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Lee HH, McGeary JE, Dunsiger S, Emerson JA, Bock B, McCaffery J, Dwyer K, Bryan AD, Williams DM. Affective response to physical activity as a deep phenotype in a non-randomized pilot study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5893. [PMID: 35393456 PMCID: PMC8989978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genomic studies are beginning to identify genetic predictors of physical activity (PA). For those genetically predisposed to engage in low PA, a behavioral intervention may target a malleable factor that mediates genetic predisposition to low PA (i.e., intermediate phenotype) to mitigate the genetic influences. In a non-randomized exercise promotion pilot study, we test the feasibility of examining affective response to PA (how one feels during PA) as an intermediate phenotype between genetic variation and PA adherence. We hypothesized that three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs8044769 and rs3751812 in FTO; rs6265 in BDNF), identified from a prior systematic review, would be predictive of affective response to PA, and that affective response to PA would mediate the SNP-PA link. Forty five healthy, low-active adults received a 12-week print-based PA promotion program. Baseline affective response to PA was assessed using the Feeling Scale, a single-item measure of affective valence. Moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed using accelerometers pre- and post-intervention. We examined the three SNPs in a weighted genetic score. Age, sex, body mass index, race, and neighborhood walkability were potential covariates. Affective response to PA and MVPA at follow-up (minutes/day over 4-7 days) were regressed on variation in SNPs, controlling for covariates. One unit increase in genetic score was associated with a 0.14 higher mean Feeling Scale, though was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). Among individual SNPs, having an additional FTO rs8044769 C allele was associated with a mean Feeling Scale score of 0.53 units higher (p = 0.015), which was statistically significant after applying the corrected p-value of 0.016. The genetic score or individual SNPs were not predictive of MVPA 12 weeks later, thereby mediation analyses were not performed. The preliminary findings demonstrate the promise of the intermediate phenotype approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H Lee
- Harvard University TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - John E McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shira Dunsiger
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jessica A Emerson
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Beth Bock
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Kayla Dwyer
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - David M Williams
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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2
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Wang H, Cao D, Gillespie JC, Mendez RE, Selley DE, Liu-Chen LY, Zhang Y. Exploring the putative mechanism of allosteric modulations by mixed-action kappa/mu opioid receptor bitopic modulators. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:551-573. [PMID: 33590767 PMCID: PMC8027703 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation and selectivity mechanisms of seven mixed-action kappa opioid receptor (KOR)/mu opioid receptor (MOR) bitopic modulators were explored. Molecular modeling results indicated that the 'message' moiety of seven bitopic modulators shared the same binding mode with the orthosteric site of the KOR and MOR, whereas the 'address' moiety bound with different subdomains of the allosteric site of the KOR and MOR. The 'address' moiety of seven bitopic modulators bound to different subdomains of the allosteric site of the KOR and MOR may exhibit distinguishable allosteric modulations to the binding affinity and/or efficacy of the 'message' moiety. Moreover, the 3-hydroxy group on the phenolic moiety of the seven bitopic modulators induced selectivity to the KOR over the MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Danni Cao
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - James C Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rolando E Mendez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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3
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Lee HH, Emerson JA, Bohlen LC, Williams DM. Affective response to physical activity as an intermediate phenotype. Soc Sci Med 2021; 271:112038. [PMID: 30502097 PMCID: PMC6510653 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past seventy years, biomedical and epidemiological research has shown that regular physical activity (PA) is critical for physical and mental health. Despite this knowledge, physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, accounting for 9% (5.3 million) of premature deaths annually. We suggest this mismatch between knowing about the risks of PA and engaging in regular PA can be reconciled by focusing less on expected health benefits of PA and more on how people feel during PA. Specifically, in this position paper, we argue that affective response (feeling good versus bad) to PA is an intermediate phenotype that can explain significant variance in PA behavior and is, in turn, a function of genetic variability. In making this argument, we first review empirical evidence showing that affective response to PA predicts future physical activity behavior. Second, we systematically review research on single nucleotide morphisms (SNPs) that are associated with affective response to PA. Investigating affective response to PA as an intermediate phenotype will allow future researchers to move beyond asking "What SNPs are associated with PA?", and begin asking "How do these SNPs influence PA?", thus ultimately optimizing the translation of knowledge gained from genomic data to intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H Lee
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Jessica A Emerson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - David M Williams
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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4
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Leventhal AM, Kirkpatrick MG, Pester MS, McGeary JE, Swift RM, Sussman S, Kahler CW. Pharmacogenetics of stimulant abuse liability: association of CDH13 variant with amphetamine response in a racially-heterogeneous sample of healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:307-315. [PMID: 27771748 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a predominately Caucasian sample of healthy young adults linked greater amphetamine-induced rewarding effects with the rs3784943 G allele of the cadherin 13 (CDH13; i.e., a cell adhesion molecule implicated in neuronal connectivity) gene. This association has not been subsequently examined, nor has it been studied in Asian populations, which may have greater frequencies of the risk allele. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the association of rs3784943 with amphetamine response in a racially heterogeneous sample (37 % Asian) of healthy young adults. METHODS Participants (N = 84; 18-35 years old) genotyped for rs3784943 completed counterbalanced sessions involving 20 mg oral d-amphetamine or placebo administration. At both sessions, cardiovascular and subjective drug effects measures were collected. RESULTS In the combined racially heterogeneous sample, amphetamine (vs. placebo) effects were significantly greater on "Feel Drug" ratings (p < 0.05) and marginally greater on "Feel High" ratings and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.10) in G/A + G/G genotypes than A/A genotypes. The G allele was more common among Asian than other racial groups. Among the subsample of Asian participants (N = 31), drug effects were significantly greater on Feel Drug (p < 0.05) and marginally greater on Feel High and heart rate (p < 0.10) among Asians with G/A + G/G (vs. A/A) genotypes. CONCLUSIONS In concert with a previous GWAS result, this candidate gene study provides convergent evidence implicating CDH13 rs3784943 variant in d-amphetamine's drug effect profile and suggests generalization to Asian populations. CDH13 and genes coding for other cell adhesion molecules may be worthy of study in the biology of psychostimulant abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA
| | - Mollie S Pester
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA
| | - John E McGeary
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert M Swift
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Meta-analysis of the association between a serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and smoking cessation. Psychiatr Genet 2016; 26:87-91. [PMID: 26886943 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5-HTTLPR is one of the candidate genes influencing addiction. Recent studies have reported that the 5-HTTLPR genotype is associated with smoking behaviour, but its influence is still controversial. Thus, we reviewed the smoking-cessation outcomes among previously reported studies by comparing the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. In total, eight studies including 3206 participants for the present meta-analysis were assessed and the S/S, S/L and L/L genotypes were compared with respect to smoking-cessation outcomes. The results of comparing 5-HTTLPR genotypes were as follows: odds ratio (OR)=1.044 and 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.751-1.078 for S/S versus S/L; OR=0.862 and 95% CI=0.690-1.077 for S/L versus L/L; and OR=0.924 and 95% CI=0.689-1.433 for S/S versus L/L. We found no significant association between 5-HTTLPR and smoking cessation, but 5-HTTLPR remains an important smoking-related candidate gene.
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A review of pharmacogenetic studies of substance-related disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 152:1-14. [PMID: 25819021 PMCID: PMC4458176 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance-related disorders (SRDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Family, twin, and adoption studies have demonstrated the substantial heritability of SRDs. To determine the impact of genetic variation on risk for SRD and the response to treatment, researchers have conducted a number of secondary data analyses and quasi-experimental studies that target one or more candidate gene variants. METHODS This review examines studies in which candidate polymorphisms were examined as mediator variables to identify pharmacogenetic effects on subjective responses to drug administration or cues or outcomes of medication trials for SRDs. Efforts to use a meta-analytic approach to quantify these effects are premature because the number of available studies using similar methods and outcomes is limited, so the present review is qualitative. RESULTS Findings from these studies provide preliminary evidence of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic effects. However, independent replication of these findings has been sparse. CONCLUSIONS Although this growing body of literature has produced conflicting results, improved statistical controls may help to clarify the findings. Additionally, the use of empirically derived sub-phenotypes (i.e., which serve to differentiate distinct groups of affected individuals) may also help to identify genetic mediators of pharmacologic response in relation to SRDs. The identification of genetic mediators can inform clinical care both by identifying risk factors for SRDs and predicting adverse events and therapeutic outcomes associated with specific pharmacotherapies.
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McCracken JT, Badashova KK, Posey DJ, Aman MG, Scahill L, Tierney E, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Whelan F, Chuang SZ, Davies M, Shah B, McDougle CJ, Nurmi EL. Positive effects of methylphenidate on hyperactivity are moderated by monoaminergic gene variants in children with autism spectrum disorders. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2014; 14:295-302. [PMID: 23856854 PMCID: PMC4034115 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2013.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) reduces hyperactive-impulsive symptoms common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), however, response and tolerability varies widely. We hypothesized monoaminergic gene variants may moderate MPH effects in ASD, as in typically developing children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Genotype data were available for 64 children with ASD and hyperactivity who were exposed to MPH during a 1-week safety/tolerability lead-in phase and 58 who went on to be randomized to placebo and three doses of MPH during a 4-week blinded, crossover study. Outcome measures included the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC-hyperactivity index). A total of 14 subjects discontinued the study because of MPH side effects. Subjects were genotyped for variants in DRD1-DRD5, ADRA2A, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, MAOA and MAOB, and COMT. Forty-nine percent of the sample met positive responder criteria. In this modest but relatively homogeneous sample, significant differences by DRD1 (P=0.006), ADRA2A (P<0.02), COMT (P<0.04), DRD3 (P<0.05), DRD4 (P<0.05), SLC6A3 (P<0.05) and SLC6A4 (P<0.05) genotypes were found for responders versus non-responders. Variants in DRD2 (P<0.001) and DRD3 (P<0.04) were associated with tolerability in the 14 subjects who discontinued the trial. For this first MPH pharmacogenetic study in children with ASD, multiple monoaminergic gene variants may help explain individual differences in MPH's efficacy and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T McCracken
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K K Badashova
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D J Posey
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M G Aman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Nisonger Center UCEDD, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L Scahill
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - E Tierney
- Department of Psychiatry, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L E Arnold
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Nisonger Center UCEDD, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B Vitiello
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Whelan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Z Chuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Davies
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Shah
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C J McDougle
- Department of Psychiatry, Lurie Autism Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E L Nurmi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Psychostimulant addiction treatment. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:150-60. [PMID: 24727297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of psychostimulant addiction has been a major, and not fully met, challenge. For opioid addiction, there is strong evidence for the effectiveness of several medications. For psychostimulants, there is no corresponding form of agonist maintenance that has met criteria for regulatory approval or generally accepted use. Stimulant-use disorders remain prevalent and can result in both short-term and long-term adverse consequences. The mainstay of treatment remains behavioral interventions. In this paper, we discuss those interventions and some promising candidates in the search for pharmacological interventions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Clark DB, Chung T, Pajtek S, Zhai Z, Long E, Hasler B. Neuroimaging methods for adolescent substance use disorder prevention science. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2013; 14:300-9. [PMID: 23417665 PMCID: PMC3640678 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-012-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods safely provide in vivo indicators of cerebral macrostructure, microstructure, and activation that can be examined in relation to substance use disorder (SUD) risks and effects. This article will provide an overview of MRI approaches, including volumetric measures, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional MRI, that have been applied to studies of adolescent neuromaturation in relationship to risk phenotypes and adolescent SUD. To illustrate these applications, examples of research findings will be presented. MRI indicators have demonstrated that neurobiological maturation continues throughout adolescence. MRI research has suggested that variations in neurobiological maturation may contribute to SUD risk, and that substance use adversely influences adolescent brain development. Directly measured neurobiological variables may be viable preventive intervention targets and outcome indicators. Further research is needed to provide definitive findings on neurodevelopmental immaturity as an SUD risk and to determine the directions such observations suggest for advancing prevention science.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Clark
- School of Medicine and the School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Hart AB, de Wit H, Palmer AA. Candidate gene studies of a promising intermediate phenotype: failure to replicate. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:802-16. [PMID: 23303064 PMCID: PMC3671998 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many candidate gene studies use 'intermediate phenotypes' instead of disease diagnoses. It has been proposed that intermediate phenotypes have simpler genetic architectures such that individual alleles account for a larger percentage of trait variance. This implies that smaller samples can be used to identify genetic associations. Pharmacogenomic drug challenge studies may be an especially promising class of intermediate phenotype. We previously conducted a series of 12 candidate gene analyses of acute subjective and physiological responses to amphetamine in 99-162 healthy human volunteers (ADORA2A, SLC6A3, BDNF, SLC6A4, CSNK1E, SLC6A2, DRD2, FAAH, COMT, OPRM1). Here, we report our attempt to replicate these findings in over 200 additional participants ascertained using identical methodology. We were unable to replicate any of our previous findings. These results raise critical issues related to non-replication of candidate gene studies, such as power, sample size, multiple testing within and between studies, publication bias and the expectation that true allelic effect sizes are similar to those reported in genome-wide association studies. Many of these factors may have contributed to our failure to replicate our previous findings. Our results should instill caution in those considering similarly designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Hart AB, Engelhardt BE, Wardle MC, Sokoloff G, Stephens M, de Wit H, Palmer AA. Genome-wide association study of d-amphetamine response in healthy volunteers identifies putative associations, including cadherin 13 (CDH13). PLoS One 2012; 7:e42646. [PMID: 22952603 PMCID: PMC3429486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the subjective response to d-amphetamine and the risk for amphetamine addiction are known to be heritable traits. Because subjective responses to drugs may predict drug addiction, identifying alleles that influence acute response may also provide insight into the genetic risk factors for drug abuse. We performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) for the subjective responses to amphetamine in 381 non-drug abusing healthy volunteers. Responses to amphetamine were measured using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design. We used sparse factor analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the data to ten factors. We identified several putative associations; the strongest was between a positive subjective drug-response factor and a SNP (rs3784943) in the 8(th) intron of cadherin 13 (CDH13; P = 4.58×10(-8)), a gene previously associated with a number of psychiatric traits including methamphetamine dependence. Additionally, we observed a putative association between a factor representing the degree of positive affect at baseline and a SNP (rs472402) in the 1(st) intron of steroid-5-alpha-reductase-α-polypeptide-1 (SRD5A1; P = 2.53×10(-7)), a gene whose protein product catalyzes the rate-limiting step in synthesis of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone. This SNP belongs to an LD-block that has been previously associated with the expression of SRD5A1 and differences in SRD5A1 enzymatic activity. The purpose of this study was to begin to explore the genetic basis of subjective responses to stimulant drugs using a GWAS approach in a modestly sized sample. Our approach provides a case study for analysis of high-dimensional intermediate pharmacogenomic phenotypes, which may be more tractable than clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Engelhardt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Margaret C. Wardle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew Stephens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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12
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Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL. Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1167-231. [PMID: 22392347 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamines represent a class of psychotropic compounds, widely abused for their stimulant, euphoric, anorectic, and, in some cases, emphathogenic, entactogenic, and hallucinogenic properties. These compounds derive from the β-phenylethylamine core structure and are kinetically and dynamically characterized by easily crossing the blood-brain barrier, to resist brain biotransformation and to release monoamine neurotransmitters from nerve endings. Although amphetamines are widely acknowledged as synthetic drugs, of which amphetamine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are well-known examples, humans have used natural amphetamines for several millenniums, through the consumption of amphetamines produced in plants, namely cathinone (khat), obtained from the plant Catha edulis and ephedrine, obtained from various plants in the genus Ephedra. More recently, a wave of new amphetamines has emerged in the market, mainly constituted of cathinone derivatives, including mephedrone, methylone, methedrone, and buthylone, among others. Although intoxications by amphetamines continue to be common causes of emergency department and hospital admissions, it is frequent to find the sophism that amphetamine derivatives, namely those appearing more recently, are relatively safe. However, human intoxications by these drugs are increasingly being reported, with similar patterns compared to those previously seen with classical amphetamines. That is not surprising, considering the similar structures and mechanisms of action among the different amphetamines, conferring similar toxicokinetic and toxicological profiles to these compounds. The aim of the present review is to give an insight into the pharmacokinetics, general mechanisms of biological and toxicological actions, and the main target organs for the toxicity of amphetamines. Although there is still scarce knowledge from novel amphetamines to draw mechanistic insights, the long-studied classical amphetamines-amphetamine itself, as well as methamphetamine and MDMA, provide plenty of data that may be useful to predict toxicological outcome to improvident abusers and are for that reason the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
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Bryant CD, Parker CC, Zhou L, Olker C, Chandrasekaran RY, Wager TT, Bolivar VJ, Loudon AS, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW, Palmer AA. Csnk1e is a genetic regulator of sensitivity to psychostimulants and opioids. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1026-35. [PMID: 22089318 PMCID: PMC3280656 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Csnk1e, the gene encoding casein kinase 1-epsilon, has been implicated in sensitivity to amphetamines. Additionally, a polymorphism in CSNK1E was associated with heroin addiction, suggesting that this gene may also affect opioid sensitivity. In this study, we first conducted genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of methamphetamine (MA)-induced locomotor activity in C57BL/6J (B6) × DBA/2J (D2)-F(2) mice and a more highly recombinant F(8) advanced intercross line. We identified a QTL on chromosome 15 that contained Csnk1e (63-86 Mb; Csnk1e=79.25 Mb). We replicated this result and further narrowed the locus using B6.D2(Csnk1e) and D2.B6(Csnk1e) reciprocal congenic lines (78-86.8 and 78.7-81.6 Mb, respectively). This locus also affected sensitivity to the μ-opioid receptor agonist fentanyl. Next, we directly tested the hypothesis that Csnk1e is a genetic regulator of sensitivity to psychostimulants and opioids. Mice harboring a null allele of Csnk1e showed an increase in locomotor activity following MA administration. Consistent with this result, coadministration of a selective pharmacological inhibitor of Csnk1e (PF-4800567) increased the locomotor stimulant response to both MA and fentanyl. These results show that a narrow genetic locus that contains Csnk1e is associated with differences in sensitivity to MA and fentanyl. Furthermore, gene knockout and selective pharmacological inhibition of Csnk1e define its role as a negative regulator of sensitivity to psychostimulants and opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camron D Bryant
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clarissa C Parker
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lili Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Olker
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Travis T Wager
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Valerie J Bolivar
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Andrew S Loudon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martha H Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Fred W Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E 58th Street, CLSC 507D, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Tel: +1 773 834 2897, Fax: +1 773 834 0505, E-mail:
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14
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Biernacka JM, McElroy SL, Crow S, Sharp A, Benitez J, Veldic M, Kung S, Cunningham JM, Post RM, Mrazek D, Frye MA. Pharmacogenomics of antidepressant induced mania: a review and meta-analysis of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTTLPR) association. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:e21-e29. [PMID: 21680025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants can trigger a rapid mood switch from depression to mania. Identifying genetic risk factors associated with antidepressant induced mania (AIM) may enable individualized treatment strategies for bipolar depression. This review and meta-analysis evaluates the evidence for association between the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) and AIM. METHODS Medline up to November 2009 was searched for key words bipolar, antidepressant, serotonin transporter, SLC6A4, switch, and mania. RESULTS Five studies have evaluated the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism and AIM in adults (total N=340 AIM+ cases, N=543 AIM- controls). Although a random effects meta-analysis showed weak evidence of association of the S allele with AIM+ status, a test of heterogeneity indicated significant differences in estimated genetic effects between studies. A similar weak association was observed in a meta-analysis based on a subset of three studies that excluded patients on mood stabilizers; however the result was again not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS Few pharmacogenomic studies of antidepressant treatment of bipolar disorder have been published. The completed studies were underpowered and often lacked important phenotypic information regarding potential confounders such as concurrent use of mood stabilizers or rapid cycling. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient published data to confirm an association between 5HTTLPR and antidepressant induced mania. Pharmacogenomic studies of antidepressant induced mania have high potential clinical impact provided future studies are of adequate sample size and include rigorously assessed patient characteristics (e.g. ancestry, rapid cycling, concurrent mood stabilization, and length of antidepressant exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; The Bipolar Collaborative Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Alexis Sharp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joachim Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Medical Center, Mayo Health System, Austin, MN, United States
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Simon Kung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Robert M Post
- The Bipolar Collaborative Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David Mrazek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; The Bipolar Collaborative Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Hart AB, de Wit H, Palmer AA. Genetic factors modulating the response to stimulant drugs in humans. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 12:537-77. [PMID: 22261702 PMCID: PMC3388157 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals vary in their responses to stimulant drugs, and several lines of evidence suggest that the basis for this variation is at least partially genetic in origin. Association studies have examined the effects of polymorphisms in specific genes on acute and chronic responses to stimulant drugs. Several of these genetic polymorphisms are also associated with other psychiatric dimensions and disorders.This chapter examines the evidence for genetic associations between the genes that have been most carefully examined for their influence on the response to stimulant drugs.
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Abstract
Amphetamine-group substances are used worldwide and are more prevalent than either cocaine or opioids. We reviewed published reports about amphetamine-group substances and did a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of behavioural interventions for their use. Most research was done in developed countries. Many, but not all, studies show an association between amphetamine-group substance use and risk of HIV infection. Much use of amphetamine-group substances is non-injection and is associated with increased HIV risk, particularly in men who have sex with men. The structural, social, interpersonal, and personal factors that link to amphetamine-group substance use and HIV risk are poorly understood. 13 studies, with a cumulative sample size of 1997 individuals, qualified for the meta-analysis. Overall, high-intensity behavioural interventions were moderately effective in reducing use of amphetamine-group substances (effect size 0.28, 95% CI 0.13-0.44). We did not find conclusive evidence that behavioural interventions as a group are more effective than are passive or minium treatment for reduction of amphetamine-group substance use or sexual risk behaviours. The search for effective, scalable, and sustainable interventions for amphetamine-group substance use, including pharmacotherapies, should be supported and encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Colfax
- HIV Prevention Section, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA.
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Zeiger JS, Haberstick BC, Corley RP, Ehringer MA, Crowley TJ, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Stallings MC, Young SE, Rhee SH. Subjective effects to marijuana associated with marijuana use in community and clinical subjects. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 109:161-6. [PMID: 20149559 PMCID: PMC3000695 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug among adolescents. Marijuana use induces both psychological and physiological responses, which can be interpreted by an individual in a variety of ways (i.e. subjective effects). We have examined subjective effects in adolescent, young adult community, and clinical populations to determine how patterns of use may be predicted by an individual's subjective experiences with the drug. METHOD Participants were community and clinical sample subjects drawn from the Colorado Center of Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) and a sample of adjudicated youth from the Denver metropolitan area (aged 11-30). They were evaluated with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM) and the Lyons battery for subjective effects. Scales for subjective effects were created using Mokken scale analysis. Multivariate linear and logistic regression was used to examine associations between the subjective scales and marijuana outcomes. RESULTS Mokken scaling revealed two subjective effects scales, positive and negative. Both scales were significantly positively associated with marijuana abuse or dependence in both the community and clinical sample and regular use in the community sample. The negative scale was negatively associated with past six-month use in the community sample (p<0.05) and clinical sample, after controlling for age and gender effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that diverse subjective experiences with marijuana can be ordered hierarchically and that the resulting short scales can be used in either clinical or community settings. Further, they suggest that the potential for marijuana use problems is related to the type of subjective experience from marijuana exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S. Zeiger
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States,Corresponding author: Joanna S. Zeiger, Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, UCB 447, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0447, USA, Phone: 303-815-3914, Fax: 303-492-8063,
| | - Brett C. Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Thomas J. Crowley
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box C268-35, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309. United States
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box C268-35, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309. United States
| | - Susan E. Young
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309. United States
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More aroused, less fatigued: fatty acid amide hydrolase gene polymorphisms influence acute response to amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:613-22. [PMID: 19890266 PMCID: PMC2945903 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine is a stimulant drug that enhances attention and feelings of alertness. Amphetamine's effects are known to be modulated by endogenous cannabinoids, which are degraded by the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). In this study we investigated inter-individual differences in mood response to amphetamine in relation to four polymorphisms in the FAAH gene, including the FAAH missense variant rs324420C --> A (Pro129Thr), which was previously found to be associated with street drug use and addictive traits. One hundred and fifty-nine healthy Caucasian volunteers participated in a three-session, double-blind crossover study receiving either placebo or oral d-amphetamine (10 and 20 mg). Associations between individual genotypes and levels of self-reported Arousal (Profile of Mood States) after d-amphetamine ingestion were investigated using two-way ANOVAs/ANCOVAs. Association analyses for haplotypes were performed using the adaptive permutation approach implemented in PLINK. Genotypes at rs3766246 and rs2295633 were significantly associated with increased ratings of Arousal (p<0.05) and Fatigue (p<0.01) after the 10-mg dose. Fatigue levels were also found to be associated with the haplotypes CCC and TAT formed from rs3766246, rs324420, and rs2295633 (p<0.05). These data suggest that the endocannabinoid system influences variation in subjective response to amphetamine. This has important implications for understanding the role of endogenous cannabinoids in response to amphetamine, studies of poly-substance abuse, and understanding the genetic determinants of inter-individual differences in stimulant effects and risk of abuse.
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McGough JJ, McCracken JT, Loo SK, Manganiello M, Leung MC, Tietjens JR, Trinh T, Baweja S, Suddath R, Smalley SL, Hellemann G, Sugar CA. A candidate gene analysis of methylphenidate response in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48:1155-64. [PMID: 19858760 PMCID: PMC2888980 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3181bc72e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the potential role of candidate genes in moderating treatment effects of methylphenidate (MPH) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD Eighty-two subjects with ADHD aged 6 to 17 years participated in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose, crossover titration trial of immediate release MPH three times daily. The subjects were assessed on a variety of parent and clinician ratings and a laboratory math test. Data reduction based on principal components analysis identified statistically derived efficacy and side effect outcomes. RESULTS Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom response was predicted by polymorphisms at the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) intron 2 VNTR (p = .01), with a suggested trend for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) (p = .04). Gene × dose interactions were noted on math test outcomes for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) promoter (p = .008), DRD4 exon 3 VNTR (p = .006), and SLC6A4 promoter insertion/deletion polymorphism (5HTTLPR) (p = .02). Irritability was predicted by COMT (p = .02). Vegetative symptoms were predicted by 5HTTLPR (p = .003). No significant effects were noted for the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) or synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25). CONCLUSIONS This article confirms and expands previous studies suggesting that genes moderate ADHD treatment response. The ADHD outcomes are not unitary but reflect both behavioral and learning domains that are likely influenced by different genes. Future research should emphasize candidate gene and genome-wide association studies in larger samples, symptom reduction as well as side effects outcomes, and responses over full therapeutic dose ranges to assess differences in both gene and gene × dose interactive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J McGough
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Further evidence of association between amphetamine response and SLC6A2 gene variants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 206:501-11. [PMID: 19727679 PMCID: PMC4242585 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE We previously found that the intronic norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) polymorphism rs36017 modulates feelings of elation after administration of 20 mg D-amphetamine in healthy volunteers. OBJECTIVES In this study, we further investigated the association between D-amphetamine response and 11 SLC6A2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs36017, in an extended sample of Caucasian young adults. METHODS One hundred fifty-nine healthy volunteers participated in a three-session double-blind crossover design receiving either placebo or oral D-amphetamine (10 and 20 mg). Based on our previous results, we examined the associations between levels of self-reported elation and vigor after D-amphetamine administration and SNPs and SNP haplotypes in SLC6A2. RESULTS Consistent with our previous findings, SNPs rs36017 and rs1861647 were associated with significantly higher ratings of elation and vigor after 20 mg Damphetamine. Ratings of vigor after 20 mg D-amphetamine were also associated with a two-SNP haplotype formed with rs1861647 and rs5569 and a three-SNP haplotype formed with rs36017, rs10521329, and rs3785155. CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence that genetic variants in the SLC6A2 gene are involved in acute response to D-amphetamine, which may influence progression to amphetamine abuse. Identifying sources of variation in acute drug responses could lead to better prevention and treatment of psychostimulant abuse and may be valuable in the therapeutic use of stimulants.
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Dlugos AM, Palmer AA, de Wit H. Negative emotionality: monoamine oxidase B gene variants modulate personality traits in healthy humans. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1323-34. [PMID: 19657584 PMCID: PMC3653168 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A and B (MAOA and MAOB) appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of Major Depression, and vulnerability of Major Depression is associated with personality traits relating to positive and negative affect. This study aimed to investigate associations between MAOA and MAOB polymorphisms and personality traits of positive and negative emotionality in healthy volunteers, to elucidate mechanisms underlying personality and the risk for depression. Healthy Caucasian volunteers (N = 150) completed the Multiphasic Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), which includes independent superfactors of Positive Emotionality and Negative Emotionality. Participants were genotyped for 8 MAOA and 12 MAOB single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Association analyses for both SNPs and haplotypes were performed using the permutation approach implemented in PLINK. Negative Emotionality was significantly associated with the two highly linked MAOB polymorphisms rs10521432 and rs6651806 (p < 0.002). Findings were extended in haplotype analyses. For MAOB the 4-SNP haplotype GACG formed from rs1799836, rs10521432, rs6651806 and rs590551 was significantly related to lower Negative Emotionality scores (p < 0.002). MAOA was not related to personality in this study. Our finding provides the first evidence that MAOB polymorphisms influence levels of negative emotionality in healthy human volunteers. If confirmed, these results could lead to a better understanding of personality traits and inter-individual susceptibility developing psychiatric disorders such as major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Dlugos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL MC3077, USA,
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL MC3077, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL MC3077, USA,
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Haile CN, Kosten TR, Kosten TA. Pharmacogenetic treatments for drug addiction: cocaine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009; 35:161-77. [PMID: 19462300 DOI: 10.1080/00952990902825447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenetics uses genetic variation to predict individual differences in response to medications and holds much promise to improve treatment of addictive disorders. OBJECTIVES To review how genetic variation affects responses to cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine and how this information may guide pharmacotherapy. METHODS We performed a cross-referenced literature search on pharmacogenetics, cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. RESULTS We describe functional genetic variants for enzymes dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and dopamine transporter (DAT1), dopamine D4 receptor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; C-1021T) in the DbetaH gene is relevant to paranoia associated with disulfiram pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction. Individuals with variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) of the SLC6A3 gene 3'-untranslated region polymorphism of DAT1 have altered responses to drugs. The 10/10 repeat respond poorly to methylphenidate pharmacotherapy and the 9/9 DAT1 variant show blunted euphoria and physiological response to amphetamine. COMT, D4 receptor, and BDNF polymorphisms are linked to methamphetamine abuse and psychosis. CONCLUSIONS Disulfiram and methylphenidate pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction are optimized by considering polymorphisms affecting DbetaH and DAT1 respectively. Altered subjective effects for amphetamine in DAT1 VNTR variants suggest a 'protected' phenotype. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Pharmacogenetic-based treatments for psychostimulant addiction are critical for successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N Haile
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Reduced sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine is associated with increased sensitivity to its discriminative stimulus properties. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 20:67-77. [PMID: 19125118 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283242fdd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Outbred Long-Evans rats exhibit wide variation in their locomotor response to cocaine. Here, we investigated the relationship between these individual differences and interoceptive effects of cocaine in low cocaine responder (LCR) and high cocaine responder (HCR) phenotypes. Rats were trained to discriminate cocaine (10.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) from saline by repeated pairings of injections with one of two response levers. In subsequent tests for stimulus generalization to other cocaine doses (1.25-15.0 mg/kg), LCRs exhibited partial-to-full generalization at 1.85 and 2.5 mg/kg cocaine, respectively, whereas HCRs did not. When the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (5.0 mg/kg) was coadministered with saline or different cocaine doses, we observed similar upward shifts in dose-response in both phenotypes. In contrast, coadministration of the 5-HT2A/2C agonist (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI; 0.3 mg/kg) led to partial substitution of DOI for cocaine and enhancement of the stimulus properties of 1.25 mg/kg cocaine in LCRs only. Finally, a retest of cocaine-induced locomotion after discrimination testing revealed marked behavioral sensitization in LCRs and modest changes in behavior in HCRs. Taken together, these results suggest that initial sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine is inversely related to its interoceptive properties and that differences in 5-HT systems may contribute to the phenotypic differences observed.
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Abstract
Amfetamine abuse has grown into a worldwide epidemic. Methamfetamine, a derivative of amfetamine made from readily accessible chemicals, has plagued the US since the 1960s, with an alarming recent surge in the numbers of those meeting the criteria for amfetamine abuse and dependence. We review this problem using a computerised literature search (PubMed 1964-2007) to summarise knowledge from animal and human studies about treatments for amfetamine dependence, while exploring the potential of pharmacogenetics to help uncover new treatment targets. Several promising therapeutic targets have come from animal models of reward, drug-taking behaviour and withdrawal. Although preclinical and selected clinical results have been promising, clinical studies have yielded inconsistent results. To improve these outcomes, pharmacogenetic studies may be used to identify candidate alleles that predict therapeutic response. Exciting preclinical findings and a steady progression of clinical results offer hope for the development of a treatment for amfetamine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Hill
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478-9106, USA.
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Gulley JM. Individual differences in novelty- and cocaine-induced locomotor activity as predictors of food-reinforced operant behavior in two outbred rat strains. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:749-57. [PMID: 17408729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A goal of the current study was to determine if individual differences in cocaine-induced locomotion, which has been shown in outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to be correlated with differential function of dopamine transporters, were also evident in Long-Evans (LE) rats. Another objective was to determine if differences in locomotion following exposure to novelty or cocaine predicted food-reinforced behavior. Between-strain comparisons of open-field activity revealed similar effects of 10 mg/kg cocaine, although increases in rearing were prominent in LE rats. Both strains exhibited robust individual differences in cocaine-induced locomotion, with nearly identical ambulatory behavior observed in low and high cocaine responders (LCRs and HCRs, respectively) from the two strains. In a cued-discrimination operant task, LE rats learned the contingency in fewer sessions, whereas SD rats obtained more food pellets at fixed ratio 10 and maintained higher progressive ratio (PR) breakpoints. HCRs from both strains also tended to maintain higher PR breakpoints; low and high responders to novelty (LR and HR, respectively) had no consistent differences in food-reinforced behavior. Overall, these studies suggest that wide individual differences in cocaine-induced behavior are common to SD and LE strains and certain differences in food-reinforced behavior are associated with HCRs compared to LCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gulley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 731 Psychology Bldg MC-716, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign IL 61820, USA.
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