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Mastraccio KE, Huaman C, Coggins SA, Clouse C, Rader M, Yan L, Mandal P, Hussain I, Ahmed AE, Ho T, Feasley A, Vu BK, Smith IL, Markotter W, Weir DL, Laing ED, Broder CC, Schaefer BC. mAb therapy controls CNS-resident lyssavirus infection via a CD4 T cell-dependent mechanism. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16394. [PMID: 37767784 PMCID: PMC10565638 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with rabies virus (RABV) and related lyssaviruses are uniformly fatal once virus accesses the central nervous system (CNS) and causes disease signs. Current immunotherapies are thus focused on the early, pre-symptomatic stage of disease, with the goal of peripheral neutralization of virus to prevent CNS infection. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of F11, an anti-lyssavirus human monoclonal antibody (mAb), on established lyssavirus infections. We show that a single dose of F11 limits viral load in the brain and reverses disease signs following infection with a lethal dose of lyssavirus, even when administered after initiation of robust virus replication in the CNS. Importantly, we found that F11-dependent neutralization is not sufficient to protect animals from mortality, and a CD4 T cell-dependent adaptive immune response is required for successful control of infection. F11 significantly changes the spectrum of leukocyte populations in the brain, and the FcRγ-binding function of F11 contributes to therapeutic efficacy. Thus, mAb therapy can drive potent neutralization-independent T cell-mediated effects, even against an established CNS infection by a lethal neurotropic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Mastraccio
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
- Present address:
Wadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Celeste Huaman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Si'Ana A Coggins
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Caitlyn Clouse
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Madeline Rader
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Pratyusha Mandal
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Anwar E Ahmed
- Department of Preventive Medicine and BiostatisticsUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Trung Ho
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Austin Feasley
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Bang K Vu
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Present address:
Lentigen Technology, Inc.GaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Ina L Smith
- Risk Evaluation and Preparedness Program, Health and BiosecurityCSIROBlack MountainACTAustralia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory ServicePretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Dawn L Weir
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Present address:
The Center for Bio/Molecular Science and EngineeringU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Brian C Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
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2
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Ren M, Zhou Y, Tu T, Jiang D, Pang M, Li Y, Luo Y, Yao X, Yang Z, Wang Y. RVG Peptide-Functionalized Favipiravir Nanoparticle Delivery System Facilitates Antiviral Therapy of Neurotropic Virus Infection in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065851. [PMID: 36982925 PMCID: PMC10058582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses severely damage the central nervous system (CNS) and human health. Common neurotropic viruses include rabies virus (RABV), Zika virus, and poliovirus. When treating neurotropic virus infection, obstruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) reduces the efficiency of drug delivery to the CNS. An efficient intracerebral delivery system can significantly increase intracerebral delivery efficiency and facilitate antiviral therapy. In this study, a rabies virus glycopeptide (RVG) functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) packaging favipiravir (T-705) was developed to generate T-705@MSN-RVG. It was further evaluated for drug delivery and antiviral treatment in a VSV-infected mouse model. The RVG, a polypeptide consisting of 29 amino acids, was conjugated on the nanoparticle to enhance CNS delivery. The T-705@MSN-RVG caused a significant decrease in virus titers and virus proliferation without inducing substantial cell damage in vitro. By releasing T-705, the nanoparticle promoted viral inhibition in the brain during infection. At 21 days post-infection (dpi), a significantly enhanced survival ratio (77%) was observed in the group inoculated with nanoparticle compared with the non-treated group (23%). The viral RNA levels were also decreased in the therapy group at 4 and 6 dpi compared with that of the control group. The T-705@MSN-RVG could be considered a promising system for CNS delivery for treating neurotropic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Teng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dike Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Maonan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Animal Quarantine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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3
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Sui B, Zhao J, Zheng J, Zhou M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L. lncRNA EDAL restricts rabies lyssavirus replication in a cell-specific and infection route-dependent manner. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35234607 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies lyssavirus (RABV), is a fatal disease among humans and almost all warm-blooded animals. Our previous study showed that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) EZH2 degradation-associated lncRNA (EDAL) effectively inhibits RABV infection both in vitro and in vivo by degrading EZH2 and promoting the transcription of an antiviral gene, Pcp4l1. Herein, we found that recombinant RABV expressing EDAL (rRABV-EDAL) restricts RABV replication in primary granule neurons but not in primary cortical neurons or astrocytes. Further study revealed that EDAL induced EZH2 protein degradation and thereby decreased trimethylation of lysine 27 on the histone 3 (H3K27me3) level in granule neuron cells but not in cortical neurons or astrocytes. Furthermore, rRABV-EDAL infection induces more Pcp4l1 mRNA transcription in granule neurons, while there are almost no obvious changes in cortical neurons or astrocytes. Consistently, compared with the parent virus RABV, reduced pathogenicity of rRABV-EDAL was observed in mice post-intranasal infection but not intramuscular infection. These results suggest that the lncRNA EDAL restricts RABV replication in a cell-specific and infection route-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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4
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Zhang Y, Xing X, Long B, Cao Y, Hu S, Li X, Yu Y, Tian D, Sui B, Luo Z, Liu W, Lv L, Wu Q, Dai J, Zhou M, Han H, Fu ZF, Gong H, Bai F, Zhao L. A spatial and cellular distribution of rabies virus infection in the mouse brain revealed by fMOST and single-cell RNA sequencing. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e700. [PMID: 35051311 PMCID: PMC8776042 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotropic virus infection can cause serious damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in both humans and animals. The complexity of the CNS poses unique challenges to investigate the infection of these viruses in the brain using traditional techniques. METHODS In this study, we explore the use of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to map the spatial and cellular distribution of a representative neurotropic virus, rabies virus (RABV), in the whole brain. Mice were inoculated with a lethal dose of a recombinant RABV encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under different infection routes, and a three-dimensional (3D) view of RABV distribution in the whole mouse brain was obtained using fMOST. Meanwhile, we pinpointed the cellular distribution of RABV by utilizing scRNA-seq. RESULTS Our fMOST data provided the 3D view of a neurotropic virus in the whole mouse brain, which indicated that the spatial distribution of RABV in the brain was influenced by the infection route. Interestingly, we provided evidence that RABV could infect multiple nuclei related to fear independent of different infection routes. More surprisingly, our scRNA-seq data revealed that besides neurons RABV could infect macrophages and the infiltrating macrophages played at least three different antiviral roles during RABV infection. CONCLUSION This study draws a comprehensively spatial and cellular map of typical neurotropic virus infection in the mouse brain, providing a novel and insightful strategy to investigate the pathogenesis of RABV and other neurotropic viruses.
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5
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A novel Betaretrovirus discovered in cattle with neurological disease and encephalitis. Retrovirology 2021; 18:40. [PMID: 34930327 PMCID: PMC8686636 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of emerging infectious diseases in humans are of animal origin, and many of them are caused by neuropathogenic viruses. Many cases of neurological disease and encephalitis in livestock remain etiologically unresolved, posing a constant threat to animal and human health. Thus, continuous extension of our knowledge of the repertoire of viruses prone to infect the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for pathogen monitoring and the early detection of emerging viruses. Using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics, we discovered a new retrovirus, bovine retrovirus CH15 (BoRV CH15), in the CNS of a cow with non-suppurative encephalitis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the affiliation of BoRV CH15 to the genus Betaretrovirus. Results BoRV CH15 genomes were identified prospectively and retrospectively by PCR, RT-PCR, and HTS, with targeting of viral RNA and proviral DNA, in six additional diseased cows investigated over a period of > 20 years and of different geographical origins. The virus was not found in brain samples from healthy slaughtered control animals (n = 130). We determined the full-length proviral genomes from six of the seven investigated animals and, using in situ hybridization, identified viral RNA in the cytoplasm of cells morphologically compatible with neurons in diseased brains. Conclusions Further screening of brain samples, virus isolation, and infection studies are needed to estimate the significance of these findings and the causative association of BoRV CH15 with neurological disease and encephalitis in cattle. However, with the full-length proviral sequences of BoRV CH15 genomes, we provide the basis for a molecular clone and further in vitro investigation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-021-00585-x.
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6
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Viral and Prion Infections Associated with Central Nervous System Syndromes in Brazil. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071370. [PMID: 34372576 PMCID: PMC8310075 DOI: 10.3390/v13071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are among the most serious problems in public health and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, where these manifestations have been neglected. Typically, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella-zoster, and enterovirus are responsible for a high number of cases in immunocompetent hosts, whereas other herpesviruses (for example, cytomegalovirus) are the most common in immunocompromised individuals. Arboviruses have also been associated with outbreaks with a high burden of neurological disorders, such as the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil. There is a current lack of understanding in Brazil about the most common viruses involved in CNS infections. In this review, we briefly summarize the most recent studies and findings associated with the CNS, in addition to epidemiological data that provide extensive information on the circulation and diversity of the most common neuro-invasive viruses in Brazil. We also highlight important aspects of the prion-associated diseases. This review provides readers with better knowledge of virus-associated CNS infections. A deeper understanding of these infections will support the improvement of the current surveillance strategies to allow the timely monitoring of the emergence/re-emergence of neurotropic viruses.
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7
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Live Viral Vaccine Neurovirulence Screening: Current and Future Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070710. [PMID: 34209433 PMCID: PMC8310194 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Live viral vaccines are one of the most successful methods for controlling viral infections but require strong evidence to indicate that they are properly attenuated. Screening for residual neurovirulence is an important aspect for live viral vaccines against potentially neurovirulent diseases. Approximately half of all emerging viral diseases have neurological effects, so testing of future vaccines will need to be rapid and accurate. The current method, the monkey neurovirulence test (MNVT), shows limited translatability for human diseases and does not account for different viral pathogenic mechanisms. This review discusses the MNVT and potential alternative models, including in vivo and in vitro methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed, and there are promising data indicating high levels of translatability. There is a need to investigate these models more thoroughly and to devise more accurate and rapid alternatives to the MNVT.
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8
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Lin SC, Lehman CW, Stewart AK, Panny L, Bracci N, Wright JLC, Paige M, Strangman WK, Kehn-Hall K. Homoseongomycin, a compound isolated from marine actinomycete bacteria K3-1, is a potent inhibitor of encephalitic alphaviruses. Antiviral Res 2021; 191:105087. [PMID: 33965437 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine microorganisms have been a resource for novel therapeutic drugs for decades. In addition to anticancer drugs, the drug acyclovir, derived from a marine sponge, is FDA-approved for the treatment of human herpes simplex virus-1 infections. Most alphaviruses that are infectious to terrestrial animals and humans, such as Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV and EEEV), lack efficient antiviral drugs and it is imperative to develop these remedies. To push the discovery and development of anti-alphavirus compounds forward, this study aimed to isolate and screen for potential antiviral compounds from cultured marine microbes originating from the marine environment. Compounds from marine microbes were of interest as they are prolific producers of bioactive compounds across the spectrum of human diseases and infections. Homoseongomycin, an actinobacteria isolated from a marine sponge displayed impressive activity against VEEV from a total of 76 marine bioactive products. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) for homoseongomycin was 8.6 μM for suppressing VEEV TC-83 luciferase reporter virus replication. Homoseongomycin was non-toxic up to 50 μM and partially rescued cells from VEEV induced cell death. Homoseongomycin exhibited highly efficient antiviral activity with a reduction of VEEV infectious titers by 8 log10 at 50 μM. It also inhibited EEEV replication with an EC50 of 1.2 μM. Mechanism of action studies suggest that homoseongomycin affects both early and late stages of the viral life cycle. Cells treated with 25 μM of homoseongomycin had a ~90% reduction in viral entry. In comparison, later stages showed a more robust reduction in infectious titers (6 log10) and VEEV extracellular viral RNA levels (4 log10), but a lesser impact on intracellular viral RNA levels (1.5 log10). In sum, this work demonstrates that homoseongomycin is a potential anti-VEEV and anti-EEEV compound due to its low cytotoxicity and potent antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chao Lin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA; Bachelor Degree in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Caitlin W Lehman
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Allison K Stewart
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Lauren Panny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Nicole Bracci
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jeffrey L C Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Mikell Paige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Wendy K Strangman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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9
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Bachilo EV. [Mental health of population during the COVID-19 pandemic]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:130-136. [PMID: 33244969 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The coronovirus COVID-19 pandemic is a very strong challenge for the public health system and the general population. Despite the existing experience in eliminating epidemics and their consequences in the world, including experience in maintaining mental health, the new coronavirus infection entails new problems that need to be addressed as soon as possible. Important is the need to mobilize psychological and psychiatric service. The article is a review of literature published mainly in 2019-2020. The databases used were PubMed, Elsevierscience and Google Scholar. The paper presents relevant data on risk factors for mental disorders during a pandemic, the range of psychological reactions and symptoms of mental disorders in the population, the characteristics of the management of patients with mental disorders, and the role of the psychological and psychiatric unit during this period. The consolidation of efforts and the quickest possible start of solving mental health problems will help to avoid significant consequences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Bachilo
- Educational and Research Center of Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Malekmohammad K, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Sardari S, Sewell RDE. Effective Antiviral Medicinal Plants and Biological Compounds Against Central Nervous System Infections: A Mechanistic Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 17:469-483. [PMID: 31309894 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190715114741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Infectious diseases are amongst the leading causes of death in the world and central nervous system infections produced by viruses may either be fatal or generate a wide range of symptoms that affect global human health. Most antiviral plants contain active phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, some of which play an important antiviral role. Herein, we present a background to viral central nervous system (CNS) infections, followed by a review of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that are effective against viral pathogens in CNS infections. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted on scientific databases including: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The relevant keywords used as search terms were: "myelitis", "encephalitis", "meningitis", "meningoencephalitis", "encephalomyelitis", "central nervous system", "brain", "spinal cord", "infection", "virus", "medicinal plants", and "biological compounds". RESULTS The most significant viruses involved in central nervous system infections are: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), West Nile Virus (WNV), Enterovirus 71 (EV71), Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), and Dengue Virus (DENV). The inhibitory activity of medicinal plants against CNS viruses is mostly active through prevention of viral binding to cell membranes, blocking viral genome replication, prevention of viral protein expression, scavenging reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and reduction of plaque formation. CONCLUSION Due to the increased resistance of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and parasites) to antimicrobial therapies, alternative treatments, especially using plant sources and their bioactive constituents, appear to be more fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khojasteh Malekmohammad
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samira Sardari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Robert D E Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom
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11
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Sui B, Chen D, Liu W, Wu Q, Tian B, Li Y, Hou J, Liu S, Xie J, Jiang H, Luo Z, Lv L, Huang F, Li R, Zhang C, Tian Y, Cui M, Zhou M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhang Y, Zhao L. A novel antiviral lncRNA, EDAL, shields a T309 O-GlcNAcylation site to promote EZH2 lysosomal degradation. Genome Biol 2020; 21:228. [PMID: 32873321 PMCID: PMC7465408 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central nervous system (CNS) is vulnerable to viral infection, yet few host factors in the CNS are known to defend against invasion by neurotropic viruses. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been revealed to play critical roles in a wide variety of biological processes and are highly abundant in the mammalian brain, but their roles in defending against invasion of pathogens into the CNS remain unclear. RESULTS We report here that multiple neurotropic viruses, including rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and herpes simplex virus 1, elicit the neuronal expression of a host-encoded lncRNA EDAL. EDAL inhibits the replication of these neurotropic viruses in neuronal cells and rabies virus infection in mouse brains. EDAL binds to the conserved histone methyltransferase enhancer of zest homolog 2 (EZH2) and specifically causes EZH2 degradation via lysosomes, reducing the cellular H3K27me3 level. The antiviral function of EDAL resides in a 56-nt antiviral substructure through which its 18-nt helix-loop intimately contacts multiple EZH2 sites surrounding T309, a known O-GlcNAcylation site. EDAL positively regulates the transcription of Pcp4l1 encoding a 10-kDa peptide, which inhibits the replication of multiple neurotropic viruses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that a neuronal lncRNA can exert an effective antiviral function via blocking a specific O-GlcNAcylation that determines EZH2 lysosomal degradation, rather than the traditional interferon-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Center for Genome analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, 430075, China
- Center for Genome analysis and Laboratory for Genome Regulation and Human Health, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Center for Genome analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, 430075, China
- Center for Genome analysis and Laboratory for Genome Regulation and Human Health, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Juan Xie
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Genome analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, 430075, China.
- Center for Genome analysis and Laboratory for Genome Regulation and Human Health, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, 430075, China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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12
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Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:547-560. [PMID: 32304649 PMCID: PMC7159850 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3114] [Impact Index Per Article: 778.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a profound effect on all aspects of society, including mental health and physical health. We explore the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of COVID-19 and set out the immediate priorities and longer-term strategies for mental health science research. These priorities were informed by surveys of the public and an expert panel convened by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and the mental health research charity, MQ: Transforming Mental Health, in the first weeks of the pandemic in the UK in March, 2020. We urge UK research funding agencies to work with researchers, people with lived experience, and others to establish a high level coordination group to ensure that these research priorities are addressed, and to allow new ones to be identified over time. The need to maintain high-quality research standards is imperative. International collaboration and a global perspective will be beneficial. An immediate priority is collecting high-quality data on the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic across the whole population and vulnerable groups, and on brain function, cognition, and mental health of patients with COVID-19. There is an urgent need for research to address how mental health consequences for vulnerable groups can be mitigated under pandemic conditions, and on the impact of repeated media consumption and health messaging around COVID-19. Discovery, evaluation, and refinement of mechanistically driven interventions to address the psychological, social, and neuroscientific aspects of the pandemic are required. Rising to this challenge will require integration across disciplines and sectors, and should be done together with people with lived experience. New funding will be required to meet these priorities, and it can be efficiently leveraged by the UK's world-leading infrastructure. This Position Paper provides a strategy that may be both adapted for, and integrated with, research efforts in other countries.
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KANWAL VINITA, SIROHI SMITA, CHAND PREM. Effect of drought on livestock enterprise: Evidence from Rajasthan. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i1.98229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock act as a cushion against vagaries of nature and augment income of the farmers, particularly in drought prone Rajasthan. However, to what extent it withheld the adverse climatic situation has been a less probed area at least at macro-level. This paper studies the impact of drought on milk and meat enterprises in the drought prone state of Rajasthan using district level secondary data for the period of 1983/84 to 2015/16. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to determine drought years. Results indicated that although the sector has been able to absorb the minor shocks of droughts, the major droughts affect the livestock adversely. The drought prone districts of western Rajasthan were found to be much prepared for drought than the southern and south eastern districts. Study recommends that the strategies followed by western districts such as stock of fodder, fodder bank, perennial grasses, etc. should be promoted in rest of the areas of the state for sustainable livestock production.
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Parainfluenza Virus 5 Infection in Neurological Disease and Encephalitis of Cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020498. [PMID: 31941046 PMCID: PMC7013525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of viral encephalitis in cattle often remains unresolved, posing a potential risk for animal and human health. In metagenomics studies of cattle with bovine non-suppurative encephalitis, parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) was identified in three brain samples. Interestingly, in two of these animals, bovine herpesvirus 6 and bovine astrovirus CH13 were additionally found. We investigated the role of PIV5 in bovine non-suppurative encephalitis and further characterized the three cases. With traditional sequencing methods, we completed the three PIV5 genomes, which were compared to one another. However, in comparison to already described PIV5 strains, unique features were revealed, like an 81 nucleotide longer open reading frame encoding the small hydrophobic (SH) protein. With in situ techniques, we demonstrated PIV5 antigen and RNA in one animal and found a broad cell tropism of PIV5 in the brain. Comparative quantitative analyses revealed a high viral load of PIV5 in the in situ positive animal and therefore, we propose that PIV5 was probably the cause of the disease. With this study, we clearly show that PIV5 is capable of naturally infecting different brain cell types in cattle in vivo and therefore it is a probable cause of encephalitis and neurological disease in cattle.
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15
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Victorino DB, Guimarães-Marques M, Nejm M, Scorza FA, Scorza CA. COVID-19 and Parkinson's Disease: Are We Dealing with Short-term Impacts or Something Worse? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 10:899-902. [PMID: 32390643 PMCID: PMC7458522 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Balduino Victorino
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Discipline of Neuroscience, Federal University of São Paulo/Paulista Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Guimarães-Marques
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Discipline of Neuroscience, Federal University of São Paulo/Paulista Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Nejm
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Discipline of Neuroscience, Federal University of São Paulo/Paulista Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fulvio Alexandre Scorza
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Discipline of Neuroscience, Federal University of São Paulo/Paulista Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Alessandra Scorza
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Discipline of Neuroscience, Federal University of São Paulo/Paulista Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Pelissier R, Iampietro M, Horvat B. Recent advances in the understanding of Nipah virus immunopathogenesis and anti-viral approaches. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31656582 PMCID: PMC6798321 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19975.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal zoonotic paramyxovirus that emerged at the end of last century as a human pathogen capable of causing severe acute respiratory infection and encephalitis. Although NiV provokes serious diseases in numerous mammalian species, the infection seems to be asymptomatic in NiV natural hosts, the fruit bats, which provide a continuous virus source for further outbreaks. Consecutive human-to-human transmission has been frequently observed during outbreaks in Bangladesh and India. NiV was shown to interfere with the innate immune response and interferon type I signaling, restraining the anti-viral response and permitting viral spread. Studies of adaptive immunity in infected patients and animal models have suggested an unbalanced immune response during NiV infection. Here, we summarize some of the recent studies of NiV pathogenesis and NiV-induced modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, necessary to control this highly lethal emerging infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Pelissier
- International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, Immunobiology of Viral Infections team, Inserm U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University of Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, Immunobiology of Viral Infections team, Inserm U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University of Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, Immunobiology of Viral Infections team, Inserm U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University of Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
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17
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Distribution of zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 in naturally infected variegated and Prevost's squirrels. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11402. [PMID: 31388038 PMCID: PMC6684602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the zoonotic capacity of the newly discovered variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) was confirmed in humans with a lethal encephalitis. Transmission to humans occurred by variegated and Prevost’s squirrels as presumed reservoir hosts but possible ways of virus shedding and the route of infection still need to be elucidated. Thus, the tissue distribution of VSBV-1 antigen and RNA was investigated in detail via immunohistochemistry (IHC) in six variegated and eight Prevost’s squirrels and by in situ hybridisation (ISH) in one Prevost’s squirrel, respectively. VSBV-1 antigen and RNA positive cells were most numerous in the nervous system and were also found in nearly all tissues and different cell types indicating a broad organ and cell tropism of VSBV-1. Presence of VSBV-1 in several organs might indicate potential virus shedding via various routes and implies the risk of intra- and interspecies transmission, respectively.
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18
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Deka MA, Morshed N. Mapping Disease Transmission Risk of Nipah Virus in South and Southeast Asia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E57. [PMID: 30274453 PMCID: PMC6073609 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1998, Nipah virus (NiV) (genus: Henipavirus; family: Paramyxoviridae), an often-fatal and highly virulent zoonotic pathogen, has caused sporadic outbreak events. Fruit bats from the genus Pteropus are the wildlife reservoirs and have a broad distribution throughout South and Southeast Asia, and East Africa. Understanding the disease biogeography of NiV is critical to comprehending the potential geographic distribution of this dangerous zoonosis. This study implemented the R packages ENMeval and BIOMOD2 as a means of modeling regional disease transmission risk and additionally measured niche similarity between the reservoir Pteropus and the ecological characteristics of outbreak localities with the Schoener's D index and I statistic. Results indicate a relatively high degree of niche overlap between models in geographic and environmental space (D statistic, 0.64; and I statistic, 0.89), and a potential geographic distribution encompassing 19% (2,963,178 km²) of South and Southeast Asia. This study should contribute to current and future efforts to understand the critical ecological contributors and geography of NiV. Furthermore, this study can be used as a geospatial guide to identify areas of high disease transmission risk and to inform national public health surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Deka
- Department of Geography, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Niaz Morshed
- Department of Geography, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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19
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Welsch JC, Lionnet C, Terzian C, Horvat B, Gerlier D, Mathieu C. Organotypic Brain Cultures: A Framework for Studying CNS Infection by Neurotropic Viruses and Screening Antiviral Drugs. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2605. [PMID: 34595280 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), at least 50% of emerging viruses endowed with pathogenicity in humans can infect the Central Nervous System (CNS) with induction of encephalitis and other neurologic diseases ( Taylor et al., 2001 ; Olival and Daszak, 2005). While neurological diseases are progressively documented, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in virus infection and dissemination within the CNS are still poorly understood (Swanson and McGavern, 2015; Ludlow et al., 2016 ). For example, measles virus (MeV) can infect neural cells, and cause a persistent brain infections leading to lethal encephalitis from several months to years after primary infection with no available treatment (Reuter and Schneider-Schaulies, 2010; Laksono et al., 2016 ). The Organotypic Brain Culture (OBC) is a suitable model for the virology field to better understand the CNS infections. Indeed, it allows not only studying the infection and the dissemination of neurotropic viruses within the CNS but it could also serve as screening model of innovative antiviral strategies or molecules, such as our recently published studies about fusion inhibitory peptides and the HSP90 chaperone activity inhibitor, 17-DMAG ( Welsch et al., 2013 ; Bloyet et al., 2016 ). Based on our previous work, we propose here an optimized method to prepare OBC of hippocampi and cerebellums which are suitable for small rodent models based virus studies, including mice, rats as well as hamsters at a post-natal stage, between P6 to P10. We notably took into account the stress of the slice procedure on the tissue and the subsequent cellular reactions, which is essential to fully characterize the model prior to any use in infectious conditions. With this knowledge, we propose a protocol highlighting the requirements, including potential trouble shootings of the slicing parameters, to consider the variations we observed according to the structure and animal studied. This framework should facilitate the use of OBC for better conclusive studies of neurotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Charles Welsch
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, LYON, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Lionnet
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France.,Lyon Bio-Image, Plateau Technique d'Imagerie/Microscopie (PLATIM), UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Terzian
- Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754, Unité Mixte de Service 3444, Lyon, France.,École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, LYON, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, LYON, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, LYON, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Neuropathological survey reveals underestimation of the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:137-145. [PMID: 28888628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinfectious diseases in livestock represent a severe threat to animal health, but their prevalence is not well documented and the etiology of disease often remains unidentified. The aims of this study were to generate baseline data on the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland by neuropathological survey, and to identify disease-associated pathogens. The survey was performed over a 1-year period using a representative number of brainstem samples (n=1816) from fallen cattle. In total, 4% (n=73) of the animals had significant lesions, the most frequent types of which were indicative of viral (n=27) and bacterial (n=31) etiologies. Follow-up diagnostics by immunohistochemistry, PCR protocols and next-generation sequencing identified infection with Listeria monocytogenes (n=6), ovine herpesvirus 2 (n=7), bovine astrovirus CH13 (n=2), bovine herpesvirus 6 (n=6), bovine retrovirus CH15 (n=2), posavirus 1 (n=2), and porcine astroviruses (n=2). A retrospective questionnaire-based investigation indicated that animals' owners observed clinical signs of neurological disease in about one-third of cases with lesions, which was estimated to correspond to approximately 85 cases per year in the adult fallen cattle population in Switzerland. This estimate stands in sharp contrast to the number of cases reported to the authorities and reveals a gap in disease surveillance. Systematic neuropathological examination and follow-up molecular testing of neurologically diseased cattle could significantly enhance the efficiency of disease detection for the purposes of estimating the prevalence of endemic diseases, identifying new or re-emerging pathogens, and providing "early warnings" of disease outbreaks.
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21
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Arruda PHE, Arruda BL, Schwartz KJ, Vannucci F, Resende T, Rovira A, Sundberg P, Nietfeld J, Hause BM. Detection of a novel sapelovirus in central nervous tissue of pigs with polioencephalomyelitis in the USA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:311-315. [PMID: 28160432 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An approximately 3,000 finishing swine operation in the United States experienced an outbreak of an atypical neurologic disease in 11-weeks-old pigs with an overall morbidity of 20% and case fatality rate of 30%. The clinical onset and progression of signs in affected pigs varied but included inappetence, compromised ambulation, ataxia, incoordination, mental dullness, paresis, paralysis and decreased response to environmental stimuli. Tissues from affected pigs were submitted for diagnostic investigation. Histopathologic examination of the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord revealed severe lymphoplasmacytic and necrotizing polioencephalomyelitis with multifocal areas of gliosis and neuron satellitosis, suggestive of a neurotropic viral infection. Bacterial pathogens were not isolated by culture of neurologic tissue from affected pigs. Samples tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were negative for pseudorabies virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. Immunohistochemistry for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus and Listeria was negative. Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) was identified in spinal cord by a nested PCR used to detect porcine enterovirus, porcine teschovirus and PSV. Next-generation sequencing of brainstem and spinal cord samples identified PSV and the absence of other or novel pathogens. In addition, Sapelovirus A mRNA was detected in neurons and nerve roots of the spinal cord by in situ hybridization. The PSV is genetically novel with an overall 94% amino acid identity and 86% nucleotide identity to a recently reported sapelovirus from Korea. This is the first case report in the United States associating sapelovirus with severe polioencephalomyelitis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H E Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - B L Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - K J Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - F Vannucci
- University of Minnesota Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - T Resende
- University of Minnesota Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - A Rovira
- University of Minnesota Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - P Sundberg
- Swine Health Information Center, Perry, IA, USA
| | - J Nietfeld
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - B M Hause
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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22
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Virus Infections on Prion Diseased Mice Exacerbate Inflammatory Microglial Response. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3974648. [PMID: 28003864 PMCID: PMC5149707 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3974648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated possible interaction between an arbovirus infection and the ME7 induced mice prion disease. C57BL/6, females, 6-week-old, were submitted to a bilateral intrahippocampal injection of ME7 prion strain (ME7) or normal brain homogenate (NBH). After injections, animals were organized into two groups: NBH (n = 26) and ME7 (n = 29). At 15th week after injections (wpi), animals were challenged intranasally with a suspension of Piry arbovirus 0.001% or with NBH. Behavioral changes in ME7 animals appeared in burrowing activity at 14 wpi. Hyperactivity on open field test, errors on rod bridge, and time reduction in inverted screen were detected at 15th, 19th, and 20th wpi respectively. Burrowing was more sensitive to earlier hippocampus dysfunction. However, Piry-infection did not significantly affect the already ongoing burrowing decline in the ME7-treated mice. After behavioral tests, brains were processed for IBA1, protease-resistant form of PrP, and Piry virus antigens. Although virus infection in isolation did not change the number of microglia in CA1, virus infection in prion diseased mice (at 17th wpi) induced changes in number and morphology of microglia in a laminar-dependent way. We suggest that virus infection exacerbates microglial inflammatory response to a greater degree in prion-infected mice, and this is not necessarily correlated with hippocampal-dependent behavioral deficits.
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Hoyos-López R, Suaza-Vasco J, Rúa-Uribe G, Uribe S, Gallego-Gómez JC. Molecular detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from coastal ecosystems in the Colombian Caribbean. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:625-634. [PMID: 27706377 PMCID: PMC5066328 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses belonging to the genera Flavivirus and Alphavirus were detected in mosquitoes in a rural area of San Bernardo del Viento (Córdoba, Colombia). A total of 22,180 mosquitoes were collected, sorted into 2,102 pools, and tested by generic/nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and Culex flavivirus were detected and identified by sequencing. The detection of arboviral pathogens in this zone represents possible circulation and indicates a human health risk, demonstrating the importance of virological surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hoyos-López
- Universidad de Antioquia, Translational and Molecular Medicine Group,
Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan Suaza-Vasco
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática
Molecular, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Guillermo Rúa-Uribe
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Entomología
Médica, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Sandra Uribe
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática
Molecular, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Gaulton TG, Gaulton GN. The Multifactorial Background of Emerging Viral Infections with Neurological Manifestation. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10313458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The events of the past year have highlighted the continuing importance of emerging virus infections on the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disease. This review focusses on clarifying the effects of the multiple overlapping factors that impact emergence, including viral richness, transmission opportunity, and establishment. Case studies of the West Nile, chikungunya, and Zika viruses are utilised to illustrate the dramatic effects of expansion in the range and geographical distribution of emerging infectious disease, the acquisition of new virus vectors, and of increasing human anthropogenic factors such as global transport, climate change, and mosquito abatement programmes on the regional spread and clinical consequences of emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Gaulton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Glen N. Gaulton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Global Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Gale P, Simons RRL, Horigan V, Snary EL, Fooks AR, Drew TW. The challenge of using experimental infectivity data in risk assessment for Ebola virus: why ecology may be important. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 120:17-28. [PMID: 26480954 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of published data shows that experimental passaging of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) in guinea pigs changes the risk of infection per plaque-forming unit (PFU), increasing infectivity to some species while decreasing infectivity to others. Thus, a PFU of monkey-adapted EBOV is 10(7) -fold more lethal to mice than a PFU adapted to guinea pigs. The first conclusion is that the infectivity of EBOV to humans may depend on the identity of the donor species itself and, on the basis of limited epidemiological data, the question is raised as to whether bat-adapted EBOV is less infectious to humans than nonhuman primate (NHP)-adapted EBOV. Wildlife species such as bats, duikers and NHPs are naturally infected by EBOV through different species giving rise to EBOV with different wildlife species-passage histories (heritages). Based on the ecology of these wildlife species, three broad 'types' of EBOV-infected bushmeat are postulated reflecting differences in the number of passages within a given species, and hence the degree of adaptation of the EBOV present. The second conclusion is that the prior species-transmission chain may affect the infectivity to humans per PFU for EBOV from individuals of the same species. This is supported by the finding that the related Marburg marburgvirus requires ten passages in mice to fully adapt. It is even possible that the evolutionary trajectory of EBOV could vary in individuals of the same species giving rise to variants which are more or less virulent to humans and that the probability of a given trajectory is related to the heritage. Overall the ecology of the donor species (e.g. dog or bushmeat species) at the level of the individual animal itself may determine the risk of infection per PFU to humans reflecting the heritage of the virus and may contribute to the sporadic nature of EBOV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gale
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - R R L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - V Horigan
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - E L Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - A R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - T W Drew
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
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Vasconcelos BCB, Vieira JA, Silva GO, Fernandes TN, Rocha LC, Viana AP, Serique CDS, Filho CS, Bringel RAR, Teixeira FFDL, Ferreira MS, Casseb SMM, Carvalho VL, de Melo KFL, de Castro PHG, Araújo SC, Diniz JAP, Demachki S, Anaissi AKM, Sosthenes MCK, Vasconcelos PFDC, Anthony DC, Diniz CWP, Diniz DG. Antibody-enhanced dengue disease generates a marked CNS inflammatory response in the black-tufted marmoset Callithrix penicillata. Neuropathology 2015; 36:3-16. [PMID: 26303046 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe dengue disease is often associated with long-term neurological impairments, but it is unclear what mechanisms are associated with neurological sequelae. Previously, we demonstrated antibody-enhanced dengue disease (ADE) dengue in an immunocompetent mouse model with a dengue virus 2 (DENV2) antibody injection followed by DENV3 virus infection. Here we migrated this ADE model to Callithrix penicillata. To mimic human multiple infections of endemic zones where abundant vectors and multiple serotypes co-exist, three animals received weekly subcutaneous injections of DENV3 (genotype III)-infected supernatant of C6/36 cell cultures, followed 24 h later by anti-DENV2 antibody for 12 weeks. There were six control animals, two of which received weekly anti-DENV2 antibodies, and four further animals received no injections. After multiple infections, brain, liver, and spleen samples were collected and tissue was immunolabeled for DENV3 antigens, ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1, Ki-67, TNFα. There were marked morphological changes in the microglial population of ADE monkeys characterized by more highly ramified microglial processes, higher numbers of trees and larger surface areas. These changes were associated with intense TNFα-positive immunolabeling. It is unclear why ADE should generate such microglial activation given that IgG does not cross the blood-brain barrier, but this study reveals that in ADE dengue therapy targeting the CNS host response is likely to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Almeida Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | - Geane Oliveira Silva
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | | | - Luciano Chaves Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | - André Pereira Viana
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | - Cássio Diego Sá Serique
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | - Carlos Santos Filho
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | - Raissa Aires Ribeiro Bringel
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | - Francisco Fernando Dacier Lobato Teixeira
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samia Demachki
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Ana Karyssa Mendes Anaissi
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | | | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto
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28
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de Sousa AA, Dos Reis RR, de Lima CM, de Oliveira MA, Fernandes TN, Gomes GF, Diniz DG, Magalhães NM, Diniz CG, Sosthenes MCK, Bento-Torres J, Diniz JAP, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz CWP. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis of microglial changes in a mouse model of virus encephalitis: age and environmental influences. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2036-50. [PMID: 25980955 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many RNA virus CNS infections cause neurological disease. Because Piry virus has a limited human pathogenicity and exercise reduces activation of microglia in aged mice, possible influences of environment and aging on microglial morphology and behavior in mice sublethal encephalitis were investigated. Female albino Swiss mice were raised either in standard (S) or in enriched (EE) cages from age 2 to 6 months (young - Y), or from 2 to 16 months (aged - A). After behavioral tests, mice nostrils were instilled with Piry-virus-infected or with normal brain homogenates. Brain sections were immunolabeled for virus antigens or microglia at 8 days post-infection (dpi), when behavioral changes became apparent, and at 20 and 40 dpi, after additional behavioral testing. Young infected mice from standard (SYPy) and enriched (EYPy) groups showed similar transient impairment in burrowing activity and olfactory discrimination, whereas aged infected mice from both environments (EAPy, SAPy) showed permanent reduction in both tasks. The beneficial effects of an enriched environment were smaller in aged than in young mice. Six-hundred and forty microglial cells, 80 from each group were reconstructed. An unbiased, stereological sampling approach and multivariate statistical analysis were used to search for microglial morphological families. This procedure allowed distinguishing between microglial morphology of infected and control subjects. More severe virus-associated microglial changes were observed in young than in aged mice, and EYPy seem to recover microglial homeostatic morphology earlier than SYPy . Because Piry-virus encephalitis outcomes were more severe in aged mice, it is suggested that the reduced inflammatory response in those individuals may aggravate encephalitis outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A de Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Renata R Dos Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Camila M de Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcus A de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Giovanni F Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniel G Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nara M Magalhães
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristovam G Diniz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcia C K Sosthenes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Antonio P Diniz
- Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro F da C Vasconcelos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley P Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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Schock A, Gurrala R, Fuller H, Foyle L, Dauber M, Martelli F, Scholes S, Roberts L, Steinbach F, Dastjerdi A. Investigation into an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by a neuroinvasive porcine sapelovirus in the United Kingdom. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:381-9. [PMID: 24984944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of neurological disease in grower pigs characterised by ataxia and paraparesis was investigated in this study. The outbreak occurred 3-4 weeks post weaning in grower pigs which displayed signs of spinal cord damage progressing to recumbency. Pathology in the affected spinal cords and to a lesser extent in the brainstem was characterised by pronounced inflammation and neuronophagia in the grey matter. Molecular investigation using a pan-virus microarray identified a virus related to porcine sapelovirus (PSV) in the spinal cord of the two affected pigs examined. Analysis of 802 nucleotides of the virus polymerase gene showed the highest homology with those of viruses in the genus Sapelovirus of Picornaviridae. This PSV, strain G5, shared 91-93%, 67-69% and 63% nucleotide homology with porcine, simian and avian sapeloviruses, respectively. The nucleotide homology to other members of the Picornaviridae ranged from 41% to 62%. Furthermore, viral antigen was detected and co-localised in the spinal cord lesions of affected animals by an antibody known to react with PSV. In conclusion, clinical and laboratory observations of the diseased pigs in this outbreak are consistent with PSV-G5 being the causative agent. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first unequivocal report of polioencephalomyelitis in pigs by a neuroinvasive PSV in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Schock
- Mammalian Pathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Gurrala
- Division of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Fuller
- Marches Veterinary Group, Ryelands Road, Leominster, Herefordshire HR6 8PN, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Foyle
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
| | - Malte Dauber
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Scholes
- Mammalian Pathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Roberts
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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Hanf M, Guégan JF, Ahmed I, Nacher M. Disentangling the complexity of infectious diseases: Time is ripe to improve the first-line statistical toolbox for epidemiologists. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:497-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pierro A, Landini MP, Gaibani P, Rossini G, Vocale C, Finarelli AC, Cagarelli R, Sambri V, Varani S. A model of laboratory surveillance for neuro-arbovirosis applied during 2012 in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 20:672-7. [PMID: 24329773 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arboviruses with neuroinvasive potential are gaining more attention due to the increased number of cases of autochthonous and imported infections in the human host. Diagnosis of infection caused by these viruses in patients with central nervous system (CNS) diseases is still underestimated and these infections represent an emerging threat to public health. We describe a model suitable for the laboratory surveillance of neuro-arbovirosis that was applied in the Emilia-Romagna region, north-eastern Italy, during the 2012 summer season. One hundred and twenty cases of suspected neuroinvasive infection were tested for arboviral agents on the basis of clinical and laboratory signs and epidemiological data. The most common virus detected was Toscana virus (TOSV): anti-TOSV specific antibodies or viral components were detected in 28.3% of the cases; 79.4% of the TOSV cases were in the acute phase of infection. No cases resulted in acute phase for West Nile (WNV), Usutu (USUV), Chikungunya (CHIKV) or Dengue (DENV) virus infection. Conversely, two patients with a history of staying in a tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) endemic area showed a probable TBEV infection. These results emphasize the importance of a complete and 'ready to act' laboratory diagnostic system to be implemented within the larger frame of a regional integrated surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pierro
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Olival KJ, Dick CW, Simmons NB, Morales JC, Melnick DJ, Dittmar K, Perkins SL, Daszak P, Desalle R. Lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, Cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of Pteropus bats in Southeast Asia. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:231. [PMID: 23924629 PMCID: PMC3750525 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population-level studies of parasites have the potential to elucidate patterns of host movement and cross-species interactions that are not evident from host genealogy alone. Bat flies are obligate and generally host-specific blood-feeding parasites of bats. Old-World flies in the family Nycteribiidae are entirely wingless and depend on their hosts for long-distance dispersal; their population genetics has been unstudied to date. Methods We collected a total of 125 bat flies from three Pteropus species (Pteropus vampyrus, P. hypomelanus, and P. lylei) from eight localities in Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam. We identified specimens morphologically and then sequenced three mitochondrial DNA gene fragments (CoI, CoII, cytB; 1744 basepairs total) from a subset of 45 bat flies. We measured genetic diversity, molecular variance, and population genetic subdivision (FST), and used phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses to quantify parasite genetic structure across host species and localities. Results All flies were identified as Cyclopodia horsfieldi with the exception of two individuals of Eucampsipoda sundaica. Low levels of population genetic structure were detected between populations of Cyclopodia horsfieldi from across a wide geographic range (~1000 km), and tests for isolation by distance were rejected. AMOVA results support a lack of geographic and host-specific population structure, with molecular variance primarily partitioned within populations. Pairwise FST values from flies collected from island populations of Pteropus hypomelanus in East and West Peninsular Malaysia supported predictions based on previous studies of host genetic structure. Conclusions The lack of population genetic structure and morphological variation observed in Cyclopodia horsfieldi is most likely due to frequent contact between flying fox species and subsequent high levels of parasite gene flow. Specifically, we suggest that Pteropus vampyrus may facilitate movement of bat flies between the three Pteropus species in the region. We demonstrate the utility of parasite genetics as an additional layer of information to measure host movement and interspecific host contact. These approaches may have wide implications for understanding zoonotic, epizootic, and enzootic disease dynamics. Bat flies may play a role as vectors of disease in bats, and their competence as vectors of bacterial and/or viral pathogens is in need of further investigation.
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Kehn-Hall K, Narayanan A, Lundberg L, Sampey G, Pinkham C, Guendel I, Van Duyne R, Senina S, Schultz KL, Stavale E, Aman MJ, Bailey C, Kashanchi F. Modulation of GSK-3β activity in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34761. [PMID: 22496857 PMCID: PMC3319612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses, including Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV), cause disease in both equine and humans that exhibit overt encephalitis in a significant percentage of cases. Features of the host immune response and tissue-specific responses may contribute to fatal outcomes as well as the development of encephalitis. It has previously been shown that VEEV infection of mice induces transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines genes (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12, iNOS and TNF-α) within 6 h. GSK-3β is a host protein that is known to modulate pro-inflammatory gene expression and has been a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's. Hence inhibition of GSK-3β in the context of encephalitic viral infections has been useful in a neuroprotective capacity. Small molecule GSK-3β inhibitors and GSK-3β siRNA experiments indicated that GSK-3β was important for VEEV replication. Thirty-eight second generation BIO derivatives were tested and BIOder was found to be the most potent inhibitor, with an IC50 of ∼0.5 µM and a CC50 of >100 µM. BIOder was a more potent inhibitor of GSK-3β than BIO, as demonstrated through in vitro kinase assays from uninfected and infected cells. Size exclusion chromatography experiments demonstrated that GSK-3β is found in three distinct complexes in VEEV infected cells, whereas GSK-3β is only present in one complex in uninfected cells. Cells treated with BIOder demonstrated an increase in the anti-apoptotic gene, survivin, and a decrease in the pro-apoptotic gene, BID, suggesting that modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes contributes to the protective effect of BIOder treatment. Finally, BIOder partially protected mice from VEEV induced mortality. Our studies demonstrate the utility of GSK-3β inhibitors for modulating VEEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Lundberg
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gavin Sampey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Irene Guendel
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rachel Van Duyne
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Svetlana Senina
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kimberly L. Schultz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Stavale
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shan T, Li L, Simmonds P, Wang C, Moeser A, Delwart E. The fecal virome of pigs on a high-density farm. J Virol 2011; 85:11697-708. [PMID: 21900163 PMCID: PMC3209269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05217-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine are an important source of proteins worldwide but are subject to frequent viral outbreaks and numerous infections capable of infecting humans. Modern farming conditions may also increase viral transmission and potential zoonotic spread. We describe here the metagenomics-derived virome in the feces of 24 healthy and 12 diarrheic piglets on a high-density farm. An average of 4.2 different mammalian viruses were shed by healthy piglets, reflecting a high level of asymptomatic infections. Diarrheic pigs shed an average of 5.4 different mammalian viruses. Ninety-nine percent of the viral sequences were related to the RNA virus families Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Coronaviridae, and Caliciviridae, while 1% were related to the small DNA virus families Circoviridae, and Parvoviridae. Porcine RNA viruses identified, in order of decreasing number of sequence reads, consisted of kobuviruses, astroviruses, enteroviruses, sapoviruses, sapeloviruses, coronaviruses, bocaviruses, and teschoviruses. The near-full genomes of multiple novel species of porcine astroviruses and bocaviruses were generated and phylogenetically analyzed. Multiple small circular DNA genomes encoding replicase proteins plus two highly divergent members of the Picornavirales order were also characterized. The possible origin of these viral genomes from pig-infecting protozoans and nematodes, based on closest sequence similarities, is discussed. In summary, an unbiased survey of viruses in the feces of intensely farmed animals revealed frequent coinfections with a highly diverse set of viruses providing favorable conditions for viral recombination. Viral surveys of animals can readily document the circulation of known and new viruses, facilitating the detection of emerging viruses and prospective evaluation of their pathogenic and zoonotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongling Shan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Zoonosis and Comparative Medicine Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, California
| | - Adam Moeser
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Parker EM, Jenson I, Jordan D, Ward MP. Development of an algorithm for assessing the risk to food safety posed by a new animal disease. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 59:184-92. [PMID: 21884034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An algorithm was developed as a tool to rapidly assess the potential for a new or emerging disease of livestock to adversely affect humans via consumption or handling of meat product, so that the risks and uncertainties can be understood and appropriate risk management and communication implemented. An algorithm describing the sequence of events from occurrence of the disease in livestock, release of the causative agent from an infected animal, contamination of fresh meat and then possible adverse effects in humans following meat handling and consumption was created. A list of questions complements the algorithm to help the assessors address the issues of concern at each step of the decision pathway. The algorithm was refined and validated through consultation with a panel of experts and a review group of animal health and food safety policy advisors via five case studies of potential emerging diseases of cattle. Tasks for model validation included describing the path taken in the algorithm and stating an outcome. Twenty-nine per cent of the 62 experts commented on the model, and one-third of those responding also completed the tasks required for model validation. The feedback from the panel of experts and the review group was used to further develop the tool and remove redundancies and ambiguities. There was agreement in the pathways and assessments for diseases in which the causative agent was well understood (for example, bovine pneumonia due to Mycoplasma bovis). The stated pathways and assessments of other diseases (for example, bovine Johne's disease) were not as consistent. The framework helps to promote objectivity by requiring questions to be answered sequentially and providing the opportunity to record consensus or differences of opinion. Areas for discussion and future investigation are highlighted by the points of diversion on the pathway taken by different assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Parker
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are the main cause of seizures and acquired epilepsy in the developing world. Geographical variations determine the common causes in a particular region. Acute seizures are common in severe meningitis, viral encephalitis, malaria, and neurocysticercosis, and in most cases are associated with increased mortality and morbidity, including subsequent epilepsy. Neuronal excitability secondary to proinflammatory signals induced by CNS infections are an important common mechanism for the generation of seizures, in addition to various other specific mechanisms. Newer insights into the neurobiology of these infections and the associated epilepsy could help in developing neuroprotective interventions. Management issues include prompt treatment of acute seizures and the underlying CNS infection, correction of associated predisposing factors, and decisions regarding the appropriate choice and duration of antiepileptic therapy. Strategies for the prevention of epilepsy in CNS infections such as early anti-infective and anti-inflammatory therapy need scientific exploration. Prevention of CNS infections is the only definitive way forward to reduce the burden of epilepsy in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Singhi
- Department of Paediatrics, Advanced Paediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Soares CN, Cabral-Castro MJ, Peralta JM, de Freitas MRG, Zalis M, Puccioni-Sohler M. Review of the etiologies of viral meningitis and encephalitis in a dengue endemic region. J Neurol Sci 2011; 303:75-9. [PMID: 21292281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the etiology of viral meningitis and encephalitis in adults and adolescents living in areas affected by dengue. METHODS Over two years, adults and adolescents with diagnoses of viral encephalitis or meningitis were selected for study in Brazil. PCRs for dengue, enterovirus, HSV1 and 2 and cytomegalovirus were performed in CSF samples. Serum and CSF samples were tested for the presence of anti-dengue IgM antibodies. RESULTS The etiologies of encephalitis and meningitis were determined in 70% of cases (30/47). Dengue was the leading cause of encephalitis (47%) with normal CSF cellularity in 75% of these patients. HSV1 was found in 17.6% of the cases, two of which had mild encephalitis. Enterovirus was the most common cause of meningitis (50%), followed by HSV1 (15%), cytomegalovirus and dengue (10%, each). CONCLUSIONS We identified the viral agents causing encephalitis and meningitis in a higher proportion of cases than has been reported in other studies. Dengue was the most frequent cause of encephalitis, which surpassed HSV. In endemic areas, dengue should be investigated as an important cause of encephalitis. Normal CSF cellularity should not exclude dengue encephalitis. Enterovirus is known to be the leading cause of meningitis in children, but here we found it was also the main cause of the disease in adults. HSV1 should be investigated in patients with mild forms of encephalitis and meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane N Soares
- Neurology Service, Antônio Pedro Hospital/Federal Fluminense University, Brazil.
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de Sousa AA, Reis R, Bento-Torres J, Trévia N, Lins NADA, Passos A, Santos Z, Diniz JAP, Vasconcelos PFDC, Cunningham C, Perry VH, Picanço Diniz CW. Influence of enriched environment on viral encephalitis outcomes: behavioral and neuropathological changes in albino Swiss mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15597. [PMID: 21264301 PMCID: PMC3019164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An enriched environment has previously been described as enhancing natural killer cell activity of recognizing and killing virally infected cells. However, the effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral changes in relation to virus clearance and the neuropathology of encephalitis have not been studied in detail. We tested the hypothesis that environmental enrichment leads to less CNS neuroinvasion and/or more rapid viral clearance in association with T cells without neuronal damage. Stereology-based estimates of activated microglia perineuronal nets and neurons in CA3 were correlated with behavioral changes in the Piry rhabdovirus model of encephalitis in the albino Swiss mouse. Two-month-old female mice maintained in impoverished (IE) or enriched environments (EE) for 3 months were behaviorally tested. After the tests, an equal volume of Piry virus (IEPy, EEPy)-infected or normal brain homogenates were nasally instilled. Eight days post-instillation (dpi), when behavioral changes became apparent, brains were fixed and processed to detect viral antigens, activated microglia, perineuronal nets, and T lymphocytes by immuno- or histochemical reactions. At 20 or 40 dpi, the remaining animals were behaviorally tested and processed for the same markers. In IEPy mice, burrowing activity decreased and recovered earlier (8–10 dpi) than open field (20–40 dpi) but remained unaltered in the EEPy group. EEPy mice presented higher T-cell infiltration, less CNS cell infection by the virus and/or faster virus clearance, less microgliosis, and less damage to the extracellular matrix than IEPy. In both EEPy and IEPy animals, CA3 neuronal number remained unaltered. The results suggest that an enriched environment promotes a more effective immune response to clear CNS virus and not at the cost of CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Andrade de Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Reis
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nonata Trévia
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nara Alves de Almeida Lins
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aline Passos
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Zaire Santos
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Ananindeua, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Victor Hugh Perry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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The Perfect Storm. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7149576 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Griffin DE. Emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases of the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 91:95-101. [PMID: 20004230 PMCID: PMC2860042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic disease is a major cause of disability in resource-poor countries and a substantial portion of this disease is due to infections of the CNS. A wide variety of emerging and re-emerging viruses contribute to this disease burden. New emerging infections are commonly due to RNA viruses that have expanded their geographic range, spread from animal reservoirs or acquired new neurovirulence properties. Mosquito-borne viruses with expanding ranges include West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and Chikungunya virus. Zoonotic viruses that have recently crossed into humans to cause neurologic disease include the bat henipaviruses Nipah and Hendra, as well as the primate-derived human immunodeficiency virus. Viruses adapt to new hosts, or to cause more severe disease, by changing their genomes through reassortment (e.g. influenza virus), mutation (essentially all RNA viruses) and recombination (e.g. vaccine strains of poliovirus). Viruses that appear to have recently become more neurovirulent include West Nile virus, enterovirus 71 and possibly Chikungunya virus. In addition to these newer challenges, rabies, polio and measles all remain important causes of neurologic disease despite good vaccines and global efforts toward control. Control of human rabies depends on elimination of rabies in domestic dogs through regular vaccination. Poliovirus eradication is challenged by the ability of the live attenuated vaccine strains to revert to virulence during the prolonged period of gastrointestinal replication. Measles elimination depends on delivery of two doses of live virus vaccine to a high enough proportion of the population to maintain herd immunity for this highly infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St #E5132, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Tyler KL. Emerging viral infections of the central nervous system: part 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:939-48. [PMID: 19667214 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this 2-part review, I will focus on emerging virus infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Part 1 will introduce the basic features of emerging infections, including their definition, epidemiology, and the frequency of CNS involvement. Important mechanisms of emergence will be reviewed, including viruses spreading into new host ranges as exemplified by West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, Toscana virus, and enterovirus 71 (EV71). Emerging infections also result from opportunistic spread of viruses into known niches, often resulting from attenuated host resistance to infection. This process is exemplified by transplant-associated cases of viral CNS infection caused by WNV, rabies virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis-like viruses and by the syndrome of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6)-associated posttransplantation acute limbic encephalitis. The second part of this review begins with a discussion of JC virus and the occurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in association with novel immunomodulatory therapies and then continues with an overview of the risk of infection introduced by imported animals (eg, monkeypox virus) and examples of emerging diseases caused by enhanced competence of viruses for vectors and the spread of vectors (eg, chikungunya virus) and then concludes with examples of novel viruses causing CNS infection as exemplified by Nipah and Hendra viruses and bat lyssaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Tyler
- Neurology B-182, Research Complex-2, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Gale P, Drew T, Phipps LP, David G, Wooldridge M. The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1409-23. [PMID: 19191974 PMCID: PMC7197753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence to suggest that climate change has, and will continue to affect the occurrence, distribution and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain (GB). This paper reviews how climate change could affect livestock diseases in GB. Factors influenced by climate change and that could affect livestock diseases include the molecular biology of the pathogen itself; vectors (if any); farming practice and land use; zoological and environmental factors; and the establishment of new microenvironments and microclimates. The interaction of these factors is an important consideration in forecasting how livestock diseases may be affected. Risk assessments should focus on looking for combinations of factors that may be directly affected by climate change, or that may be indirectly affected through changes in human activity, such as land use (e.g. deforestation), transport and movement of animals, intensity of livestock farming and habitat change. A risk assessment framework is proposed, based on modules that accommodate these factors. This framework could be used to screen for the emergence of unexpected disease events.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gale
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
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Greger M. The Human/Animal Interface: Emergence and Resurgence of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 33:243-99. [DOI: 10.1080/10408410701647594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Despommier D, Ellis BR, Wilcox BA. The Role of Ecotones in Emerging Infectious Diseases. ECOHEALTH 2006; 3:281-289. [PMCID: PMC7088109 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-006-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the significance of the boundary between ecological systems, often referred to as the ecotone, has a long history in the ecological sciences and in zoonotic disease research. More recent research in landscape ecology has produced an expanded view of ecotones and elaboration of their characteristics and functions in ecosystems. Parallel research on emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and the causes of increased rates of pathogen transmission, spread, and adaptation suggests a correspondence between ecotonal processes and the ecological and evolutionary processes responsible for zoonotic and vector-borne emerging infections. A review of the literature suggests that ecotones play a role in a number of the most important EIDs. Yet these are the only diseases for which specific landscape ecological information exists in the literature or disease reports. However, the similar disease ecologies of these with about half of the approximately 130 zoonotic EIDs suggests ecotones, particularly their anthropogenic origination or modification, may be generally associated with ecotones and the global trend of increasing EIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Despommier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Brett R. Ellis
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Microbiology, and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Kaka’ako, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Bruce A. Wilcox
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Microbiology, and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Kaka’ako, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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