations can alter the efficacy and safety of compounds transported by OCT1, such as those used for cardiovascular, oncological, and psychological indications. Despite its importance in drug pharmacokinetics, the substrate selectivity and underlying structural mechanisms of OCT1 remain poorly understood. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of full-length human OCT1 in the inward-open conformation, both ligand-free and drug-bound, indicating the basis for its broad substrate recognition. Comparison of our structures with those of outward-open OCTs provides molecular insight into the alternating access mechanism of OCTs. We observe that hydrophobic gates stabilize the inward-facing conformation, whereas charge neutralization in the binding pocket facilitates the release of cationic substrates. These findings provide a framework for understanding the structural basis of the promiscuity of drug binding and substrate translocation in OCT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi C Zeng
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Meghna Sobti
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ada Quinn
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, and Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie I Vandenberg
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Renae M Ryan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan L O'Mara
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Molecular, Structural and Computational Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Fu T, Zeng S, Zheng Q, Zhu F. The Important Role of Transporter Structures in Drug Disposition, Efficacy, and Toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1316-1323. [PMID: 37295948 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters are critical determinants of drug disposition, clinical efficacy, and toxicity as they specifically mediate the influx and efflux of various substrates and drugs. ABC transporters can modulate the pharmacokinetics of many drugs via mediating the translocation of drugs across biologic membranes. SLC transporters are important drug targets involved in the uptake of a broad range of compounds across the membrane. However, high-resolution experimental structures have been reported for a very limited number of transporters, which limits the study of their physiologic functions. In this review, we collected structural information on ABC and SLC transporters and described the application of computational methods in structure prediction. Taking P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) as examples, we assessed the pivotal role of structure in transport mechanisms, details of ligand-receptor interactions, drug selectivity, the molecular mechanisms of drug-drug interactions, and differences caused by genetic polymorphisms. The data collected contributes toward safer and more effective pharmacological treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The experimental structure of ATP-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters was collected, and the application of computational methods in structure prediction was described. P-glycoprotein and serotonin transporter were used as examples to reveal the pivotal role of structure in transport mechanisms, drug selectivity, the molecular mechanisms of drug-drug interactions, and differences caused by genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China (T.F., Q.Z.); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Z., F.Z.); and Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.)
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China (T.F., Q.Z.); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Z., F.Z.); and Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.)
| | - Qingchuan Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China (T.F., Q.Z.); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Z., F.Z.); and Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.)
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China (T.F., Q.Z.); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Z., F.Z.); and Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China (F.Z.)
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13
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Cao J, Kuyumcu-Martinez MN. Alternative polyadenylation regulation in cardiac development and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1324-1335. [PMID: 36657944 PMCID: PMC10262186 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs is a necessary step for gene expression and function. Majority of human genes exhibit multiple polyadenylation sites, which can be alternatively used to generate different mRNA isoforms from a single gene. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) of pre-mRNAs is important for the proteome and transcriptome landscape. APA is tightly regulated during development and contributes to tissue-specific gene regulation. Mis-regulation of APA is linked to a wide range of pathological conditions. APA-mediated gene regulation in the heart is emerging as a new area of research. Here, we will discuss the impact of APA on gene regulation during heart development and in cardiovascular diseases. First, we will briefly review how APA impacts gene regulation and discuss molecular mechanisms that control APA. Then, we will address APA regulation during heart development and its dysregulation in cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we will discuss pre-mRNA targeting strategies to correct aberrant APA patterns of essential genes for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The RNA field is blooming due to advancements in RNA-based technologies. RNA-based vaccines and therapies are becoming the new line of effective and safe approaches for the treatment and prevention of human diseases. Overall, this review will be influential for understanding gene regulation at the RNA level via APA in the heart and will help design RNA-based tools for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Muge N Kuyumcu-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77573, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77573, USA
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14
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Patel OV, Partridge C, Plaut K. Space Environment Impacts Homeostasis: Exposure to Spaceflight Alters Mammary Gland Transportome Genes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050872. [PMID: 37238741 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane transporters and ion channels that play an indispensable role in metabolite trafficking have evolved to operate in Earth's gravity. Dysregulation of the transportome expression profile at normogravity not only affects homeostasis along with drug uptake and distribution but also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diverse localized to systemic diseases including cancer. The profound physiological and biochemical perturbations experienced by astronauts during space expeditions are well-documented. However, there is a paucity of information on the effect of the space environment on the transportome profile at an organ level. Thus, the goal of this study was to analyze the effect of spaceflight on ion channels and membrane substrate transporter genes in the periparturient rat mammary gland. Comparative gene expression analysis revealed an upregulation (p < 0.01) of amino acid, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Zn2+, Cl-, PO43-, glucose, citrate, pyruvate, succinate, cholesterol, and water transporter genes in rats exposed to spaceflight. Genes associated with the trafficking of proton-coupled amino acids, Mg2+, Fe2+, voltage-gated K+-Na+, cation-coupled chloride, as well as Na+/Ca2+ and ATP-Mg/Pi exchangers were suppressed (p < 0.01) in these spaceflight-exposed rats. These findings suggest that an altered transportome profile contributes to the metabolic modulations observed in the rats exposed to the space environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman V Patel
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Charlyn Partridge
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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15
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Dang Y, Zhou D, Du X, Zhao H, Lee CH, Yang J, Wang Y, Qin C, Guo Z, Zhang Z. Molecular mechanism of substrate recognition by folate transporter SLC19A1. Cell Discov 2022; 8:141. [PMID: 36575193 PMCID: PMC9794768 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate (vitamin B9) is the coenzyme involved in one-carbon transfer biochemical reactions essential for cell survival and proliferation, with its inadequacy causing developmental defects or severe diseases. Notably, mammalian cells lack the ability to de novo synthesize folate but instead rely on its intake from extracellular sources via specific transporters or receptors, among which SLC19A1 is the ubiquitously expressed one in tissues. However, the mechanism of substrate recognition by SLC19A1 remains unclear. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of human SLC19A1 and its complex with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate at 3.5-3.6 Å resolution and elucidate the critical residues for substrate recognition. In particular, we reveal that two variant residues among SLC19 subfamily members designate the specificity for folate. Moreover, we identify intracellular thiamine pyrophosphate as the favorite coupled substrate for folate transport by SLC19A1. Together, this work establishes the molecular basis of substrate recognition by this central folate transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Present Address: Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtu Zhao
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Chia-Hsueh Lee
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jing Yang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Changdong Qin
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Cryo-EM Platform, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxi Guo
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Cryo-EM Platform, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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16
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Smorodina E, Diankin I, Tao F, Qing R, Yang S, Zhang S. Structural informatic study of determined and AlphaFold2 predicted molecular structures of 13 human solute carrier transporters and their water-soluble QTY variants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20103. [PMID: 36418372 PMCID: PMC9684436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier transporters are integral membrane proteins, and are important for diverse cellular nutrient transports, metabolism, energy demand, and other vital biological activities. They have recently been implicated in pancreatic cancer and other cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, programmed cell death and proliferation, cell metabolism and chemo-sensitivity. Here we report the study of 13 human solute carrier membrane transporters using the highly accurate AlphaFold2 predictions of 3D protein structures. In the native structures, there are hydrophobic amino acids leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V) and phenylalanine (F) in the transmembrane alpha-helices. These hydrophobic amino acids L, I, V, F are systematically replaced by hydrophilic amino acids glutamine (Q), threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y), thus the QTY code. Therefore, these QTY variant transporters become water-soluble without requiring detergents. We present the superposed structures of these native solute carrier transporters and their water-soluble QTY variants. The superposed structures show remarkable similarity with RMSD ~ 1 Å-< 3 Å despite > 46% protein sequence substitutions in transmembrane alpha-helices. We also show the differences of surface hydrophobicity between the native solute carrier transporters and their QTY variants. Our study may further stimulate designs of water-soluble transmembrane proteins and other aggregated proteins for drug discovery and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Smorodina
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Laboratory for Computational and Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Igor Diankin
- grid.78780.300000 0004 0613 1044Department of Computer Science, American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Fei Tao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Laboratory of Food Microbial Technology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Rui Qing
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Laboratory of Food Microbial Technology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Steve Yang
- PT Metiska Farma, Daerah Khusus Ibukota, Jakarta, 12220 Indonesia
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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17
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Aguiar M, Orasch T, Shadkchan Y, Caballero P, Pfister J, Sastré-Velásquez LE, Gsaller F, Decristoforo C, Osherov N, Haas H. Uptake of the Siderophore Triacetylfusarinine C, but Not Fusarinine C, Is Crucial for Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. mBio 2022; 13:e0219222. [PMID: 36125294 PMCID: PMC9600649 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02192-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderophores play an important role in fungal virulence, serving as trackers for in vivo imaging and as biomarkers of fungal infections. However, siderophore uptake is only partially characterized. As the major cause of aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most common airborne fungal pathogens of humans. Here, we demonstrate that this mold species mediates the uptake of iron chelated by the secreted siderophores triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) and fusarinine C by the major facilitator-type transporters MirB and MirD, respectively. In a murine aspergillosis model, MirB but not MirD was found to be crucial for virulence, indicating that TAFC-mediated uptake plays a dominant role during infection. In the absence of MirB, TAFC becomes inhibitory by decreasing iron availability because the mutant is not able to recognize iron that is chelated by TAFC. MirB-mediated transport was found to tolerate the conjugation of fluorescein isothiocyanate to triacetylfusarinine C, which might aid in the development of siderophore-based antifungals in a Trojan horse approach, particularly as the role of MirB in pathogenicity restrains its mutational inactivation. Taken together, this study identified the first eukaryotic siderophore transporter that is crucial for virulence and elucidated its translational potential as well as its evolutionary conservation. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for thousands of cases of invasive fungal disease annually. For iron uptake, A. fumigatus secretes so-called siderophores, which are taken up after the binding of environmental iron. Moreover, A. fumigatus can utilize siderophore types that are produced by other fungi or bacteria. Fungal siderophores raised considerable interest due to their role in virulence and their potential for the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections. Here, we demonstrate that the siderophore transporter MirB is crucial for the virulence of A. fumigatus, which reveals that its substrate, triacetylfusarinine C, is the most important siderophore during infection. We found that in the absence of MirB, TAFC becomes inhibitory by decreasing the availability of environmental iron and that MirB-mediated transport tolerates the derivatization of its substrate, which might aid in the development of siderophore-based antifungals. This study significantly improved the understanding of fungal iron homeostasis and the role of siderophores in interactions with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Aguiar
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Orasch
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yana Shadkchan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Patricia Caballero
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joachim Pfister
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Fabio Gsaller
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nir Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Luo M, Lee LKC, Peng B, Choi CHJ, Tong WY, Voelcker NH. Delivering the Promise of Gene Therapy with Nanomedicines in Treating Central Nervous System Diseases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201740. [PMID: 35851766 PMCID: PMC9475540 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases, such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson's Diseases (PD), brain tumors, Huntington's disease (HD), and stroke, still remain difficult to treat by the conventional molecular drugs. In recent years, various gene therapies have come into the spotlight as versatile therapeutics providing the potential to prevent and treat these diseases. Despite the significant progress that has undoubtedly been achieved in terms of the design and modification of genetic modulators with desired potency and minimized unwanted immune responses, the efficient and safe in vivo delivery of gene therapies still poses major translational challenges. Various non-viral nanomedicines have been recently explored to circumvent this limitation. In this review, an overview of gene therapies for CNS diseases is provided and describes recent advances in the development of nanomedicines, including their unique characteristics, chemical modifications, bioconjugations, and the specific applications that those nanomedicines are harnessed to deliver gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Luo
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Leo Kit Cheung Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong
| | - Bo Peng
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible ElectronicsXi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical materials & EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Chung Hang Jonathan Choi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong
| | - Wing Yin Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)ClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University14 Alliance LaneClaytonVIC3800Australia
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19
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Heterologous (Over) Expression of Human SoLute Carrier (SLC) in Yeast: A Well-Recognized Tool for Human Transporter Function/Structure Studies. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081206. [PMID: 36013385 PMCID: PMC9410066 DOI: 10.3390/life12081206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For more than 20 years, yeast has been a widely used system for the expression of human membrane transporters. Among them, more than 400 are members of the largest transporter family, the SLC superfamily. SLCs play critical roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis by transporting nutrients, ions, and waste products. Based on their involvement in drug absorption and in several human diseases, they are considered emerging therapeutic targets. Despite their critical role in human health, a large part of SLCs' is 'orphans' for substrate specificity or function. Moreover, very few data are available concerning their 3D structure. On the basis of the human health benefits of filling these knowledge gaps, an understanding of protein expression in systems that allow functional production of these proteins is essential. Among the 500 known yeast species, S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris represent those most employed for this purpose. This review aims to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art on the attempts of human SLC expression performed by exploiting yeast. The collected data will hopefully be useful for guiding new attempts in SLCs expression with the aim to reveal new fundamental data that could lead to potential effects on human health.
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20
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Systematic in silico discovery of novel solute carrier-like proteins from proteomes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271062. [PMID: 35901096 PMCID: PMC9333335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) proteins represent the largest superfamily of transmembrane transporters. While many of them play key biological roles, their systematic analysis has been hampered by their functional and structural heterogeneity. Based on available nomenclature systems, we hypothesized that many as yet unidentified SLC transporters exist in the human genome, which await further systematic analysis. Here, we present criteria for defining "SLC-likeness" to curate a set of "SLC-like" protein families from the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB) and Protein families (Pfam) databases. Computational sequence similarity searches surprisingly identified ~120 more proteins in human with potential SLC-like properties compared to previous annotations. Interestingly, several of these have documented transport activity in the scientific literature. To complete the overview of the "SLC-ome", we present an algorithm to classify SLC-like proteins into protein families, investigating their known functions and evolutionary relationships to similar proteins from 6 other clinically relevant experimental organisms, and pinpoint structural orphans. We envision that our work will serve as a stepping stone for future studies of the biological function and the identification of the natural substrates of the many under-explored SLC transporters, as well as for the development of new therapeutic applications, including strategies for personalized medicine and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Gyimesi
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GG); (MAH)
| | - Matthias A. Hediger
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GG); (MAH)
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21
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Duan Z, Zhou Z, Lu F, Zhang Y, Guo X, Gui C, Zhang H. Antitumor activity of mianserin (a tetracyclic antidepressant) primarily driven by the inhibition of SLC1A5-mediated glutamine transport. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:977-989. [PMID: 35834041 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01284-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Targeting tumor metabolic vulnerabilities such as "glutamine addiction" has become an attractive approach for the discovery of novel antitumor agents. Among various mechanisms explored, SLC1A5, a membrane transporter that plays an important role in glutamine cellular uptake, represents a viable target to interfere with tumor's ability to acquire critical nutrients during proliferation. In the present study, a stably transfected HEK293 cell line with human SLC1A5 (HEK293-SLC1A5) was established for the screening and identification of small molecule SLC1A5 inhibitors. This in vitro system, in conjunction with direct measurement of SLC1A5-mediated L-glutamine-2,3,3,4,4-D5 (substrate) uptake, was practical and efficient in ensuring the specificity of SLC1A5 inhibition. Among a group of diverse compounds tested, mianserin (a tetracyclic antidepressant) demonstrated a marked inhibition of SLC1A5-mediated glutamine uptake. Subsequent investigations using SW480 cells demonstrated that mianserin was capable of inhibiting SW480 tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, and the in vivo antitumor efficacy was correlated to the reduction of glutamine concentrations in tumor tissues. Computational analysis revealed that hydrophobic interactions between SLC1A5 and its inhibitors could be a critical factor in drug design. Taken together, the current findings confirmed the feasibility of targeting SLC1A5-mediated glutamine uptake as a novel approach for antitumor intervention. It is anticipated that structural insights obtained based on homology modeling would lead to the discovery of more potent and specific SLC1A5 inhibitors for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Duan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feifei Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xvqin Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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22
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Yi C, Yu AM. MicroRNAs in the Regulation of Solute Carrier Proteins Behind Xenobiotic and Nutrient Transport in Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:893846. [PMID: 35755805 PMCID: PMC9220936 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.893846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism, such as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect, has been recognized as characteristics of tumor cells for almost a century. Since then, there is accumulating evidence to demonstrate the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells, addiction to excessive uptake and metabolism of key nutrients, to support rapid proliferation and invasion under tumor microenvironment. The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily transporters are responsible for influx or efflux of a wide variety of xenobiotic and metabolites that are needed for the cells to function, as well as some medications. To meet the increased demand for nutrients and energy, SLC transporters are frequently dysregulated in cancer cells. The SLCs responsible for the transport of key nutrients for cancer metabolism and energetics, such as glucose and amino acids, are of particular interest for their roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Meanwhile, rewired metabolism is accompanied by the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) that are small, noncoding RNAs governing posttranscriptional gene regulation. Studies have shown that many miRNAs directly regulate the expression of specific SLC transporters in normal or diseased cells. Changes of SLC transporter expression and function can subsequently alter the uptake of nutrients or therapeutics. Given the important role for miRNAs in regulating disease progression, there is growing interest in developing miRNA-based therapies, beyond serving as potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. In this article, we discuss how miRNAs regulate the expression of SLC transporters and highlight potential influence on the supply of essential nutrients for cell metabolism and drug exposure toward desired efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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23
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Xie T, Chi X, Huang B, Ye F, Zhou Q, Huang J. Rational exploration of fold atlas for human solute carrier proteins. Structure 2022; 30:1321-1330.e5. [PMID: 35700727 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily is the largest group of proteins responsible for the transmembrane transport of substances in human cells. It includes more than 400 members that are organized into 65 families according to their physiological function and sequence similarity. Different families of SLCs can adopt the same or different folds that determine the mechanism and reflect the evolutionary relationship between SLC members. Analysis of structural data in the literature before this work showed 13 different folds in the SLC superfamily covering 40 families and 343 members. To further study their mechanism, we systematically explored the SLC superfamily to look for more folds. Based on our results, at least three new folds are found for the SLC superfamily, one of which is in the choline-like transporter family (SLC44) and has been experimentally verified. Our work has laid a foundation and provided important insights for the systematic and comprehensive study of the structure and function of SLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Xie
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Westlake AI Therapeutics Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ximin Chi
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bangdong Huang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fangfei Ye
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Westlake AI Therapeutics Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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24
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Membrane transporter identification and modulation via adaptive laboratory evolution. Metab Eng 2022; 72:376-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Zinc transporters ZIPT-2.4 and ZIPT-15 are required for normal C. elegans fecundity. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:1261-1276. [PMID: 35501415 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The requirement of zinc for the development and maturation of germ lines and reproductive systems is deeply conserved across evolution. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers a tractable platform to study the complex system of distributing zinc to the germ line. We investigated several zinc importers to investigate how zinc transporters play a role in the reproductive system in nematodes, as well as establish a platform to study zinc transporter biology in germline and reproductive development. METHODS Previous high throughput transcriptional datasets as well as phylogenetic analysis identified several putative zinc transporters that have a function in reproduction in worms. Phenotypic analysis of CRISPR-generated knockouts and tags included characterization of offspring output, gonad development, and protein localization. Light and immunofluorescence microscopy allowed for visualization of physiological and molecular effects of zinc transporter mutations. RESULTS Disruption of two zinc transporters, ZIPT-2.4 and ZIPT-15, was shown to lead to defects in reproductive output. A mutation in zipt-2.4 has subtle effects on reproduction, while a mutation in zipt-15 has a clear impact on gonad and germline development that translates into a more pronounced defect in fecundity. Both transporters have germline expression, as well as additional expression in other cell types. CONCLUSIONS Two ZIP-family zinc transporter orthologs of human ZIP6/10 and ZIP1/2/3 proteins are important for full reproductive fecundity and participate in development of the gonad. Notably, these zinc transporters are present in gut and reproductive tissues in addition to the germ line, consistent with a complex zinc trafficking network important for reproductive success.
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26
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Li Y, Feng R, Yu X, Li L, Liu Y, Zhang R, Chen X, Zhao Y, Liu Z. SLC35E2 promoter mutation as a prognostic marker of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Life Sci 2022; 296:120447. [PMID: 35247439 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest digestive tract cancer with poor prognosis. In our previous comprehensive genomics study, we identified that hotspot mutations in the solute carrier family 35 member E2 (SLC35E2) promoter region was significantly associated with worse prognosis in patients with ESCC. However, the biological function and molecular mechanism of SLC35E2 remains unclear. This study was to investigate the malignant function and mechanism of SLC35E2 in ESCC. MAIN METHODS Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to assess the expression of SLC35E2 in ESCC cell lines. Luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were used to assess the transcriptional inhibition of KLF4. Incucyte cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay and subcutaneous tumor formation in nude mice were used to assess the malignant function of SLC35E2. KEY FINDINGS SLC35E2 can promote ESCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcriptional repressor in ESCC, binds to the SLC35E2 promoter and represses the expression of SLC35E2. The transcriptional suppression of KLF4 can be blocked by the mutation at -118 site of the SLC35E2 promoter. Besides, the accumulation of SLC35E2 expression contributes to the malignant phenotype of ESCC. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that SLC35E2 may be used as a biomarker for prognosis as well as a therapeutic target for patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Riyue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ruixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiankai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yahui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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27
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Giacomini KM, Yee SW, Koleske ML, Zou L, Matsson P, Chen EC, Kroetz DL, Miller MA, Gozalpour E, Chu X. New and Emerging Research on Solute Carrier and ATP Binding Cassette Transporters in Drug Discovery and Development: Outlook from the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:540-561. [PMID: 35488474 PMCID: PMC9398938 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enabled by a plethora of new technologies, research in membrane transporters has exploded in the past decade. The goal of this state‐of‐the‐art article is to describe recent advances in research on membrane transporters that are particularly relevant to drug discovery and development. This review covers advances in basic, translational, and clinical research that has led to an increased understanding of membrane transporters at all levels. At the basic level, we describe the available crystal structures of membrane transporters in both the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP binding cassette superfamilies, which has been enabled by the development of cryogenic electron microscopy methods. Next, we describe new research on lysosomal and mitochondrial transporters as well as recently deorphaned transporters in the SLC superfamily. The translational section includes a summary of proteomic research, which has led to a quantitative understanding of transporter levels in various cell types and tissues and new methods to modulate transporter function, such as allosteric modulators and targeted protein degraders of transporters. The section ends with a review of the effect of the gut microbiome on modulation of transporter function followed by a presentation of 3D cell cultures, which may enable in vivo predictions of transporter function. In the clinical section, we describe new genomic and pharmacogenomic research, highlighting important polymorphisms in transporters that are clinically relevant to many drugs. Finally, we describe new clinical tools, which are becoming increasingly available to enable precision medicine, with the application of tissue‐derived small extracellular vesicles and real‐world biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sook W Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Megan L Koleske
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ling Zou
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eugene C Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deanna L Kroetz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elnaz Gozalpour
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, Safety and ADME Translational Sciences Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of ADME and Discovery Toxicology, Merck & Co. Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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28
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Galluccio M, Console L, Pochini L, Scalise M, Giangregorio N, Indiveri C. Strategies for Successful Over-Expression of Human Membrane Transport Systems Using Bacterial Hosts: Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073823. [PMID: 35409183 PMCID: PMC8998559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten percent of human genes encode for membrane transport systems, which are key components in maintaining cell homeostasis. They are involved in the transport of nutrients, catabolites, vitamins, and ions, allowing the absorption and distribution of these compounds to the various body regions. In addition, roughly 60% of FDA-approved drugs interact with membrane proteins, among which are transporters, often responsible for pharmacokinetics and side effects. Defects of membrane transport systems can cause diseases; however, knowledge of the structure/function relationships of transporters is still limited. Among the expression of hosts that produce human membrane transport systems, E. coli is one of the most favorable for its low cultivation costs, fast growth, handiness, and extensive knowledge of its genetics and molecular mechanisms. However, the expression in E. coli of human membrane proteins is often toxic due to the hydrophobicity of these proteins and the diversity in structure with respect to their bacterial counterparts. Moreover, differences in codon usage between humans and bacteria hamper translation. This review summarizes the many strategies exploited to achieve the expression of human transport systems in bacteria, providing a guide to help people who want to deal with this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Galluccio
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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29
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Beckstein O, Naughton F. General principles of secondary active transporter function. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:011307. [PMID: 35434715 PMCID: PMC8984959 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Transport of ions and small molecules across the cell membrane against electrochemical gradients is catalyzed by integral membrane proteins that use a source of free energy to drive the energetically uphill flux of the transported substrate. Secondary active transporters couple the spontaneous influx of a "driving" ion such as Na+ or H+ to the flux of the substrate. The thermodynamics of such cyclical non-equilibrium systems are well understood, and recent work has focused on the molecular mechanism of secondary active transport. The fact that these transporters change their conformation between an inward-facing and outward-facing conformation in a cyclical fashion, called the alternating access model, is broadly recognized as the molecular framework in which to describe transporter function. However, only with the advent of high resolution crystal structures and detailed computer simulations, it has become possible to recognize common molecular-level principles between disparate transporter families. Inverted repeat symmetry in secondary active transporters has shed light onto how protein structures can encode a bi-stable two-state system. Based on structural data, three broad classes of alternating access transitions have been described as rocker-switch, rocking-bundle, and elevator mechanisms. More detailed analysis indicates that transporters can be understood as gated pores with at least two coupled gates. These gates are not just a convenient cartoon element to illustrate a putative mechanism but map to distinct parts of the transporter protein. Enumerating all distinct gate states naturally includes occluded states in the alternating access picture and also suggests what kind of protein conformations might be observable. By connecting the possible conformational states and ion/substrate bound states in a kinetic model, a unified picture emerges in which the symporter, antiporter, and uniporter functions are extremes in a continuum of functionality. As usual with biological systems, few principles and rules are absolute and exceptions are discussed as well as how biological complexity may be integrated in quantitative kinetic models that may provide a bridge from the structure to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Beckstein
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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30
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Effects of neonatal methoxychlor exposure on the ovarian transcriptome in piglets. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 238:106956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Wei Y, Huang YH, Skopelitis DS, Iyer SV, Costa AS, Yang Z, Kramer M, Adelman ER, Klingbeil O, Demerdash OE, Polyanskaya SA, Chang K, Goodwin S, Hodges E, McCombie WR, Figueroa ME, Vakoc CR. SLC5A3-Dependent Myo-inositol Auxotrophy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:450-467. [PMID: 34531253 PMCID: PMC8831445 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced requirement for nutrients is a hallmark property of cancer cells. Here, we optimized an in vivo genetic screening strategy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which led to the identification of the myo-inositol transporter SLC5A3 as a dependency in this disease. We demonstrate that SLC5A3 is essential to support a myo-inositol auxotrophy in AML. The commonality among SLC5A3-dependent AML lines is the transcriptional silencing of ISYNA1, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme for myo-inositol biosynthesis, inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1. We use gain- and loss-of-function experiments to reveal a synthetic lethal genetic interaction between ISYNA1 and SLC5A3 in AML, which function redundantly to sustain intracellular myo-inositol. Transcriptional silencing and DNA hypermethylation of ISYNA1 occur in a recurrent manner in human AML patient samples, in association with IDH1/IDH2 and CEBPA mutations. Our findings reveal myo-inositol as a nutrient dependency in AML caused by the aberrant silencing of a biosynthetic enzyme. SIGNIFICANCE: We show how epigenetic silencing can provoke a nutrient dependency in AML by exploiting a synthetic lethality relationship between biosynthesis and transport of myo-inositol. Blocking the function of this solute carrier may have therapeutic potential in an epigenetically defined subset of AML.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 275.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wei
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Yu-Han Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | | | - Shruti V. Iyer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.,Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Ana S.H. Costa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Zhaolin Yang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Melissa Kramer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Emmalee R. Adelman
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | | | - Sofya A. Polyanskaya
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.,School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Kenneth Chang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Sara Goodwin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Emily Hodges
- Department of Biochemistry and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Maria E. Figueroa
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Christopher R. Vakoc
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.,Corresponding Author: Christopher R. Vakoc, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724. Phone: 516-367-5030; E-mail:
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Almeida C, Teixeira AL, Dias F, Machado V, Morais M, Martins G, Palmeira C, Sousa ME, Godinho I, Batista S, Costa-Silva B, Medeiros R. Extracellular Vesicles Derived-LAT1 mRNA as a Powerful Inducer of Colorectal Cancer Aggressive Phenotype. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010145. [PMID: 35053143 PMCID: PMC8773288 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world and represents the third most deadly tumor worldwide. About 15–25% of patients present metastasis in the moment of diagnosis, the liver being the most common site of metastization. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic agents is needed, to improve the patients’ prognosis. Amino acids transporters, LAT1 and ASCT2, are described as upregulated in CRC, being associated with a poor prognosis. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as key players in cell-to-cell communication due to their ability to transfer biomolecules between cells, with a phenotypic impact on the recipient cells. Thus, this study analyzes the presence of LAT1 and ASCT2 mRNAs in CRC-EVs and evaluates their role in phenotype modulation in a panel of four recipient cell lines (HCA-7, HEPG-2, SK-HEP-1, HKC-8). We found that HCT 116-EVs carry LAT1, ASCT2 and other oncogenic mRNAs being taken up by recipient cells. Moreover, the HCT 116-EVs’ internalization was associated with the increase of LAT1 mRNA in SK-HEP-1 cells. We also observed that HCT 116-EVs induce a higher cell migration capacity and proliferation of SK-HEP-1 and HKC-8 cells. The present study supports the LAT1-EVs’ mRNA involvement in cell phenotype modulation, conferring advantages in cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Almeida
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (F.D.); (V.M.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), Estrada da Circunvalação 6657, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (F.D.); (V.M.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
- ICBAS School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-084-000 (ext. 5410)
| | - Francisca Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (F.D.); (V.M.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Vera Machado
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (F.D.); (V.M.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Mariana Morais
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (F.D.); (V.M.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Gabriela Martins
- Immunology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (C.P.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Carlos Palmeira
- Immunology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (C.P.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.)
- Pathology and Experimental Therapeutic Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Fernando Pessoa Research, Innovation and Development Institute (I3ID FFP), Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Emília Sousa
- Immunology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (C.P.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Inês Godinho
- Immunology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (C.P.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Sílvia Batista
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.B.); (B.C.-S.)
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.B.); (B.C.-S.)
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (F.D.); (V.M.); (M.M.); (R.M.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), Estrada da Circunvalação 6657, 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Fernando Pessoa Research, Innovation and Development Institute (I3ID FFP), Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Jaramillo-Martinez V, Ganapathy V, Urbatsch IL. Peptide Tags and Domains for Expression and Detection of Mammalian Membrane Proteins at the Cell Surface. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2507:337-358. [PMID: 35773591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2368-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Normal functions of cell-surface proteins are dependent on their proper trafficking from the site of synthesis to the cell surface. Transport proteins mediating solute transfer across the plasma membrane constitute an important group of cell-surface proteins. There are several diseases resulting from mutations in these proteins that interfere with their transport function or trafficking, depending on the impact of the mutations on protein folding and structure. Recent advances in successful treatment of some of these diseases with small molecules which correct the mutations-induced folding and structural changes underline the need for detailed structural and biophysical characterization of membrane proteins. This requires methods to express and purify these proteins using heterologous expression systems. Here, using the solute carrier (SLC) transporter NaCT (Na+-coupled citrate transporter) as an example, we describe experimental strategies for this approach. We chose this example because several mutations in NaCT, distributed throughout the protein, cause a severe neurologic disease known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-25 (EIEE-25). NaCT was modified with various peptide tags, including a RGS-His10, a Twin-Strep, the SUMOstar domain, and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), each alone or in various combinations. When transiently expressed in HEK293 cells, recombinant NaCT proteins underwent complex glycosylation, compartmentalized with the plasma membrane, and exhibited citrate transport activity similar to the nontagged protein. Surface NaCT expression was enhanced by the presence of SUMOstar on the N-terminus. The dual-purpose peptide epitopes RGS-His10 and Twin-Strep facilitated detection of NaCT by immunohistochemistry and western blot and may serve useful tags for affinity purification. This approach sets the stage for future analyses of mutant NaCT proteins that may alter protein folding and trafficking. It also demonstrates the capability of a transient mammalian cell expression system to produce human NaCT of sufficient quality and quantity to augment future biophysical and structural studies and drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Jaramillo-Martinez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, and the Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ina L Urbatsch
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, and the Center for Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Mehrabian A, Mashreghi M, Dadpour S, Badiee A, Arabi L, Hoda Alavizadeh S, Alia Moosavian S, Reza Jaafari M. Nanocarriers Call the Last Shot in the Treatment of Brain Cancers. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221080974. [PMID: 35253549 PMCID: PMC8905056 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221080974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our brain is protected by physio-biological barriers. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) main mechanism of protection relates to the abundance of tight junctions (TJs) and efflux pumps. Although BBB is crucial for healthy brain protection against toxins, it also leads to failure in a devastating disease like brain cancer. Recently, nanocarriers have been shown to pass through the BBB and improve patients’ survival rates, thus becoming promising treatment strategies. Among nanocarriers, inorganic nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, polymers, micelles, and dendrimers have reached clinical trials after delivering promising results in preclinical investigations. The size of these nanocarriers is between 10 and 1000 nm and is modified by surface attachment of proteins, peptides, antibodies, or surfactants. Multiple research groups have reported transcellular entrance as the main mechanism allowing for these nanocarriers to cross BBB. Transport proteins and transcellular lipophilic pathways exist in BBB for small and lipophilic molecules. Nanocarriers cannot enter via the paracellular route, which is limited to water-soluble agents due to the TJs and their small pore size. There are currently several nanocarriers in clinical trials for the treatment of brain cancer. This article reviews challenges as well as fitting attributes of nanocarriers for brain tumor treatment in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mehrabian
- School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology Research Center, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Mohammad Mashreghi
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saba Dadpour
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Student Research Committee, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Alia Moosavian
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology Research Center, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Brindangnanam P, Sawant AR, Prashanth K, Coumar MS. Bacterial effluxome as a barrier against antimicrobial agents: structural biology aspects and drug targeting. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:2013695. [PMID: 34957912 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.2013695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is fast becoming a medical crisis affecting the entire global population. The bacterial membrane is the first layer of defense for the bacteria against antimicrobial agents (AMA), specifically transporters in the membrane efflux these AMA out of the bacteria and plays a significant role in the AMR development. Understanding the structure and the functions of these efflux transporters is essential to overcome AMR. This review discusses efflux transporters (primary, secondary, and tripartite), their domain architectures, substrate specificities, and efflux pump inhibitors (EPI). Special emphasis on nosocomial ESKAPEE (Enterococcus faecium., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli) pathogens, their multidrug efflux targets and inhibitors are discussed. Deep knowledge about the functioning of efflux pumps and their structural aspects will open up opportunities for developing new EPI, which could be used along with AMA as combination therapy to overcome the emerging AMR crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pownraj Brindangnanam
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Ajit Ramesh Sawant
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - K Prashanth
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Mohane Selvaraj Coumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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36
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Kushwaha PP, Verma SS, Shankar E, Lin S, Gupta S. Role of solute carrier transporters SLC25A17 and SLC27A6 in acquired resistance to enzalutamide in castration‐resistant prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2021; 61:397-407. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.23383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prem P. Kushwaha
- Department of Urology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Institute of Urology University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Shiv S. Verma
- Department of Urology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Institute of Urology University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Eswar Shankar
- Department of Urology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Division of Medical Oncology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Spencer Lin
- College of Arts and Sciences Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Institute of Urology University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Department of Nutrition Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
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Lees JA, Dias JM, Han S. Applications of Cryo-EM in small molecule and biologics drug design. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2627-2638. [PMID: 34812853 PMCID: PMC8786282 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) is a powerful technique for the structural characterization of biological macromolecules, enabling high-resolution analysis of targets once inaccessible to structural interrogation. In recent years, pharmaceutical companies have begun to utilize cryo-EM for structure-based drug design. Structural analysis of integral membrane proteins, which comprise a large proportion of druggable targets and pose particular challenges for X-ray crystallography, by cryo-EM has enabled insights into important drug target families such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and solute carrier (SLCs) proteins. Structural characterization of biologics, such as vaccines, viral vectors, and gene therapy agents, has also become significantly more tractable. As a result, cryo-EM has begun to make major impacts in bringing critical therapeutics to market. In this review, we discuss recent instructive examples of impacts from cryo-EM in therapeutics design, focusing largely on its implementation at Pfizer. We also discuss the opportunities afforded by emerging technological advances in cryo-EM, and the prospects for future development of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Lees
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, U.S.A
| | - Joao M. Dias
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, U.S.A
| | - Seungil Han
- Discovery Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, U.S.A
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An Uninvited Seat at the Dinner Table: How Apicomplexan Parasites Scavenge Nutrients from the Host. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122592. [PMID: 34946193 PMCID: PMC8707601 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate intracellular parasites have evolved a remarkable assortment of strategies to scavenge nutrients from the host cells they parasitize. Most apicomplexans form a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the invaded cell, a replicative niche within which they survive and multiply. As well as providing a physical barrier against host cell defense mechanisms, the PV membrane (PVM) is also an important site of nutrient uptake that is essential for the parasites to sustain their metabolism. This means nutrients in the extracellular milieu are separated from parasite metabolic machinery by three different membranes, the host plasma membrane, the PVM, and the parasite plasma membrane (PPM). In order to facilitate nutrient transport from the extracellular environment into the parasite itself, transporters on the host cell membrane of invaded cells can be modified by secreted and exported parasite proteins to maximize uptake of key substrates to meet their metabolic demand. To overcome the second barrier, the PVM, apicomplexan parasites secrete proteins contained in the dense granules that remodel the vacuole and make the membrane permissive to important nutrients. This bulk flow of host nutrients is followed by a more selective uptake of substrates at the PPM that is operated by specific transporters of this third barrier. In this review, we recapitulate and compare the strategies developed by Apicomplexa to scavenge nutrients from their hosts, with particular emphasis on transporters at the parasite plasma membrane and vacuolar solute transporters on the parasite intracellular digestive organelle.
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Yildirim K, Winkler B, Pogodalla N, Mackensen S, Baldenius M, Garcia L, Naffin E, Rodrigues S, Klämbt C. Redundant functions of the SLC5A transporters Rumpel, Bumpel, and Kumpel in ensheathing glial cells. Biol Open 2021; 11:274028. [PMID: 34897385 PMCID: PMC8790523 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal processing is energy demanding, and relies on sugar metabolism. To nurture the Drosophila nervous system, the blood-brain barrier forming glial cells take up trehalose from the hemolymph and then distribute the metabolic products further to all neurons. This function is provided by glucose and lactate transporters of the solute carrier (SLC) 5A family. Here we identified three SLC5A genes that are specifically expressed in overlapping sets of CNS glial cells, rumpel, bumpel and kumpel. We generated mutants in all genes and all mutants are viable and fertile, lacking discernible phenotypes. Loss of rumpel causes subtle locomotor phenotypes and flies display increased daytime sleep. In addition, in bumpel kumpel double mutants, and to an even greater extent in rumpel bumpel kumpel triple mutants, oogenesis is disrupted at the onset of the vitollegenic phase. This indicates a partially redundant functions between these genes. Rescue experiments exploring this effect indicate that oogenesis can be affected by CNS glial cells. Moreover, expression of heterologous mammalian SLC5A transporters, with known transport properties, suggest that Bumpel and/or Kumpel transport glucose or lactate. Overall, our results imply a redundancy in SLC5A nutrient sensing functions in Drosophila glial cells, affecting ovarian development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Yildirim
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 9120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bente Winkler
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Pogodalla
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Steffi Mackensen
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Baldenius
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Luis Garcia
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elke Naffin
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Rodrigues
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Zhang Q, Liu Y, Chen P, Shi X, Liu Y, Shi L, Cong P, Mao S, Tong C, Du C, Hou M. Solute carrier family 12 member 8 (SLC12A8) is a potential biomarker and related to tumor immune cell infiltration in bladder cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4946-4961. [PMID: 34365894 PMCID: PMC8806707 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1962485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family has been reported to play critical roles in the progression of several cancers; however, the relationship between solute carrier family 12 member 8 (SLC12A8) and bladder cancer (BC) has not been clearly confirmed. This study explores the prognostic value of SLC12A8 for BC and its correlation with immune cell infiltration. We found that the expression of SLC12A8 mRNA was significantly overexpressed in BC tissues compared with noncancerous tissues in multiple public databases, and the result was validated using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the prognostic value of SLC12A8 for BC. The high expression of SLC12A8 led to a shorter overall survival time and was an unfavorable prognostic biomarker for BC. The mechanisms of SLC12A8 promoting tumorigenesis were investigated by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Moreover, the correlations of SLC12A8 expression with the tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in BC were explored using TIMER 2.0 and CIBERSORT. SLC12A8 was associated with CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages infiltration. The expression of SLC12A8 was positively correlated with crucial immune checkpoint molecules. In conclusion, SLC12A8 might be an unfavorable prognostic biomarker in BC related to tumor immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yunen Liu
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyun Shi
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lin Shi
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Peifang Cong
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Shun Mao
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Cangci Tong
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Mingxiao Hou
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Emergency Medicine Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
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Enge AM, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C, Kin A, Kirstgen M, Geyer J, These A, Hammer H, Pötz O, Braeuning A, Hessel-Pras S. Organic Cation Transporter I and Na + /taurocholate Co-Transporting Polypeptide are Involved in Retrorsine- and Senecionine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepaRG cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100800. [PMID: 34826203 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE 1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites that are found in many plant species throughout the world. They are of concern for risk assessment as consumption of contaminated foodstuff can cause severe liver damage. Of late, transporter-mediated uptake and transport has advanced as a vital determinant of PA toxicity. In this study, the authors investigate a transporter-mediated uptake of PAs and its implications in PA toxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that transporter expression levels are significantly affected by treatment with the PAs senecionine (Sc) and retrorsine (Re) in the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG. Furthermore, the specific contribution to PA uptake of the two transporters Na+ /taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) and organic cation transporter I (SLC22A1), both belonging to the heterogeneous solute carrier super family, is investigated by means of a siRNA-mediated knockdown approach. Knockdown of both uptake transporters result in reduced uptake of Re and Sc in a time-dependent manner and attenuated PA-mediated cytotoxic effects in HepaRG cells. CONCLUSION Our results confirm previous findings of active transport mechanisms of PAs into hepatocytes and highlight the importance of toxicokinetic studies for the risk assessment of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Margarethe Enge
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17-19, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.,Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Angelina Kin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kirstgen
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen Hammer
- Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Portioli C, Ruiz Munevar MJ, De Vivo M, Cancedda L. Cation-coupled chloride cotransporters: chemical insights and disease implications. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 3:832-849. [PMID: 34604727 PMCID: PMC8461084 DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cation-coupled chloride cotransporters (CCCs) modulate the transport of sodium and/or potassium cations coupled with chloride anions across the cell membrane. CCCs thus help regulate intracellular ionic concentration and consequent cell volume homeostasis. This has been largely exploited in the past to develop diuretic drugs that act on CCCs expressed in the kidney. However, a growing wealth of evidence has demonstrated that CCCs are also critically involved in a great variety of other pathologies, motivating most recent drug discovery programs targeting CCCs. Here, we examine the structure–function relationship of CCCs. By linking recent high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) data with older biochemical/functional studies on CCCs, we discuss the mechanistic insights and opportunities to design selective CCC modulators to treat diverse pathologies. The structural topology and function of all cation-coupled chloride cotransporters (CCCs) have been continuously investigated over the past 40 years, with great progress also thanks to the recent cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) resolution of the structures of five CCCs. In particular, such studies have clarified the structure–function relationship for the Na-K-Cl cotransporter NKCC1 and K-Cl cotransporters KCC1–4. The constantly growing evidence of the crucial involvement of CCCs in physiological and various pathological conditions, as well as the evidence of their wide expression in diverse body tissues, has promoted CCCs as targets for the discovery and development of new, safer, and more selective/effective drugs for a plethora of pathologies. Post-translational modification anchor points on the structure of CCCs may offer alternative strategies for small molecule drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Portioli
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, IIT, Via Morego, 30 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, IIT, Via Morego, 30 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Varese 16b, 00185 Rome, Italy
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43
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Aguiar M, Orasch T, Misslinger M, Dietl AM, Gsaller F, Haas H. The Siderophore Transporters Sit1 and Sit2 Are Essential for Utilization of Ferrichrome-, Ferrioxamine- and Coprogen-Type Siderophores in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:768. [PMID: 34575806 PMCID: PMC8470733 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderophore-mediated acquisition of iron has been shown to be indispensable for the virulence of several fungal pathogens, the siderophore transporter Sit1 was found to mediate uptake of the novel antifungal drug VL-2397, and siderophores were shown to be useful as biomarkers as well as for imaging of fungal infections. However, siderophore uptake in filamentous fungi is poorly characterized. The opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus possesses five putative siderophore transporters. Here, we demonstrate that the siderophore transporters Sit1 and Sit2 have overlapping, as well as unique, substrate specificities. With respect to ferrichrome-type siderophores, the utilization of ferrirhodin and ferrirubin depended exclusively on Sit2, use of ferrichrome A depended mainly on Sit1, and utilization of ferrichrome, ferricrocin, and ferrichrysin was mediated by both transporters. Moreover, both Sit1 and Sit2 mediated use of the coprogen-type siderophores coprogen and coprogen B, while only Sit1 transported the bacterial ferrioxamine-type xenosiderophores ferrioxamines B, G, and E. Neither Sit1 nor Sit2 were important for the utilization of the endogenous siderophores fusarinine C and triacetylfusarinine C. Furthermore, A. fumigatus was found to lack utilization of the xenosiderophores schizokinen, basidiochrome, rhizoferrin, ornibactin, rhodotorulic acid, and enterobactin. Taken together, this study characterized siderophore use by A. fumigatus and substrate characteristics of Sit1 and Sit2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.A.); (T.O.); (M.M.); (A.-M.D.); (F.G.)
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44
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Papalazarou V, Maddocks ODK. Supply and demand: Cellular nutrient uptake and exchange in cancer. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3731-3748. [PMID: 34547236 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient supply and demand delineate cell behavior in health and disease. Mammalian cells have developed multiple strategies to secure the necessary nutrients that fuel their metabolic needs. This is more evident upon disruption of homeostasis in conditions such as cancer, when cells display high proliferation rates in energetically challenging conditions where nutritional sources may be scarce. Here, we summarize the main routes of nutrient acquisition that fuel mammalian cells and their implications in tumorigenesis. We argue that the molecular mechanisms of nutrient acquisition not only tip the balance between nutrient supply and demand but also determine cell behavior upon nutrient limitation and energetic stress and contribute to nutrient partitioning and metabolic coordination between different cell types in inflamed or tumorigenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Papalazarou
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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45
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Dvorak V, Wiedmer T, Ingles-Prieto A, Altermatt P, Batoulis H, Bärenz F, Bender E, Digles D, Dürrenberger F, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Kell DB, Kickinger S, Körzö D, Leippe P, Licher T, Manolova V, Rizzetto R, Sassone F, Scarabottolo L, Schlessinger A, Schneider V, Sijben HJ, Steck AL, Sundström H, Tremolada S, Wilhelm M, Wright Muelas M, Zindel D, Steppan CM, Superti-Furga G. An Overview of Cell-Based Assay Platforms for the Solute Carrier Family of Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722889. [PMID: 34447313 PMCID: PMC8383457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily represents the biggest family of transporters with important roles in health and disease. Despite being attractive and druggable targets, the majority of SLCs remains understudied. One major hurdle in research on SLCs is the lack of tools, such as cell-based assays to investigate their biological role and for drug discovery. Another challenge is the disperse and anecdotal information on assay strategies that are suitable for SLCs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art cellular assay technologies for SLC research and discusses relevant SLC characteristics enabling the choice of an optimal assay technology. The Innovative Medicines Initiative consortium RESOLUTE intends to accelerate research on SLCs by providing the scientific community with high-quality reagents, assay technologies and data sets, and to ultimately unlock SLCs for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Dvorak
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tabea Wiedmer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alvaro Ingles-Prieto
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Helena Batoulis
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Felix Bärenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniela Digles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kickinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Körzö
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Licher
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanessa Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert J. Sijben
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Wright Muelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Zindel
- Drug Discovery Sciences–Lead Discovery, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, MA, United States
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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46
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Xie J, Ruan S, Zhu Z, Wang M, Cao Y, Ou M, Yu P, Shi J. Database mining analysis revealed the role of the putative H +/sugar transporter solute carrier family 45 in skin cutaneous melanoma. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:496-506. [PMID: 34334114 PMCID: PMC8331014 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1956226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is common in various cancers. Targeting metabolism to treat tumors is a hot research topic at present. Among them, changes in glucose metabolism in cancer have been widely studied. The Warburg effect maintains a high metabolic level in the tumor, accompanied by changes in glucose transporters. The transmembrane transport of sugar was previously thought to be mediated by SGLT and GLUT. Recently, the Solute Carrier Family(SLC) 45 family may be the third sugar transporter. But the role and value of the SLC45 family in melanoma, a highly malignant skin tumor, is unclear. Our study found that the four members of the SLC45 family, SLC45A1-SLC45A4, were differentially expressed in melanoma, but only SLC45A2 and SLC45A3 had prognostic guiding values. Further analysis revealed that the co-expression patterns of SLC45A2 and SLC45A3 were enriched in multiple metabolic pathways, suggesting their potential role in melanoma. In addition, SLC45A2 and SLC45A3 are also associated with immune cell infiltration. In conclusion, SLC45A2 and SLC45A3 are good prognostic indicators for melanoma and have guiding value for the treatment of melanoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shujie Ruan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhechen Zhu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengmeng Ou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingping Shi
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Structural and functional insights into the mechanism of action of plant borate transporters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12328. [PMID: 34112901 PMCID: PMC8192573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron has essential roles in plant growth and development. BOR proteins are key in the active uptake and distribution of boron, and regulation of intracellular boron concentrations. However, their mechanism of action remains poorly studied. BOR proteins are homologues of the human SLC4 family of transporters, which includes well studied mammalian transporters such as the human Anion Exchanger 1 (hAE1). Here we generated Arabidopsis thaliana BOR1 (AtBOR1) variants based (i) on known disease causing mutations of hAE1 (S466R, A500R) and (ii) a loss of function mutation (D311A) identified in the yeast BOR protein, ScBOR1p. The AtBOR1 variants express in yeast and localise to the plasma membrane, although both S466R and A500R exhibit lower expression than the WT AtBOR1 and D311A. The D311A, S466R and A500R mutations result in a loss of borate efflux activity in a yeast bor1p knockout strain. A. thaliana plants containing these three individual mutations exhibit substantially decreased growth phenotypes in soil under conditions of low boron. These data confirm an important role for D311 in the function of the protein and show that mutations equivalent to disease-causing mutations in hAE1 have major effects in AtBOR1. We also obtained a low resolution cryo-EM structure of a BOR protein from Oryza sativa, OsBOR3, lacking the 30 C-terminal amino acid residues. This structure confirms the gate and core domain organisation previously observed for related proteins, and is strongly suggestive of an inward facing conformation.
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48
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Marcucci F, Corti A, Ferreri AJM. Breaching the Blood-Brain Tumor Barrier for Tumor Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102391. [PMID: 34063335 PMCID: PMC8156088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors affecting the central nervous system (CNS), either primary or secondary, are highly prevalent and represent an unmet medical need. Prognosis of these tumors remains poor, mostly due to the low intrinsic chemo/radio-sensitivity of tumor cells, a meagerly known role of the microenvironment and the poor CNS bioavailability of most used anti-cancer agents. The BBTB is the main obstacle for anticancer drugs to achieve therapeutic concentrations in the tumor tissues. During the last decades, many efforts have been devoted to the identification of modalities allowing to increase drug delivery into brain tumors. Until recently, success has been modest, as few of these approaches reached clinical testing and even less gained regulatory approval. In recent years, the scenario has changed, as various conjugates and drug delivery technologies have advanced into clinical testing, with encouraging results and without being burdened by a heavy adverse event profile. In this article, we review the different approaches aimed at increasing drug delivery to brain tumors, with particular attention to new, promising approaches that increase the permeability of the BBTB or exploit physiological transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Tumor Biology and Vascular Targeting Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrés J. M. Ferreri
- Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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49
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Rodríguez-Campuzano AG, Ortega A. Glutamate transporters: Critical components of glutamatergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2021; 192:108602. [PMID: 33991564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. Once released, it binds to specific membrane receptors and transporters activating a wide variety of signal transduction cascades, as well as its removal from the synaptic cleft in order to avoid its extracellular accumulation and the overstimulation of extra-synaptic receptors that might result in neuronal death through a process known as excitotoxicity. Although neurodegenerative diseases are heterogenous in clinical phenotypes and genetic etiologies, a fundamental mechanism involved in neuronal degeneration is excitotoxicity. Glutamate homeostasis is critical for brain physiology and Glutamate transporters are key players in maintaining low extracellular Glutamate levels. Therefore, the characterization of Glutamate transporters has been an active area of glutamatergic research for the last 40 years. Transporter activity its regulated at different levels: transcriptional and translational control, transporter protein trafficking and membrane mobility, and through extensive post-translational modifications. The elucidation of these mechanisms has emerged as an important piece to shape our current understanding of glutamate actions in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada G Rodríguez-Campuzano
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico.
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50
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Pizzagalli MD, Bensimon A, Superti‐Furga G. A guide to plasma membrane solute carrier proteins. FEBS J 2021; 288:2784-2835. [PMID: 32810346 PMCID: PMC8246967 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to serve as an introduction to the solute carrier proteins (SLC) superfamily of transporter proteins and their roles in human cells. The SLC superfamily currently includes 458 transport proteins in 65 families that carry a wide variety of substances across cellular membranes. While members of this superfamily are found throughout cellular organelles, this review focuses on transporters expressed at the plasma membrane. At the cell surface, SLC proteins may be viewed as gatekeepers of the cellular milieu, dynamically responding to different metabolic states. With altered metabolism being one of the hallmarks of cancer, we also briefly review the roles that surface SLC proteins play in the development and progression of cancer through their influence on regulating metabolism and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D. Pizzagalli
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Giulio Superti‐Furga
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Center for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
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